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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HSSW4LbySJ75LdwjTmsqDJk</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000400009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos de um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, via internet, sobre a press&#227;o arterial e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula de Oliveira Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Cristina dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Gisela Arsa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>289</fpage>
      <lpage>296</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar os efeitos de um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado via internet, por um per&#237;odo de seis meses, na press&#227;o arterial e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos. M&#201;TODOS: Participaram 135 indiv&#237;duos divididos em dois grupos: 1) normotenso (n = 57), 43 &#177; 1 anos, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &lt; 120 e diast&#243;lica (PAD) &lt; 80 mmHg (GI); e 2) pr&#233;-hipertenso (n = 78), 46 &#177; 1 anos, PAS de 120 a 139 e PAD de 80 a 89 mmHg (GII). RESULTADOS: Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses de condicionamento f&#237;sico, os indiv&#237;duos GII apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PAS (-3,6 &#177; 0,94 e -10 &#177; 0,94 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente) e PAD (-6,5 &#177; 1 e -7,1 &#177; 0,9 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente), peso corporal (-1,12 &#177; 0,26 e -1,25 &#177; 0,31 kg, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente), IMC (-0,79 &#177; 0,4 e -0,84 &#177; 0,41 kg/m2, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (-1,12 &#177; 0,53 e -1,84 &#177; 0,56 cm, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente). No GI, o condicionamento f&#237;sico diminuiu a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura no sexto m&#234;s (-1,6 &#177; 0,63 cm, p &lt; 0,05). CONCLUS&#195;O: Este programa diminui a press&#227;o arterial, peso corporal, IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos, constituindo-se, portanto, numa estrat&#233;gia segura e de baixo custo na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e melhoria da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Efeitos de um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, via internet, sobre a press&#227;o arterial e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Paula de Oliveira Barbosa Nunes; Aline Cristina dos Santos Rios; Gisela Arsa da Cunha; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto; Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP, Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, Secretaria Municipal de Esportes, Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar os efeitos de um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado via <italic>internet</italic>, por um per&#237;odo de seis meses, na press&#227;o arterial e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Participaram 135 indiv&#237;duos divididos em dois grupos: 1) normotenso (n = 57), 43 &#177; 1 anos, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &lt; 120 e diast&#243;lica (PAD) &lt; 80 mmHg (GI); e 2) pr&#233;-hipertenso (n = 78), 46 &#177; 1 anos, PAS de 120 a 139 e PAD de 80 a 89 mmHg (GII). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses de condicionamento f&#237;sico, os indiv&#237;duos GII apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na PAS (-3,6 &#177; 0,94 e -10 &#177; 0,94 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente) e PAD (-6,5 &#177; 1 e -7,1 &#177; 0,9 mmHg, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente), peso corporal (-1,12 &#177; 0,26 e -1,25 &#177; 0,31 kg, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente), IMC (-0,79 &#177; 0,4 e -0,84 &#177; 0,41 kg/m2, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente) e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (-1,12 &#177; 0,53 e -1,84 &#177; 0,56 cm, p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente). No GI, o condicionamento f&#237;sico diminuiu a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura no sexto m&#234;s (-1,6 &#177; 0,63 cm, p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este programa diminui a press&#227;o arterial, peso corporal, IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos, constituindo-se, portanto, numa estrat&#233;gia segura e de baixo custo na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e melhoria da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado, press&#227;o arterial, composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.</p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de pessoas com sobrepeso ou obesidade tem alcan&#231;ado &#237;ndices alarmantes em muitos pa&#237;ses industrializados. O Brasil, infelizmente, est&#225; inclu&#237;do nessa s&#237;ndrome do excesso de peso. Os resultados do &#250;ltimo censo<sup>1</sup> mostram que 40% dos brasileiros est&#227;o acima do peso considerado adequado. O fato preocupante dessa estat&#237;stica &#233; a rela&#231;&#227;o que a obesidade tem com as doen&#231;as, especialmente aquelas relacionadas ao sistema cardiovascular<sup>2,3</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o depende apenas do excesso de peso, mas tamb&#233;m da distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura. Quando ela se localiza na regi&#227;o da cintura ou em v&#237;sceras, aumentam os dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos associados &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular, como a dislipidemia e a intoler&#226;ncia a glicose. Esses dist&#250;rbios, em associa&#231;&#227;o com a hipertens&#227;o arterial, caracterizam a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados de estat&#237;sticas recentes evidenciam que, dependendo da regi&#227;o do Brasil, de 22% a 44% da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana adulta s&#227;o portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>7</sup>. Esses n&#250;meros tornam-se extremamente importantes &#224; medida que a hipertens&#227;o arterial est&#225; diretamente relacionada a eventos cerebrovasculares, coronariopatia e mortalidade<sup>8,9</sup>. Sabe-se, ainda, que o risco desses eventos aumenta progressivamente com o aumento no n&#237;vel de hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias acumuladas nos &#250;ltimos anos mostram que as condutas n&#227;o-medicamentosas devem ser a estrat&#233;gia inicial para o tratamento de indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e hipertens&#227;o leve a moderada<sup>11-13</sup>. Nesse sentido, a dieta hipocal&#243;rica e o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico t&#234;m um papel de destaque<sup>14</sup>. Os resultados de estudos recentes mostram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular reduz a massa de gordura corporal total, a gordura subcut&#226;nea abdominal e visceral<sup>15,16</sup>, e melhora a resist&#234;ncia a insulina<sup>17-19</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico diminui a press&#227;o arterial em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos<sup>20</sup> e que esse efeito hipotensor pode ser continuado pela repeti&#231;&#227;o de sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio ao longo do tempo<sup>21-23</sup>. No entanto, esses efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico restringem-se aos programas de condicionamento f&#237;sico supervisionados ou programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em pacientes j&#225; acometidos de eventos card&#237;acos<sup>24,25</sup>. Portanto, o impacto de um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado no sobrepeso e na press&#227;o arterial &#233; pouco conhecido.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, descrevemos os efeitos de um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado, orientado de forma individualizada e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, por meio da <italic>internet,</italic> na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e na press&#227;o arterial, em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial pr&#243;ximos ao limite de normalidade.</p>
    <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese consistia no fato de que um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado, orientado de forma individualizada e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>, por um per&#237;odo de at&#233; seis meses, diminuiria o peso corporal, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e a press&#227;o arterial, em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e pr&#233;-hipertensos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p> De um total de 6.001 indiv&#237;duos cadastrados no Programa de Condicionamento F&#237;sico no Parque (Confipa), em desenvolvimento h&#225; seis anos no Parque do Ibirapuera e h&#225; tr&#234;s anos no Parque do Carmo, localizados no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, foram selecionados 135 indiv&#237;duos que preencheram todos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o estabelecidos no estudo: A) ambos os sexos; B) faixa et&#225;ria de dezoito a 74 anos; C) &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; D) aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via; E) n&#227;o-utiliza&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao controle da press&#227;o arterial e peso corporal; e F) ader&#234;ncia igual ou superior a dez entradas de dados mensais sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na ficha individual do sistema informatizado do Programa, num per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de seis meses consecutivos.</p>
    <p>Desses 135 indiv&#237;duos, 57 eram normotensos, com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 120 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &lt; 80 mmHg, e 78 eram pr&#233;-hipertensos, com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica entre 120 e 139 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica entre 80 e 89 mmHg, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o arterial do <italic>Seventh Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</italic> &#150; JNC, 2003<sup>26</sup>. As caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas, os fatores de risco de doen&#231;a coronariana e os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos dos indiv&#237;duos envolvidos no estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref>. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor &#150; aprova&#231;&#227;o SDC 2493/04/113) e Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (n&#250;mero 719/04).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas e procedimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado -</italic> O Programa de Condicionamento F&#237;sico no Parque, desenvolvido pela Unidade de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular e Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP no Parque do Ibirapuera e Parque do Carmo, localizados no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, em parceria com a Prefeitura do Munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, com a participa&#231;&#227;o da Secretaria de Esportes, Secretaria da Sa&#250;de, Secretaria de Governo e Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e, tamb&#233;m da Companhia de Processamento de Dados do Munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo (PRODAM), com in&#237;cio em junho de 1998, consiste de sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionadas e acompanhadas a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>.</p>
