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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zDZ7mgkxLLy9VgwLFh6JFyw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000400011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pseudo-aneurisma iatrog&#234;nico de art&#233;ria axilar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seidel</surname>
            <given-names>Am&#233;lia Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fregadolli</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro V.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225; </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>303</fpage>
      <lpage>305</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pseudo-aneurisma iatrog&#234;nico de art&#233;ria axilar</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Am&#233;lia Cristina Seidel; Fausto Miranda Jr.; Leandro V. Fregadolli</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Maring&#225;, PR - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>Os pseudo-aneurismas resultam de uma variedade de mecanismos, entre os quais infec&#231;&#227;o, trauma, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e radiologia intervencionista ap&#243;s cateteriza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea transfemoral ou transbraquial<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com o aumento do uso de procedimento intervencionista e diagn&#243;stico invasivo em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, o conhecimento do tipo e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es &#233; importante, especialmente aqueles que podem ocorrer tardiamente.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de pseudo-aneurismas varia na literatura de 0,1% a 6%<sup>2</sup> at&#233; 0,5% a 9%, dependendo do procedimento diagn&#243;stico ou terap&#234;utico realizado<sup>3</sup>, mas aqueles de membros superiores s&#227;o raros, muito menos que nos membros inferiores, compreendendo menos que 2% de todas as les&#245;es<sup>4</sup>. H&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o de alguns casos de aneurismas axilares em casos de trauma com deslocamento de ombro ou por arma de fogo.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi realizado para ilustrar uma poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos intervencionistas e tamb&#233;m citar as possibilidades de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DO CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino com 76 anos de idade foi internado no servi&#231;o de hemodin&#226;mica e cirurgia card&#237;aca para realiza&#231;&#227;o de um procedimento diagn&#243;stico por apresentar cl&#237;nica compat&#237;vel com angina de peito, cujos sintomas de dor tor&#225;cica aos esfor&#231;os e dispn&#233;ia estavam se exacerbando rapidamente.</p>
    <p>Sua hist&#243;ria pregressa revelava que ele tinha uma dieta pouco controlada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ingest&#227;o de lip&#237;deos, mas n&#227;o era obeso. Negava tabagismo, alcoolismo e n&#227;o apresentava diabete melito.</p>
    <p>No exame f&#237;sico da interna&#231;&#227;o apresentava-se com PA = 200x120 mmHg, com discreta palidez de pele, &#224; ausculta pulmonar n&#227;o havia ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios, a ausculta card&#237;aca demonstrava bulhas hipofon&#233;ticas com presen&#231;a de freq&#252;entes extra-s&#237;stoles e aus&#234;ncia de sopros. Nos membros superiores todos os pulsos eram palp&#225;veis; nos inferiores foram palpados somente os pulsos femorais bilateralmente, os distais estavam ausentes, mesmo ao exame com Doppler cego.</p>
    <p>Os exames complementares mostraram taxas de enzimas (troponinas e CK-MB) sem altera&#231;&#227;o, mas um aumento das taxas de colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos. Na radiografia do t&#243;rax, um aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca, e ao eletrocardiograma apresentava ritmo sinusal com extra-s&#237;stoles atriais.</p>
    <p>Foi submetido a angiografia coronariana via art&#233;ria braquial direita, por dissec&#231;&#227;o desta. Houve alguma dificuldade na progress&#227;o do cateter, mas uma vez superada, o exame p&#244;de ser realizado sem outras intercorr&#234;ncias. No final do dia da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame o paciente queixou-se de discreta parestesia em antebra&#231;o, a qual foi apenas observada. No dia seguinte, houve aparecimento de uma massa puls&#225;til em regi&#227;o axilar direita com sopro sist&#243;lico e discreto aumento de temperatura local, perda da for&#231;a muscular e diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade no membro superior direito.</p>
