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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">sqBXzHp4SYzKnVrBrWJXbFN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600506</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000500006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil lip&#237;dico e efeitos da orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional em adolescentes com hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Gislaine A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Tania L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amancio</surname>
            <given-names>Olga M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novo</surname>
            <given-names>Neil F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matheus</surname>
            <given-names>Simone C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertolami</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Antonio Helfenstein</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>361</fpage>
      <lpage>365</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Examinar o perfil lip&#237;dico e par&#226;metros nutricionais de adolescentes com hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) prematura e avaliar os efeitos da orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional. M&#201;TODOS: O estudo incluiu 48 adolescentes de ambos os sexos e idades entre 10 e 19 anos (grupo caso, n=18; grupo controle, n=30). RESULTADOS: Os filhos de coronarianos jovens apresentaram valores mais elevados de colesterol total (189 &#177; 30 vs. 167 &#177; 26 mg/dl, p&lt;0,01), LDL-C (144 &#177; 20 vs. 100 &#177; 27 mg/dl, p&lt;0,001) e Apo B (80 &#177; 15 vs. 61 &#177; 18 mg/dl, p=0,001) e valores mais baixos de HDL-C (45 &#177; 9 vs. 51 &#177; 13 mg/dl, p&lt;0,02) que os jovens controles. N&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as para os triglic&#233;rides e Apo A-I. Com a orienta&#231;&#227;o dietoter&#225;pica obteve-se redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo alimentar de &#225;cidos graxos saturados (pr&#233;: 15,5 &#177; 4,7% vs. p&#243;s: 6,6 &#177; 3,7%, p=0,003) e melhora no perfil lip&#237;dico: CT (-8%, p=0,033), LDL-C (-18,2%, p=0,001), TG (-53%, p=0,002) nos filhos de pacientes com DAC prematura que apresentavam hiperlipidemia. CONCLUS&#195;O: A presen&#231;a de dislipidemia foi mais prevalente em adolescentes filhos de portadores de DAC prematura, mas foi responsiva &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de do adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>lipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
        <kwd>apolipoprote&#237;nas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil lip&#237;dico e efeitos da orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional em adolescentes com hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gislaine A. Mendes; Tania L. Martinez; Maria C. Izar; Olga M. Amancio; Neil F. Novo; Simone C. Matheus; Marcelo C. Bertolami; Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Examinar o perfil lip&#237;dico e par&#226;metros nutricionais de adolescentes com hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) prematura e avaliar os efeitos da orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> O estudo incluiu 48 adolescentes de ambos os sexos e idades entre 10 e 19 anos (grupo caso, n=18; grupo controle, n=30). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os filhos de coronarianos jovens apresentaram valores mais elevados de colesterol total (189 &#177; 30 vs. 167 &#177; 26 mg/dl, p&lt;0,01), LDL-C (144 &#177; 20 vs. 100 &#177; 27 mg/dl, p&lt;0,001) e Apo B (80 &#177; 15 vs. 61 &#177; 18 mg/dl, p=0,001) e valores mais baixos de HDL-C (45 &#177; 9 vs. 51 &#177; 13 mg/dl, p&lt;0,02) que os jovens controles. N&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as para os triglic&#233;rides e Apo A-I. Com a orienta&#231;&#227;o dietoter&#225;pica obteve-se redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo alimentar de &#225;cidos graxos saturados (pr&#233;: 15,5 &#177; 4,7% vs. p&#243;s: 6,6 &#177; 3,7%, p=0,003) e melhora no perfil lip&#237;dico: CT (-8%, p=0,033), LDL-C (-18,2%, p=0,001), TG (-53%, p=0,002) nos filhos de pacientes com DAC prematura que apresentavam hiperlipidemia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A presen&#231;a de dislipidemia foi mais prevalente em adolescentes filhos de portadores de DAC prematura, mas foi responsiva &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Sa&#250;de do adolescente, dieta, lip&#237;deos, lipoprote&#237;nas, apolipoprote&#237;nas.</p>