    <p>Para ingressar no Programa, o indiv&#237;duo deve preencher um question&#225;rio que lhe &#233; entregue num desses Parques, com o objetivo de conhecer a condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de do usu&#225;rio e coletar dados para avaliar se ele est&#225; apto &#224; pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionada. Em seguida, o indiv&#237;duo &#233; encaminhado para assistir a uma minipalestra sobre fatores de risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio sobre esses fatores e h&#225;bitos alimentares, cujo objetivo &#233; sensibiliz&#225;-lo da import&#226;ncia da pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e de uma boa condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>A etapa seguinte consiste de uma breve entrevista com o professor de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, para que seja definida a sua aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, o que &#233; baseado no seu estado de sa&#250;de, sintomas e fatores de risco de doen&#231;a coronariana e idade. A partir dessas informa&#231;&#245;es, o indiv&#237;duo &#233; classificado de acordo com um dos tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de risco cardiovascular (baixo, moderado ou alto), segundo as Diretrizes do <italic>American College of Sports Medicine</italic> 2000<sup>27</sup>. Conforme essa classifica&#231;&#227;o, &#233; decidido quanto &#224; necessidade de encaminhamento para exame m&#233;dico/cl&#237;nico ou exame m&#233;dico/cardiol&#243;gico, inclusive teste ergom&#233;trico, e at&#233; mesmo a indica&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que o indiv&#237;duo n&#227;o apresente nenhum fator que restrinja a sua pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionada, &#233; feita a programa&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. O tipo e a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o sugeridos de acordo com a condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de do usu&#225;rio, idade, aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, condi&#231;&#227;o musculoesquel&#233;tica, fator(es) de risco de doen&#231;a coronariana preexistente e disponibilidade para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. J&#225; a intensidade &#233; programada de acordo com a capacidade f&#237;sica estimada ou obtida no teste ergom&#233;trico, quando dispon&#237;vel, e o risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Esse procedimento leva a uma ampla faixa de programa&#231;&#227;o de intensidade de exerc&#237;cio (40% a 70% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva). A partir da&#237;, o usu&#225;rio passa a ter &#224; sua disposi&#231;&#227;o uma ficha informatizada de prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, com acesso via <italic>internet</italic>. Por meio dessa ficha informatizada, ele pode manter contato freq&#252;ente com os professores, informando dados sobre o seu bem-estar e alguns comportamentos fisiol&#243;gicos, como a sua freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, foi considerada uma ader&#234;ncia igual ou superior a dez entradas de dados mensais sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na ficha individual do sistema informatizado do Programa, num per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de seis meses consecutivos para que o indiv&#237;duo pudesse ser inclu&#237;do na amostragem. Finalmente, &#233; solicitado um retorno mensal para atualiza&#231;&#227;o do programa de exerc&#237;cios. Nesse momento, s&#227;o realizadas as avalia&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o arterial, peso corporal e medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura.</p>
    <p><italic>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</italic> - No Programa de Condicionamento F&#237;sico no Parque, as medidas da press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o realizadas segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o do <italic>Seventh Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure</italic> &#150; JNC, 2003<sup>26</sup>. A press&#227;o arterial &#233; medida por duas vezes, no mesmo dia, com intervalos de pelo menos dois minutos entre cada medida. Quando a diferen&#231;a entre as duas medidas de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica for superior a 5 mmHg, s&#227;o feitas novas verifica&#231;&#245;es em outro(s) dia(s), at&#233; que a diferen&#231;a seja inferior a esse valor. A primeira medida &#233; sempre realizada ap&#243;s dez minutos em repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. A press&#227;o arterial &#233; medida pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, utilizando-se esfigmoman&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio (K Takaoka, 207). As fases I e V do som de Korotkoff s&#227;o adotadas para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, respectivamente. Essas medidas s&#227;o realizadas no per&#237;odo da manh&#227;, entre 7 horas e 11 horas, sem que o indiv&#237;duo tenha realizado exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na mesma manh&#227; da medida. Nos dias mais frios n&#227;o s&#227;o realizadas medidas da press&#227;o arterial. Nesse caso, o indiv&#237;duo &#233; orientado a retornar num outro dia. &#201; solicitada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mensal da press&#227;o arterial (a cada atualiza&#231;&#227;o do programa do exerc&#237;cio).</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, foi considerado o valor m&#233;dio das duas medidas de press&#227;o arterial. Os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial foram utilizados para classificar os indiv&#237;duos como normotenso ou pr&#233;-hipertenso. E, para verificar os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, foram consideradas as medidas de press&#227;o arterial realizadas no terceiro e no sexto meses de acompanhamento no programa.</p>