    <p>Com a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocolor Doppler da regi&#227;o, foi diagnosticado um pseudo-aneurisma com 18x23 mm da art&#233;ria axilar, a qual apresentava placas ateromatosas heterog&#234;neas com pontos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0303-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da presen&#231;a dos sintomas neurol&#243;gicos, a op&#231;&#227;o foi pelo imediato tratamento cir&#250;rgico. Na explora&#231;&#227;o local foi realizada uma arteriotomia com visibiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma placa ateromatosa desgarrada do endot&#233;lio e o orif&#237;cio do pseudo-aneurisma. O procedimento realizado foi uma endarterectomia e sutura lateral da art&#233;ria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0303-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o do paciente foi satisfat&#243;ria, havendo melhora dos sintomas neurol&#243;gicos de imediato, mas a completa recupera&#231;&#227;o ocorreu ap&#243;s trinta dias da opera&#231;&#227;o, com realiza&#231;&#227;o de fisioterapia motora do membro diariamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O pseudo-aneurisma iatrog&#234;nico apresenta achados cl&#237;nicos t&#237;picos precoces e &#233; diagnosticado freq&#252;entemente na primeira hora p&#243;s-pun&#231;&#227;o, ainda na fase de hematoma; diversamente do ocorrido, que com uma evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais lenta teve o diagn&#243;stico somente ap&#243;s 24 horas do procedimento.</p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco que devem ser considerados para seu aparecimento s&#227;o a idade, o sexo feminino e a evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, sendo essa o fator determinante para o aparecimento do pseudo-aneurisma do caso relatado, pois ocorreu no local onde houve a ruptura de uma placa ateromatosa na art&#233;ria axilar. Outros fatores que devem ser considerados incluem a inexperi&#234;ncia do operador e o tamanho do cateter maior que 8F, com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o concomitante<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da pequena incid&#234;ncia, esses pseudo-aneurismas apresentam um potencial maior de complica&#231;&#245;es mais graves, requerendo diagn&#243;stico precoce e pronta interven&#231;&#227;o para minimizar o alto &#237;ndice daquelas e graves seq&#252;elas em longo prazo<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A literatura refere-se ao ecocolor Doppler como a t&#233;cnica de escolha para avaliar as potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; cateteriza&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria braquial ou femoral<sup>4,5</sup>, sendo o diagn&#243;stico mais r&#225;pido e muito confi&#225;vel<sup>1</sup>, como foi realizado nesse caso. Outros trabalhos ainda citam a necessidade de angiografia para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico diferencial com hematoma parietal e transmiss&#227;o do pulso arterial deve ser feito prontamente para que seja realizado o tratamento mais indicado para cada caso.</p>
    <p>Contrariamente a les&#245;es arteriais, o curso natural dos pseudo-aneurismas &#233; benigno, podendo ocorrer oclus&#227;o espont&#226;nea em alguns deles. Caso contr&#225;rio, h&#225; outros tipos de tratamento a serem institu&#237;dos como: compress&#227;o local guiado pelo ultra-som, inje&#231;&#227;o de trombina, emboliza&#231;&#227;o com "coil" ou tratamento cir&#250;rgico em casos de fal&#234;ncia das op&#231;&#245;es citadas ou na presen&#231;a de complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>1,3,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica no manuseio do pseudo-aneurisma iatrog&#234;nico tem mudado dramaticamente na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, necessitando opera&#231;&#227;o somente raramente<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>No tratamento moderno, a compress&#227;o com controle ultra-sonogr&#225;fico &#233; prefer&#237;vel como op&#231;&#227;o inicial e o tamanho do pseudo-aneurisma parece n&#227;o afetar o resultado favor&#225;vel desse tratamento.</p>
    <p>A inje&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de trombina no saco aneurism&#225;tico &#233; considerada um m&#233;todo promissor e minimamente invasivo para tratamento de pseudo-aneurisma iatrog&#234;nico em que o colo &#233; estreito<sup>5,8</sup>. Quando h&#225; um ramo ou onde o colo &#233; largo &#233; recomendado insuflar um bal&#227;o atrav&#233;s do colo do aneurisma e n&#227;o est&#225; indicado se h&#225; f&#237;stula arteriovenosa<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do uso de <italic>stents</italic> para tratamento de les&#245;es vasculares em curto prazo sugerem que &#233; um procedimento de baixo risco e parece menos invasivo que a opera&#231;&#227;o, mas os resultados em m&#233;dio e longo prazos ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis<sup>9</sup>. Segundo Oktar e cols., que realizaram a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> Hemobahn de 6 mm em um pseudo-aneurisma de art&#233;ria axilar por ferimento por arma de fogo em uma mulher 24 anos, ocorreu estenose ap&#243;s cinco anos por hiperplasia da &#237;ntima, sendo tratada por angioplastia com bal&#227;o<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Julia e cols. relataram que, apesar de o tratamento endovascular dessas les&#245;es ser atrativo, deu-se prefer&#234;ncia a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica aberta por permitir tratar as les&#245;es concomitantes e realizar descompress&#227;o da fossa axilar por causa do hematoma<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Semelhantes a esses autores, outros concordaram com a indica&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cir&#250;rgico em casos de grandes hematomas, sangramento, dano do vaso nativo, compress&#227;o arterial, venosa ou d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico, ou com infec&#231;&#245;es<sup>2</sup>. Mesmo se houver demora no diagn&#243;stico, a opera&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada urgentemente. O progn&#243;stico &#233; baseado no pronto reconhecimento e interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica oportuna.</p>
