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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HWkVnTL5VWtPSmkGjbGM4yp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000500003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000500003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto cl&#237;nico da Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons realizada pelo sistema de coincid&#234;ncia com FDG-18F, na conduta terap&#234;utica de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Christian Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correa</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Lavatori</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans Fernando da Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>337</fpage>
      <lpage>345</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da PET por Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia, na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. M&#201;TODOS: Trinta e um pacientes realizaram PET com FDG-18F por Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia entre setembro de 2003 e novembro de 2004. Os m&#233;dicos assistentes responderam a um question&#225;rio sobre a proposta terap&#234;utica do paciente antes da PET e ap&#243;s seu resultado. RESULTADOS: Vinte e sete (87%) pacientes apresentaram viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Vinte e um (68%) m&#233;dicos concordaram em que a PET modificou a terap&#234;utica proposta para o paciente e 27 (87%) acharam que a PET contribuiu diretamente para a conduta tomada, mesmo quando n&#227;o modificada. O tratamento atual proposto para o paciente (cl&#237;nico ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) correlacionou-se com o achado de viabilidade (p=0,006). CONCLUS&#213;ES: A PET pelo Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia demonstra ser &#250;til por auxiliar o m&#233;dico na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto ao melhor tratamento de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. A sintomatologia, o eletrocardiograma, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a &#225;rea de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o se correlacionam com a viabilidade e, portanto, n&#227;o servem como guia para indica&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o da realiza&#231;&#227;o da PET.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>PET</kwd>
        <kwd>sistema de coincid&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto cl&#237;nico da Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons realizada pelo sistema de coincid&#234;ncia com FDG-<sup>18</sup>F, na conduta terap&#234;utica de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Renata Christian Martins Felix; Patr&#237;cia Lavatori Correa; Jader Cunha de Azevedo; Hans Fernando da Rocha Dohmann; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, PROCEP - Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco e Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da PET por Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia, na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trinta e um pacientes realizaram PET com FDG-<sup>18</sup>F por Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia entre setembro de 2003 e novembro de 2004. Os m&#233;dicos assistentes responderam a um question&#225;rio sobre a proposta terap&#234;utica do paciente antes da PET e ap&#243;s seu resultado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Vinte e sete (87%) pacientes apresentaram viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Vinte e um (68%) m&#233;dicos concordaram em que a PET modificou a terap&#234;utica proposta para o paciente e 27 (87%) acharam que a PET contribuiu diretamente para a conduta tomada, mesmo quando n&#227;o modificada. O tratamento atual proposto para o paciente (cl&#237;nico ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) correlacionou-se com o achado de viabilidade (p=0,006). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A PET pelo Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia demonstra ser &#250;til por auxiliar o m&#233;dico na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto ao melhor tratamento de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. A sintomatologia, o eletrocardiograma, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a &#225;rea de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o se correlacionam com a viabilidade e, portanto, n&#227;o servem como guia para indica&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o da realiza&#231;&#227;o da PET.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, PET, sistema de coincid&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons (em ingl&#234;s, PET &#150; Positron Emission Tomography) &#233; uma modalidade de exame em Medicina Nuclear, recentemente introduzida em nosso pa&#237;s. Seu uso na &#225;rea da Oncologia, da Neurologia/Psiquiatria e da Cardiologia est&#225; bem documentado na literatura mundial <sup>1-4</sup>. Em nosso pa&#237;s, a experi&#234;ncia &#233; ainda recente, pois a produ&#231;&#227;o da <sup>18</sup>fluordesoxiglicose (FDG-<sup>18</sup>F), radiof&#225;rmaco utilizado nos exames de PET, teve in&#237;cio no ano de 1999 <sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Como toda nova tecnologia, a introdu&#231;&#227;o de um novo m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico pode levar a dois extremos: a sua supervaloriza&#231;&#227;o, com uma utiliza&#231;&#227;o exacerbada e sem adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o; ou a sua subutiliza&#231;&#227;o por n&#227;o ter alcan&#231;ado a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica devido a diferentes barreiras, como por exemplo, o conhecimento e a confian&#231;a dos m&#233;dicos cl&#237;nicos, a libera&#231;&#227;o dos conv&#234;nios e o acesso de pacientes ao servi&#231;o p&#250;blico. No caso da PET, as limita&#231;&#245;es ao seu uso incluem o alto custo do exame, a pequena disponibilidade de centros produtores dos radiois&#243;topos e de centros equipados com a aparelhagem adequada. Atualmente, este m&#233;todo de imagem est&#225; dispon&#237;vel apenas nos estados de S&#227;o Paulo e Rio de Janeiro (nas cidades metropolitanas) e em relativamente poucos Servi&#231;os de Medicina Nuclear.</p>
    <p>Entre as aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da PET, destaca-se a pesquisa da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, um tema de extrema relev&#226;ncia, se considerarmos sua estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que &#233; uma doen&#231;a de propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas, existindo quase 5 milh&#245;es de pessoas com esta morbidade nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, com o surgimento de 550 mil novos casos a cada ano <sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os pacientes que s&#227;o internados com diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria &#233; o maior fator etiol&#243;gico, estando presente em at&#233; 70% dos casos <sup>7,8</sup>. Em estudo realizado pela Mayo Clinic, nos anos de 1979 a 1994, verificou-se que 36% dos sobreviventes de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) desenvolvem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca <sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O sucesso da terapia trombol&#237;tica e da angioplastia prim&#225;ria tem reduzido a mortalidade do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, muitos sobreviventes ao IAM ainda evoluem com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda <sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>At&#233; 50% das regi&#245;es mostrando ondas Q no eletrocar&#173;diograma ou disfun&#231;&#227;o segmentar ao ecocardiograma s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s revasculariza&#231;&#227;o desta regi&#227;o, pois podem existir &#225;reas vi&#225;veis, com mioc&#225;rdio hibernante ou atordoado, misturadas a tecidos fibr&#243;ticos <sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise em que foram considerados 24 estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, com 3088 pacientes, demonstrou que aqueles que apresentavam viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, constatada por ecocardiograma de estresse, cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com <sup>201</sup>T&#225;lio ou PET com FDG-<sup>18</sup>F e que foram revascularizados, tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade anual de 79,6%, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos que apresentavam viabilidade, mas n&#227;o foram re&#173;vascularizados. A aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o determinou diferen&#231;a na sobrevida, em pacientes submetidos a tratamento cl&#237;nico ou cir&#250;rgico <sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Se considerarmos que em indiv&#237;duos com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tratados clinicamente, a sobrevida &#233; de cerca de 50% em 5 anos <sup>1</sup>, esta possibilidade potencial de recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional pode ser significativa para portadores de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, principalmente porque at&#233; 50% dos pacientes em espera para realiza&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco apresentam cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica <sup>7</sup>. No entanto, a taxa de mortalidade dentro