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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Jp5kFKJsHYdDS6gkzcqNQ4S</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600507</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000500007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da rosiglitazona sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bahia</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Guilherme K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Nivaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bottino</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy-Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Am&#233;lio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bouskela</surname>
            <given-names>Eliete</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas em Microcircula&#231;&#227;o </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Policl&#237;nica Piquet Carneiro </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>366</fpage>
      <lpage>373</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos de um sensibilizador de insulina - rosiglitazona (ROSI) sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial em um grupo de indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. M&#201;TODOS: O grupo foi composto de dezoito indiv&#237;duos (doze mulheres, seis homens), com 41,2 &#177; 9,7 anos e IMC de 37,8 &#177; 6,1 kg/m&#178;. A dose de ROSI utilizada foi 8 mg/dia durante doze semanas. Um grupo de nove indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com 26,1 &#177; 4,4 anos e IMC de 21,7 &#177; 1,7 kg/m&#178;, foi estudado no estado basal para compara&#231;&#227;o da resposta vasodilatadora. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa com infus&#227;o intra-arterial de acetilcolina (Ach) e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (SNP). Foram dosados: glicose, insulina, lip&#237;deos, fibrinog&#234;nio e prote&#237;na C reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel (PCR). Os &#237;ndices HOMA e Quicki foram calculados para quantificar a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (RI). RESULTADOS: Houve melhora nos &#237;ndices de RI com diminui&#231;&#227;o do HOMA-R e aumento do Quicki, al&#233;m de diminui&#231;&#227;o da PCR e do fibrinog&#234;nio. A vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente melhorou, com aumento no porcentual de incremento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo ap&#243;s Ach e aumento no porcentual de decremento da resist&#234;ncia vascular. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-independente. CONCLUS&#195;O: O uso de ROSI induziu uma redu&#231;&#227;o da RI, do fibrinog&#234;nio e da PCR e melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com SM n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. Esses dados sugerem o papel dessa subst&#226;ncia na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com alto risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>rosiglitazona</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos da rosiglitazona sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luciana Bahia; Luiz Guilherme K. Aguiar; Nivaldo Villela; Daniel Bottino; Am&#233;lio F. Godoy-Matos; Eliete Bouskela</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas em Microcircula&#231;&#227;o e Policl&#237;nica Piquet Carneiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os efeitos de um sensibilizador de insulina &#150; rosiglitazona (ROSI) sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial em um grupo de indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> O grupo foi composto de dezoito indiv&#237;duos (doze mulheres, seis homens), com 41,2 &#177; 9,7 anos e IMC de 37,8 &#177; 6,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A dose de ROSI utilizada foi 8 mg/dia durante doze semanas. Um grupo de nove indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com 26,1 &#177; 4,4 anos e IMC de 21,7 &#177; 1,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, foi estudado no estado basal para compara&#231;&#227;o da resposta vasodilatadora. A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa com infus&#227;o intra-arterial de acetilcolina (Ach) e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (SNP). Foram dosados: glicose, insulina, lip&#237;deos, fibrinog&#234;nio e prote&#237;na C reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel (PCR). Os &#237;ndices HOMA e Quicki foram calculados para quantificar a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (RI). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve melhora nos &#237;ndices de RI com diminui&#231;&#227;o do HOMA-R e aumento do Quicki, al&#233;m de diminui&#231;&#227;o da PCR e do fibrinog&#234;nio. A vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente melhorou, com aumento no porcentual de incremento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo ap&#243;s Ach e aumento no porcentual de decremento da resist&#234;ncia vascular. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-independente. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O uso de ROSI induziu uma redu&#231;&#227;o da RI, do fibrinog&#234;nio e da PCR e melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com SM n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos. Esses dados sugerem o papel dessa subst&#226;ncia na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com alto risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Endot&#233;lio, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, rosiglitazona.</p>
    <p>A aterosclerose tem sido reconhecida como doen&#231;a nos &#250;ltimos 150 anos, mas a compreens&#227;o de como ocorre seu desenvolvimento tem evolu&#237;do de modo dram&#225;tico. O entendimento atual da fisiopatologia da aterosclerose envolve v&#225;rios fatores que interagem de forma complexa, muito diferente da antiga vis&#227;o de uma doen&#231;a decorrente do dep&#243;sito anormal de lip&#237;dios na parede vascular. Dentre esses fatores, destacam-se de forma importante a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>1,2</sup>. O termo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial refere-se &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio e &#224;s anormalidades nas intera&#231;&#245;es entre as c&#233;lulas endoteliais e c&#233;lulas sang&#252;&#237;neas, gerando inflama&#231;&#227;o localizada e posteriormente les&#245;es vasculares e trombose. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocorre quando os efeitos vasoconstritores se superp&#245;em aos efeitos vasodilatadores, geralmente como resultado de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO), com perda de sua a&#231;&#227;o v&#225;sculo-protetora. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tem sido reconhecida como altera&#231;&#227;o precoce no processo ateroscler&#243;tico, estando presente em todos os est&#225;gios subseq&#252;entes de sua evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) tem sido definida pela presen&#231;a de intoler&#226;ncia a glicose e/ou diabete melito tipo 2 (DM2), hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e obesidade abdominal. A presen&#231;a de resist&#234;ncia a insulina &#233; o denominador comum e antecede a instala&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es citadas. A SM &#233; atualmente reconhecida como um importante fator de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>5-7</sup>. Sabidamente, os portadores de DM2 apresentam graus vari&#225;veis de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Existem, entretanto, evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial detectada precocemente, antes mesmo da ocorr&#234;ncia de qualquer n&#237;vel de intoler&#226;ncia a glicose<sup>8,9</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, pacientes com RI freq&#252;entemente apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular<sup>10,11</sup>. O aumento da oferta de &#225;cidos graxos livres circulantes, o estresse oxidativo, a hipertens&#227;o arterial e o aumento de mol&#233;culas de LDL pequenas e densas s&#227;o alguns dos poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos na menor oferta de NO decorrentes da insulino-resist&#234;ncia<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os PPAR<italic>g</italic> (<italic>peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma</italic>) fazem parte de uma fam&#237;lia de receptores nucleares respons&#225;veis pela express&#227;o de v&#225;rios genes. Esses receptores se expressam em diversos tecidos, principalmente no tecido adiposo, mas tamb&#233;m nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares, macr&#243;fagos e c&#233;lulas beta pancre&#225;ticas<sup>14,15</sup>. As tiazolidinedionas (TZDs) s&#227;o seus agonistas ex&#243;genos e s&#227;o potentes sensibilizadores da a&#231;&#227;o da insulina (SI). Dessa forma, essas subst&#226;ncias t&#234;m sido utilizadas no tratamento do DM2 com o objetivo de melhorar a RI por efeitos diretos no tecido adiposo (aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos e glicose)<sup>16</sup> e indiretos, por alterar a secre&#231;&#227;o de adipocitocinas (diminui&#231;&#227;o de TNF<italic>a</italic> e aumento da adiponectina)<sup>17-19</sup>, e conseq&#252;ente melhora da sensibilidade a insulina em outros tecidos.</p>
    <p>A ROSI, uma das TZDs atualmente comercializadas, al&#233;m dos efeitos no metabolismo da glicose, demonstra uma potente a&#231;&#227;o antiinflamat&#243;ria<sup>17</sup>. Mais ainda, em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, foi capaz de melhorar significa&#173;tivamente a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>20</sup>. Assim, uma interven&#231;&#227;o precoce com esse agente em pacientes n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, mas portadores de SM, poderia contribuir para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, e com sua a&#231;&#227;o antiinflamat&#243;ria melhoraria o risco cardiovascular desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um sensibilizador de insulina &#150; rosiglitazona (ROSI) sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial em um grupo de indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados dezoito indiv&#237;duos, seis do sexo masculino e doze do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 41,2 &#177; 9,7 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de SM pelos crit&#233;rios do NCEP-ATPIII<sup>21</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab.1</xref>) antes e ap&#243;s o uso de ROSI 8 mg/dia, por doze semanas. Nove indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, cinco do sexo masculino e quatro do sexo feminino, com idade m&#233;dia de 26,1 &#177; 4,4 anos, foram estudados apenas para compara&#231;&#227;o da resposta vasodilatadora no estado basal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento informado previamente &#224; sua participa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram orientados a manter uma dieta isocal&#243;rica e a n&#227;o modificar o padr&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica habitual durante todo o per&#237;odo do estudo. Os portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial foram orientados a manter o uso dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado dividindo-se o peso (em kg) pelo quadrado da altura (em metros). A medida da cintura foi obtida medindo-se a menor circunfer&#234;ncia na metade da dist&#226;ncia entre a crista il&#237;aca e o rebordo costal inferior, e a medida do quadril foi obtida medindo-se o maior di&#226;metro ao redor dos gl&#250;teos<sup>22</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o cintura-quadril (RCQ) foi obtida dividindo-se a cintura pelo quadril. A medida da press&#227;o arterial foi aferida duas vezes na posi&#231;&#227;o supina ap&#243;s quinze minutos de repouso atrav&#233;s de esfigmoman&#244;metro autom&#225;tico (<italic>Multiparameter patient monitor - Lifewindow LW6000, USA</italic>), e os pacientes foram classificados como hipertensos pelos crit&#233;rios do JNC 7<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas coletas de sangue, ap&#243;s jejum de doze horas, no per&#237;odo basal e ap&#243;s doze semanas do uso de ROSI. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram analisados: glicose, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, LDL e HDL colesterol (em todas utilizando m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico automatizado), prote&#237;na C-reativa (nefelometria automatizada), fibrinog&#234;nio (coagulom&#233;trico automatizado) e insulina (quimioluminesc&#234;ncia automatizada). Todos os pacientes realizaram o teste de toler&#226;ncia oral a glicose com 75g glicose anidra. A glicemia de duas horas foi utilizada para classifica&#231;&#227;o da toler&#226;ncia a glicose<sup>24</sup>. Os pacientes com DM2 foram exclu&#237;dos. Para quantificar a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica foram calculados os &#237;ndices HOMA-R (insulina em &#181;UI/ml x glicose em mmol/l / 22,5)<sup>25</sup> e Quicki (1/log insulina &#181;UI/ml + log glicose em mg/dl)<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi estudada por pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa em antebra&#231;o, realizada sob condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o. Todos os pacientes estavam em jejum noturno e foram acomodados em uma sala com ambiente climatizado com temperatura controlada em 22 &#177; 1&#186;C, e permaneceram em repouso m&#237;nimo de 30 minutos antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento. Os pacientes foram orientados a n&#227;o fumar, n&#227;o ingerir bebidas alco&#243;licas ou com cafe&#237;na por doze horas pr&#233;vias ao teste. Sob anestesia local (1% xiloca&#237;na), uma agulha 27G foi inserida na art&#233;ria braquial do bra&#231;o n&#227;o-dominante para a infus&#227;o de agentes. A medida n&#227;o-invasiva da press&#227;o arterial foi aferida durante todo o estudo no bra&#231;o contralateral. A mudan&#231;a do volume do membro foi medida por um sensor, disposto ao redor da parte mais larga do antebra&#231;o e conectado ao pletism&#243;grafo (<italic>Hokanson E06,Washington,USA</italic>).</p>
