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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BgmvVxvFFb6kdy5yFdKkJnN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600504</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000500004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste ergom&#233;trico: valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ochiai</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Eidi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gebara</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio C. E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serro-Azul</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nussbacher</surname>
            <given-names>Amit</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pierri</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>346</fpage>
      <lpage>352</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar o valor progn&#243;stico das vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico em pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e isquemia induzida pelo esfor&#231;o. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 64 pacientes idosos (61 homens, idade de 73 &#177; 5 anos) com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, comprovada por coronariografia, clinicamente est&#225;vel, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo maior ou igual a 0,40 e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante o teste ergom&#233;trico. A cada seis meses, os pacientes foram avaliados para eventos card&#237;acos (morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel, angioplastia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio). RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 48 meses, 23 (36%) pacientes sofreram eventos card&#237;acos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a cl&#237;nica e angiogr&#225;fica entre os pacientes que sofreram o evento e os que n&#227;o o sofreram. Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a de dor precordial durante o teste ergom&#233;trico (risco relativo de 2,668 e p = 0,031) e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia (risco relativo de 0,966 e p = 0,009) foram associadas a eventos card&#237;acos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, a presen&#231;a de dor precordial durante o teste ergom&#233;trico e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia foram associadas a eventos card&#237;acos. Essas vari&#225;veis podem ser &#250;teis para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico: valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Eidi Ochiai; Ot&#225;vio C. E. Gebara; Jo&#227;o Batista Serro-Azul; L&#237;gia B. Pinto; Amit Nussbacher; Humberto Pierri; Mauricio Wajngarten</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar o valor progn&#243;stico das vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico em pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e isquemia induzida pelo esfor&#231;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados 64 pacientes idosos (61 homens, idade de 73 &#177; 5 anos) com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, comprovada por coronariografia, clinicamente est&#225;vel, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo maior ou igual a 0,40 e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante o teste ergom&#233;trico. A cada seis meses, os pacientes foram avaliados para eventos card&#237;acos (morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina inst&#225;vel, angioplastia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 48 meses, 23 (36%) pacientes sofreram eventos card&#237;acos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a cl&#237;nica e angiogr&#225;fica entre os pacientes que sofreram o evento e os que n&#227;o o sofreram. Pela an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a de dor precordial durante o teste ergom&#233;trico (risco relativo de 2,668 e p = 0,031) e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia (risco relativo de 0,966 e p = 0,009) foram associadas a eventos card&#237;acos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o idosa, a presen&#231;a de dor precordial durante o teste ergom&#233;trico e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia foram associadas a eventos card&#237;acos. Essas vari&#225;veis podem ser &#250;teis para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Idoso, doen&#231;a coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica, progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>O crescimento da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa e a alta preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana nesse grupo representam um desafio para os cardiologistas. As diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> recomendam a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico antes do in&#237;cio de um programa de atividade f&#237;sica rigoroso por idosos sedent&#225;rios, com objetivo de identificar doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana<sup>1</sup>. Entretanto, Gill e cols. sugeriram que as diretrizes n&#227;o s&#227;o aplic&#225;veis &#224; maioria dos idosos e n&#227;o recomendam o teste ergom&#233;trico para indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos<sup>2</sup>. N&#227;o h&#225;, contudo, uma clara raz&#227;o para contra-indicar o teste ergom&#233;trico em idosos<sup>3</sup>. Envelhecimento, por si, associa-se a altera&#231;&#245;es na resposta do sistema cardiovascular ao exerc&#237;cio, redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade f&#237;sica<sup>4</sup> e menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de dor anginosa em pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana<sup>5</sup>. Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com o objetivo de come&#231;ar ou continuar um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, deve ser sens&#237;vel o suficiente para identificar pacientes de alto risco e de poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio com procedimentos de interven&#231;&#227;o. Interessantemente, de acordo com o estudo <italic>National Medical Care Surveys</italic>, pacientes com idade maior que 75 anos apresentam menor probabilidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste ergom&#233;trico<sup>6</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, se o teste ergom&#233;trico for solicitado, em sua maioria tem como objetivo o diagn&#243;stico e n&#227;o a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. Existem informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel. Portanto, o presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico de vari&#225;veis ergom&#233;tricas em idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida pelo esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 64 pacientes de forma consecutiva, do ambulat&#243;rio da Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Cardiogeriatria do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do HC/FMUSP, com m&#233;dia de idade de 73 anos (desvio-padr&#227;o de cinco anos), com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana comprovada por coronariografia, em situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica est&#225;vel, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo maior ou igual a 40% e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ao teste ergom&#233;trico. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram marcapasso artificial, bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio atrioventricular de alto grau ou hipertrofia ventricular.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado na Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o e todos os pacientes autorizaram por consentimento p&#243;s-informado a sua participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo.</p>
    <p><italic>Coronariografia e ventriculografia esquerda</italic> - A coronariografia foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica de Sones e Shirey<sup>7</sup>. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria maior ou igual a 70% foi considerado significante. De acordo com o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias principais com obstru&#231;&#227;o significante, os pacientes foram classificados como uniarteriais, biarteriais e triarteriais. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Dodge-Kennedy<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p><italic>Teste ergom&#233;trico</italic> -As medica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares foram retiradas quinze dias antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste. O aparelho utilizado foi um sistema computadorizado (Fukuda-Denshi, modelo 8.000, Jap&#227;o) com 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es tradicionais e tr&#234;s bipolares (CC5, CM5 e ML)e esteira rolante inclin&#225;vel. Foi utilizado o protocolo de Naughton modificado, que consistiu de cinco est&#225;gios de inclina&#231;&#227;o progressiva (de 3,5%, 7%, 10,5%, 14% e 17,5%), com dura&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s minutos e velocidade de 3,6 km/h. Para os cinco est&#225;gios seguintes, a velocidade era aumentada para 4,8 km/h e a inclina&#231;&#227;o reduzida para 12,5%, e ent&#227;o progressivamente aumentada em 2,5%. A capacidade funcional foi estimada em equivalentes metab&#243;licos (METs) de acordo com a dura&#231;&#227;o do teste.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico foram fadiga ou angina de grande intensidade, infrades&#173;nivelamento do segmento ST maior ou igual a 0,3 mV, e queda da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica em mais de 20 mmHg durante o exerc&#237;cio. A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi definida como infradesnivelamento horizontal ou descendente do segmento ST maior que 0,1 mV a 80 ms do ponto J. Freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram registradas no repouso, no final de cada est&#225;gio, no in&#237;cio da isquemia e no pico do exerc&#237;cio. O tempo do in&#237;cio de isquemia e a dura&#231;&#227;o total do teste foram registrados. O duplo produto foi calculado pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pela press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, ao repouso, no in&#237;cio da isquemia e no pico do exerc&#237;cio. A presen&#231;a de dor precordial do tipo anginosa durante o teste era perguntada.</p>
    <p><italic>Acompanhamento cl&#237;nico</italic> -Os pacientes foram acompa&#173;nhados com consultas ambulatoriais a cada seis meses. A terap&#234;utica medicamentosa foi realizada a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico de cada paciente. Foram considerados como desfechos os seguintes eventos card&#237;acos (morte de origem card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal, angina inst&#225;vel que motivou interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, angioplastia coronariana percut&#226;nea e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio). A morte de origem card&#237;aca e o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal foram considerados eventos card&#237;acos maiores. Os pacientes que sofreram eventos card&#237;acos formaram o grupo A e os demais, o grupo B.</p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic> -As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas com a m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, e comparadas entre os grupos A e B pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em freq&#252;&#234;ncia e propor&#231;&#227;o e comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis que foram significantemente diferentes entre os grupos A e B, entraram no modelo multivariado pelo m&#233;todo de Cox<sup>10</sup>, realizado pelo programa computacional SAS (<italic>SAS Institute</italic>, Cary, Carolina do Norte, EUA).</p>
    <p>O risco relativo foi expresso em intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% e foi considerado significante p menor que 0,05 para testes bicaudais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 48 meses, 23 pacientes sofreram eventos card&#237;acos (grupo A, 36% do total). Dez pacientes morreram de causa card&#237;aca, um paciente sofreu infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal, cinco pacientes apresentaram angina inst&#225;vel, cinco pacientes foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio e dois pacientes, a angioplastia percut&#226;nea. Quatro pacientes morreram de causa n&#227;o-card&#237;aca, sendo dois por doen&#231;a neopl&#225;sica e dois de acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