    <p>A aterosclerose inicia-se precocemente, havendo evid&#234;ncias da presen&#231;a de estrias gordurosas nas aortas em filhos de m&#227;es com hipercolesterolemia, j&#225; na vida intra-uterina<sup>1</sup>. Sua ocorr&#234;ncia &#233; ainda muito influenciada pela presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC)<sup>2</sup>. Estudos prospectivos de coorte, realizados em crian&#231;as, como os de Bogalusa<sup>2-4</sup> e da Finl&#226;ndia<sup>5</sup>, evidenciaram que a presen&#231;a de um determinado fator de risco na inf&#226;ncia associava-se &#224; maior probabilidade de sua presen&#231;a tamb&#233;m na vida adulta. Este fen&#244;meno foi chamado de "trilha" e &#233; observado para a maioria dos fatores de risco. Al&#233;m disso, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia observa-se uma agrega&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco, e a exposi&#231;&#227;o a esses fatores de risco durante a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia associam-se com o desenvolvimento precoce da aterosclerose<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura constitui um dos principais fatores de risco na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, sendo que estes jovens apresentam, em geral, um perfil de fatores de risco mais desfavor&#225;vel<sup>7</sup> e que, apenas recentemente, vem recebendo maior aten&#231;&#227;o. Em nosso pa&#237;s, alguns estudos iniciais j&#225; mostraram a alta preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia em jovens com ou sem hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura<sup>9-11</sup>, um achado que vem sendo cada vez mais descrito em diferentes pa&#237;ses<sup>12,13</sup>. Ao contr&#225;rio do adulto, na faixa pedi&#225;trica &#233; muito menor a experi&#234;ncia com f&#225;rmacos hipolipemiantes, tornando as modifica&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida, como as orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais, de grande relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aconselhamento nutricional assume, portanto, papel determinante na implementa&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es e tem-se mostrado efetivo, sem ocasionar car&#234;ncias nutricionais &#224; crian&#231;a ou ao adolescente<sup>16,17</sup>. Recentes diretrizes americanas para o manuseio de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia e obesidade (<italic>AHOY</italic> &#150; <italic>Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in the Young</italic>)<sup>18</sup> orientam a abordagem dessa popula&#231;&#227;o e prop&#245;em algoritmos, levando-se em conta a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, entre eles, a hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura, como situa&#231;&#227;o que mere&#231;a investiga&#231;&#227;o nos filhos. Nosso estudo comparou os fatores de risco e aspectos nutricionais entre adolescentes com ou sem hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura e avaliou os efeitos de uma orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional naqueles jovens portadores de dislipidemia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pesquisa teve aprova&#231;&#227;o da Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina e foi iniciada ap&#243;s assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) e esclarecimento quanto aos objetivos do estudo, m&#233;todos e necessidades de exames laboratoriais, por um dos pais ou respons&#225;veis legais pelos adolescentes.</p>
    <p>Foram estudados 48 adolescentes, com idades entre 10 e 19 anos, sendo 18 filhos de portadores de DAC prematura e 30 adolescentes no grupo controle, constitu&#237;do por filhos de pais cujo diagn&#243;stico de DAC fora exclu&#237;do por meio de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiograma e/ou teste de esfor&#231;o sem evid&#234;ncias de altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de DAC. As principais caracter&#237;sticas desta popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o inseridas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0361-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todos os jovens, de ambos os grupos, que apresentaram dislipidemia, receberam uma orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional para uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel. Entretanto, para testar a hip&#243;tese de que a dieta pudesse ser efetiva, apenas aqueles com heran&#231;a de DAC prematura constitu&#237;ram o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Este grupo foi composto por 12 adolescentes filhos de pais com DAC e que apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es do perfil lip&#237;dico basal. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da DAC prematura e do antecedente familiar de DAC prematura foram os das III Diretrizes Brasileiras de Dislipidemia<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi definido por presen&#231;a de diabetes melito, hipotireoidismo, s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, hepatopatias cr&#244;nicas e uso de f&#225;rmacos que pudessem induzir a dislipidemia secund&#225;ria<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram obtidas amostras de sangue para determina&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides, do HDL-C, Lp (a), apolipoprote&#237;nas A-I e B ap&#243;s 12 a 14 horas de jejum. As an&#225;lises foram feitas em aparelho &#211;pera (Bayer, Alemanha), por m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico, e o LDL-C foi estimado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Friedewald, para valores de TG &lt; 400 mg/dl<sup>20</sup>. As apolipoprote&#237;nas A-1, B e Lp(a) foram dosadas por nefelometria, em aparelho automatizado Array System &#150; 360, da Beckman.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) em kg/m<sup>2</sup>, os adolescentes foram classificados para a presen&#231;a de obesidade (IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> percentil 95) e de sobrepeso (IMC entre os percentis 85 e 95)<sup>21-23</sup>.</p>