de trinta dias da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, pode chegar a 20% <sup>1</sup>. Por esta raz&#227;o, &#233; um passo fundamental identificar a presen&#231;a de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel em pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, para verificarmos quais, de fato, ser&#227;o beneficiados pela revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A decis&#227;o m&#233;dica quanto a uma conduta a ser implementada deve estar baseada em alguns pilares, tais como o estado cl&#237;nico do paciente, quando ser&#225; avaliado o risco deste e o custo-benef&#237;cio de determinada a&#231;&#227;o; as prefer&#234;ncias do paciente quanto ao seu tratamento; e as evid&#234;ncias relacionadas ao caso, que incluem: dados da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, do exame f&#237;sico e de exames complementares, al&#233;m de orienta&#231;&#245;es obtidas atrav&#233;s de estudos cient&#237;ficos. A experi&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico &#233; o fator que ir&#225; agregar e pesar todas estas informa&#231;&#245;es, com o objetivo de chegar &#224; conduta final mais adequada para o paciente <sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao papel dos exames complementares, na era dos custos da medicina e da evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica &#150; cardiologia baseada em evid&#234;ncias &#150; o foco tem se deslocado da vis&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas operacionais b&#225;sicas de um exame complementar, tais como: sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a, e se ampliado para o foco do impacto cl&#237;nico, fruto da an&#225;lise do resultado do exame sobre a conduta m&#233;dica a ser implementada.</p>
    <p>Muitas s&#227;o as evid&#234;ncias do impacto da PET no manejo de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de origem isqu&#234;mica; no entanto, o alto custo desta tecnologia, tanto no seu investimento inicial como na sua manuten&#231;&#227;o, tem diminu&#237;do sua possibilidade de uso, n&#227;o apenas em nosso meio como tamb&#233;m em outros centros do mundo <sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por esta raz&#227;o, em tempos mais recentes, a gama-c&#226;mara convencional passou a ser utilizada na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de exames com FDG-<sup>18</sup>F, surgindo o chamado PET-SPECT h&#237;brido com uma plataforma modificada do SPECT e com sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o em coincid&#234;ncia, utilizando gama-c&#226;mara com dois detectores, os quais s&#227;o configurados a 180&#186; <sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, o objetivo prim&#225;rio deste estudo &#233; avaliar o impacto cl&#237;nico, ou seja, a influ&#234;ncia na tomada de decis&#227;o da Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons, realizada pelo Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia com <sup>18</sup>fluordesoxiglicose, para identifica&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, em pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Como objetivos secund&#225;rios, temos a correla&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica com a sintomatologia, os achados do eletrocardiograma, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo Gated SPECT e a &#225;rea de fibrose pela cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliou-se uma s&#233;rie de casos de 31 pacientes consecu&#173;tivos, de ambos os sexos, encaminhados ao Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear e Imagem Molecular do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons via Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia, para avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, utilizando <sup>18</sup>fluordesoxiglicose (FDG- <sup>18</sup>F) por indica&#231;&#227;o de seu m&#233;dico assistente, independente do estudo em quest&#227;o, no per&#237;odo de setembro de 2003 a novembro de 2004. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com ou sem presen&#231;a de onda Q no eletrocardiograma, mas com sinais de fibrose segmentar &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, quais sejam: hipocapta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco em repouso, associada a altera&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade e espessamento mioc&#225;rdicos na mesma regi&#227;o; tempo m&#237;nimo de 3 semanas ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria, documentada por cineangiocoronariografia ou presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coron&#225;ria ou hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; presen&#231;a de pelo menos 12% de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica quantificada, atrav&#233;s de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de repouso, utilizando o programa <italic>Emory Cardiac Toolbox</italic>; e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor ou igual a 40%, quantificada pelo <italic>Gated</italic> SPECT (<italic>Cedars Quantitative Gated</italic> SPECT) ou presen&#231;a de sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Exclu&#237;ram-se os pacientes com: aus&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no passado; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de etiologia n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica; &#225;rea de fibrose segmentar menor que 12% pela cintilografia de repouso; idade inferior a 18 anos; e mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil com suspeita ou confirma&#231;&#227;o de gravidez.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; coleta de dados cl&#237;nicos. Os sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram classificados de acordo com a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) <sup>16</sup> e a presen&#231;a de angina foi classificada conforme orienta&#231;&#245;es da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> (CCS) <sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com <sup>99m</sup> Tc &#150; tetrofosmin (Myoview&#174;) na dose de 740 MBq, com administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa em repouso. As imagens foram adquiridas entre 45 min e 90 min ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco na gama-c&#226;mara E.cam Duet&#174; (Siemens) com dois detectores em &#226;ngulo de 90&#186; entre si, com matriz 64 x 64, zoom de 1,45 e 32 proje&#231;&#245;es de 20 segundos cada, sincronizadas com o eletrocardiograma (em ingl&#234;s, Gated SPECT), para permitir reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional e medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. O processamento das imagens ocorreu atrav&#233;s de retroproje&#231;&#227;o filtrada com filtro Butterworth, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia de corte 0,5 e ordem de 5. As imagens foram interpretadas atrav&#233;s da divis&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 17 segmentos <sup>18</sup>; a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea de fibrose se deu atrav&#233;s do programa <italic>Emory Cardiac Toolbox</italic> e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pelo <italic>Gated</italic> SPECT, utilizando-se o programa <italic>Cedars Quantitative Gated</italic> SPECT.</p>
    <p>A tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons foi realizada em dia separado da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Os pacientes estavam em jejum de, pelo menos, 4 horas e a administra&#231;&#227;o de 370 MBq de FDG-<sup>18</sup>F por via intravenosa foi empreendida com glicemia capilar inferior a 140 mg%. Em pacientes n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, foi ofertada sobrecarga oral de 50-75 mg de glicose, 60 minutos antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco. A glicemia capilar foi acompanhada a cada 15 minutos. Se 45-60 minutos ap&#243;s a sobrecarga de glicose, a glicemia capilar se encontrava elevada, foi feita a administra&#231;&#227;o venosa de insulina regular, conforme descrito no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="quadro1">quadro 1</xref><sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="quadro1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando a glicemia capilar se mant&#233;m entre 110 e 140 mg/dL ap&#243;s duas dosagens consecutivas da glicemia capilar, &#233; feita a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco. Em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, s&#227;o preparadas duas solu&#231;&#245;es: uma com 100 UI de insulina em 500 ml de salina e outra de 500 ml de glicose a 20%, adicionada de 20 ml de cloreto de pot&#225;ssio a 10%. Cada solu&#231;&#227;o &#233; infundida em um membro superior, na taxa de 4 mU/kg/min de insulina e 6 mg/kg/min de glicose. A glicemia capilar &#233; mensurada a cada 10 minutos e as infus&#245;es s&#227;o ajustadas de acordo com o valor da glicemia, objetivando mant&#234;-la entre 110 e 140 mg/dL. Quando se mantiver nesta faixa por duas aferi&#231;&#245;es da glicemia capilar consecutivas, &#233; feita a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco <sup>20</sup>. Durante esta prepara&#231;&#227;o do exame, o paciente &#233; monitorado pela enfermeira e pelo m&#233;dico do setor. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos dados ocorreu de 30 a 90 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco, em gama-c&#226;mara E.cam Duet&#174; (Siemens), pelo sistema de coincid&#234;ncia, com cristal de NaI dopado com Tl e espessura de 1 polegada, tendo os detectores configurados a 180<sup>o,</sup> sem corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o. Os dados da aquisi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o: matriz 64 x 64, zoom de 1,45 e 32 proje&#231;&#245;es de 25 segundos cada. As imagens foram reconstru&#237;das em conjunto com os dados da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em repouso, com reconstru&#231;&#227;o iterativa (OSEM) por meio de filtro Gaussiano 12,0, freq&#252;&#234;ncia de corte 10. As imagens foram analisadas quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de segmentos com metabolismo de glicose presente ou n&#227;o, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos segmentos com defeito de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; e a &#225;rea de discord&#226;ncia perfus&#227;o-metabolismo foi quantificada pelo programa Emory Cardiac Toolbox. As imagens foram interpretadas em conjunto com mais dois m&#233;dicos nucleares do Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear e Imagem Molecular do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, certificados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Nuclear. A presen&#231;a de viabilidade foi considerada na ocorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos um segmento mioc&#225;rdico com discord&#226;ncia perfus&#227;o-metabolismo.</p>