    <p><italic>Medida do peso corporal e do &#237;ndice de massa corporal</italic> - No Programa de Condicionamento F&#237;sico no Parque, o peso corporal (kg) e a estatura (m) s&#227;o avaliados por meio de uma balan&#231;a de precis&#227;o (Filizola), com os indiv&#237;duos trajando roupa esportiva. A partir dessas medidas, &#233; calculado o IMC por meio da divis&#227;o do peso pela altura ao quadrado (IMC = peso(kg)/altura<sup>2</sup>(m)). No presente estudo foram consideradas as medidas realizadas no terceiro e no sexto meses de acompanhamento no programa. Essas medidas foram realizadas no mesmo dia das medidas de press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p><italic>Medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</italic> - No Programa de Condicionamento F&#237;sico no Parque, a medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (cm) &#233; feita com fita m&#233;trica colocada na linha do umbigo. Para o presente estudo foram utilizadas as medidas realizadas no terceiro e no sexto meses de acompanhamento no programa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; EP. Foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de um caminho para detectar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias. Quando foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa, os resultados foram analisados pelas compara&#231;&#245;es de Newman-Keuls. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis foi avaliada com o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia m&#237;nimo adotado foi de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos do programa n&#227;o supervisionado na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do peso corporal, IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>, nos grupos normotenso e pr&#233;-hipertenso, s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo de pr&#233;-hipertensos, o programa provocou queda significativa no peso corporal ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de interven&#231;&#227;o (<italic>p</italic> = 0,000002<italic>)</italic>. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o no peso corporal se manteve at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de interven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>). Resultados semelhantes foram verificados no IMC. O programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico provocou queda significativa no IMC aos tr&#234;s meses de programa (<italic>p</italic> = 0,021). Essa redu&#231;&#227;o foi mantida at&#233; o sexto m&#234;s de interven&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, o programa de condicionamento provocou diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nesse par&#226;metro no terceiro e no sexto meses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig.3</xref>, <italic>p</italic> = 0,0022).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="figura3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No grupo normotenso, o programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o alterou o peso corporal (<italic>p</italic> = 0,1205) e o IMC (<italic>p =</italic> 0,754). No entanto, a circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foi significativamente reduzida no sexto m&#234;s de programa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3">fig.3</xref>, <italic>p</italic> = 0,0087).</p>
    <p>An&#225;lises adicionais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>) mostraram que, no grupo pr&#233;-hipertenso, as altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas no peso, IMC e medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura foram independentes da idade e do n&#250;mero de entradas na ficha individual de controle via <italic>internet</italic>. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es, entretanto, foram dependentes dos valores de peso, IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura no in&#237;cio do programa. Al&#233;m disso, a altera&#231;&#227;o encontrada no peso se correlacionou com a altera&#231;&#227;o no IMC e na circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos do programa n&#227;o-supervisionado na press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s e seis meses de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>, nos grupos normotenso e pr&#233;-hipertenso, s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref><bold>.</bold> No grupo de indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos, o programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico provocou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e progressiva na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4">fig.4</xref>, <italic>p</italic> = 0,0001 e <italic>p</italic> = 0,0001, respectivamente) ao longo de seis meses de programa. Ao contr&#225;rio, no grupo normotenso, o programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o alterou a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (<italic>p</italic> = 0,3826 e <italic>p</italic> = 0,5623, respectivamente).</p>
    <fig id="figura4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>An&#225;lises adicionais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. 3</xref>) mostraram que a diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, encontrada no grupo pr&#233;-hipertenso, &#233; independente de idade, peso, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, n&#250;mero de entradas na <italic>Internet</italic> e mudan&#231;a porcentual do peso, IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Entretanto, a queda na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica dependeu do n&#237;vel inicial da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. A diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m foi independente de idade, peso, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, n&#250;mero de entradas na <italic>Internet</italic> e mudan&#231;a percentual do peso, IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, mas dependente do n&#237;vel inicial da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o de peso e IMC, em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos, ap&#243;s um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, tem, no m&#237;nimo, duas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes. Primeiro, o excesso de peso e a obesidade est&#227;o associados a uma s&#233;rie de fatores de risco de doen&#231;as, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao sistema