    <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o do consumo alimentar foi feita por registro alimentar de tr&#234;s dias<sup>24</sup> e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo cal&#243;rico total (em quilocalorias), lip&#237;dios (em gramas) e colesterol (em miligramas), foi realizada com o aux&#237;lio do Programa de Apoio &#224; Nutri&#231;&#227;o da UNIFESP<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os adolescentes com hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura e que apresentaram dosagens de CT <underline>&gt;</underline> 170 mg/dl foram submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional individual (orienta&#231;&#227;o verbal e escrita), respeitando-se as condi&#231;&#245;es de acesso a alimentos e h&#225;bitos alimentares anteriores, desde que n&#227;o fossem considerados prejudiciais &#224; sa&#250;de, baseado em diretrizes<sup>19</sup>, que aconselham consumo, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao total cal&#243;rico ingerido, inferior a 30% de gorduras (&lt; 10% de &#225;cidos graxos saturados; at&#233; 10% de &#225;cidos graxos poliinsaturados; at&#233; 15% de &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados), al&#233;m de uma ingest&#227;o de colesterol &lt; 300 mg/dia, mantendo-se a oferta cal&#243;rica para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do peso desej&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em porcentagem e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dias &#177; EPM. Os grupos caso e controle foram comparados por teste "t" de Student para grupos independentes, ou Mann&#150;Whitney no caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica. Para se avaliar o efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon. O risco alfa foi fixado em 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref> cont&#233;m as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, vari&#225;veis laboratoriais e consumo alimentar que formaram os grupos analisados. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes nos grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, &#224; idade e valores de IMC. A compara&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico entre os grupos mostrou maiores valores para o CT, LDL-C, Apo B e para as rela&#231;&#245;es CT/HDL-C e LDL-C/HDL-C entre os adolescentes filhos de portadores de DAC prematura, que ainda exibiram menores valores para o HDL-C e Lp (a), por&#233;m semelhantes para os TG e Apo A-I. Observou-se, no entanto, que a rela&#231;&#227;o Apo B/Apo A-I apresentava valores maiores entre os adolescentes filhos de portadores de DAC prematura que os de controle.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0361-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Embora o consumo cal&#243;rico, de colesterol e lip&#237;dios n&#227;o tenha diferido entre os grupos, ingest&#227;o excessiva em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de lip&#237;dios foi observada em 72% dos adolescentes de ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional a que foram submetidos os adolescentes do grupo caso, com CT &gt; 170 mg/dl, foi observada redu&#231;&#227;o no CT, LDL-C, TG, CT/HDL-C e LDL-C/HDL-C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>)</p>
    <p>O IMC, o consumo cal&#243;rico, de colesterol e de lip&#237;dios mantiveram-se semelhante antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m com redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de &#225;cidos graxos saturados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>)</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A principal contribui&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi a de confirmar a presen&#231;a, ainda na adolesc&#234;ncia, de dislipidemia associada a uma hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana prematura. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo mostrou que a dieta pode ter um relevante papel na melhora do perfil lip&#237;dico encontrado nestes jovens.</p>
    <p>O antecedente familiar de DAC prematura constitui um dos principais fatores a serem considerados na decis&#227;o de se avaliar o perfil lip&#237;dico em uma crian&#231;a ou adolescente<sup>18</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, recentemente, o importante estudo observacional PROCAM<sup>26</sup>, na Alemanha, mostrou que a incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio por intervalos de idade associou-se a uma maior diferen&#231;a para os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-C, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos obtidos para aqueles sem DAC, quanto mais prematura sua ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Estes aspectos refor&#231;am o racional para o exame do perfil lip&#237;dico e de outros fatores de risco para a DAC entre os jovens com hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura, uma vez que diferentes estudos, inclusive em nosso meio, mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para DAC, especialmente altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, entre parentes diretos de coronariopatas<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Berenson e cols.