    <p>Trinta e sete (58%) pacientes eram hipertensos, 15 (23%) eram diab&#233;ticos, 14 (22%) tinham hipercolesterolemia, 20 (33%) eram fumantes, e 25 (39%) apresentavam onda Q patol&#243;gica no ECG. Essas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos A e B (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0346-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas durante o acompanhamento foram betabloqueadores em 28 (44%) pacientes, aspirina em 47 (73%) pacientes, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio em 43 (67%) pacientes, nitratos em 34 (53%) pacientes, diur&#233;ticos em 21 (33%) pacientes, e inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o em 4 (6%) pacientes. Os grupos A e B n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana, 19 (30%) pacientes eram uniarteriais, 18 (28%) eram biarteriais, e 27 (42%) eram triarteriais. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi 0,69 &#177; 0,14. O padr&#227;o coronariano e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o foram diferentes entres os grupos A e B (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0346-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Considerando todos os pacientes, a m&#233;dia de dura&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico foi de 8,9 &#177; 5,6 minutos, e a m&#233;dia do tempo de in&#237;cio de isquemia foi de 5,8 &#177; 3,3 minutos. No pico do esfor&#231;o, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e duplo produto foram, respectivamente, 128 &#177; 17 batimentos por minuto, 182 &#177; 29 mmHg e 23.300 &#177; 5.154. No in&#237;cio da isquemia essas vari&#225;veis tiveram os seguintes valores, 120 &#177; 18 batimentos por minuto, 174 &#177; 26 mmHg e 21.038 &#177; 4.833. Vinte e oito (44%) pacientes referiram dor precordial durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste. Nesses pacientes, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima foi menor que no grupo sem dor (122 &#177; 14 x 133 &#177; 18, p = 0,008), por&#233;m a dura&#231;&#227;o do teste (7,8 &#177; 4,6 x 9,8 &#177; 5,2 minutos; p = 0,095) e o n&#250;mero de METs (4,6 &#177; 1,6 x 5,3 &#177; 7,8; p = 0,105) alcan&#231;ado n&#227;o foram diferentes.</p>
    <p>O teste <italic>t</italic> de Student mostrou que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos pacientes do grupo A foi menor que a do grupo B (122 &#177; 13 x 132 &#177; 19; p = 0,021). O teste de qui-quadrado mostrou que a propor&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que atingiram a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predita foi menor no grupo A (83 &#177; 9 vs. 90 &#177; 13%; p = 0,023). Entretanto, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predita pela idade n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos. A dura&#231;&#227;o do teste e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico do exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0346-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No in&#237;cio da isquemia, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (113 &#177; 11 x 124 &#177; 18 bpm), a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (165 &#177; 24 x 180 &#177; 26 mmHg) e duplo produto (18,593 &#177; 3,112 x 22,411 &#177; 5,107) foram menores no grupo A. Entretanto, o tempo de in&#237;cio de isquemia foi semelhante ( 5,2 &#177; 2,7 x 6,1 &#177; 3,6 min, respectivamente grupo A e B; p = 0,250).</p>
    <p>Quinze (65%) pacientes no grupo A apresentaram angina durante o teste, em compara&#231;&#227;o com treze (32%) do grupo B.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada pelo m&#233;todo de Cox demonstrou que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia foi associada a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos, com risco relativo de 0,966 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% : 0,942 a 0,992; p = 0,009); isso significa um aumento de 3,4% no risco de eventos card&#237;acos para redu&#231;&#227;o de 1 bpm da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia. A presen&#231;a de angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos, com o risco relativo de 2,668 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,091 a 6,523) e com p = 0,031. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia dos 23 eventos card&#237;acos de acordo com o tempo de ocorr&#234;ncia foi, respectivamente nos pacientes com e sem dor durante o teste ergom&#233;trico, at&#233; seis meses: 13% e 0%, de seis a doze meses: 4% e 0%, e mais que doze meses: 48% e 35%. Isso indica que a maior parte dos eventos, procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;dos, ocorreram tardiamente e, de modo prov&#225;vel, sem rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>Quando consideramos somente os eventos maiores, isto &#233;, morte card&#237;aca e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significante com a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do in&#237;cio da isquemia e tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de angina durante o teste.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> mostra a probalidade estimada pelo modelo de Cox a partir de uma dada freq&#252;&#234;ncia de in&#237;cio de isquemia (60, 90 e 120 bpm) e da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de angina no teste. A intensidade de influ&#234;ncia da presen&#231;a de angina no teste foi tanto maior quanto menor a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0346-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nosso estudo demostrou que, em pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica induzida pelo esfor&#231;o e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular acentuada, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia e a presen&#231;a de angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico foram associadas a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos. Em pacientes com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia, a influ&#234;ncia da presen&#231;a de angina foi mais evidente.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes de nossa amostra foram mais velhos que os de outros estudos<sup>11-19</sup>, que avaliaram o valor progn&#243;stico do teste ergom&#233;trico. Somente Goraya e cols. analisaram o valor progn&#243;stico do teste ergom&#233;trico especificamente em idosos<sup>20</sup>. Nosso tempo de seguimento dos pacientes foi grande, maior que o da maioria dos estudos, com a exce&#231;&#227;o dos trabalhos de Dagenais e cols.<sup>14</sup> e Goraya e cols.<sup>20</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, somente o estudo ACIP, Dagenais e cols. e Mark e cols. tamb&#233;m realizaram a coronariografia. Concordante com a maioria dos estudos, a maioria dos nossos pacientes tinha doen&#231;a coronariana com padr&#227;o multiarterial. Dagenais e cols.<sup>14</sup> e os pesquisadores do estudo ACIP<sup>11</sup> tamb&#233;m avaliaram de forma objetiva a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, enquanto os demais estudos n&#227;o a realizaram. Como em nosso estudo, o estudo ACIP avaliou pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular acentuada, enquanto a amostra de Degenais e cols. inclu&#237;a pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada.</p>