    <p>Houve seguimento cl&#237;nico de 2 a 14 meses ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame por via telef&#244;nica e os pacientes foram questionados sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, sobre o seu estado atual de sintomas e sobre o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Os m&#233;dicos assistentes dos pacientes responderam a um question&#225;rio que inclu&#237;a os seguintes itens: o tipo de tratamento proposto antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da PET; a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que motivou a solicita&#231;&#227;o da PET; o tratamento proposto para o paciente ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da PET; se a PET modificou ou n&#227;o a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica adotada ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, como, por exemplo, modifica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cl&#237;nico para tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; e se o resultado da PET contribui para a decis&#227;o tomada, mesmo nos casos em que a conduta n&#227;o tenha sido modificada, mas a impress&#227;o inicial do m&#233;dico tenha sido confirmada pelos achados da PET.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelos seguintes m&#233;todos: teste de Mann-Whitney (teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico) para compara&#231;&#227;o de dados quantitativos entre dois grupos. Teste exato de Fisher para compara&#231;&#227;o de propor&#231;&#245;es (dados qualitativos) entre dois grupos. O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%, ou seja, existe signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando o valor de <italic>p</italic> &#233; menor ou igual a 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aspectos gerais - Os dados cl&#237;nicos da amostra est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref> e os dados cintilogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref>. Os dados num&#233;ricos foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo) e os dados qualitativos em freq&#252;&#234;ncia e percentual.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto cl&#237;nico da PET na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica - Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados da PET, verificamos que 27 (87%) pacientes apresentaram pelo menos um segmento mioc&#225;rdico com discord&#226;ncia perfus&#227;o-metabolismo, sugestivo de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel. O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grafico1">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> apresenta a divis&#227;o do n&#250;mero de pacientes, de acordo com o n&#250;mero de segmentos vi&#225;veis.</p>
    <fig id="grafico1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grafico2">gr&#225;ficos 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grafico3">3</xref> demonstram a influ&#234;ncia e a contribui&#231;&#227;o da PET na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto ao tratamento proposto para os pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <fig id="grafico2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grafico3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Realizando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a decis&#227;o tomada pelo m&#233;dico e a presen&#231;a de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, verificamos que nenhum dos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam viabilidade foi encaminhado a terap&#234;utica invasiva, enquanto entre os 27 que apresentavam viabilidade, houve proposta de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) em 21 deles (77,8%), com valor de p=0,006, indicando que o grupo de pacientes com mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel apresentou indica&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o significativamente superior ao grupo sem viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>No entanto, observou-se que a presen&#231;a de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel n&#227;o teve signific&#226;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; influ&#234;ncia da PET na modifica&#231;&#227;o da op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica (p=0,086); ou seja, tanto a presen&#231;a como a aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade foram importantes na tomada de decis&#227;o, embora se note uma tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre viabilidade e mudan&#231;a de conduta.Quanto &#224; contribui&#231;&#227;o direta da PET na decis&#227;o, n&#227;o houve igualmente associa&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de viabilidade (p=0,55). A partir destes dados, notamos que ambos os resultados: presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade s&#227;o valorizadas pelo m&#233;dico e t&#234;m peso em sua decis&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Se analisarmos a proposta de conduta atual do m&#233;dico quanto a tratamento cl&#237;nico ou de procedimento invasivo, tomando em considera&#231;&#227;o o n&#250;mero de segmentos vi&#225;veis encontrados na PET, constatamos que os pacientes em que houve a op&#231;&#227;o por revasculariza&#231;&#227;o demonstravam, em m&#233;dia, 4,29 &#177; 2,47 segmentos com viabilidade, enquanto o grupo de tratamento cl&#237;nico tinha 1,9 &#177; 2,18 (p=0,011), indicando que o maior n&#250;mero de segmentos vi&#225;veis teve signific&#226;ncia na op&#231;&#227;o pelo tratamento invasivo. O mesmo ocorre quanto &#224; &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, pois temos &#225;rea m&#233;dia de 16,1% &#177; 13,58 para os que tiveram op&#231;&#227;o por tratamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e &#225;rea de 7,4% &#177; 8,95 para os de tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre a presen&#231;a de viabilidade e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e cintilogr&#225;ficas - A presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de sintomas (de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana) n&#227;o teve correla&#231;&#227;o com a detec&#231;&#227;o de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, pois dos 23 pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, 21 apresentaram mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel; no entanto, entre os 8 assintom&#225;ticos, 6 deles tamb&#233;m demonstraram viabilidade (p=0,26).</p>
    <p>Obtivemos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o eletrocardiograma de repouso em 19 pacientes, sendo que apenas um destes apresentava eletrocardiograma normal; os demais 18 pacientes se distribu&#237;ram da seguinte forma: 10 (55,5%) deles demonstravam ondas Q no eletrocardiograma, enquanto 8 (44,5%) apresentavam bloqueio de ramo (esquerdo ou direito). A an&#225;lise da presen&#231;a de onda Q em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de viabilidade foi prejudicada pelo pequeno n&#250;mero da amostra; no entanto, ressaltamos o fato de que 9 pacientes que tinham ondas Q no eletrocardiograma demonstraram viabilidade na PET.</p>
    <p>Quando analisamos a diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos (com e sem viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica) com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo Gated SPECT e com a &#225;rea de fibrose avaliada pelo <italic>Emory Cardiac Toolbox</italic>, verificamos que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos quanto a estas duas vari&#225;veis, apresentando, cada grupo, p=0,59 e p=0,90, respectivamente. Com respeito &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, o grupo que apresentava viabilidade demonstrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 29,7%, enquanto o grupo sem viabilidade tinha fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 26,75%. Quanto &#224; &#225;rea de fibrose, h&#225; grande semelhan&#231;a entre ambos, observando-se 38,04% de &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica com fibrose, na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de repouso, para o grupo com viabilidade e 38,75% no outro.</p>