<sup>27</sup>, no <italic>The Bogalusa Heart Study</italic>, observaram associa&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco pregressos com a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas nas aortas e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em necropsias de indiv&#237;duos com idades entre 6 e 30 anos. As les&#245;es foram mais prevalentes no sexo masculino, tanto em aortas como em coron&#225;rias, e foram associadas com vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas, hipertens&#227;o arterial e IMC.</p>
    <p>Os estudos de Bogalusa apontam para o fen&#244;meno de trilha, ou seja, fatores de risco detectados na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia tendem a se perpetuar na vida adulta, influenciando o desenvolvimento mais acelerado da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso pa&#237;s, a hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tem sido associada &#224; presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis alterados de colesterol total entre escolares<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo, al&#233;m da alta preval&#234;ncia de dislipidemia, associa&#231;&#227;o com outros fatores de risco foram descritas entre os filhos de pacientes com DAC prematura, sugerindo que a agrega&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco possa ser mais prevalente entre estas crian&#231;as e adolescentes<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante destacar que entre outros fatores de risco prevalentes na adolesc&#234;ncia est&#227;o os h&#225;bitos alimentares inadequados, sobrepeso, obesidade, inatividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo e uso de anticoncepcionais orais entre as meninas.</p>
    <p>A orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional pode ser iniciada a partir dos dois anos de idade<sup>16-18</sup>, atendendo &#224;s necessidades energ&#233;ticas e vitam&#237;nicas, al&#233;m de estimular a ingest&#227;o de fibras e desencorajar o consumo de alimentos ricos em gordura saturada e colesterol, como parte das modifica&#231;&#245;es do estilo de vida, que devem, ainda, incluir atividade f&#237;sica e adequa&#231;&#227;o do peso<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica em crian&#231;as com n&#237;veis aumentados de LDL-C, o "<italic>Dietary Intervention Study in Children"</italic> (DISC)<sup>17</sup>, comparou, durante um per&#237;odo de 7 anos, os efeitos de uma orienta&#231;&#227;o dietoter&#225;pica em 663 crian&#231;as, examinando seus efeitos sobre o perfil lip&#237;dico, crescimento e matura&#231;&#227;o sexual. A dieta mostrou-se efetiva, sem altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferritina, folato, retinol e zinco. Al&#233;m disso, o crescimento e a matura&#231;&#227;o sexual n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos, sendo considerada conduta segura e saud&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo comparou o perfil lip&#237;dico entre filhos de portadores de DAC prematura e filhos de pais saud&#225;veis, al&#233;m de avaliar a efetividade da interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional, realizada nos adolescentes dislipid&#234;micos, filhos de portadores de DAC prematura.</p>
    <p>Observou-se um perfil lip&#237;dico mais aterog&#234;nico entre os adolescentes com hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura, caracterizado por maiores valores de CT, LDL-C, Apo B, e das rela&#231;&#245;es CT/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, e ainda, Apo B/Apo A-I, que foi identificada, recentemente, como o principal preditor de DAC em adultos, em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>28</sup>. No nosso estudo, a rela&#231;&#227;o Apo B/Apo A-I mais elevada identificou, em jovens com hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC prematura, um perfil mais aterog&#234;nico, podendo refletir a precocidade da doen&#231;a. Entretanto, esse perfil desfavor&#225;vel encontrado nesses adolescentes foi responsivo ao aconselhamento nutricional, verificando-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 8%, aproximadamente, nos n&#237;veis de CT, 18%, nos n&#237;veis de LDL-C, e 53%, nos n&#237;veis de TG, com conseq&#252;entes redu&#231;&#245;es de 7% e 18,5% nas raz&#245;es entre CT/HDL-C e LDL-C/HDL-C, ap&#243;s oito semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo refor&#231;a a necessidade de maior aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; nutri&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que, na sociedade moderna, a excessiva oferta de alimentos industrializados de alto valor cal&#243;rico e, muitas vezes, com alto conte&#250;do de gordura saturada, colesterol, gordura trans, carboidratos simples e sal, parece contribuir de maneira relevante para o desenvolvimento dos fatores de risco, como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, ingest&#227;o diet&#233;tica acima das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para consumo total di&#225;rio de lip&#237;dios foi observada em 72% dos pacientes de ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da dieta, contribuem, ainda, as horas excessivas de nossas crian&#231;as em contato com a televis&#227;o ou com o computador e a menor atividade f&#237;sica, n&#227;o apenas delas, mas da falta de est&#237;mulo ou exemplo de seus pais.