    <p>Embora a incid&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos em nossa amostra (36%) tenha sido maior que a de outros estudos, o padr&#227;o coronariano e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sugerem que nossos pacientes n&#227;o era mais graves. Al&#233;m do mais, a preval&#234;ncia de outros fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana n&#227;o foi maior que a esperada para tal popula&#231;&#227;o. Considerando a terap&#234;utica medicamentosa, betabloqueadores, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o foram menos utilizados que o esperado. Em raz&#227;o de que os fatores de risco, o padr&#227;o coronariano, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a terapia medicamentosa n&#227;o terem sido diferentes entre os grupos A e B, a alta ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos n&#227;o pode ser atribu&#237;da somente a esses fatores. A maior idade de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o pode ter contribu&#237;do para alta incid&#234;ncia de eventos, por&#233;m a idade tamb&#233;m n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos A e B.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis ergom&#233;tricas associadas a eventos card&#237;acos</italic> - Diferentemente de outros estudos<sup>11,13-15,17,18,20</sup>, os quais mostraram que a capacidade funcional era inversamente relacionada com a incid&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos, na nossa amostra a dura&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o foi associada a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos. Podemos atribuir essa diferen&#231;a &#224; grande variabilidade da dura&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico em nosso estudo, achado esperado nos idosos, e tamb&#233;m ao fato de os demais estudos inclu&#237;rem pacientes com e sem isquemia induzida pelo esfor&#231;o. Diferentemente do achado de Lauer e cols.<sup>19</sup>, em nosso estudo a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima n&#227;o foi associada a eventos card&#237;acos. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante notar que 45% de nossos pacientes n&#227;o atingiram a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca subm&#225;xima predita para a idade. Outras causas n&#227;o-card&#237;acas, como fadiga, pequena motiva&#231;&#227;o ou artopatias, al&#233;m da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em si, podem explicar esses achados. A angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o limitou sua dura&#231;&#227;o, pois o tempo total de exerc&#237;cio e o n&#250;mero de METs atingidos foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, com e sem angina.</p>
    <p>A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia, que depende menos de fatores n&#227;o-card&#237;acos, foi preditora de eventos card&#237;acos. No estudo ACIP<sup>11</sup>, essa vari&#225;vel p&#244;de prever a ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia em atividades habituais; entretanto, n&#227;o foi associada a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos em um ano de acompanhamento. Um in&#237;cio da isquemia num momento de resposta card&#237;aca menor pode indicar doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana mais extensa; por&#233;m, o padr&#227;o coronariano n&#227;o foi associado ao grupo com ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos. As raz&#245;es pelas quais a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia foi associada a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o podem ser esclarecidas pelo nosso estudo; assim, devem ser investigadas em idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico foi associada a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o, em concord&#226;ncia com estudos pr&#233;vios<sup>12,15,17</sup>; mas h&#225; tamb&#233;m outros estudos que n&#227;o confirmam esse achado<sup>14,16</sup>. Angina &#233; um achado pouco freq&#252;ente nos idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel; entretanto, 44% dos nossos pacientes, todos com isquemia ao esfor&#231;o, apresentaram angina durante o teste. Provavelmente, durante as atividades habituais, a limita&#231;&#227;o por sintomas n&#227;o-card&#237;acos evita que o paciente atinja o limiar de dor. O nosso estudo n&#227;o permite diferenciar se a dor &#233; somente um marcador de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ou se existe um mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico que explique a rela&#231;&#227;o entre angina a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos.</p>
    <p>Assim, tanto a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia como a presen&#231;a de angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico tiveram valor progn&#243;stico em nosso estudo e podem ter relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. &#201; importante notar que eventos card&#237;acos, inclu&#237;dos os procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o ocorram imediatamente ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico, o que indica que a presen&#231;a de angina previu a piora cl&#237;nica a m&#233;dio e longo prazos. Portanto, a presen&#231;a de angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico sugere que haja maior vigil&#226;ncia em a&#231;&#245;es preventivas para evitar procedimentos invasivos, riscos e desconfortos.</p>