    <p>Durante a an&#225;lise de fluxo foi feito o bloqueio do retorno venoso por um manguito inflado na por&#231;&#227;o superior do bra&#231;o a 40 mmHg, utilizando-se um insuflador r&#225;pido (<italic>Hokanson AG101, USA),</italic> e outro manguito insuflado no punho 40 mmHg acima da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica um minuto antes do in&#237;cio das medidas para isolamento da circula&#231;&#227;o da m&#227;o. As medidas foram realizadas em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso e ap&#243;s infus&#227;o (bomba de infus&#227;o <italic>Harvard Apparatus 22, USA</italic>) de 7,5, 15 e 30 &#181;g/min de acetilcolina (Ach) a cada 5 minutos e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (SNP) nas doses de 2, 4 e 8 &#181;g/min. Foi obedecido um intervalo de 30 minutos entre as duas subst&#226;ncias infundidas. O fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo de antebra&#231;o (FSA) foi medido durante os &#250;ltimos 2 minutos da infus&#227;o de cada dose. Foram analisadas quatro curvas a cada tempo do estudo e a m&#233;dia dessas medidas foi utilizada na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. O programa Power Lab (<italic>8SP-AD Instruments, Austr&#225;lia)</italic> foi utilizado para as an&#225;lises dos sinais obtidos pelo pletism&#243;grafo.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita pelo programa SPSS vers&#227;o 8.0 para Windows. Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, e aqueles com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal em mediana [m&#237;nimo-m&#225;ximo]. Utilizamos o teste t de Student para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis pareadas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Wilcoxon para compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis independentes (controles x pacientes), utilizamos o teste de Mann-Whitney. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stico considerado foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref> demonstra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e metab&#243;licas do grupo-controle e do grupo com SM. Dos dezoito pacientes com SM, nove apresentavam intoler&#226;ncia a glicose (ITG) e oito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Dos nove indiv&#237;duos-controle, nenhum apresentava altera&#231;&#227;o na toler&#226;ncia a glicose, hipertens&#227;o arterial ou dislipidemia.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref> demonstra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e metab&#243;licas antes e ap&#243;s o uso de ROSI. Ap&#243;s doze semanas de tratamento com ROSI, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o da glicemia de jejum, PCR, fibrinog&#234;nio e melhora nos &#237;ndices de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (HOMA-R e Quicki).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O peso corporal aumentou em todos os pacientes; por&#233;m, quando separados por sexo, as mulheres depositaram gordura na regi&#227;o perif&#233;rica, com aumento da medida do quadril e diminui&#231;&#227;o da RCQ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil lip&#237;dico, observou-se aumento do colesterol total, LDL-colesterol e, apenas no grupo feminino, aumento do HDL-colesterol. Os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos n&#227;o se alteraram significativamente.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (151,1 &#177; 16,3 x 144,9 &#177; 14,5 mmHg; p = 0,86), diast&#243;lica (87 &#177; 9,8 x 84,4 &#177; 9,7 mmHg; p = 0,26) e m&#233;dia (104 &#177; 13,7 x 103,3 &#177; 15,4 mmHg; p = 0,06) n&#227;o sofreram altera&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas.</p>
    <p>Nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> (A e B) est&#227;o demonstradas as respostas do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo e resist&#234;ncia vascular antes e ap&#243;s Ach e SNP. Comparando o grupo com SM com o grupo-controle, no estado basal, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas no porcentual de incremento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo ap&#243;s Ach (85% [-26/551] x 367%[257/561] na maior dose; p = 0,005) e ap&#243;s SNP (120%[-12/621] x 399%[135/1041] na maior dose; p = 0,005).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo com SM observou-se melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente ap&#243;s doze semanas de ROSI, com aumento no porcentual de incremento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo ap&#243;s Ach (85%[-26/551] x 285,5%[83/546] na maior dose; p = 0,02) e aumento no porcentual de decremento da resist&#234;ncia vascular (-47,5%[-84/33] x -74%[-85/-46] na maior dose; p = 0,003) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig.1</xref>). N&#227;o foi observada modifica&#231;&#227;o na resposta vasodilatadora ap&#243;s SNP.</p>
    <p>Depois do tratamento, a diferen&#231;a no porcentual de incremento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo ap&#243;s Ach entre o grupo SM e o grupo-controle desapareceu (285,5%[83/546] x 367%[257/561], na maior dose; p = 0,23), mantendo-se a diferen&#231;a na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-independente (219,5%[52/466] x 399%[135/1041] na maior dose; p = 0,007) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica &#233; um fator de risco estabelecido para doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>5-7</sup>, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de diabete melito. Al&#233;m de ser o elo comum entre os membros da SM, a RI est&#225; presente antecedendo o aparecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas<sup>27</sup>. Mais importante, a RI, avaliada pelo HOMA-R, &#233; um fator de risco independente para doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>28</sup> e est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e inflama&#231;&#227;o<sup>10,11</sup>. Assim, um grupo de pacientes n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, portadores de SM e, portanto, em risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular, foi estudado para avaliar se o uso de ROSI seria capaz de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a inflama&#231;&#227;o. Para isso, foi utilizada a pletismografia de oclus&#227;o venosa, com infus&#227;o de acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio, m&#233;todo ainda considerado padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vivo</italic> da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A resposta vasodilatadora ap&#243;s Ach dos pacientes com SM foi significativamente menor que no grupo-controle no tempo basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">fig.1</xref>). Ap&#243;s o tratamento com ROSI, entretanto, essa diferen&#231;a significativa entre esses dois grupos desapareceu. Mais ainda, a recupera&#231;&#227;o da capacidade vasodilatadora restringiu-se &#224;quela dependente do endot&#233;lio. Como esperado, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-independente n&#227;o mudou. Ap&#243;s doze semanas de tratamento com 8 mg de ROSI, o HOMA-R diminuiu significativamente, enquanto o Quicki aumentou, caracterizando melhora na RI.</p>