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, em nosso meio, Giugliano e Melo<sup>29</sup> avaliaram o peso e estatura de 528 escolares entre 6 a 10 anos, de ambos os sexos, observando uma preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade em 21,2% das meninas e 18,8%, dos meninos.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, nosso estudo identificou um perfil lip&#237;dico mais desfavor&#225;vel entre os jovens filhos de pais com DAC prematura. Nossos resultados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da ado&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose em idades mais precoces, que poderia contribuir para uma redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a cardiovascular prematura.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>AGRADECIMENTOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192; Dra. Yara Juliano, pela orienta&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. A nutricionista Gislaine A. Mendes recebeu bolsa da CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior) durante o desenvolvimento deste estudo.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca </p>
        <p>Alameda das Dracenas, 290 &#150; Santana de Parna&#237;ba </p>
        <p>06539-240 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fahfonseca@terra.com.br">fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 13/02/05 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 13/03/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Lipid profile and nutrition counseling effects in adolescents with family history of premature coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess lipid profile and nutritional parameters from adolescents with family history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) and assess the effects of nutritional counseling. METHODS: The study included 48 adolescents of both gender and with ages ranging from 10 and 19 years old (case group, n=18; control group, n=30). RESULTS: Offspring of young individuals with coronary artery disease showed higher values of total cholesterol (189 &#177; 30 vs. 167 &#177; 26 mg/dl, p &lt; 0.01), LDL-C (144 &#177; 20 vs. 100 &#177; 27 mg/dl, p &lt; 0.001) and apoB (80 &#177; 15 vs. 61 &#177; 18 mg/dl, p = 0.001) and lower values of HDL-C (45 &#177; 9 vs. 51 &#177; 13 mg/dl, p &lt; 0.02) than control young individuals. Differences were not found for triglycerides and apoA-I. With a dietotherapeutic counseling, we obtained a reduction in alimentary consumption of saturated fatty acids (pre: 15.5 &#177; 4.7% vs. post: 6.6 &#177; 3.7%, p = 0.003) and an improvement in lipid profile: TC (-8%, p = 0.033), LDL-C (-18.2%, p = 0.001), TG (-53%, p = 0.002) rates in offspring of premature CAD patients who showed hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION: The presence of dyslipidemia was more prevalent among offspring adolescents of premature CAD patients, but it was responsive to nutritional intervention.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Teen health</kwd>
        <kwd>diet</kwd>
        <kwd>lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>apolipoproteins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Lipid profile and nutrition counseling effects in adolescents with family history of premature coronary artery disease</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gislaine A. Mendes; Tania L. Martinez; Maria C. Izar; Olga M. Amancio; Neil F. Novo; Simone C. Matheus; Marcelo C. Bertolami; Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess lipid profile and nutritional parameters from adolescents with family history of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) and assess the effects of nutritional counseling.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 48 adolescents of both gender and with ages ranging from 10 and 19 years old (case group, n=18; control group, n=30).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Offspring of young individuals with coronary artery disease showed higher values of total cholesterol (189 &#177; 30 vs. 167 &#177; 26 mg/dl, p &lt; 0.01), LDL-C (144 &#177; 20 vs. 100 &#177; 27 mg/dl, p &lt; 0.001) and apoB (80 &#177; 15 vs. 61 &#177; 18 mg/dl, p = 0.001) and lower values of HDL-C (45 &#177; 9 vs. 51 &#177; 13 mg/dl, p &lt; 0.02) than control young individuals. Differences were not found for triglycerides and apoA-I. With a dietotherapeutic counseling, we obtained a reduction in alimentary consumption of saturated fatty acids (pre: 15.5 &#177; 4.7% vs. post: 6.6 &#177; 3.7%, p = 0.003) and an improvement in lipid profile: TC (-8%, p = 0.033), LDL-C (-18.2%, p = 0.001), TG (-53%, p = 0.002) rates in offspring of premature CAD patients who showed hyperlipidemia.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The presence of dyslipidemia was more prevalent among offspring adolescents of premature CAD patients, but it was responsive to nutritional intervention.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Teen health, diet, lipids, lipoproteins, apoli&#173;poproteins.</p>