    <p>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia e angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o predisseram eventos card&#237;acos maiores (morte e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio). H&#225; duas explica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis para esse achado. A primeira &#233; com o pequeno n&#250;mero de eventos (11 pacientes), o poder da amostra n&#227;o foi suficiente para detectar uma eventual associa&#231;&#227;o. Outra possibilidade &#233; que a angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico seja determinante somente de outros eventos card&#237;acos, como procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo - A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu de uma amostra de idosos com caracter&#237;sticas muito homog&#234;neas, como doen&#231;a coronariana extensa e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e capacidade funcional preservadas. Nossos achados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para todos os idosos com doen&#231;a coronariana. Entretanto, nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito semelhante aos pacientes idosos que procuram participar de programas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o possui um grupo de controle de pacientes n&#227;o-idosos para comparar as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ergom&#233;tricas; comparamos com os controles externos de outros estudos. Assim, n&#227;o podemos concluir que nossos achados sejam causados somente pelo envelhecimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel, sem disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricualr acentuada e com isquemia induzida pelo esfor&#231;o, a incid&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos &#233; freq&#252;ente. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no in&#237;cio da isquemia e a angina durante o teste ergom&#233;trico foram preditoras de eventos card&#237;acos. Portanto, o teste ergom&#233;trico deve ser utilizado em idosos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana est&#225;vel para melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcelo Eidi Ochiai </p>
        <p>Rua Cara&#237;bas, 1342 </p>
        <p>05020-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mochiai@osite.com.br">mochiai@osite.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 10/03/05 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 14/06/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Exercise stress test: prognostic value for elderly patients with stable coronary atherosclerosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the prognostic value of exercise stress test variables in elderly patients with coronary atherosclerosis and exercise-induced ischemia. METHODS: Sixty-four elderly patients (61 men, 73 &#177; 5 years old) with coronary atherosclerosis, verified by cardiac catheterization, that were clinically stable, had a left ventricle ejection fraction greater than or equal to 0.40 and developed myocardial ischemia during the exercise stress test were studied. The patients were evaluated every six months for cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, angioplasty and myocardial revascularization). RESULTS: After a mean follow-up period of 48 months, 23 (36%) patients suffered cardiac events. There was no clinical or angiographical differences among the patients that suffered cardiac events and those that did not. Using multivariate analysis, the presence of chest pain during the exercise stress test (relative risk 2.668, p = 0.031) and the heart rate at the onset of ischemia (relative risk 0.966, p = 0.009) were associated with cardiac events. CONCLUSION: In this elderly population, the presence of chest pain during the exercise stress test and the heart rate at the onset of ischemia were associated with cardiac events. These variables could be useful for risk evaluation in patients with stable coronary atherosclerosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary disease</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exercise stress test: prognostic value for elderly patients with stable coronary atherosclerosis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo Eidi Ochiai; Ot&#225;vio C. E. Gebara; Jo&#227;o Batista Serro-Azul; L&#237;gia B. Pinto; Amit Nussbacher; Humberto Pierri; Mauricio Wajngarten</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To study the prognostic value of exercise stress test variables in elderly patients with coronary atherosclerosis and exercise-induced ischemia.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Sixty-four elderly patients (61 men, 73 &#177; 5 years old) with coronary atherosclerosis, verified by cardiac catheterization, that were clinically stable, had a left ventricle ejection fraction greater than or equal to 0.40 and developed myocardial ischemia during the exercise stress test were studied. The patients were evaluated every six months for cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, angioplasty and myocardial revascularization).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After a mean follow-up period of 48 months, 23 (36%) patients suffered cardiac events. There was no clinical or angiographical differences among the patients that suffered cardiac events and those that did not. Using multivariate analysis, the presence of chest pain during the exercise stress test (relative risk 2.668, p = 0.031) and the heart rate at the onset of ischemia (relative risk 0.966, p = 0.009) were associated with cardiac events.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In this elderly population, the presence of chest pain during the exercise stress test and the heart rate at the onset of ischemia were associated with cardiac events. These variables could be useful for risk evaluation in patients with stable coronary atherosclerosis</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Aged, coronary disease, prognosis.</p>