    <p>Seguimento - Nenhum dos 4 pacientes com aus&#234;n&#173;cia de viabilidade se submeteu a procedimento invasi&#173;vo, enquanto que, entre os 27 que apresentavam viabilidade, 13 realizaram revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (7 angioplastias e 6 procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos). Em oito casos, havia a inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, mas o tratamento n&#227;o foi realizado, pelos seguintes motivos: em 3 casos, a anatomia coronariana era de dif&#237;cil abordagem; em um caso, a paciente evoluiu para o &#243;bito enquanto aguardava a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; internada em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; 2 pacientes n&#227;o conseguiram revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica: um por estar em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria e outro, por restri&#231;&#245;es estruturais da unidade hospitalar de origem; em um caso, o m&#233;dico tinha a inten&#231;&#227;o de realizar revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; no entanto, a pequena &#225;rea vi&#225;vel pesou contra a decis&#227;o, em discuss&#227;o com a equipe cir&#250;rgica, que considerou o risco-benef&#237;cio do procedimento, e o paciente est&#225; em reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Assim, 62% dos pacientes em que havia a inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, de fato, foram submetidos ao procedimento. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica destas informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel devido ao reduzido n&#250;mero de casos em um dos grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No mundo real, al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de viabilidade, o m&#233;dico deve considerar outros fatores relacionados ao seu paciente, no momento de estabelecer a conduta mais adequada; entre eles incluem-se a anatomia coronariana, o estado cl&#237;nico e a associa&#231;&#227;o de co-morbidades.</p>
    <p>Alguns estudos demonstram que entre 31 e 39% dos pacientes t&#234;m decis&#227;o de terapia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, independente dos achados da PET <sup>21-24</sup>. Auerbach et al<sup>25</sup> nos mostra que 68% dos pacientes com viabilidade em 5 ou mais segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos foram revascularizados (conduta diferente do resultado da PET em 32% dos casos); naqueles com menor n&#250;mero de segmentos (1 a 4), o percentual de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi de 52%; e entre aqueles em que n&#227;o havia qualquer viabilidade, 36% foram revascularizados. No entanto, estas conclus&#245;es vieram da observa&#231;&#227;o do seguimento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes e n&#227;o do questionamento direto aos m&#233;dicos sobre sua inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar.</p>
    <p>No campo da oncologia, o impacto cl&#237;nico da PET no manejo dos pacientes tem sido demonstrado por estudos em que o m&#233;dico assistente responde a question&#225;rios sobre a conduta tomada a partir dos dados da PET <sup>26-33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na &#225;rea da cardiologia, ap&#243;s busca na Internet, n&#227;o foi encontrado nenhum artigo que descreva este modelo de estudo. Nosso trabalho &#233; original por fazer este tipo de avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto cl&#237;nico na viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, utilizando a PET em gama-c&#226;mara pelo sistema de coincid&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A literatura demonstra que quanto &#224; pesquisa de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica existe uma importante concord&#226;ncia entre os achados da PET com sistema dedicado e a PET em gama-c&#226;mara via sistema de coincid&#234;ncia. No trabalho de Tian et al.<sup>34</sup>, a concord&#226;ncia geral foi de 93% e a sensibilidade da PET por sistema de coincid&#234;ncia foi de 92%. Hasegawa et al <sup>35</sup> demonstraram que o sistema de coincid&#234;ncia apresenta resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, sensibilidade de contagem e qualidade de imagem superior &#224;s gama-c&#226;maras equipadas com colimadores de alta energia, mas para se tornar equivalente ao PET dedicado, a corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o &#233; um fator importante. Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso trabalho &#233; que nosso aparelho n&#227;o &#233; equipado com corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o; no entanto, as caracter&#237;sticas do cristal de 1 polegada garantem uma excelente qualidade de imagem.</p>
    <p>Os m&#233;dicos participantes de nosso trabalho respon&#173;deram a um question&#225;rio em que indicavam o tratamento proposto antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da PET, qual a indica&#231;&#227;o do exame e, ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste, qual a proposta adotada, se houve mudan&#231;a devido ao resultado da PET e se houve influ&#234;ncia direta desta na tomada de decis&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Observamos uma importante ader&#234;ncia ao resultado da PET por parte destes m&#233;dicos, havendo concord&#226;ncia entre a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica e a proposta de tratamento. No entanto, tanto a presen&#231;a como a aus&#234;ncia de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica foram &#250;teis para os m&#233;dicos e tiveram influ&#234;ncia em sua decis&#227;o, independente do n&#250;mero de segmentos vi&#225;veis e da &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel. Da mesma forma, houve influ&#234;ncia do n&#250;mero de segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos e da &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel na op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <p>Entre os 21 m&#233;dicos que indicaram revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, apenas 13 pacientes, de fato, tiveram efe&#173;tiva&#231;&#227;o, o que corresponde a 62% dos pacientes. Isto significa que 38% tiveram desfecho final de conduta diversa do resultado da PET e da inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, o que &#233; concordante com os trabalhos anteriormente citados<sup>25,36-39</sup></p>
    <p>Isto significa que a presen&#231;a de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico determinante que conduz &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, porque nem todos os pacientes com mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel s&#227;o candidatos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, por uma s&#233;rie de motivos, como j&#225; citamos anteriormente: a anatomia coronariana dif&#237;cil, a decis&#227;o do paciente e a associa&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades <sup>40</sup>. Em nosso pa&#237;s, temos a acrescentar outras quest&#245;es, como a falta de estrutura de alguns hospitais para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos complexos, como a cirurgia card&#237;aca, ou o prolongado tempo de espera a que muitos pacientes s&#227;o submetidos enquanto aguardam pela revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, fazendo com que muitos dos procedimentos planejados n&#227;o sejam executados. Em nossa casu&#237;stica, tivemos todas estas situa&#231;&#245;es, mas o n&#250;mero de casos &#233; ainda pequeno para chegarmos a conclus&#245;es mais definitivas sobre este tema <sup>40</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que a PET teve impacto no manejo dos pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica; obviamente, &#233; necess&#225;rio ampliar o n&#250;mero de casos e da popula&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos assistentes, para que possamos fazer esta afirmativa com maior precis&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o encontramos rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a presen&#231;a de sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou de angina com a presen&#231;a de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, em concord&#226;ncia com os estudos de Di Carli et al <sup>43</sup> Assim, n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio apresentar sintomatologia para se buscar a presen&#231;a de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Infelizmente, tivemos acesso ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) de apenas 19 pacientes, mas observamos que na sua quase totalidade estes se mostravam alterados (18/19 - 94,7%). Apesar de n&#227;o ser poss&#237;vel uma an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mais acurada destes dados, notamos que a onda Q no eletrocardiograma n&#227;o inviabilizou o achado de discord&#226;ncia perfus&#227;o-metabolismo.</p>
    <p>Schinkel et al.<sup>40</sup>, utilizando ecocardiograma de estres&#173;se com dobutamina em 150 pacientes, encontraram viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica em 58% dos segmentos disfuncionantes que demonstravam ondas Q no eletrocar&#173;diograma. Comparando com os segmentos que eram disfuncionantes, mas n&#227;o demonstravam ondas Q no eletrocardiograma, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa quanto ao achado de viabilidade (p=0,2). Assim, viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica pode ser encontrada, ou n&#227;o, independente do resultado do eletrocardiograma.</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) m&#233;dia encontrada em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi baixa (29,3%), configurando uma popula&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de maior gravidade.</p>