      <p>Atherosclerosis starts early, with evidences in the presence of fat streak in the aortas of offspring of mothers with hypercholesterolemia already in intrauterine life<sup>1</sup>. Its occurrence is still much influenced by the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD)<sup>2</sup>. Cohort prospective studies carried out in children, such as those from Bogalusa<sup>2-4</sup> and from Finland<sup>5</sup>, evidenced that the presence of a certain risk factor in infancy was associated to a greater probability of its presence also in adult life. Such phenomenon was called "track" and it is observed for most risk factors. Besides, an aggregation of risk factors is observed and the exposure to those factors during infancy and adolescence are associated with the early development of atherosclerosis<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Family history of premature CAD is one of the main risk factors in infancy and adolescence, and such youngsters usually show a more unfavorable risk factor profile<sup>7</sup> and that, only recently have been having more attention. In our country, some initial studies have already shown the high prevalence of dyslipidemia in young individuals with our without family history of premature CAD<sup>9-11</sup>, which is a finding that has been more and more described in different countries<sup>12,13</sup>. As opposed to adults, the experience with hypolipidemic medicines, which makes changes in lifestyle, such as nutritional counseling, of high clinical relevance<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nutritional counseling assumes, therefore, a deter&#173;minant role in implementation of recommendations and it has been shown effective without causing nutritional shortage to children or adolescents<sup>16,17</sup>. Recent American guidelines for handling of children and adolescents concerning hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity (<italic>AHOY</italic> &#150; <italic>Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in the Young</italic>)<sup>18</sup> have guided the approach of that population and proposed algorithm, by taking risk factors into consideration, among those with family history of premature CAD, as a situation deserving investigation in offspring. Our study compared risk factors and nutritional aspects between adolescents with or without family history of premature CAD and assessed the effects from a nutritional counseling in those young dyslipidemia patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The research was approved by the Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (Ethics Committee in Research) of Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina and started after the signing of the term of free and clarified consent (TFCC) and clarifying concerning the objectives of the study, methods and needs of laboratorial exams, by one of the parents or legal responsible person for the adolescents.</p>
      <p>Forty-eight (48) adolescents, with ages ranging from 10 to 19 years old, were studied. Eighteen (18) were offspring of premature CAD patients and 30 adolescents composed the control group, which consisted of offspring of parents whose CAD diagnosis was excluded by means of clinical history, electrocardiogram and/or exercise tests without evidences of CAD suggestive changes. The main characteristics of this population are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0361-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All youths, from both groups, who showed dyslipidemia, had nutritional counseling for a healthy alimentation. However, in order to test the hypothesis that the diet could be effective, only those with family history of premature CAD constituted intervention group. That group consisted of 12 adolescents, offspring of CAD parents and who showed changes in their basal lipid profile. III Diretrizes Brasileiras de Dislipidemia<sup>19</sup> (3<sup>rd</sup> Brazilian Dyslipidemia Guidelines) provided the criteria used for characterization of premature CAD and family history of premature CAD.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criterion was defined due to presence of diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, chronic hepatopathies and use of medications that may induce secondary dyslipidemia<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected to determine total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, Lp(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B after 12 to 14 hours of fasting. Analyses were carried out in an &#211;pera (Bayer, Germany) apparatus, through colorimetric method, and LDL-C was estimated through Friedewald equation, for values of TG &lt; 400 mg/dl<sup>20</sup>. Apolipoproteins A-1, B and Lp(a) were dosed through nephelometry, in an automated Beckman Array System &#150; 360 apparatus.</p>
