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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HqdWgP6jpFk4ngCVkktrk7Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000400010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos e terap&#234;uticos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Julio Cesar Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Nei Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Claudilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Renata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Alana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Ademir</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;sfora</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latado</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>297</fpage>
      <lpage>302</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) secund&#225;ria a miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, bem como avaliar se estas s&#227;o diferentes nas demais etiologias. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados prospectivamente pacientes atendidos no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2003 a junho de 2004, em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia para IC. RESULTADOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos 356 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de IC. Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi a etiologia mais freq&#252;ente, (48% dos casos). Outras etiologias foram miocardiopatia hipertensiva em 19%, dilatada idiop&#225;tica em 11%, e isqu&#234;mica em 9%. Pacientes com IC secund&#225;ria a miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica tinham com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia etnia n&#227;o-branca (88 x 75%; p = 0,002), hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a de Chagas (57 x 21%; p = 0,001), maior tempo de doen&#231;a (71 x 56 meses; p = 0,034), menor escolaridade (4,4 &#177; 4,1 x 5,7 &#177; 4,2 anos de estudo; p = 0,004), menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (69 &#177; 12 x 73 &#177; 13; p = 0,03) e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (121 &#177; 25 x 129 &#177; 28 mmHg; p = 0,006). Utilizavam com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia amiodarona (22 x 13%; p = 0,036) marcapassos artificiais (15 x 1%; p = 0,001) e com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia drogas betabloqueadoras (39 x 59%; p = 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Nessa amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, em um estado com alta preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de Chagas, miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi a etiologia mais freq&#252;ente, apresentando algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas diferentes dos demais pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos e terap&#234;uticos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por doen&#231;a de Chagas</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Julio Cesar Vieira Braga; Francisco Reis; Roque Aras; Nei Dantas Costa; Claudilson Bastos; Renata Silva; Alana Soares; Ademir Moura J&#250;nior; Silvana &#193;sfora; Adriana Lopes Latado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) secund&#225;ria a miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, bem como avaliar se estas s&#227;o diferentes nas demais etiologias. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram analisados prospectivamente pacientes atendidos no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2003 a junho de 2004, em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia para IC. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos 356 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de IC. Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi a etiologia mais freq&#252;ente, (48% dos casos). Outras etiologias foram miocardiopatia hipertensiva em 19%, dilatada idiop&#225;tica em 11%, e isqu&#234;mica em 9%. Pacientes com IC secund&#225;ria a miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica tinham com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia etnia n&#227;o-branca (88 x 75%; p = 0,002), hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a de Chagas (57 x 21%; p = 0,001), maior tempo de doen&#231;a (71 x 56 meses; p = 0,034), menor escolaridade (4,4 &#177; 4,1 x 5,7 &#177; 4,2 anos de estudo; p = 0,004), menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (69 &#177; 12 x 73 &#177; 13; p = 0,03) e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (121 &#177; 25 x 129 &#177; 28 mmHg; p = 0,006). Utilizavam com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia amiodarona (22 x 13%; p = 0,036) marcapassos artificiais (15 x 1%; p = 0,001) e com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia drogas betabloqueadoras (39 x 59%; p = 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nessa amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, em um estado com alta preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de Chagas, miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi a etiologia mais freq&#252;ente, apresentando algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e terap&#234;uticas diferentes dos demais pacientes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, epidemiologia.</p>