    <p>Os estudos que abordam a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica utilizam pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 40% e muitos deles encontram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia semelhante &#224; nossa <sup>23,41,42</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quando comparamos a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes com e sem viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos (p=0,59). Isto traduz o fato de que a viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica pode ser encontrada ou n&#227;o, independente do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Estes achados t&#234;m congru&#234;ncia com os de Di Carli et al.<sup>43</sup>, que sugere que a avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; ben&#233;fica, mesmo em pacientes com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>Consideramos que a avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica deve ser empreendida, mesmo em pacientes com FE muito baixa, pois estes podem ter benef&#237;cio. Citamos o exemplo de uma paciente da nossa amostra que demonstrava FE, em repouso, de 13% e o estudo com FDG-<sup>18</sup>F demonstrou mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel com &#225;rea de 19%.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Hurrell et al <sup>44</sup>, utilizando 1224 pacientes, demonstrou, num seguimento de 2 anos, que pacientes com &#225;rea de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica de repouso, medida pela cintilografia superior a 12%, do mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s IAM, t&#234;m um pior progn&#243;stico do que os que ficaram com &#225;rea residual de fibrose &lt; 12% (p=0,003).</p>
    <p>Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, encontramos uma &#225;rea de fibrose m&#233;dia de 38,1%. Isto significa que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#233; de ainda mais alto risco para eventos card&#237;acos. A possibilidade de encontrar viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica pode oferecer-lhe a chance de modificar a hist&#243;ria natural da cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Quando correlacionamos a &#225;rea de fibrose com a detec&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com e sem viabilidade quanto &#224; quantidade de fibrose (p=0,9). Ambos os grupos apresentavam &#225;rea m&#233;dia de fibrose acima de 38%; portanto, bastante extensa. Este achado aponta que &#233; poss&#237;vel encontrar mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel, mesmo em pacientes com grandes &#225;reas de fibrose.</p>
    <p>Face aos resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que a Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons, realizada pelo Sistema de Coincid&#234;ncia, demonstrou ter impacto cl&#237;nico na tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica, neste grupo de pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A sintomatologia, o eletrocardiograma, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e a &#225;rea de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o se correlacionaram com a presen&#231;a de viabilidade da PET na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p>Este estudo apresenta como limita&#231;&#245;es o n&#250;mero reduzido da amostra, n&#227;o permitindo trazer afirma&#231;&#245;es conclusivas sobre os resultados encontrados. O n&#250;mero de pacientes necessita ser ampliado ou outros trabalhos executados, para confirmar os achados obtidos. O estudo n&#227;o avaliou as expectativas e valores dos pacientes, fatores que podem influenciar na conduta adotada pelos m&#233;dicos. Este trabalho contou com a participa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dicos de alto n&#237;vel de especializa&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea da cardiologia, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados obtidos.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>5. Cyclotron Accelerators Center.[web site on the Internet].S&#227;o Paulo:IPEN;1999.[cited 2004 Nov 10].Available from:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/progress/cyclotron.htm">http://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/progress/cyclotron.htm</ext-link></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Renata Christian Martins Felix </p>
        <p>Rua General Polidoro, 192 &#150; Botafogo </p>
        <p>22280-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="renatafelix@cardiol.br">renatafelix@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="medicina.nuclear@procardiaco.com.br">medicina.nuclear@procardiaco.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 23/02/05 </p>
    <p>Aceito em 25/07/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical impact of Positron Emission Tomography by coincidence system with 18F-FDG on therapeutic decision-making of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy after myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of the myocardium viability study by coincidence imaging using 18F-FDG in the clinical decision-making of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction. METHODS: Thirty-one patients were submitted to myocardial viability study with 18F-FDG by coincidence imaging between September 2003 and November 2004. The physician answered a questionnaire about the choice of therapeutic procedure before and after PET. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients (87%) had myocardial viability. Twenty-one (68%) physicians thought that PET changed the therapeutic procedure for their patients and 27(87%) considered that PET added to the therapeutic decision. The current treatment decision (clinical or revascularization) correlated with myocardial viability (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Coincidence imaging is a useful tool to help physicians in a difficult decision about the best treatment for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Symptoms, electrocardiogram, ejection fraction and myocardial fibrosis area did not correlate with myocardium viability, so they should not be used to decide whether to perform a myocardial viability study or not.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ischemic cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial viability</kwd>
        <kwd>PET</kwd>
        <kwd>coincidence system</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical impact of positron emission tomography by coincidence system with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG on therapeutic decision-making of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy after myocardial infarction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Renata Christian Martins Felix; Patr&#237;cia Lavatori Correa; Jader Cunha de Azevedo; Hans Fernando da Rocha Dohmann; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita; Cl&#225;udio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, PROCED - Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco e Universidade Federal Fluminense - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the influence of the myocardium viability study by coincidence imaging using <sup>18</sup>F-FDG in the clinical decision-making of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-one patients were submitted to myocardial viability study with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG by coincidence imaging between September 2003 and November 2004. The physician answered a questionnaire about the choice of therapeutic procedure before and after PET.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Twenty-seven patients (87%) had myocardial viability. Twenty-one (68%) physicians thought that PET changed the therapeutic procedure for their patients and 27(87%) considered that PET added to the therapeutic decision. The current treatment decision (clinical or revascularization) correlated with myocardial viability (p=0.006).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Coincidence imaging is a useful tool to help physicians in a difficult decision about the best treatment for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Symptoms, electrocardiogram, ejection fraction and myocardial fibrosis area did not correlate with myocardium viability, so they should not be used to decide whether to perform a myocardial viability study or not.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial viability, PET, coincidence system.</p>
      <p>Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a type of exam in Nuclear Medicine Assessment recently introduced in our country. Its use in Oncology, Neurology/Psychiatry and Cardiology is well documented in the world literature <sup>1-4</sup>. In our country, the experience with this type of exam is still a recent one, as the production of <sup>18</sup>fluordesoxiglicose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG), a radioisotope used in PET, started in 1999 <sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>As with any new technology, the introduction of a new diagnostic method can lead to two extremes: its overvalorization, with exaggerated use and lack of adequate assessment; or its underuse, due to the lack of clinical practice caused by diverse barriers, such as knowledge and trust of clinicians, the approval by health insurance companies and patients' access to public health services. Regarding PET, the its limitations include the high cost of the exam, the low availability of radioisotope-producing centers and adequate equipment. Currently, this imaging method is available only in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro (in the metropolitan cities) and in relatively few Nuclear Medicine Services.</p>