      <p>After obtaining body mass index (BMI) in kg/m<sup>2</sup>, adolescents were classified for the presence of obesity (BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> percentile 95) and overweight (BMI between percentiles 85 and 95)<sup>21-23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Investigation on alimentary consumption was performed through a three-day alimentary record<sup>24</sup> and the quantification concerning total calorie consumption (in kilocalories), lipids (in grams) and cholesterol (in milligrams), was carried out with the help from Programa de Apoio &#224; Nutri&#231;&#227;o (Nutrition Support Program) of UNIFESP<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Adolescents with family history of premature CAD and showed dosages of TC <underline>&gt;</underline> 170 mg/dl were submitted to individual nutritional intervention (verbal and written counseling), by respecting the conditions of access to previous food and alimentary habits, since they were not harmful to health, based on guidelines<sup>19</sup>, that advise consumption, in relation to the total caloric ingestion, lower than 30% of fats (&lt; 10% of saturated fatty acids; up to 10% of polyunsaturated fatty acids; up to 15% of monounsaturated fatty acids), besides an ingestion of cholesterol &lt; 300 mg/day, by keeping caloric offering for maintaining the desirable weight.</p>
      <p>For statistical analysis, categorical variables were shown in percentages and compared through chi-square test. Numerical variables were displayed as means &#177; EPM. Case and control groups were compared through t-test of Student for independent groups, or Mann-Whitney test, in the case of non-parametric distribution. Wilcoxon test was used to assess nutritional intervention effect. Alpha risk was fixed in 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows demographic characteristics, laboratorial variables and alimentary intake that formed analyzed groups. Differences in distribution of patients in groups concerning sex, age and BMI values were not observed. Lipid profile comparison between groups showed higher values for TC, LDL-C, apoB and TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C rates between adolescent offspring of premature CAD patients, who also showed lower values for HDL-C and Lp (a), but similar ones for TG and apoA-I. However, apoB/apoA-I rate showed higher values among adolescent offspring of premature CAD patients than those from control group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0361-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Although caloric intake, cholesterol and lipid consumption had not differed between groups, excessive ingestion concerning lipid consumption was observed in 72% of adolescents from both groups.</p>
      <p>After nutrition intervention they were submitted to, case group adolescents, with TC &gt; 170 mg/dl, a reduction in TC, LDL-C, TG, TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C was observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">tab. 2</xref>)</p>
      <p>BMI, caloric intake, cholesterol and lipid intake kept similar before and after intervention, but with reduction in saturated fatty acid consumption (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main contribution from this study was confirming the presence, in adolescence, of dyslipidemia associated to a family history of premature coronary artery disease. Besides, the study showed that the diet can have a relevant role in improving lipid profile found in those young individuals.</p>
      <p>Family history of premature CAD is one of the main factors to be considered in the decision of assessing the lipid profile in a child or adolescent<sup>18</sup>. Besides, the important observational PROCAM<sup>26</sup> study, in Germany, has recently showed that the incidence of myocardial infarction per age intervals was associated to a greater difference for serum levels of LDL-C, in comparison to those without CAD, the more premature its occurrence was.</p>
      <p>Those aspects reinforce the rational for the lipid profile exam and other risk factors for CAD among young individuals with family history of premature CAD, once that different studies, inclusive in our milieu, showed a greater prevalence of risk factors for CAD, especially lipid changes, between direct relatives of coronary artery disease patients<sup>10-12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Berenson et al<sup>27</sup>, in <italic>The Bogalusa Heart Study</italic>, observed an association of previous risk factors with presence of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortas and coronary arteries in necropsies of individuals with age ranging from 6 and 30 years old. Lesions were more prevalent in male sex individuals, both on the aortas and in coronary arteries, and they were associated with lipid variables, hypertension and BMI.</p>