    <p>Neste caso, o paciente foi submetido a tratamento operat&#243;rio para realizar retirada do hematoma, descompres-s&#227;o do plexo braquial e restaura&#231;&#227;o do vaso nativo.</p>
    <p>Comparando as tr&#234;s modalidades de tratamento citadas, Stone e cols. conclu&#237;ram que a inje&#231;&#227;o de trombina guiada pelo ultra-som deveria tornar-se o tratamento inicial de escolha com opera&#231;&#227;o reservada para fal&#234;ncia desse tratamento<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A demora no reconhecimento dessas les&#245;es pode levar a d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos permanentes apesar do adequado reparo da art&#233;ria axilar<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o de pseudo-aneurismas &#233; baseada na pun&#231;&#227;o arterial atraum&#225;tica, boa compress&#227;o ap&#243;s retirada da bainha e uso de dispositivos para fechamento arterial percut&#226;neo<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>REFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Rosa RFC, Gonz&#225;lez IG, Garc&#237;a RC. Case report. Pseudoaneurism of the femoral artery after cardiac catheterization. Rev Sanid Mil 2000;54 (5):244-8.</p>
    <p>2. G&#246;rge G, Kunz T, Kirstein M. Non-surgical therapy of iatrogenic false aneurysms. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003;128(1-2):36-40.</p>
    <p>3. Righini M, Qu&#233;r&#233; I, Laroche JP. Prise en charge des faux an&#233;vrismes art&#233;riels post-cath&#233;t&#233;risme. J Mal Vasc 2004;29(2):63-72.</p>
    <p>4. Szendro G, Golcman L, Klimov A et al. Arterial false aneurysm and their modern management. Isr Med Assoc J 2001;3(1):5-8.</p>
    <p>5. Ghersin E, Karram T, Gaitini D et al. Percutaneous ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms in unusual sites. J Ultrasound Med 2003;22(8): 809-16.</p>
    <p>6. Julia J, Lozano P, Gomez F, Corominas C. Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the axillary artery following anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Case report. J Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 39(2):167-9.</p>
    <p>7. Stone P, Lohan JA, Copeland SE, Hamrick RE, Tiley EH, Flaherty SK. Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms: comparison of treatment modalities, including duplex-guided thrombin injection. W V Med J 2003;99(6):230-2.</p>
    <p>8. Undseth RM, Klow NE, Hoffmann P. Treatment of pseudoaneurysms after vascular interventions. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2004; 124(10):1384-6.</p>
    <p>9. Baltacioglu F, Cimsit NC, Cil B, Cekirge S, Ispir S. Endovascular stent-graft applications in latrogenic vascular injuries. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2003;26(5):434-9.</p>
    <p>10. Oktar GL, Balkan ME, Akpek S, Ilgit E. Endovascular stent-graft placement for the management of a traumatic axillary artery pseudoaneurysm-a case report. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2002;36(4):323-6.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Am&#233;lia Cristina Seidel </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Gerardo Braga, 118 </p>
        <p> 87050-610 &#150; Maring&#225;, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="seidel@wnet.com.br">seidel@wnet.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 29/06/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 25/07/05</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Atrogenic pseudoaneurysm of axillary artery</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrogenic pseudoaneurysm of axillary artery</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Am&#233;lia Cristina Seidel; Fausto Miranda Jr.; Leandro V. Fregadolli</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Maring&#225;, PR - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>Pseudoaneurysms can be caused by several mechanisms, such as infection, trauma, surgical procedures and interventional radiology following percutaneous catheterization by transfemoral or transbrachial approach<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the increasing use of interventional and invasive diagnostic methods to treat cardiovascular diseases, it is important to be aware of the types and incidence of potential complications associated with these procedures.</p>
      <p>According to medical literature, the incidence of pseudoaneurysms ranges from 0.1 to 6%<sup>2</sup> and up to 0.5 to 9% depending on the diagnostic or therapeutic procedure performed<sup>3</sup>. However, the number of upper limb pseudoaneurysms is significantly lower than those that affect the lower limbs (less than 2% of all lesions) <sup>4</sup>. There are only a few reports of axillary aneurysms caused by trauma with shoulder dislocations or gunshot injuries.</p>