      <p>Among the clinical applications of PET, it is noteworthy the assessment of myocardial viability, which is a very important topic considering its correlation with cardiac failure, a disease of epidemic proportions with almost 5 million people with this morbidity in the United States alone, and 550,000 new cases every year <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the patients who are admitted to the hospital with a primary diagnosis of cardiac failure, coronary disease is the most important etiological factor, being present in up to 70% of the cases<sup>7,8</sup>. In a study carried out by the Mayo Clinic from 1979 to 1994, it was observed that 36% of the patients who survived an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) developed cardiac failure<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The success of the thromboembolytic therapy and primary angioplasty has reduced the mortality by AMI. Nevertheless, many survivors of an AMI still develop left ventricular dysfunction <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Up to 50% of the regions showing Q waves at the electrocardiogram (ECG) or segmented dysfunction at the echocardiogram are potentially recoverable after the revascularization of this region, as there can be viable areas with hibernating or stunned myocardium mixed with fibrotic tissue<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>A meta-analysis with 3,088 patients from 24 myocardial viability studies showed that those patients who presented myocardial viability diagnosed by stress echocardiogram (STRESS ECHO), myocardial scintillography with thallium<sup>201</sup> or PET with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG and who were submitted to revascularization presented a reduction in the annual mortality of 79.6% in comparison to those who presented viability but were not submitted to revascularization. The absence of myocardial viability did not determine a survival difference in patients submitted to clinical <italic>vs</italic>. surgical treatment<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>When we consider that survival in individuals with severe ventricular dysfunction treated clinically is around 50% in a five-year period<sup>1</sup>, this potential possibility of functional recovery can be significant for those patients who present cardiac failure, mainly because up to 50% of the patients waiting to undergo a cardiac transplant have ischemic cardiopathy<sup>7</sup>. On the other hand, the mortality rate within 30 days after the myocardial revascularization surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction can reach 20%<sup>1</sup>. Thus, it is mandatory to identify the presence of viable myocardium in patients with ischemic cardiopathy and severe left ventricular dysfunction in order to verify which ones will indeed benefit from the myocardial revascularization.</p>
      <p>The medical decision regarding a procedure to be implemented must be based on some mainstays such as the patient's clinical condition, when the risk of the clinical condition will be assessed and the cost-benefit of certain procedure; the patient's preferences regarding treatment; and the evidence related to the case, which include: clinical history data, physical examination and complementary test data, as well as information obtained through other scientific studies. The doctor's experience is the factor that will join and assess all this information, with the objective of reaching the most adequate procedure for the patient.</p>
      <p>Regarding the role of complementary tests, at this time of medical costs and scientific evidence &#150; evidence-based cardiology &#150; the focus has been shifted from the observation of basic operational characteristics of a complementary test such as sensitivity, specificity and true predictive value ratio to the focus of the clinical impact, following the analysis of the test result on the medical procedure to be implemented.</p>
      <p>There is plenty of evidence on the impact of PET on the management of patients with ventricular dysfunction of ischemic origin; however, the high cost of this technology regarding its initial investment as well as its maintenance has decreased its possibility of use, not only in our country but also in other centers around the world<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, in recent years, the conventional gamma-chamber started to be used in exams with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG, resulting in the so-called hybrid PET-SPECT with a coincidence detection system, using a gamma-chamber with two detectors, which are configured at 180&#186; <sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical impact, i.e., the influence on the decision-making of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) carried out by a Coincidence System with <sup>18</sup>fluordesoxiglicose, to assess myocardial viability in patients with a previous history of acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction. As secondary objectives, we aimed at establishing a correlation between the presence of myocardial viability and symptoms, ECG findings, left ventricle ejection fraction assessed by Gated SPECT and the area of fibrosis assessed by myocardial perfusion scintillography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A series of thirty-one consecutive patients of both genders, referred to the Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Service of Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco were selected for undergoing a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) using a Coincidence System with <sup>18</sup>fluordesoxiglicose (<sup>18</sup>F-FDG) in order to assess myocardial viability, according to the physician's decision, regardless of the present study, from September 2003 to November 2004. The research project was approved by the Review Boards of Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: previous myocardial infarction history, with or without the presence of Q wave at the ECG, but with signs of segmental fibrosis at the myocardial perfusion scintillography, such as: hypouptake of the radioisotope at rest, associated to contractility alteration and myocardial thickening at the same region; a minimum period of three weeks after the acute myocardial infarction; presence of coronary atherosclerotic disease, documented through coronary angiography or the presence of risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic disease or previous history of myocardial revascularization; presence of at least 12% of myocardial fibrosis assessed by myocardial perfusion scintillography at rest using the Emory Cardiac Toolbox software; and systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle with an ejection fraction d" 40% quantified by Gated SPECT (Cedars Quantitative Gated SPECT) or presence of clinical signs of cardiac failure. We excluded patients with no history of acute myocardial infarction, those with left ventricle systolic dysfunction of non-ischemic etiology, fibrosis area &lt; 12% at scintillography at rest, younger than 18 yrs and women of reproductive age with suspected or confirmed pregnancy.</p>
      <p>Patients were submitted to clinical data collection. Cardiac failure symptoms were classified according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) <sup>16</sup> and the presence of angina was classified according to the guidelines from the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>A myocardial perfusion scintillography with 99mTc &#150; tetrofosmin (Myoview&#174;) was carried out with the intravenous administration at rest of 740 MBq. The images were acquired between 45 and 90 min after the administration of the radioisotope by an E.cam Duet&#174; (Siemens) gamma-chamber using two detectors with an angle of 90&#186; between them, with a 64 X 64 matrix, 1.45 zoom and 32 projections of 20 seconds each, synchronized with the ECG (Gated SPECT), to allow the three-dimensional reconstruction and the measurement of the ejection fraction. The image processing was carried out by filtered backprojection with a Butterworth filter, with a cutoff of 0.5 and an order of 5. The images were then interpreted through the division of the left ventricle in 17 segments<sup>18</sup>; the quantification of the fibrosis area was performed using the Emory Cardiac Toolbox software and the ventricular function assessment by Gated SPECT, using the Cedars Quantitative Gated SPECT software.</p>