      <p>The growth of the elderly population and the high prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in this group represents a challenge for cardiologists. The guidelines of the American Heart Association recommend that sedentary elderly people have an exercise stress test before beginning a rigorous physical activity program in order to identify coronary atherosclerosis<sup>1</sup>. However, Gill et al <sup>2</sup> imply that the guidelines are not applicable for the majority of elderly individuals and do not recommend an exercise stress test for asymptomatic individuals. Nevertheless, there is no clear reason to contraindicate the exercise stress test for the elderly<sup>3</sup>. Aging in itself is associated with alterations of the cardiovascular system in response to exercise, reduction of physical capacity and a lower frequency of angina pain in patients with coronary atherosclerosis<sup>4,5</sup>. Clinical evaluation in order to begin or continue a physical exercise program should be accurate enough to identify high risk patients and the possible benefit of intervention procedures. Surprisingly, according to the National Medical Care Survey study, it is less likely that patients over 75 will be indicated to take an exercise stress test<sup>6</sup>. Additionally, if the exercise stress test is requested, it is generally for diagnostic purposes and not for risk stratification. There is limited information regarding risk stratification in the elderly with stable coronary atherosclerosis. Therefore, the present study was conducted in order to evaluate the prognostic value of exercise stress test variables in the elderly with stable coronary atherosclerosis and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty-four patients were consecutively selected from the outpatient clinic of the Geriatric Unit of the Heart Institute (InCor), University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School. The average age of the patients was 73 years (standard deviation 5 years), and all had coronary atherosclerosis that had been verified by cardiac catheterization. All patients were clinically stable, had a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than or equal to 40% and had developed myocardial ischemia during the exercise stress test. Exclusion criteria included artificial pacemakers, left bundle branch block, atrial fibrillation, a high atrioventricular block classification or ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee and after being informed regarding the study, all the patients agreed to participate.</p>
      <p><italic>Cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography</italic> - Cardiac catheterization was performed using the Sones e Shirey technique<sup>7</sup>. A reduction in the coronary artery luminal diameter greater than or equal to 70% was considered significant. In accordance with the number of main coronary arteries with significant obstruction, the patients were classified as single artery, double artery and triple artery. The left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using the Dodge-Kennedy method<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p><italic>Exercise stress test</italic> -The use of cardiovascular medication was discontinued fifteen days before the test was conducted. The equipment used was a computerized system (Fukuda-Denshi, model 8000, Japan) with twelve traditional leads and three bipolar leads (CC5, CM5 e ML) and an inclinable treadmill. A modified Naughton protocol was used that consists of five stages of progressive inclination (3.5%, 7%, 10.5%, 14% and 17.5%) each with a three minute duration and a speed of 3.6 km/h. For the next five stages, the speed was increased to 4.8 km/h and the inclination reduced to 12.5%, and then progressively increased by 2.5%. Functional capacity was estimated in metabolic equivalents (METs) according to the duration of the test.</p>
      <p>Interruption criteria for the exercise stress test were fatigue or intense angina, sloping of the ST segment greater than or equal to 0.3 mV and a systolic blood pressure drop of more than 20 mmHg during the exercise. The presence of myocardial ischemia was defined as horizontal or down sloping of the ST segment greater than 0.1 mV to 80 msec. after the J-point. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded at rest, after each stage, at the onset of ischemia and at the peak of exercise. The time of the ischemia onset and the total duration of the test were recorded. The double product was calculated by multiplying the heart rate by the systolic blood pressure, at rest, at the onset of ischemia and at the peak of exercise. The patients were asked during the test if they were experiencing angina chest pain.</p>
      <p><italic>Clinical follow-up</italic> - Follow-up of the patients was conducted every six months at outpatient clinics. Medicinal therapy was given in accordance with the criteria of each patient's doctor. Conclusion of the program was defined as the following cardiac events: cardiac related death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina that led to hospitalization, percutaneous coronary angioplasty and surgical myocardial revascularization. Cardiac related death and a nonfatal myocardial infarction were considered major cardiac events. The patients that suffered cardiac events were classified as group A and the others as group B.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic> -Continuous variables were expressed as an average and standard deviation and were compared between the groups A and B using the Student's t-test. The categorical variables were expressed by frequency and proportion and were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test.</p>
      <p>Variables that were significantly different between the groups A and B were entered in the multivariate model using the Cox method, and the computer program SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA).<sup>10</sup></p>
      <p>Relative risk was expressed by a confidence interval of 95% and p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant for two-tailed tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After a mean follow-up period of 48 months, 23 patients suffered cardiac events (group A, 36%). Ten patients suffered cardiac related deaths, one patient suffered a non-fatal myocardial infarction, five patients presented unstable angina, five patients underwent surgical myocardial revascularization and two patients underwent percutaneous angioplasty. Four patients suffered non-cardiac related deaths of which two died from neoplastic diseases and two from strokes.</p>