    <p>Os marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o como a PCR e o fibrinog&#234;nio diminu&#237;ram 52,4% e 18%, respectivamente. Interessante, houve aumento do colesterol total, do LDL-colesterol e do peso corporal, fatores sabidamente relacionados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Isso sugere que o principal mecanismo de melhora da resposta vasodilatadora endotelial tenha sido a diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e a melhora da inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da PCR observada neste estudo j&#225; foi demonstrada por outros autores ap&#243;s o uso de TZDS em pacientes com ou sem diabetes<sup>29-31</sup>, confirmando o efeito antiinflamat&#243;rio dessa classe terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>Wang e cols.<sup>31</sup> demonstraram resultados semelhantes em cinq&#252;enta indiv&#237;duos com SM que utilizaram ROSI por oito semanas. Atrav&#233;s do estudo com Doppler da art&#233;ria braquial, observaram melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo aumento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo ap&#243;s isquemia, concomitante ao aumento do colesterol LDL e apolipoprote&#237;na B. Entretanto, observaram tamb&#233;m melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s nitroglicerina (endot&#233;lio-independente). Pistrosch e cols.<sup>20</sup> demonstraram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, insulino-resistentes, ap&#243;s uso de ROSI por doze semanas. Neste estudo, a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial foi independente do controle glic&#234;mico, como demonstrado em compara&#231;&#227;o com um grupo que usou nateglinida. Os autores sugerem, assim, que a melhora da insulino-resist&#234;ncia &#233; mais importante para a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da glicemia.</p>
    <p>Caballero e cols.<sup>32</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, rec&#233;m-diagnosticados, ap&#243;s o uso de troglitazona. Esse efeito ben&#233;fico, todavia, n&#227;o foi demonstrado em diab&#233;ticos com doen&#231;a macrovascular estabelecida. Sidhu e cols.<sup>30</sup> estudaram indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, sem diabetes, e observaram melhora dos marcadores da ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial (PCR, mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o circulantes e fator de Von Willebrand). N&#227;o observaram, por&#233;m, melhora da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo. Natali e cols.<sup>33</sup> compararam os efeitos da metformina e rosiglitazona em 74 diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 e conclu&#237;ram que apenas o grupo que usou rosiglitazona apresentou melhora na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o endot&#233;lio-dependente e sensibilidade a insulina, embora os dois grupos tenham atingido controle metab&#243;lico similar.</p>
    <p>Diversos mecanismos s&#227;o descritos para explicar a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial com o uso de agonistas dos PPARg. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica &#233; capaz de aumentar a oferta de NO, j&#225; que fisiologicamente a insulina aumenta a express&#227;o da enzima NO-sintase endotelial<sup>34</sup>. Recentemente, Goya e cols.<sup>35</sup> demonstraram a capacidade desses agonistas de estimular diretamente a express&#227;o da enzima NO-sintase endotelial <italic>in vitro</italic>. A diminui&#231;&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos livres circulantes, observada com o uso das TZDs, tamb&#233;m &#233; capaz de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial<sup>33</sup>. Os efeitos antiinflamat&#243;rios das TZDs j&#225; foram bem demonstrados em animais e humanos<sup>36,37</sup>, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o do NFkB<sup>38</sup>, da libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas e das mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o vascular<sup>38</sup>. Outro poss&#237;vel mecanismo de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial seria atrav&#233;s do efeito antioxidante com diminui&#231;&#227;o da gera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres pelos mon&#243;citos e polimorfonucleares<sup>39</sup>, diminui&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de peroxinitrito e da express&#227;o da enzima NO-sintase induzida<sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>O uso da ROSI nesses indiv&#237;duos com RI sem diabetes foi capaz de melhorar a sensibilidade a insulina, efeito j&#225; demonstrado em outros grupos de indiv&#237;duos com RI, tais como mulheres portadoras de ov&#225;rios polic&#237;sticos<sup>41</sup>, pacientes com Sida em uso de agentes retrovirais causadores de lipodistrofia e insulino-resist&#234;ncia<sup>42</sup> e intolerantes a glicose<sup>43</sup>.</p>
    <p>Normalmente, o uso das TZDs acarreta aumento do peso corporal por seus efeitos sobre v&#225;rios genes ligados &#224; adipog&#234;nese. Ocorre aumento da diferencia&#231;&#227;o dos adip&#243;citos (pr&#233;-adip&#243;citos ! adip&#243;citos maduros), principalmente aqueles localizados na regi&#227;o subcut&#226;nea, que s&#227;o metabolicamente mais eficientes; isto &#233;, capazes de captar &#225;cidos graxos e glicose com maior facilidade<sup>44</sup>. Neste estudo, o aumento m&#233;dio de peso de 2,2 kg em doze semanas n&#227;o foi acompanhado por aumento na medida da cintura, sugerindo uma redistribui&#231;&#227;o mais perif&#233;rica da gordura (diminui&#231;&#227;o da RCQ no grupo feminino). Alguns estudos demonstram que as TZDs s&#227;o capazes de redistribuir a quantidade de gordura corporal com diminui&#231;&#227;o da gordura visceral, hep&#225;tica e intramiocelular<sup>45-47</sup>, locais de deposi&#231;&#227;o anormal de gordura e relacionados a maior insulino-resist&#234;ncia. No presente estudo n&#227;o foi utilizada uma t&#233;cnica mais acurada de determina&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal, o que constitui uma limita&#231;&#227;o para maiores conclus&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos das TZDs sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico s&#227;o controversos. Alguns estudos demonstram aumento do colesterol total e LDL-colesterol<sup>31</sup>, conforme observado nesse grupo. A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores PPAR em macr&#243;fagos parece acarretar diferentes efeitos. Ocorre est&#237;mulo para aumento da express&#227;o dos receptores CD36, o que facilitaria a capta&#231;&#227;o das mol&#233;culas de LDL oxidadas<sup>48</sup>, ao mesmo tempo que haveria um aumento no transporte reverso de colesterol pela indu&#231;&#227;o de uma prote&#237;na de transporte ABCA1<sup>49</sup>. Quando se analisa a morfologia das part&#237;culas de LDL, observa-se que o uso das TZDs modifica o padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico dessas part&#237;culas, diminuindo as mol&#233;culas de LDL pequenas e densas, conseq&#252;entemente a capta&#231;&#227;o pelo endot&#233;lio<sup>50</sup>. N&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos das TZDs sobre triglicer&#237;deos, havendo relatos de diminui&#231;&#227;o<sup>50</sup> ou efeitos nulos<sup>51,52</sup><bold>.</bold> Neste estudo n&#227;o foi demonstrada modifica&#231;&#227;o significativa nos n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel parear os grupos controle e com SM por idade, por&#233;m essa diferen&#231;a serviu para demonstrar que o uso da ROSI foi capaz de melhorar a resposta vasodilatadora em n&#237;veis equivalentes a um grupo de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis mais jovens. A falta de um grupo com SM tratado com placebo traz algumas limita&#231;&#245;es &#224;s conclus&#245;es do estudo.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o uso de ROSI induziu uma redu&#231;&#227;o da RI, do fibrinog&#234;nio e da PCR e melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em indiv&#237;duos com SM. Esses dados sugerem um poss&#237;vel papel dessa subst&#226;ncia na regula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. O uso profil&#225;tico das TZDs em indiv&#237;duos com elevado risco para desenvolvimento de diabetes e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (portadores de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e intolerantes a glicose) ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecido. Aguardamos os resultados de estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados e prospectivos, que j&#225; est&#227;o em andamento, para determinar se essa abordagem &#233; capaz de diminuir os eventos cardiovasculares isqu&#234;micos a longo prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Am&#233;lio F. Godoy-Matos</p>
    <p>&#149; Palestrante em eventos patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria: GSK</p>
    <p>Os demais co-autores n&#227;o declararam qualquer potencial conflito de interesses.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luciana Bahia </p>
        <p>Av. Visconde de Albuquerque, 1400/501 </p>
        <p>22450-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lucianabahia@uol.com.br">lucianabahia@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 01/03/05 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 08/06/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of rosiglitazone on endothelial function in non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of rosiglitazone (ROSI), an insulin-sensitizer, on endothelial function and endothelial activation markers in a group of non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A group of eighteen subjects (12 women, 6 men), mean age 41.2 &#177; 9.7 and BMI 37.8 &#177; 6.1 Kg/m&#178;, was treated with rosiglitazone 8 mg/day for 12 weeks. Another group of nine healthy subjects, mean age 26.1 &#177; 4.4 and BMI 21.7 &#177; 1.7 Kg/m&#178;, was studied at baseline to compare vasodilator response. Endothelial function was evaluated by venous occlusion plethysmography after intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The following were measured: glucose, insulin, lipids, fibrinogen, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP). HOMA and Quicki indexes were calculated to quantify insulin resistance (IR). RESULTS: There was an improvement in insulin resistance, as evidenced by lower HOMA-R and higher QUICKI index, as well as a decrease in CRP and fibrinogen levels. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation also improved, as evidenced by greater increment in blood flow after Ach and greater decrement in vascular resistance. No difference in endothelium-independent vasodilation was noted. CONCLUSION: Rosiglitazone treatment reduced insulin resistance, fibrinogen, and CRP levels and improved endothelial function in non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome. These data suggest that rosiglitazone plays a role in the regulation of endothelial function in patients at high cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>rosiglitazone</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects of rosiglitazone on endothelial function in non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luciana Bahia; Luiz Guilherme K. Aguiar; Nivaldo Villela; Daniel Bottino; Am&#233;lio F. Godoy-Matos; Eliete Bouskela</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisas em Microcircula&#231;&#227;o e Policl&#237;nica Piquet Carneiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effects of rosiglitazone (ROSI), an insulin-sensitizer, on endothelial function and endothelial activation markers in a group of non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A group of eighteen subjects (12 women, 6 men), mean age 41.2 &#177; 9.7 and BMI 37.8 &#177; 6.1 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, was treated with rosiglitazone 8 mg/day for 12 weeks. Another group of nine healthy subjects, mean age 26.1 &#177; 4.4 and BMI 21.7 &#177; 1.7 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, was studied at baseline to compare vasodilator response. Endothelial function was evaluated by venous occlusion plethysmography after intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine (Ach) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The following were measured: glucose, insulin, lipids, fibrinogen, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP). HOMA and Quicki indexes were calculated to quantify insulin resistance (IR).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> There was an improvement in insulin resistance, as evidenced by lower HOMA-R and higher QUICKI index, as well as a decrease in CRP and fibrinogen levels. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation also improved, as evidenced by greater increment in blood flow after Ach and greater decrement in vascular resistance. No difference in endothelium-independent vasodilation was noted.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Rosiglitazone treatment reduced insulin resistance, fibrinogen, and CRP levels and improved endothelial function in non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome. These data suggest that rosiglitazone plays a role in the regulation of endothelial function in patients at high cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Endothelium, metabolic syndrome, rosiglitazone.</p>