    <p>Segundo dados da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), a doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; uma das doen&#231;as infecciosas mais importantes da Am&#233;rica Latina. Atualmente estima-se que, no continente, noventa milh&#245;es de pessoas est&#227;o sob risco de contrair a doen&#231;a, treze milh&#245;es est&#227;o infectadas, e entre tr&#234;s e 3,3 milh&#245;es apresentam formas sintom&#225;ticas da doen&#231;a<sup>1,2</sup>. Essas estimativas, contudo, s&#227;o imprecisas e n&#227;o refletem as realidades dos diferentes pa&#237;ses da regi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em 1980, estimava-se que a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a de Chagas no Brasil era de 4,2%, correspondendo a 6,5 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos<sup>3</sup>. Entretanto, ocorreu significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da transmiss&#227;o vetorial e por meio de transfus&#245;es sang&#252;&#237;neas, com dr&#225;stico decl&#237;nio do surgimento de novos casos. Estimativas mais recentes foram ajustadas para cerca de 1,9 milh&#227;o de infectados<sup>4</sup>. Embora a OMS tenha certificado a erradica&#231;&#227;o da transmiss&#227;o vetorial no Brasil, ainda s&#227;o encontrados pequenos focos end&#234;micos, localizados principalmente no Estado da Bahia<sup>5,6</sup>. Entre os portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas, cerca de 10% a 40% desenvolver&#227;o alguma forma de envolvimento card&#237;aco<sup>1</sup>, tendo como complica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns tromboembolismo pulmonar ou sist&#234;mico, transtornos da condu&#231;&#227;o, bradiarritmias, arritmias ventriculares graves, morte s&#250;bita e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, ocorreram grandes avan&#231;os no entendimento da fisiopatologia, no diagn&#243;stico e no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. No entanto, a maior parte dos estudos sobre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi realizada em amostras populacionais com baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a de Chagas. Pelo fato de as conclus&#245;es desses estudos n&#227;o se aplicarem diretamente aos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em raz&#227;o de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, o tratamento desses pacientes pode estar sendo feito de forma diferente das demais etiologias.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; descrever a preval&#234;ncia de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica entre os pacientes atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no Estado da Bahia, e comparar aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos, cl&#237;nicos e terap&#234;uticos desses pacientes com as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes portadores de outras etiologias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal com amostragem por demanda assistencial. Todos os pacientes consecutivamente atendidos em um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca passaram a ter seus dados registrados de forma prospectiva em ficha de atendimento padronizada, contendo dados epidemiol&#243;gicos, cl&#237;nicos e do tratamento utilizado. Esse ambulat&#243;rio atende sem restri&#231;&#245;es pacientes adultos e crian&#231;as, em geral de classes sociais m&#233;dia e baixa, encaminhados de outros servi&#231;os, e procedentes de v&#225;rias cidades do estado.</p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos para an&#225;lise apenas os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O diagn&#243;stico da etiologia principal para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi estabelecido com base em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, que inclu&#237;am detalhada anamnese, dados epidemiol&#243;gicos e exame f&#237;sico, e com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares, dentre os quais eletrocardiograma em repouso, ecocardiograma e sorologias para doen&#231;a de Chagas. Avaliamos a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dieta hiposs&#243;dica<sup>7</sup>, inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina<sup>8</sup>, betabloqueadores<sup>9,10</sup> e espironolactona<sup>11</sup> como parte do tratamento padr&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>7,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Avaliamos tamb&#233;m a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de digoxina, furosemida, amiodarona, hidralazina e nitratos, que s&#227;o agentes seguros e recomendados para redu&#231;&#227;o da morbidade associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. As doses dos agentes utilizados no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram transformadas em vari&#225;veis ordinais: 1 = n&#227;o utiliza; 2 = utiliza dose baixa; 3 = dose m&#233;dia; 4 = dose alta. Consideramos dose alta dos agentes o uso de doses maiores ou iguais &#224;s doses m&#225;ximas recomendadas nas diretrizes para tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e dose baixa as similares &#224;s doses iniciais descritas<sup>7,13</sup>. Consideramos uso regular dos medicamentos a informa&#231;&#227;o de que o paciente utiliza mais de 90% das doses de medicamentos prescritas. Como o estudo foi de car&#225;ter exclusivamente observacional, n&#227;o houve conflitos &#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>Teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar m&#233;dias, e o qui-quadrado o teste exato de Fisher para propor&#231;&#245;es. Foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney para testar associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis ordinais e etiologias. Modelos de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foram utilizados para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o ajustada entre mais de uma vari&#225;vel independente e uma vari&#225;vel dependente cont&#237;nua, especificamente freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% para hip&#243;teses bicaudais. Os testes estat&#237;sticos foram processados no programa <italic>SPSS</italic> vers&#227;o 9.0 para <italic>Windows</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de agosto de 2003 a junho de 2004, foram atendidos consecutivamente 356 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A m&#233;dia de idade da amostra estudada foi de 54 &#177; 13 anos, sendo 53% do sexo masculino. Quanto &#224; etnia a maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia foi de mulatos (42%), seguidos por negros (39%) e brancos (19%). A etiologia mais freq&#252;ente foi miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica correspondendo a 48,3% dos casos, seguida por miocardiopatia hipertensiva (19%), miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (11%), miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (9,1%), valvulopatias (3,1%) e outras etiologias (9,6%) que englobam as etiologias alco&#243;lica, viral, periparto, hipertr&#243;fica, restritiva e outras. Descrevemos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref> as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes de acordo com a principal etiologia.