      <p>Thirty-seven (58%) patients were hypertensive, fifteen (23%) were diabetics, fourteen (22%) had hypercholesterolemia, twenty (33%) were smokers, and twenty-five (39%) presented a pathological Q wave on the EKG. These variables did not present any significant statistical differences between the Groups A and B (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tab.1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0346-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The medications used during the follow-up were beta-blockers for 28 (44%) patients, aspirin for 47 (73%) patients, calcium channel blockers for 43 (67%) patients, nitrates for 34 (53%) patients, diuretics for 21 (33%) patients and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for 4 (6%) patients. The groups A and B did not present any significant differences in relation to medication (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">tab.1</xref>).</p>
      <p>In relation to the coronary disease pattern, 19 (30%) patients were single artery, 18 (28%) double artery and 27 (42%) were triple artery. The left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.69 &#177; 0.14. The coronary pattern and ventricular function were no different between the groups A and B (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">tab.2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0346-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Considering all patients, the average duration of the exercise stress test was 8.9 &#177; 5.6 minutes, and the average time for the onset of ischemia was 5.8 &#177; 3.3 minutes. At peak exertion, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and double product were, respectively, 128 &#177; 17 beats per minute, 182 &#177; 29 mmHg and 23.300 &#177; 5.154. At the onset of ischemia, these variables had the following values: 120 &#177; 18 beats per minute, 174 &#177; 26 mmHg and 21.038 &#177; 4.833. Twenty-eight (44%) patients reported chest pain during the test. In these patients, the maximum heart rate was lower than the group that did not have chest pain (122 &#177; 14 vs. 133 &#177; 18, p = 0.008), however the duration of the test (7.8 &#177; 4.6 vs. 9.8 &#177; 5.2 minutes; p = 0.095) and number of METs (4.6 &#177; 1.6 vs. 5.3 &#177; 7.8; p = 0.105) were the same.</p>
      <p>Student's t-test showed that the heart rate for the patients in group A was lower than those in group B (122 &#177; 13 vs. 132 &#177; 19; p = 0.021). The chi-square test showed that the proportion of patients that reached the predicted heart rate was lower in group A (83 + 9 vs. 90 &#177; 13; p = 0.023). However, the proportion of patients that did not attain 85% of the predicted heart rate for their age was the same for both groups. The duration of the test and the systolic blood pressure at the peak of the exercise were the same for both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0346-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>At the onset of ischemia, the heart rate (113 &#177; 11 vs. 124 &#177; 18 bpm), systolic blood pressure (165 &#177; 24 vs. 180 &#177; 26 mmHg) and double product (18.593 &#177; 3.112 vs. 22.411 &#177; 5.107) were lower in group A. However, the time for the onset of ischemia was similar (5.2 &#177; 2.7 vs. 6.1 &#177; 3.6 min, group A and B respectively; p = 0.250).</p>
      <p>Fifteen (65%) patients in group A presented angina during the test compared to thirteen (32%) in group B.</p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis using the Cox method demonstrated that the heart rate at the onset of ischemia was associated with the occurrence of cardiac events, with a relative risk of 0.966 (confidence interval 95%: 0.942 to 0.992; p = 0.009). This signifies that a reduction of the heart rate by 1 bpm at the onset of ischemia increases the risk for cardiac events by 3.4%. The presence of angina during the exercise stress test revealed an association with the occurrence of cardiac events, with a relative risk of 2.668 (confidence interval 95%: 1.091 to 6.523; p = 0.031). The frequency of the 23 cardiac events, according to time of occurrence, in the patients with and without pain during the exercise stress test was, respectively, up to six months: 13% and 0%, from six to twelve months: 4% and 0%, and more than twelve months: 48% and 35%. This indicates that the majority of events, including revascularization procedures, occurred long after the test and probably had no relation with the presence of angina during the exercise stress test.</p>
      <p>When only the major events are considered, that is, cardiac related death and non-fatal myocardial infarction, there was no significant association with heart rate at the onset of ischemia or the presence of angina during the test.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_29496f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the probability, estimated using the Cox model, of a given heart rate at the onset of ischemia (60, 90 and 120 bpm) with or without the presence of angina during the test. The lower the heart rate at the onset of ischemia the higher the influence of the presence of angina during the test.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_29496f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0346-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that in elderly patients with stable coronary atherosclerosis, exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and minimal ventricular dysfunction, the heart rate at the onset of ischemia and the presence of angina during the exercise stress test were associated with the occurrence of cardiac events. In patients with a lower heart rate at the onset of ischemia, the influence of the presence of angina was more evident.</p>
      <p>The patients in this sample were older than those in other studies<sup>11-19</sup> that evaluated the prognostic value of the exercise stress test. Only Goraya et al<sup>20</sup> analyzed the prognostic value of the exercise stress test specifically in the elderly. The follow-up timeframe in this study was longer than in most of the studies with the exception of the studies conducted by Dagenais et al<sup>14</sup> and Goraya et al<sup>20</sup>. Additionally, only the ACIP study, Dagenais et al and Mark et al also performed cardiac catheterization. Similar to most of the studies, the majority of our patients had coronary disease with a multi-artery pattern. Dagenais et al<sup>14</sup> and the researchers of the ACIP study<sup>11</sup> also objectively evaluated the left ventricular function while the other studies did not. Just as in this study, the ACIP study evaluated patients with minimal ventricular dysfunction while the Degenais et al sample included patients with accentuated dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Although the incidence of cardiac events in this sample (36%) was higher than in other studies, the coronary pattern and ventricular function suggest that the condition of these patients was compatible with the patients in the other studies. Additionally, the prevalence of other risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis was not higher than expected for this population. Considering the medicinal treatment, beta-blockers, ASA and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were used less often than expected. Since risk factors, coronary patterns, ventricular function, and medicinal treatment were similar for groups A and B, the high incidence of cardiac events cannot be attributed to these factors alone. The advanced age of this population could have contributed to the high incidence of events, however, the ages for the two groups were similar.</p>