      <p>Positron Emission Tomography and myocardial perfusion scintillography were carried out on different days. Patients had fasted for at least 4 hours, and the administration of 370 MBq of <sup>18</sup>F-FDG intravenously was carried out with a capillary glycemia &lt; 140 mg%. Non-diabetic patients were offered an oral overload of 50-75 mg of glucose 60 min before radioisotope administration. Capillary glycemia was monitored every 15 min. If the capillary glycemia was elevated 45-60 min after the glucose overload, regular insulin was administered i.v., as described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="quadro1-body2">Chart 1</xref><sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="quadro1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When capillary glycemia is kept between 110 and 140 md/dL after two consecutive measurements, the radioisotope is administered. As for diabetic patients, two solutions are prepared: one with 100 IU of insulin in 500 ml of saline solution and another with 500 mL of 20% glucose added to 20 mL of 10% potassium chloride. Each solution is infused into an upper extremity, as 4 mU/kg/min of insulin and 6 mg/kg/min of glucose. Capillary glycemia is measured every 10 min and the infusions are adjusted according to the glycemia level, aiming at keeping it between 110 and 140 mg/dL. When capillary glycemia is maintained within this range for two consecutive measurements, the radioisotope is administered<sup>20</sup>. During the preparation for the exam, the patient is monitored by the unit nurse and physician. Data acquisition occurred 30 to 90 minutes after the administration of the radioisotope, in an E.cam Duet&#174; (Siemens) gamma-chamber by coincidence system, with a 1-inch thick NaI crystal doped with Tl and detectors configured at 180&#186; with no attenuation correction. The acquisition data are: 64 x 64 matrix, 1.45 zoom and 32 projections of 25 seconds each. The images were reconstructed together with the data obtained from the myocardial perfusion scintillography at rest, with an interactive reconstruction (OSEM) through a Gaussian filter, with a cutoff = 10. The images were analyzed regarding the presence of segments with presence or absence of glucose metabolism and the perfusion-metabolism mismatch area was quantified by the Emory Cardiac Toolbox software. The images were interpreted together with two other physicians from the Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Image Service of Hospital Pro-Cardiaco, both certified by the Brazilian Society of Nuclear Medicine. The presence of myocardial viability was considered when there was at least one myocardial segment with perfusion-metabolism discordance.</p>
      <p>A clinical follow-up, ranging 2-14 months after the exam, was carried out by telephone and the patients were asked about the need to undergo revascularization, their current symptoms and use of medication.</p>
      <p>The patients' physician answered a questionnaire that included the following items: type of treatment proposed before PET; the clinical situation that prompted the request for PET; the treatment proposed for the patient after the PET; whether PET modified or not the therapeutic strategy implemented after the exam, such as change from clinical treatment to myocardial revascularization treatment; and whether the PET result contributed for the decision-making, even in those cases where the therapeutic decision was not altered, but the physician's initial impression was confirmed by PET findings.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was carried out by the following methods: Mann-Whitney (non-parametric test) to compare quantitative data between two groups; Fisher exact test to compare ratios (qualitative data) between two groups; significance level was set at 5%, i.e., there is statistical significance when p value is <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>General aspects: Clinical data of the studied population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref> and scintillography data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref>. Numerical data were expressed as mean &#177; SD (minimum and maximal) and qualitative data as frequency and percentage.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Evaluation of the clinical impact of PET on the therapeutic decision-making &#150; regarding PET results, we observed that 27 patients (87%) presented at least one myocardial segment with perfusion-metabolism discordance, suggesting viable myocardium. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grafico1-body2">Graph I</xref> presents the division of the number of patients according to the number of viable segments.</p>
      <fig id="grafico1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-05-0337-00003-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>When performing the correlation between the therapeutic decision-making and the presence of myocardial viability, we observed that none of the patients who did not present myocardial viability was referred to invasive therapy, whereas surgical or percutaneous revascularization was proposed for 21 of 27 (77.8%) of those who presented viability (p=0.006), showing that the group of patients with viable myocardium presented a significantly higher revascularization indication when compared to the group with no myocardial viability.</p>
      <p>However, we observed that the presence of viable myocardium was not significant regarding the influence of PET on the change of therapeutic decision-making (p=0.086), i.e., the presence as well as the absence of viability was important for decision-making, although a slight tendency towards the association between viability and change of therapeutic option was noticed. Regarding the direct contribution of PET on decision-making, there was no analogous association with the presence of viability (p=0.55). From the analysis of these data, we observed that both results, namely presence or absence of viability, are taken into account by the physician and influence therapeutic decision-making.</p>
      <p>When we analyze the current medical strategy regarding the choice between clinical treatment and invasive procedure, taking into account the number of viable segments observed at PET, we observe that patients who underwent revascularization showed, on average, 4.29 &#177; 2.47 viable segments, whereas the group who received clinical treatment had 1.9 &#177; 2.18 viable segments (p=0.011), indicating that a higher number of viable segments was significant for the invasive treatment choice. The same happens concerning the viable myocardium area, as there was an average area of 16.1% &#177;13.58% for those who underwent revascularization and 7.4% &#177; 8.95% for those who had clinical treatment.</p>
      <p>Correlations between viability and clinical, electro&#173;cardiographic and scintillographic variables &#150; The presence or absence of symptoms (of cardiac or coronary failure) did not correlate with the detection of viable myocardium, given that, of 23 the symptomatic patients, 21 presented viable myocardium; however, among the 8 symptomatic patients, 6 of them also presented viability (p=0.26).</p>
      <p>Data on the ECG at rest of 19 patients were available, and only one of these patients presented normal ECG; the remaining 18 were distributed as follows: 10 (55.5%) showed Q waves at the ECG, whereas 8 (44.5%) presented bundle branch block (right or left). The analysis of the presence of Q wave regarding the presence of viability was impaired by the small sample size; nonetheless, the fact that 9 patients who had Q waves at ECG also showed viability is noteworthy.</p>
      <p>When we analyze the difference between the two groups (with and without viability) regarding ejection fraction by Gated SPECT and with fibrosis area assessed by the Emory Cardiac Toolbox, we observed no statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding these two variables, with p= 0.59 and p=0.90 for each group, respectively.</p>
      <p>As for ejection fraction, the group that presented viability had a mean ejection fraction of 29.7%, whereas the group with no viability had 26.75%. Regarding fibrosis area, there was great similarity between both groups, with 38.04% of myocardial area with fibrosis at the scintillography at rest for the viability group and 38.75% in the group with no viability.</p>
      <p>Follow-up &#150; None of the 4 patients with absence of viability underwent an invasive procedure, whereas of the 27 who presented viability, 13 were submitted to myocardial revascularization (7 angioplasties and 6 surgical procedures).</p>
      <p>There was intention to treat in eight cases, but the treatment was not carried out due to the following reasons: in 3 cases, the coronary anatomy was difficult to reach; in one case, the patient died in the preoperative period, while waiting for revascularization; two patients could not undergo revascularization: one due to refractory cardiac failure and another due to structural restrictions of the hospital unit; in one case, the doctor intended to perform surgical revascularization; however, the small viable area was a negative aspect that went against the decision, when discussed with the surgical team, who considered the procedure risk/benefit ration, and as a result, the patient is in cardiac rehabilitation. Therefore, 62% of the patients for whom there was intention to treat with myocardial revascularization really underwent the procedure. The statistical analysis of these data was not possible due to the small number of cases in one of the groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the real world, in addition to viability, the physician must consider other factors related to the patient when establishing the most adequate procedure; the coronary anatomy, clinical status and associated co-morbidities are included among them.</p>