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0297-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando comparamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica com as de pacientes de etiologia n&#227;o-chag&#225;sica n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as entre m&#233;dia de idade, freq&#252;&#234;ncia de sexo masculino, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de dispn&#233;ia ou edema, consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. Havia antecedente de acidente vascular cerebral em 19% dos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica e em 15% dos demais (p = 0,31). Pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica apresentaram menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de etnia branca (12 x 26%; p = 0,002) e n&#237;veis de escolaridade, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref>). A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a de Chagas foi maior nos portadores de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica (57 x 21%; p = 0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0297-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref> s&#227;o descritos os tratamentos utilizados. Quando avaliadas como vari&#225;veis ordinais, as doses de algumas medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram semelhantes entre os pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica e os demais: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina (p = 0,32), digoxina (p = 0,34), furosemida (p = 0,84), espironolactona (p = 0,35), amlodipina (p = 0,31). No entanto, a dose de betabloqueadores foi menor (p = 0,001) e foi menos freq&#252;ente a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dose moderada a alta em portadores de etiologia chag&#225;sica (20 x 49%; p &lt; 0,001). A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso artificial definitivo foi maior nos chag&#225;sicos (15 x 1%; p &lt; 0,001), assim como de amiodarona (22 x 13%; 0,036). A m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica entre os portadores de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica se mant&#233;m inferior aos n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos ap&#243;s ajuste para o uso de betabloqueador (p = 0,001) e para hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial (p = 0,001). Da mesma forma a m&#233;dia da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca permanece menor que nos n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para uso de amiodarona (p = 0,004), betabloqueador (p = 0,011) ou marcapasso artificial (p = 0,006).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0297-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embora existam estimativas de redu&#231;&#227;o de sua preval&#234;ncia na Am&#233;rica Latina, a doen&#231;a de Chagas constitui-se num dos principais problemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e uma importante causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em &#225;reas end&#234;micas<sup>1,2,5,14</sup>. A despeito disso, a literatura &#233; escassa em rela&#231;&#227;o a informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a epidemiologia e a aplicabilidade de novas terap&#234;utica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria a doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, realizado em um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia estadual, houve maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia da miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica como etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, apesar de a maioria dos pacientes ser procedente de Salvador, a capital do Estado, regi&#227;o notadamente industrializada. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas ocorreu intenso processo migrat&#243;rio de &#225;reas rurais para urbanas, e esses pacientes, que t&#234;m em m&#233;dia 54 anos de idade, provavelmente se infectaram em &#225;reas rurais antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de programas de controle da transmiss&#227;o vetorial implementados efetivamente nos &#250;ltimos vinte anos<sup>15</sup>. A maioria dos pacientes era de negros ou mulatos. Embora esse achado possa comprometer a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es, corresponde ao perfil demogr&#225;fico da regi&#227;o onde foi realizado e de algumas regi&#245;es brasileiras.</p>
    <p>Em nossa amostra, encontramos baixa preval&#234;ncia de miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica como etiologia para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, quando comparamos com a preval&#234;ncia em outros pa&#237;ses<sup>7</sup>, e mesmo com outros estados do Brasil<sup>16</sup>. Esse achado pode decorrer do fato da m&#233;dia de idade ser baixa entre os pacientes avaliados ou, como o estudo &#233; de desenho transversal, de uma poss&#237;vel letalidade maior da miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Observamos que o tempo m&#233;dio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e conhecimento do problema foi maior nos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, o que pode estar relacionado &#224; descoberta mais precoce da doen&#231;a por meio de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e do diagn&#243;stico sorol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a de Chagas. N&#227;o podemos, entretanto, atribuir letalidade menor a esta, pois n&#227;o existem estudos de coorte para responder a essa quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica e vari&#225;veis como idade, sexo e proced&#234;ncia. No entanto, os achados de maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes de etnia n&#227;o-branca, com hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a de Chagas e de menor escolaridade, podem ser justificados pela forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre as formas de transmiss&#227;o da doen&#231;a e os n&#237;veis sociais, econ&#244;micos e culturais da popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de doses semelhantes das medica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares nos portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, &#233; de particular interesse a observa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis significativamente menores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca entre os portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas. Esses achados poderiam ser explicados pela menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial nessa amostra, e pela maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal entre os chag&#225;sicos<sup>17</sup>. Tais achados podem justificar a menor utiliza&#231;&#227;o de betabloqueadores, principalmente em doses moderadas a altas, nos pacientes com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica. Entretanto, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia maior de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de marcapasso artificial definitivo n&#227;o se associou ao aumento concomitante do emprego de drogas betabloqueadoras.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueadores dos receptores da angiotensina, encontramos uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia similar de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de doses moderadas a altas entre chag&#225;sicos e n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos, conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais<sup>13</sup>. O uso de amiodarona, embora n&#227;o tenha benef&#237;cio documentado em ensaios cl&#237;nicos, &#233; recomendado por especialistas para tratamento de arritmias complexas na doen&#231;a de Chagas<sup>18,19</sup>, justificando sua maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o entre os chag&#225;sicos dessa amostra. A baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de hidralazina e nitratos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o predominante de negros e mulatos &#233; justific&#225;vel, j&#225; que os dados foram levantados antes da publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo A-HEFT<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de n&#227;o estarem usualmente representados nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os portadores de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do uso de betabloqueadores, recebem tratamento medicamentoso similar aos portadores de outras etiologias. Apesar de estrat&#233;gias inovadoras de tratamento para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca decorrente da doen&#231;a de Chagas estarem sob investiga&#231;&#227;o em nosso meio<sup>21</sup>, formas mais simples de tratamento ainda n&#227;o t&#234;m efic&#225;cia documentada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Ainda pior, n&#227;o dispomos de dados confi&#225;veis sobre a epidemiologia da doen&#231;a de Chagas como causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em nosso meio.</p>
    <p>Dado relevante encontrado em nossa casu&#237;stica, pelo impacto sobre a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, e coincidente com achados de aut&#243;psias, foi a hist&#243;ria de acidente vascular cerebral (19%) em chag&#225;sicos, que pode ser justificado pelo grande potencial embolig&#234;nico desta cardiopatia<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica foi a principal causa de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em nossos pacientes. Apesar das medidas efetivas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica no combate &#224; transmiss&#227;o vetorial e transfusional, ainda existe uma quantidade expressiva de portadores de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica no continente sul-americano, o que dever&#225; mant&#234;-la como uma das principais causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nos pr&#243;ximos anos. Se considerarmos que a preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica ainda &#233; alta e que tem havido aumento da incid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica na Am&#233;rica Latina, podemos antever um grande aumento na incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca terminal nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos populacionais visando confirmar nossos achados de preval&#234;ncia, estudos de coorte visando estabelecer progn&#243;stico de acordo com a etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados para testar se as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas utilizadas em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como um todo, se aplicam aos portadores de doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Julio Cesar Vieira Braga </p>
        <p> Rua Rosa dos Ventos, 39/1002 </p>