      <p>Although atherosclerosis has been recognized as a disease over the past 150 years, the mechanisms involved in its development have been evolving dramatically. The current view of atherosclerosis pathophysiology involves a complex interaction of several factors, quite different from the old view of a disease caused by abnormal lipid deposition in the vascular wall. Among these factors, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are of particular importance<sup>1,2</sup>. The term endothelial dysfunction refers to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation and abnormal interplay between endothelial and blood cells, producing local inflammation and, later, vascular lesions and thrombosis. Endothelial dysfunction occurs when vasoconstrictive effects superimpose vasodilator effects, usually as a result of reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and consequent loss of its vascular protective action. Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as an early step in the atherosclerotic process, being found in all subsequent stages of the disease<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined by the presence of impaired glucose tolerance and/or type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and abdominal obesity. Insulin resistance is the common denominator of this condition, preceding the onset of the aforesaid changes. Metabolic syndrome is currently recognized as a major risk factor for atherosclerotic disease and cardiovascular mortality<sup>5-7</sup>. It is widely known that DM2 patients have varying degrees of endothelial dysfunction. There is evidence, however, of early endothelial dysfunction even before any level of impaired glucose tolerance occurs<sup>8,9</sup>. Furthermore, patients with insulin resistance (IR) often have endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation<sup>10,11</sup>. Elevated levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFAs), oxidative stress, arterial hypertension, and a higher number of small, dense LDL particles are some of the potential mechanisms involved in reduced NO production secondary to insulin resistance<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-gamma (PPAR<italic>g</italic>) are members of a nuclear receptor family that regulates the expression of various genes. These receptors are expressed in several tissues, especially in the adipose, but also in vascular endothelial cells, macrophages, and pancreatic beta-cells<sup>14,15</sup>. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are their exogenous agonists and also potent insulin sensitizers (IS). Consequently, these agents have been used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes to improve IR both directly by acting on the adipose tissue (improve fatty acids and glucose uptake)<sup>16</sup> and indirectly by altering adipocytokines secretion (decrease in TNF<italic>a</italic> and increase in adiponectin)<sup>17-19</sup>, thus enhancing insulin sensitivity in other tissues.</p>
      <p>Rosiglitazone, one of the TZDs currently available, not only affects glucose metabolism, but also has potent anti-inflammatory action<sup>17</sup>. Moreover, it has significantly improved endothelial function in diabetic patients<sup>20</sup>. Therefore, early intervention with this agent in non-diabetics MS patients may contribute to enhanced endothelial function, and thanks to its anti-inflammatory action, reduce cardiovascular risks.</p>
      <p>This study aims at evaluating insulin-sensitizer rosiglitazone (ROSI) effects on endothelial function and endothelial activation markers in a group of non-diabetic subjects with metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighteen subjects (6 men and 12 women, mean age 41.2 &#177; 9.7) diagnosed with MS according to NCEP-ATPIII criteria<sup>21</sup> were studied (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>) before and after treatment with ROSI 8 mg/day during twelve weeks. Nine healthy subjects (5 men and 4 women, mean age 26.1 &#177; 4.4) were studied solely to compare vasodilator response at baseline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, the teaching hospital of Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, and all patients signed an informed consent before entering the trial.</p>
      <p>Patients were asked to maintain an isocaloric diet and the usual level of physical activity throughout the study. Those with hypertension were instructed not to stop taking their anti-hypertensive medication. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by squared height (in meters). Waist circumference was obtained by measuring the narrowest point midway between the iliac crest and the lower costal margin, and hip circumference was calculated by measuring the largest diameter of the gluteal region<sup>22</sup>. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was determined by dividing the waist circumference by the hip circumference. Supine blood pressure was measured twice after a 15-minute rest using an automatic sphygmomanometer (Multiparameter patient monitor - Lifewindow LW6000, USA), and patients were classified as hypertensive according to JNC-7 criteria<sup>23</sup> .</p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected, after a 12-hour fast, at baseline and after 12 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy. The following parameters were analyzed: glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol (all concentrations were determined by the automated enzymatic method), C-reactive protein (automated nephelometry), fibrinogen (coagulometric method), and insulin (chemiluminescence method). All patients underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) using 75 g anhydrous glucose. The 2-hour blood glucose test was used to classify glucose tolerance<sup>24</sup>. Patients with DM2 were excluded. HOMA-R (insulin in &#181;IU/ml x glucose in mmol/l / 22.5)<sup>25</sup> and Quicki (1/log insulin &#181;IU/ml + log glucose in mg/dl)<sup>26</sup> indexes were calculated to quantify insulin resistance.</p>
      <p>Endothelial function was assessed by forearm venous occlusion plethysmography performed under standardized conditions. After an overnight fast, all patients rested for at least 30 minutes in a temperature-controlled room (22 &#177; 1 &#186;C) prior to examination. They were requested to refrain from smoking and drinking alcohol and caffeine for 12 hours before the test. A 27-gauge needle was inserted into the brachial artery of the non-dominant arm under local anesthesia (1% Xylocaine) for drug infusion. Blood pressure was measured non-invasively throughout the study on the contralateral arm. Change in limb volume was measured by a sensor placed around the widest part of the forearm and attached to a plethysmograph (<italic>Hokanson E06,Washington,USA</italic>).</p>