      <p>The objective of this paper is to illustrate a potential complication associated with interventional procedures and also indicate diagnosis and treatment options.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 76-year-old male patient was admitted to the hemodynamics and cardiac surgery department with clinical symptoms consistent with <italic>angina pectoris.</italic> His symptoms of chest pain on exertion and dyspnea were rapidly worsening. The diagnostic procedures aimed to clarify the symptoms.</p>
      <p>Although the patient was not obese, his medical history showed that he did not follow a strict lipid-controlled diet. He denied smoking, alcohol consumption and did not have <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic>.</p>
      <p>On physical examination made at the admission, the patient had BP 200x120 mmHg, mildly pale skin and no adventitious sounds on lung auscultation. The cardiac auscultation indicated hypophonetic heart sounds, frequent extrasystoles and no murmurs. All upper limb pulses were palpable, whereas in the lower limbs only femoral pulses were palpable bilaterally; distal pulses were absent, even with the "blind" Doppler test.</p>
      <p>Ancillary [laboratory] tests showed normal enzyme levels (troponins and CK-MB), but increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The chest X-ray revealed an enlargement of the cardiac area, and the electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm and atrial extrasystoles.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent coronary angiography performed by dissection of the right brachial artery. The introduction of the catheter was somewhat difficult at the beginning, but after that the procedure went smoothly. At the end of that day, the patient complained of mild paresthesia in the forearm, which was only kept under observation. On the following day, there was a pulsatile mass in his right axillary area with a systolic murmur and slightly increased local temperature, muscle weakness and reduced sensitivity in the right upper limb.</p>
      <p>The colour Doppler revealed an 18 x 23 mm pseudoaneu-rysm in the axillary artery with heterogeneous atheromatous plaques and spots of calcifications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0303-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The presence of neurological symptoms demanded immediate surgical treatment. An arteriotomy was performed, exposing an atheromatous plaque detached from the endothelium and the pseudoaneurysm orifice. Endarterectomy and lateral suture of the artery were performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0303-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The patient's clinical progress was satisfactory with an immediate improvement of the neurological symptoms. However, complete recovery took place only 30 days post-surgery, after daily motor physical therapy of the limb.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm presents early typical clinical findings, and it is often diagnosed within the first hour following puncture while it is still in the hematoma stage. Nevertheless, in this case the rather slow clinical progression allowed a diagnosis to be made only 24 hours after the procedure.</p>
      <p>The risk factors to be considered are age, female gender and clinical evidence of peripheral vascular disease. In this case, the peripheral vascular disease was the determinant factor in the occurrence of the pseudoaneurysm reported, since it occurred exactly at the site of an atheromatous plaque that ruptured in the axillary artery. Other factors to be weighed are the inexperience of the professional performing the puncture, a catheter size greater than 8F, and concomitant anticoagulation therapy<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite their small incidence, these aneurysms present a significantly greater potential for more severe complications. An early diagnosis and immediate intervention in order to reduce the high rate of complications and severe long term sequelae are mandatory<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Medical literature refers to colour Doppler as the technique of choice to evaluate potential complications of brachial or femoral artery catheterization<sup>4,5</sup>. The technique is considered as the one that provides the fastest and most reliable diagnosis<sup>1</sup>, as was the case in this report. Other studies recommend that an angiogram should also be performed to confirm the diagnosis<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The differential diagnosis with parietal hematoma and transmission of arterial pulse must be made immediately in order to start the most appropriate treatment for each case.</p>
      <p>Contrary to what happens in the case of arterial injuries, the natural course of pseudoaneurysms is benign and some of them even occlude spontaneously. When this doesn't happen, other kinds of treatment can be started, such as: ultrasound-guided local compression, thrombin injection, coil embolization or surgical treatment in case none of the above options succeed or complications arise<sup>1,3,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therapeutic practice in the management of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms has undergone dramatic changes over the last decade, and surgery is rarely the option of choice<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In modern treatment, ultrasound-guided compression is preferable as an initial choice; pseudoaneurysm size does not seem to affect the favorable result of this kind of treatment.</p>