        <p> 40295-440 &#150; Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="juliobraga@cardiol.br">juliobraga@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 15/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 18/05/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and therapeutics aspects of heart failure due to Chagas disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with heart failure (HF) secondary to chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and evaluate if these characteristics are different from those found in other etiologies. METHODS: A prospective analysis of the patients treated between August 2003 and June 2004 at a HF referral outpatient clinic was conducted. RESULTS: Three hundred and fifty six patients diagnosed with HF were included in the study. Chagasic cardiomyopathy was the most common etiology (48% of the cases). Other etiologies included hypertensive cardiomyopathy in 19% of the patients, idiopathic dilated in 11% and ischemic in 9%. Patients with HF secondary to chagasic cardiomyopathy were more frequently from non-white ethnic groups (88 vs. 75%; p = 0.002), had a family history of Chagas disease (57 vs. 21%; p = 0.001), had the disease for a longer length of time (71 vs. 56 months; p = 0.034), had lower levels of education (4.4 &#177; 4.1 vs. 5.7 &#177; 4.2 years of study; p = 0.004), had a lower heart rate (69 &#177; 12 vs. 73 &#177; 13; p = 0.03) and a lower systolic blood pressure (121 &#177; 25 vs. 129 &#177; 28 mmHg; p = 0.006). There was also a higher incidence of the use of amiodarone (22 vs. 13%; p = 0.036) and artificial pacemakers (15 vs. 1%; p = 0.001). There was a lower usage of beta-blockers (39 vs. 59%; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this sample of HF outpatients, in a state with a high prevalence of Chagas disease, chagasic cardiomyopathy was the most common etiology and they presented some unique clinical and therapeutic characteristics in comparison to other heart failure patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagasic cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical and therapeutics aspects of heart failure due to chagas disease</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Julio Cesar Vieira Braga; Francisco Reis; Roque Aras; Nei Dantas Costa; Claudilson Bastos; Renata Silva; Alana Soares; Ademir Moura J&#250;nior; Silvana &#193;sfora; Adriana Lopes Latado</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal da Bahia - Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Describe the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with heart failure (HF) secondary to chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and evaluate if these characteristics are different from those found in other etiologies.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A prospective analysis of the patients treated between August 2003 and June 2004 at a HF referral outpatient clinic was conducted.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Three hundred and fifty six patients diagnosed with HF were included in the study. Chagasic cardiomyopathy was the most common etiology (48% of the cases). Other etiologies included hypertensive cardiomyopathy in 19% of the patients, idiopathic dilated in 11% and ischemic in 9%. Patients with HF secondary to chagasic cardiomyopathy were more frequently from non-white ethnic groups (88 vs. 75%; p = 0.002), had a family history of Chagas disease (57 vs. 21%; p = 0.001), had the disease for a longer length of time (71 vs. 56 months; p = 0.034), had lower levels of education (4.4 &#177; 4.1 vs. 5.7 &#177; 4.2 years of study; p = 0.004), had a lower heart rate (69 &#177; 12 vs. 73 &#177; 13; p = 0.03) and a lower systolic blood pressure (121 &#177; 25 vs. 129 &#177; 28 mmHg; p = 0.006). There was also a higher incidence of the use of amiodarone (22 vs. 13%; p = 0.036) and artificial pacemakers (15 vs. 1%; p = 0.001). There was a lower usage of beta-blockers (39 vs. 59%; p = 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In this sample of HF outpatients, in a state with a high prevalence of Chagas disease, chagasic cardiomyopathy was the most common etiology and they presented some unique clinical and therapeutic characteristics in comparison to other heart failure patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Chagasic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, epidemiology.</p>
      <p>According to data of the World Health Organization (WHO) Chagas disease is one of the most serious infectious diseases in Latin America. Considering the continent as a whole, current estimates place ninety million people at risk to contract the disease, thirteen million are infected and approximately 3 to 3.3 million have symptomatic forms of the disease<sup>1,2</sup>. Nevertheless, these estimates are not precise and do not reflect the realities of the different countries in the region.</p>
      <p>In 1980, the prevalence of Chagas disease in Brazil was estimated at 4.2% corresponding to 6.5 million people<sup>3</sup>. Since that time, there has been a significant reduction in vectorial and blood transfusion transmission leading to a drastic decline in the onset of new cases. More recent estimates were adjusted for roughly 1.9 million infected people<sup>4</sup>. Although WHO has declared Brazil free of vectorial transmission, some small endemic colonies are still found, mainly in the state of Bahia<sup>5,6</sup>. Roughly 10% to 40% of the people who have Chagas disease develop some type of heart disease.<sup>1</sup> The most common complications include pulmonary or systemic thromboembolisms, conduction system disorders, bradyarrhythmias, severe ventricular arrhythmias, sudden death and congestive heart failure.</p>
      <p>During the past few years substantial progress has been made in the areas of physiopathological understanding, diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. Nevertheless the majority of heart failure studies have been conducted in population samples with a low prevalence of Chagas disease. Since the conclusions of these studies do not directly apply to people with heart failure due to chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy, current treatment approaches for these patients could be different from those applied to patients with other etiologies.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to describe the prevalence of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy among the patients treated at a heart failure referral outpatient clinic in the state of Bahia and compare the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of these patients with the characteristics of patients with other etiologies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of patients demanding medical attention. All patients were seen consecutively at an outpatient heart failure referral clinic and had their data prospectively recorded on a standard care form containing epidemiological and clinical data and treatment methods. This clinic provides care, without exceptions, to adults and children who generally speaking are from the middle to low social classes referred from other services in various cities throughout the state.</p>