      <p>Bogalusa studies point to track phenomenon, which means, risk factors detected in infancy or adolescence tend to perpetuate in adult life, influencing a more accelerated development of atherosclerotic disease<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our country, family history of cardiovascular diseases has been associated to the presence of altered levels of total cholesterol among students<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In another study, in addition to the high prevalence of dyslipidemia, association with other risk factors were described among offspring of premature CAD patients, which suggested that risk factor aggregation can be more prevalent among those children and adolescents<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important to mention that improper alimentary habits, overweight, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking and use of oral contraceptives among girls are among other risk factors prevalent in adolescence.</p>
      <p>Nutritional counseling can be started from two years of age<sup>16-18</sup>, meeting the energetic and vitamin needs, besides stimulating intake of fibers and discouraging ingestion of saturated fat- and cholesterol-rich foods, as part of changes in lifestyle, which also may include physical activity and weight adjustment<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>A dietary intervention study in children with increased levels of LDL-C, the "<italic>Dietary Intervention Study in Children"</italic> (DISC)<sup>17</sup>, compared, within a period of 7 years, the effects of a dietotherapeutic counseling on 633 children, by examining its effects on lipid profile, growth and sexual maturation. The diet showed effective, without changes in serum levels of ferritin, folate, retinol and zinc. Besides, growth and sexual maturation did not differ between groups, being regarded as a safe and healthy behavior.</p>
      <p>The present study compared lipid profile among offspring of premature CAD patients and healthy parent offspring, besides assessing the effectiveness of nutritional intervention, carried out among dyslipidemic adolescents, offspring of premature CAD patients.</p>
      <p>A more atherogenic lipid profile was observed among adolescents with family history of premature CAD, characterized by higher values of TC, LDL-C, apoB, and TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C rates, and also apoB/apoA-I rate, which has been recently identified as the main CAD predictor among adults, in developing countries<sup>28</sup>. In our study, higher apoB/apoA-I rate identified, in young individuals with family history of premature CAD, a more atherogenic profile, which may have reflected the prematurity of the diseased. However, such unfavorable profile found among those adolescents was responsive to nutritional counseling, by verifying a reduction of approximately 8% in TC levels, 18% in LDL-C levels, and 53%, in TG levels, with consequent reductions of 7% and 18.5% in rates between TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C, after eight weeks of intervention.</p>
      <p>Our study reinforces the need for a greater attention to nutrition, as in modern society the excessive offer of industrialized foods with high caloric value and, many times, with high amount of saturated fat, cholesterol, trans fat, simple carbohydrates and salt, seems to contribute in a relevant manner towards risk factor development, such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes.</p>
      <p>In our study, dietary ingestion over recommendations for total daily ingestion of lipids was observed in 72% of patients from both groups.</p>
      <p>Besides the diet, excessive hours of our children in contact with television or with the computer and lower physical activity, not only their, but the lack of stimulation or example from their parents, also contribute to it.</p>
      <p>Recently, in our milieu, Giugliano and Melo<sup>29</sup> assessed weight and height of 528 students between 6 and 10 years of age, of both sexes, observing a prevalence of overweight and obesity in 21.2% of girls and 18.8% of boys.</p>
      <p>Concluding, our study identified a more unfavorable lipid profile among young individual offspring of parents with premature CAD. Our results reinforce the importance of atherosclerosis prevention policies in early ages, which could contribute towards a reduction in the incidence of premature cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Doctor Yara Juliano, for guidance on statistical analysis. The nutritionist Gislaine A. Mendes had a scholarship from CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aper&#173;fei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior) during the development of this study.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca </p>
          <p> Alameda das Dracenas, 290 &#150; Santana de Parna&#237;ba </p>
          <p> 06539-240 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fahfonseca@terra.com.br">fahfonseca@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 02/13/05 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/13/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
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