      <p>Some studies have demonstrated that between 31% and 39% of the patients undergo revascularization, regardless of the PET findings<sup>21-24</sup>. Auerbach et al<sup>25</sup> showed us that 68% of the patients with 5 or more viable myocardial segments underwent revascularization (differently from PET results in 32% of the cases); as for those with a smaller number of viable segments (1 to 4), the rate of revascularization was 52% whereas patients with no viability presented a rate of 36% of revascularization. However, these conclusions came from the observation of the patients' clinical follow-up and not directly from inquiring doctors regarding their intention to treat.</p>
      <p>In Oncology, the clinical impact of PET on patient management has been demonstrated by studies in which the physician answers questionnaires regarding the therapeutic decision following PET data<sup>26-33</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Cardiology, after a search conducted by the Internet, no study was found in literature describing such study model. Our study is original regarding this type of assessment of the clinical impact on myocardial viability, using PET in a gamma-chamber by the coincidence system.</p>
      <p>Literature shows that, concerning the research on myocardial viability, there is a significant concordance between PET findings with a dedicated system and PET in a gamma-chamber by the coincidence system. Tian et al<sup>34</sup> showed that the general concordance was 93% and that PET sensitivity by the coincidence system was 92%. Hasegawa et al<sup>35</sup> showed that the coincidence system presents spatial resolution, measurement sensitivity and image quality superior to those obtained by gamma-chambers equipped with high-energy collimator; however, in order to become equivalent to dedicated PET, attenuation correction is a very important factor. One of the limitations of our study is that our equipment is not equipped with attenuation correction; nevertheless, the 1-inch crystal characteristics warrant excellent image quality.</p>
      <p>The doctors participating in our study answered a questionnaire in which they indicated the proposed treatment before PET, what the indication for the exam was, and after it, what therapeutic approach had been adopted, and whether there had been a change of therapeutic choice due to PET results and if PET had directly influenced the decision-making.</p>
      <p>We observed a significant adherence on the part of these doctors regarding PET results, with concordance between myocardial viability and therapeutic proposal. Nevertheless, not only the presence but also the absence of myocardial viability were useful for doctors, and had influenced decision-making, regardless of the number of viable segments and area of viable myocardium. Similarly, the number of myocardial segments and extension of viable myocardium influence the therapeutic choice.</p>
      <p>Among the 21 doctors who indicated myocardial revascularization, only 13 of their patients actually underwent surgery, which corresponds to 62% of the patients. This means that 38% of the patients had a final therapeutic approach that was different from PET results and intention to treat, which is in accordance with the aforementioned studies<sup>25,36-39</sup>.</p>
      <p>This means that the presence of myocardial viability is not the sole determinant that leads to myocardial revascularization, as not all patients with viable myocardium are candidates to revascularization due to a number of reasons, as previously mentioned: the complex coronary anatomy, the patient's decision and the associated co-morbidities<sup>40</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our country, we must add to these issues the lack of infrastructure of some hospitals to perform complex procedures such as cardiac surgery, or the prolonged waiting period that many patients have to face while waiting for a revascularization, causing many planned procedures not to be performed. We faced all these situations in our series, but the small number of cases is not enough to allow us to draw conclusions on this issue.</p>
      <p>It is possible to infer that PET had an impact on the management of patients with ischemic cardiopathy in this population; obviously, it is necessary to increase the number of cases and doctors in order to be able to make such assertion with precision.</p>
      <p>In our study, we did not find a significant correlation between the presence of cardiac failure or angina symptoms with the presence of myocardial viability, in concordance with the studies by Di Carli et al<sup>43</sup> Thus, the presence of symptoms is not necessary to prompt the assessment of myocardial viability.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, we only had access to the ECG results of 19 patients, but we observed that almost all of them presented alterations (18/19 &#150; 94.7%). Although a more accurate statistical analysis of these data was not feasible, we observed that the presence of Q wave at the ECG did not invalidate the finding of perfusion-metabolism discordance.</p>
      <p>Schinkel et al<sup>40</sup>, using dobutamine stress echocardiogram in 150 patients, found myocardial viability in 58% of the dysfunctional segments that showed Q wave at the ECG. Comparing the latter with segments that were dysfunctional but did not show Q wave at the ECG, we observed no significant difference regarding viability finding (p=0.2). Thus, myocardial viability can be either observed or not, regardless of ECG results.</p>
      <p>The mean ejection fraction found in our population was low (29.3%), constituting a population with more severe left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Studies that assessed myocardial viability analyzed patients with ejection fraction &lt; 40% and many reported a mean ejection fraction similar to ours <sup>23,41,42</sup>.</p>
      <p>When comparing the ejection fraction between patients with and without myocardial viability, we did not find a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.59). It shows that myocardial viability can be either present or not, regardless of the degree of ventricular dysfunction. These findings are in accordance with those by Di Carli et al<sup>43</sup>, who suggest that myocardial viability assessment is useful, even in patients with severe ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>We believe that myocardial viability assessment must be carried out, even in patients with very low ejection fractions, as they can benefit from the procedure. We mention one of our patients who presented EF at rest of 13% and the study with <sup>18</sup>F-FDG showed a viable myocardium area of 19%.</p>
      <p>The study by Hurrell et al<sup>44</sup> of 1,224 patients showed, during a 2-year follow-up period, that patients with myocardial fibrosis area at rest &gt; 12% of the myocardium, measured by scintillography, present a worse prognosis than those with a residual fibrosis area &lt; 12% (p=0.003).</p>
      <p>In our population, we found a mean fibrosis area of 38.1%. This means that the population studied presents an even higher risk for cardiac events. The possibility of finding myocardial viability can offer them the chance to modify the natural history of ischemic cardiomyopathy in this setting.</p>
      <p>When we correlate the area of fibrosis with myocardial viability detection, we did not find any difference between the groups with and without viability regarding fibrosis extension (p=0.9). Both groups presented a mean fibrosis area &gt; 38%, i.e., an extensive fibrosis area. This finding shows that it is possible to find viable myocardium even in patients with extensive fibrosis areas.</p>
      <p>Considering our results, we can conclude that Positron Emission Tomography by Coincidence System had a clinical impact on therapeutic decision-making in this group of patients with ischemic cardiopathy after myocardial infarction. The presence of symptoms, the ECG, ejection fraction, and the myocardial fibrosis area did not correlate with the presence of PET viability in the studied population.</p>
      <p>One of the limitations of our study is its small sample size, which does not allow conclusive assertions to be drawn from its results. The number of patients has to be increased or further studies must be carried out in order to confirm the results obtained. The study did not assess patients' expectations and values, which are factors that can influence therapeutic procedures. This work was carried out by highly specialized professionals in the Cardiology area, which might have influenced the results obtained.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>5. Cyclotron Accelerators Center.[web site on the Internet].S&#227;o Paulo:IPEN;1999.[cited 2004 Nov 10].Available from:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/progress/cyclotron.htm">http://www.ipen.br/biblioteca/progress/cyclotron.htm</ext-link></p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Renata Christian Martins Felix </p>
          <p> Rua General Polidoro, 192 &#150; Botafogo </p>
          <p> 22280-000 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil </p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="renatafelix@cardiol.br">renatafelix@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="medicina.nuclear@procardiaco.com.br">medicina.nuclear@procardiaco.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 02/23/05 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 07/25/05</p>
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