      <p>Only patients diagnosed with heart failure were included in the analysis. The diagnosis of the main heart failure etiology was established based on clinical criteria that included a detailed medical history, epidemiological data and a physical examination as well as complementary tests including an electrocardiogram at rest, echocardiogram and serological tests for Chagas disease. Evaluations were made in relation to a low sodium diet<sup>7</sup>, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers<sup>8</sup>, beta-blockers<sup>9,10</sup> and spironolactone<sup>11</sup> as part of the standard treatment for heart failure<sup>7,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Evaluations were also made on the use of digoxin, furosemide, amiodarone, hydralazine and nitrates that are safe agents and recommended to reduce morbidity associated with heart failure. Dosages of the agents used for the heart failure treatment were converted to ordinal variables: 1 = none; 2 = low dosage; 3 = moderate dosage; 4 = high dosage. High dosages were considered as dosages higher or equal to the maximum dosage recommended in the guidelines for heart failure treatment and low dosages similar to the initial dosages described<sup>7,13</sup>. Regular use of medication indicates that the patient had taken more than 90% of the dosages of the prescribed medication. Since the study was exclusively observational there were no ethical conflicts.</p>
      <p>Student's t-test was used to compare averages and the chi-square and Fisher exact test were used for proportions. The Mann-Whitney test was used to determine the associations between ordinal and etiological variables. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the adjusted association between more than one independent variable and a continuous dependent variable, specifically heart rate and systolic blood pressure. The significance level adopted was 5% for two-tailed hypotheses. The statistical tests were processed using the software program SPSS version 9.0 for Windows.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between August 2003 and June 2004, 356 patients diagnosed with heart failure were consecutively seen. The average age of the sample studied was 54 &#177; 13 years and 53% were male. In reference to ethnic groups, the majority were mulattos (42%), followed by blacks (39%) and whites (19%). The most common etiology was chagasic cardiomyopathy corresponding to 48.3% of the cases, followed by hypertensive cardiomyopathy (19%), idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (11%), ischemic cardiomyopathy (9.1%), valvulopathies (3.1%) and other etiologies (9.6%) that encompass the etiologies alcoholic, viral, postpartum, hypertrophic and restrictive among others. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref> describes the characteristics of the patients according to the main etiology.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0297-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Comparison of the clinical characteristics for patients with and without chagasic cardiomyopathy etiology did not reveal any differences between average age, prevalence of males, previous history of dyspnea or edema, consumption of alcoholic beverages or diastolic blood pressure. There was a previous history of strokes for 19% of the patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy and 15% of the other patients (p = 0.31). There were fewer patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy in the white ethnic group (12 vs. 26%; p = 0.002) and they had lower levels of education, systolic blood pressure and heart rates (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">table 2</xref>). Patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy presented a higher incidence for a family history of Chagas disease (57 vs. 21%; p = 0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0297-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref> describes the treatments used. When evaluated as ordinal variables the dosages of some medications used for heart failure treatment were similar between the patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and the others: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (p = 0.32), digoxin (p = 0.34), furosemide (p = 0.84), spironolactone (p = 0.35), amlodipine (p = 0.31). Nevertheless, the beta-blocker dosage was lower (p = 0.001) and moderate to high dosages were even more uncommon for patients with the chagasic etiology (20 vs. 49%; p &lt; 0.001). The use of artificial permanent pacemakers was higher for chagasic patients (15 vs. 1%; p &lt; 0.001), as well as the use of amiodarone (22 vs. 13%; p = 0.036). Average systolic blood pressure levels for patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy was consistently lower than the non-chagasic patients after adjustment for the use of beta-blockers (p = 0.001) and for a history of hypertension (p = 0.001). Similarly heart rate averages were consistently lower than non-chagasic patients even after adjustment for the use of amiodarone (p = 0.004), beta-blockers (p = 0.011) or artificial pacemakers (p = 0.006).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0297-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Even though there are estimates for the reduction of the prevalence in Latin America, Chagas disease is one of the main problems of public health and a leading cause of heart failure in endemic areas<sup>1,2,5,14</sup>. In spite of this fact, there is a shortage of medical literature dealing with the topics of epidemiology and relevance of new therapies for heart failure secondary to Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>In this study, conducted at a state referral center, there was a higher incidence of chagasic cardiomyopathy as the etiology of heart failure despite the fact that the majority of the patients were from Salvador, the state capital, a region that is prominently industrialized. During the past few decades there has been an intensive migration process from the rural areas to urban centers and these patients that are on average 54 years old were probably infected in rural areas before the vectorial transmission control programs have been effectively implemented during the past twenty years<sup>15</sup>. The majority of the patients were black or mulattos. Although this finding could compromise the generalization of the results for other populations, it corresponds to the demographic profile of the region where the study was conducted as well as some other Brazilian regions.</p>