      <p><italic>Exercise stress test variables associated with cardiac events</italic> -Unlike other studies<sup>11,13-15,17,18,20</sup>, that show an inverse relationship between functional capacity and the incidence of cardiac events, no association was found between the exercise stress test duration and incidence of events for this sample. This difference can be attributed to the great variations in the duration of the exercise stress test in this study, a finding expected for the elderly, and also by the fact that the other studies included patients with and without exercise-induced ischemia. Unlike the finding of Lauer et al<sup>19</sup>, the maximum heart rate in this study was not associated with cardiac events. It is also important to note that 45% of these patients did not attain the submaximum heart rate predicted for their age. These findings could be the result of other non-cardiac related causes such as fatigue, low motivation or arthropathies, as well as myocardial ischemia. Angina during the exercise stress test did not limit the duration since total exercise time and the number of METs were similar for both groups, with and without angina.</p>
      <p>The heart rate at the onset of ischemia, that is less dependent on non-cardiac factors, was the predictor for cardiac events. In the ACIP study<sup>11</sup>, this variable was used to predict the occurrence of ischemia in everyday activities, however, it was not associated with a greater incidence of cardiac events during the one year follow-up. The onset of ischemia during a lower cardiac response phase could indicate more extensive coronary atherosclerosis, however, the coronary pattern was not associated with the group that had cardiac events. The reasons why the heart rate at the onset of the ischemia was associated with a worse evolution cannot be clarified in this study and should be investigated in elderly patients with stable coronary atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>In this study, the presence of angina during the exercise stress test was associated with a worse evolution which agrees with other previous studies<sup>12,15,17</sup>; but there are also other studies that do not confirm this finding<sup>14,16</sup>. Angina is rarely found in elderly people with stable coronary atherosclerosis, however, 44% of the patients in this study, all with exercise-induced ischemia, presented angina during the test. It is very possible that limitations due to non-cardiac symptoms during every day activities, keep the patients from reaching their pain threshold. The scope of this study did not allow the differentiation of whether the pain is simply an indication of a worse evolution or if there is a physiopathological mechanism that explains the relationship between angina and the incidence of cardiac events.</p>
      <p>Therefore, both the heart rate at the onset of ischemia and the presence of angina during the exercise stress test had prognostic value in this study and could be clinically relevant. It is important to note that cardiac events, including revascularization procedures, did not occur immediately following the exercise stress test which indicates that the presence of angina is an indication of mid and long term clinical deterioration. Therefore, the presence of angina during the exercise stress test suggests the need for more attentive preventative actions in order to avoid invasive procedures, risks and discomfort.</p>
      <p>Heart rate at the onset of ischemia and angina during the exercise stress test were not indicative of more serious cardiac events (death and myocardial infarction). There are two possible explanations for this finding. The first is that the small number of events (eleven patients) in the sample was not significant enough to detect an eventual association. Another possibility is that angina during an exercise stress test is simply a determining factor for other cardiac events such as revascularization procedures.</p>
      <p>Study limitations -The study population consisted of a sample of elderly patients with similar characteristics such as extensive coronary disease without diminished ventricular function or functional capacity. The findings of this study can not be generalized for all the elderly with coronary disease. However, this population is very similar to most elderly patients who want to participate in physical exercise programs.</p>
      <p>This study did not have a control group of younger patients for the comparison of the clinical and exercise stress test variables, however, external controls from other studies were used for comparison purposes. Therefore, it is not possible to conclude that our findings are caused only by aging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In elderly patients with stable coronary atherosclerosis with minimal ventricular dysfunction and exercise-induced ischemia, there is a high incidence of cardiac events. Heart rate at the onset of ischemia and angina during the exercise stress test were indicators of cardiac events. Therefore, exercise stress tests for elderly patients with stable coronary atherosclerosis should be used to improve risk evaluation.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcelo Eidi Ochiai </p>
          <p> Rua Cara&#237;bas, 1342 </p>
          <p> 05020-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mochiai@osite.com.br">mochiai@osite.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/10/05 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/14/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