cardiovascular<sup>2,3</sup>. Segundo, a mortalidade aumenta progressivamente com o aumento IMC<sup>28</sup>. Por exemplo, o risco de morte &#233; 1,3 vez maior em mulheres com IMC entre 25 e 26,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, quando comparado &#224;quele de mulheres com IMC &lt; 25kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um outro resultado de grande interesse no presente estudo &#233; a redu&#231;&#227;o da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, ap&#243;s um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos. O excesso de gordura na regi&#227;o abdominal e visceral est&#225; fortemente relacionado a maior incid&#234;ncia de hipertrigliceridemia, hiperinsulinemia de repouso, redu&#231;&#227;o de HDL-colesterol e apoliprote&#237;na B<sup>29</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, um aumento de 10% na medida da circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura provoca um aumento consider&#225;vel no n&#250;mero de pacientes acometidos de doen&#231;a coronariana e mesmo na taxa de mortalidade<sup>30</sup>. Portanto, os nossos resultados sugerem que o condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>, &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia relevante para a melhoria da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos na press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, a dieta hipocal&#243;rica e a redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio s&#227;o condutas n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicas consagradas no tratamento n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico da hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>11-13</sup>. Mais que isso, elas s&#227;o a primeira estrat&#233;gia no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o leve ou moderada<sup>26</sup>. Estudos anteriores t&#234;m mostrado que um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico supervisionado diminui a press&#227;o arterial em humanos com hipertens&#227;o arterial essencial<sup>21-23,31,32</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, ele diminui os riscos de acidentes cardiovasculares<sup>33,34</sup> e a depend&#234;ncia de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo estendem os nossos conhecimentos para o fato de que um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>, provoca queda na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica &#150; semelhantes &#224;quelas verificadas nos programas de condicionamento f&#237;sico supervisionados. Isto &#233;, ele reduz a press&#227;o arterial, principalmente naqueles indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis mais elevados de press&#227;o arterial. A diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial ap&#243;s seis meses de programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico &#233; ainda mais evidenciada que a diminui&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de programa. E essa altera&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial &#233; independente da perda de peso corporal, IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Estudos anteriores envolvendo um programa de exerc&#237;cios supervisionados tamb&#233;m mostram que a redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o arterial pode ser independente da redu&#231;&#227;o no peso corporal<sup>35,36</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; &#243;bvio que o presente estudo n&#227;o foi planejado para explicar os mecanismos envolvidos na queda press&#243;rica ap&#243;s um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia. No entanto, podemos sugerir alguns mecanismos para explicar a diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em nosso estudo. &#201; poss&#237;vel que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico tenha diminu&#237;do a resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e, conseq&#252;entemente, a press&#227;o arterial<sup>37,38</sup>. Estudos anteriores mostraram que o treinamento f&#237;sico diminuiu a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de catecolaminas<sup>39</sup> e a atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica muscular, em pacientes hipertensos (dados n&#227;o-publicados do nosso laborat&#243;rio). Portanto, n&#227;o seria surpresa que o condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado levasse a resultados semelhantes em pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos. Uma alternativa seria a diminui&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Estudos experimentais t&#234;m mostrado que o treinamento f&#237;sico diminui o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em ratos geneticamente hipertensos<sup>40</sup>. Essa diminui&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de uma atenua&#231;&#227;o no t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico que controla o cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>41,42</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Reconhecemos uma s&#233;rie de limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. O n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos que preencheram todos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e, portanto, puderam ser inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi limitado (de 6.001 indiv&#237;duos cadastrados foram inclu&#237;dos apenas 135). Um dos fatores que mais contribu&#237;ram para esse baixo n&#250;mero de inclus&#227;o no estudo foi o n&#237;vel de ader&#234;ncia ao programa. Conforme o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o estabelecido, somente aqueles indiv&#237;duos que tiveram no m&#237;nimo dez entradas de dados na ficha individualizada de acompanhamento via <italic>internet</italic> por m&#234;s, num per&#237;odo de seis meses consecutivos, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia da pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foi controlada pelas informa&#231;&#245;es colocadas pelo indiv&#237;duo na sua ficha de acompanhamento individual, o que n&#227;o garante que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio realmente aconteceu. Essa, entretanto, &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o inerente a esse tipo de estudo, cujo objetivo era exatamente o controle do indiv&#237;duo a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>.</p>