      <p>Percutaneous injection of thrombin into the aneurysmal sac is considered a promising and minimally invasive method to treat iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms when the neck is narrow<sup>5,8</sup>. When there is a branch, or a wide-necked aneurysm, and provided there is no arteriovenous fistula, the insufflation of a balloon through the aneurysm neck is recommended<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Short term results of stenting in vascular lesions indicate that this is a low-risk and less invasive procedure than surgery, although mid-term and long-term results are not yet available<sup>9</sup>. Otkar et al inserted a 6 mm Hemobahn stent into a pseudoaneurysm in the axillary artery of a 24-year-old female gun-shot victim. After 5 years, the patient developed stenosis due to intimal hyperplasia, and was subsequently treated by balloon angioplasty<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Julia et al reported that, despite the fact that the endovascular treatment of these injuries may seem attractive, they preferred the open-surgery technique which allows treatment of concomitant injuries and decompression of the axillary fossa caused by the hematoma.</p>
      <p>Other authors also agree that surgical treatment is the best option in cases of large hematomas, bleeding, native vessel injury, arterial or venous compression, neurological deficits, or infections<sup>2</sup>. Even when the diagnosis is delayed, surgery should be performed immediately. The prognosis depends on ready identification of the injury and timely surgical intervention.</p>
      <p>In this case, the patient underwent surgical treatment to remove the hematoma, decompress the brachial plexus and restore the native vessel.</p>
      <p>In comparing the three kinds of treatment cited, Stone et al (2003) concluded that the ultrasound-guided injection of thrombin should be the initial treatment of choice, leaving the surgical option for cases when the above treatment fails<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Delay in identifying these injuries may cause permanent neurological deficits, despite the appropriate repair having been made in the axillary artery<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevention of pseudoaneurysms depends on atraumatic arterial puncture, adequate compression after sheath withdrawal, and use of devices for percutaneous artery closure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Rosa RFC, Gonz&#225;lez IG, Garc&#237;a RC. Case report. Pseudoaneurism of the femoral artery after cardiac catheterization. Rev Sanid Mil 2000;54 (5):244-8.</p>
      <p>2. G&#246;rge G, Kunz T, Kirstein M. Non-surgical therapy of iatrogenic false aneurysms. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003;128(1-2):36-40.</p>
      <p>3. Righini M, Qu&#233;r&#233; I, Laroche JP. Prise en charge des faux an&#233;vrismes art&#233;riels post-cath&#233;t&#233;risme. J Mal Vasc 2004;29(2):63-72.</p>
      <p>4. Szendro G, Golcman L, Klimov A et al. Arterial false aneurysm and their modern management. Isr Med Assoc J 2001;3(1):5-8.</p>
      <p>5. Ghersin E, Karram T, Gaitini D et al. Percutaneous ultrasonographically guided thrombin injection of iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms in unusual sites. J Ultrasound Med 2003;22(8): 809-16.</p>
      <p>6. Julia J, Lozano P, Gomez F, Corominas C. Traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the axillary artery following anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Case report. J Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 39(2):167-9.</p>
      <p>7. Stone P, Lohan JA, Copeland SE, Hamrick RE, Tiley EH, Flaherty SK. Iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms: comparison of treatment modalities, including duplex-guided thrombin injection. W V Med J 2003;99(6):230-2.</p>
      <p>8. Undseth RM, Klow NE, Hoffmann P. Treatment of pseudoaneurysms after vascular interventions. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2004; 124(10):1384-6.</p>
      <p>9. Baltacioglu F, Cimsit NC, Cil B, Cekirge S, Ispir S. Endovascular stent-graft applications in latrogenic vascular injuries. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2003;26(5):434-9.</p>
      <p>10. Oktar GL, Balkan ME, Akpek S, Ilgit E. Endovascular stent-graft placement for the management of a traumatic axillary artery pseudoaneurysm-a case report. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2002;36(4):323-6.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Am&#233;lia Cristina Seidel</p>
          <p>Rua Dr. Gerardo Braga, 118</p>
          <p>87050-610 &#150; Maring&#225;, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="seidel@wnet.com.br">seidel@wnet.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 06/29/05</p>
      <p>Accepted on 07/25/05</p>
      <p content-type="break"> 87050-610 &#150; Maring&#225;, PR</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