      <p>During flow analysis, venous return was occluded by inflating a cuff around the upper arm to 40 mm Hg using a rapid cuff inflator (Hokanson AG101, USA). Circulation to the hand was interrupted by inflating another cuff around the wrist to 40 mm Hg above the systolic blood pressure a minute before measurement. Measurements were taken in rest conditions and after infusion of acetylcholine (Ach) (Harvard Apparatus infusion pump, model 22<italic>,</italic> USA) at sequential doses of 7, 5, 15, and 30 &#181;g/min every 5 minutes and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at sequential doses of 2, 4, and 8 &#181;g/min. A 30-minute interval between both infused drugs was observed. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured during the last 2 minutes of each infusion. Four curves were determined at each study time point, and the mean value was used in the statistical analysis. PowerLab system (8SP-AD Instruments, Australia) was used to analyze plethysmograph signals.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 8.0 for Windows. Normally distributed data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and non-normally distributed data were expressed as median [minimum-maximum]. Normally distributed paired variables were compared by the Student's t-test, and non-normally distributed variables were compared by the Wilcoxon test. Independent variables (controls x patients) were compared by the Mann-Whitney test. The statistical significance level was set at 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the clinical and metabolic characteristics of the control group and of the MS group. Of the eighteen patients with MS, nine had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and eight, systemic hypertension. Of the nine control subjects, not one had impaired glucose tolerance, arterial hypertension or dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the clinical and metabolic characteristics before and after ROSI therapy. After 12 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy, fasting glucose, CRP, and fibrinogen decreased and insulin resistance indexes improved (HOMA-R and Quicki).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All patients experienced weight gain; however, when they were separated by sex, women had fat deposited peripherally, with increased hip circumference and decreased waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>With regard to lipid profile, there was an increase in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and, only in the female group, HDL cholesterol. No significant changes were observed in triglycerides levels.</p>
      <p>No statistically significant changes were found in systolic (151.1 &#177; 16.3 x 144.9 &#177; 14.5 mmHg; p = 0.86), diastolic (87 &#177; 9.8 x 84.4 &#177; 9.7 mmHg; p = 0,26) and mean blood pressure (104 &#177; 13.7 x 103.3 &#177; 15.4 mmHg; p = 0.06).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_29499f1-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_29499f2-body2">2</xref> (A and B) illustrate blood flow and vascular resistance responses before and after Ach and SNP. Comparison of the MS group with the control group at baseline, demonstrated significant differences in blood flow increase after Ach (85%[-26/551] x 367%[257/561] at the highest dose; p = 0,005) and after SNP (120%[-12/621] x 399%[135/1041] at the highest dose; p = 0,005).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_29499f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_29499f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0366-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The MS group showed enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation following 12 weeks of rosiglitazone therapy, with increased blood flow after Ach (85%[-26/551] x 285.5%[83/546] at the highest dose; p = 0.02) and decreased vascular resistance (-47,5%[-84/33] x -74%[-85/-46] at the highest dose; p = 0.003) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_29499f1-body2">fig.1</xref>). No change was observed in vasodilator response after SNP.</p>
      <p>After treatment, the difference in blood flow increase after Ach between both groups disappeared (285.5%[83/546] x 367%[257/561] at the highest dose; p = 0.23), and the difference in endothelium-independent vasodilation was maintained (219,5%[52/466] x 399%[135/1041] at the highest dosage; p = 0.007) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_29499f1-body2">fig.1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Metabolic syndrome is a well established risk factor for cardiovascular disease<sup>5,6,7</sup>, even in the absence of diabetes mellitus. In addition to being a common finding in MS patients, IR precedes the onset of metabolic changes<sup>27</sup>. More importantly, IR, evaluated by HOMA-R, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease<sup>28</sup>, and it is associated with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation<sup>10,11</sup>. Therefore, a group of non-diabetic patients with MS, and thus at risk of developing cardiovascular disease, was studied to evaluate whether rosiglitazone would be able to improve endothelial function and inflammation. For this purpose, venous occlusion plethysmography was used with acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside infusion, the method regarded as the gold standard in <italic>in-vivo</italic> assessment of endothelial function<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Vasodilator response to Ach in patients with MS was significantly lower than that of the control group at baseline (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_29499f1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). After rosiglitazone therapy, however, this significant difference between both groups disappeared. Furthermore, only endothelium-dependent vasodilator capacity was restored. As expected, endothelium-independent vasodilation remained unchanged. After 12 weeks of treatment with rosiglitazone 8 mg/day, HOMA-R significantly decreased, whereas QUICKI increased, characterizing IR improvement.</p>
      <p>Inflammation markers, such as CRP and fibrinogen, declined by 52.4% and 18%, respectively. Interestingly, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and body weight increased, factors well known to be associated with endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggest that the primary mechanism involved in improved endothelial vasodilator response might have been the decrease in insulin resistance and improvement in vascular inflammation. Other authors have already demonstrated the CRP reduction observed in this study after the use of TZDs in either diabetic or non-diabetic patients<sup>29,30,31</sup>, confirming the anti-inflammatory effect of this therapeutic drug class.</p>