      <p>A low prevalence of ischemic cardiomyopathy as a heart failure etiology was found in this sample when compared to the prevalence in other countries<sup>7</sup>, and even other Brazilian states<sup>16</sup>. This finding could be a result of the fact that the average age of the patients evaluated was low or since the study is cross-sectional, it is possible that there is a higher lethality rate for ischemic cardiomyopathy. It was observed that the average duration and acknowledgement of the heart failure condition was higher for the patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy which could be related to an earlier discovery of the disease through electrocardiograph alterations and serologic diagnoses of Chagas disease. Nevertheless this lower lethality cannot be attributed to this since no cohort studies have been conducted to address this question.</p>
      <p>In this study no significant association was found between chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and variables such as age, gender and origin. However, the findings of a higher incidence in non-white ethnic groups with a family history of Chagas and lower education levels can be justified by the close association between the forms of the disease transmission and the social, economic and cultural levels of the population<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the use of similar dosages of cardiovascular medication for the heart failure patients it is particularly interesting that the patients with Chagas disease have significantly lower systolic blood pressure levels and heart rates. These findings could be explained by the lower incidence of hypertension in this sample and by the higher incidence of sinus node dysfunction among the Chagas patients<sup>17</sup>. These findings could justify the limited use of beta-blockers, mainly in moderate to high dosages in the patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy. However, the higher incidence of artificial permanent pacemakers did not have an association with the concomitant increase of beta-blocker use.</p>
      <p>In reference to the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers the results revealed a similar incidence of moderate to high dosages between the chagasic and non-chagasic patients, according to current recommendations<sup>13</sup>. The use of amiodarone, although there are no documented benefits in clinical trials, is recommended by specialists for the treatment of complex arrhythmias for Chagas disease<sup>18,19</sup>, justifying its higher use among the Chagas patients in this sample. The low usage rates for hydralazine and nitrates in a predominantely black and mulatto population is justifiable since the data were collected before the publication of the A-HEFT study<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Even though they are not usually represented in clinical trials for heart failure, patients with chagasic cardiomyopathy with exception of the use of beta-blockers receive medicinal treatment that is similar to patients with other etiologies. Despite the fact that innovative treatment strategies for heart failure due to Chagas disease are currently being investigated in our midst, the effectiveness of simpler treatment methods in this population has not yet been documented. Even worse, there are no reliable data available in our medical literature in relation to the epidemiology of Chagas disease as a cause of heart failure.</p>
      <p>A relevant datum found in our cases in relation to the impact on the patients' quality of life, and coinciding with autopsy findings, was the history of strokes (19%) in Chagas patients that can be justified by the high incidence of embolisms with this cardiopathy<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, chagasic cardiomyopathy was the main cause of heart failure in our patients. Despite the effective measures of public health in the combat of vectorial and blood transfusion transmission, there is still a significant number of people in the South American continent with the chagasic cardiopathy and therefore it should remain as one of the leading causes of heart failure during the next few years. Considering the high prevalence rates for rheumatic cardiopathies and the increased incidence of ischemic cardiopathies in Latin America, we can predict a substantial increase in the incidence of terminal heart disease in the next few decades.</p>
      <p>Population studies are required in order to confirm our prevalence findings, cohort studies are needed to establish prognoses in accordance with the heart failure etiology and randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate if the therapeutic options generally used for heart failure apply to people with Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Julio Cesar Vieira Braga</p>
          <p> Rua Rosa dos Ventos, 39/1002</p>
          <p> 40295-440 &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="juliobraga@cardiol.br">juliobraga@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 01/15/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 05/18/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