      <p>Wang et al<sup>31</sup> reported similar results in 50 patients with MS treated with ROSI during 8 weeks. Using brachial artery Doppler, they observed flow-mediated vasodilation after ischemia, coupled with increased LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels. Nevertheless, nitroglycerin-induced vasodilation improvement (endothelium-independent) was also observed. Pistrosch et al<sup>20</sup> demonstrated improved endothelial function in insulin-resistant type-2 diabetics after 12 weeks of ROSI therapy. In this study, endothelial function improvement occurred regardless of glycemic control, as demonstrated when compared with a group who received nateglinide. The authors, therefore, suggest that improvement in insulin resistance may be more important for improvement in endothelial function than blood glucose reduction. Caballero et al<sup>32</sup> also reported improvement in endothelial function in patients with recently diagnosed type-2 diabetes after troglitazone treatment. This beneficial effect, however, was not demonstrated in diabetic patients with established macrovascular disease. Sidhu et al<sup>30</sup> studied non-diabetic subjects with coronary heart disease and noted improvement in endothelial activation markers (CRP, circulating adhesion molecules, and von Willebrand factor). Yet, no improvement in flow-mediated vasodilation was observed. Natali et al<sup>33</sup> compared the effects of metformin and rosiglitazone in 74 type-2 diabetic patients and concluded that only the group who received rosiglitazone improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation and insulin sensitivity, although both groups have attained similar metabolic control.</p>
      <p>Several mechanisms have been described to explain the improvement in endothelial function following treatment with PPAR<italic>g</italic> agonists. The decline in insulin resistance may increase NO delivery, since, physiologically, insulin increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression<sup>34</sup>. Recently, Goya et al<sup>35</sup> showed that these agonists directly stimulate eNOS expression <italic>in vitro</italic>. The reduction of circulating free fatty acid afforded by TZDs also improves endothelial function<sup>33</sup>. The anti-inflammatory effects of TZDs have already been well demonstrated in animals and humans alike<sup>37</sup>, evidenced by decreased NFkB<sup>38</sup> activation as well as cytokine and vascular adhesion molecules release<sup>38</sup>. Another possible mechanism involved in improvement of endothelial function is the antioxidant effect, thus decreasing free radical production by monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells<sup>39</sup>, peroxynitrite formation and induced endothelial NO synthase expression<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>The administration of rosiglitazone to non-diabetic patients with IR improved insulin sensitivity, an effect already demonstrated in other groups of patients with IR, such as women with polycystic ovaries<sup>41</sup>, AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy, which causes lipodystrophy and insulin resistance<sup>42</sup>, and patients with impaired glucose tolerance<sup>43</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thiazolidinediones usually cause weight gain, due to their effects on several genes associated with adipogenesis. There is an increase in adipocytes differentiation (pre-adipocytes <italic>&#174;</italic> mature adipocytes), particularly those located subcutaneously, which are metabolically more effective; that is to say, they can enhance fatty acids and glucose uptake<sup>44</sup>. In this study, the mean body weight increase of 2.2 kg in 12 weeks was not followed by an increase in waist circumference, suggesting a more peripheral fat distribution (decreased WHR) in the female group). In some studies, TZDs have been shown to redistribute body fat, reducing visceral, hepatic, and intramyocellular fat<sup>45-47</sup>, sites of abnormal fat deposition associated with greater insulin resistance. A more accurate method to determine body fat was not used in the study, thus limiting further conclusions.</p>
      <p>The effects of thiazolidinediones on lipid profile are controversial. Some studies show higher levels in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol<sup>31</sup>, as observed in this group. PPAR receptors activation in macrophages seems to cause different effects. Stimulation occurs to induce the expression of CD36 receptors, facilitating the uptake of oxidized LDL molecules,<sup>48</sup> whereas increasing ABCA1-induced reverse cholesterol transport<sup>49</sup>. Analysis of LDL particles shows that the TZDs change their morphologic pattern, reducing the number of small, dense LDL molecules and, thus, endothelial uptake<sup>50</sup>. There is no consensus in the literature regarding TZD effect on triglycerides, in that both reduced effects and no effect at all were reported<sup>51,52</sup> . In this study, no significant change in triglycerides level was found.</p>
      <p>Matching the control group and the MS group by age was not possible, but this difference was useful to demonstrate that ROSI improved vasodilator response on level equivalent to that of a healthy younger group. The lack of an MS group treated with placebo somewhat limits study conclusions.</p>
      <p>We concluded that ROSI induced IR, fibrinogen and CRP reduction and improved endothelial function in MS subjects. These data suggest a possible role of this substance in regulating endothelial function. The prophylactic use of TZDs in subjects at high risk for developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease (patients with metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance) is yet to be established. Controlled and prospective clinical trials are under way, and data are awaited to determine whether this approach may reduce long-term ischemic cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potencial Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Am&#233;lio F. Godoy-Matos</p>
      <p>&#149; Conference speaker sponsored by GSK industry</p>
      <p>The other co-authors did not declare any potential conflict of interest.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luciana Bahia </p>
          <p> Av. Visconde de Albuquerque, 1400/501 </p>
          <p> 22450-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lucianabahia@uol.com.br">lucianabahia@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/01/05 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/08/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