    <p>Um outro problema est&#225; relacionado &#224; intensidade do exerc&#237;cio. Esta foi programada de acordo com a capacidade f&#237;sica estimada ou obtida no teste ergom&#233;trico, j&#225; que os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram risco elevado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, no momento da inscri&#231;&#227;o no programa, foram encaminhados para teste ergom&#233;trico no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o. Isso levou a uma faixa de intensidade de exerc&#237;cio variada (40% a 70% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o podemos garantir que a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio foi seguida, conforme programada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perspectivas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico supervisionado a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>, &#233; uma forma segura, efetiva e de baixo custo, que deve ser implementada como um modelo de preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as e promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. O programa representa uma alternativa importante para a redu&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura e press&#227;o arterial, especialmente em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos. Entretanto, ele deve ser conduzido com uma estrutura de retaguarda para eventuais diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos ou mesmo de avalia&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas em esfor&#231;o. Nesse sentido, &#233; fundamental o apoio dos postos de sa&#250;de regionais e retaguarda hospitalar, com um grupo experiente em cardiologia do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, um programa de condicionamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o-supervisionado e acompanhado a dist&#226;ncia, via <italic>internet</italic>, por um per&#237;odo de seis meses, promove: 1) redu&#231;&#227;o no peso corporal e IMC em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos; 2) redu&#231;&#227;o na circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura em indiv&#237;duos normotensos e indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos; e 3) redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e progressiva na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em indiv&#237;duos pr&#233;-hipertensos.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ana Paula de Oliveira Barbosa Nunes </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Piso 1- Bl. 2 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ana.nunes@incor.usp.br">ana.nunes@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 11/02/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 18/05/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The effects of nonsupervised exercise program, via internet, on blood pressure and body composition in normotensive and pr&#233;-hipertensive individuals</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of a six-month non-supervised physical training program followed via the Internet on blood pressure and body composition in normotensive and borderline hypertensive individuals. METHODS: One hundred and thirty five individuals were divided into two groups: 1) normotensive individual (n = 57), 43 &#177; 1 years of age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt; 120 and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &lt; 80 mmHg (GI); and 2) borderline hypertensive individual (n = 78), 46 &#177; 1 years of age, SBP 120 to 139 and DBP 80 to 89 mmHg (GII). RESULTS: After a three and six-month physical training, GII individuals showed a significant reduction in SBP (-3.6 &#177; 0.94 and -10 &#177; 0.94 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05, respectively) and PAD (-6.5 &#177; 1 and -7.1 &#177; 0.9 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05, respectively), body weight (-1.12 &#177; 0.26 and -1.25 &#177; 0.31 kg, p &lt; 0.05, respectively), BMI (-0.79 &#177; 0.4 and -0.84 &#177; 0.41 kg/m&#178;, p &lt; 0.05, respectively) and waist circumference (-1.12 &#177; 0.53 and -1.84 &#177; 0.56 cm, p &lt; 0.05, respectively). In the GI group, the physical training led to a decrease in waist circumference at the sixth month (-1.6 &#177; 0.63 cm, p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSION: This program decreases blood pressure, body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in borderline hypertensive individuals, and is therefore a safe and low-cost strategy in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and improvement of health status of the population.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Non-supervised physical training</kwd>
        <kwd>blood pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>body composition</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The effects of nonsupervised exercise program, via internet, on blood pressure and body composition in normotensive and pr&#233;-hipertensive individuals</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ana Paula de Oliveira Barbosa Nunes; Aline Cristina dos Santos Rios; Gisela Arsa da Cunha; Antonio Carlos Pereira Barretto; Carlos Eduardo Negr&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP, Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de, Secretaria Municipal de Esportes, Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To verify the effects of a six-month non-supervised phy-sical training program followed via the Internet on blood pressure and body composition in normotensive and borderline hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> One hundred and thirty five individuals were divided into two groups: 1) normotensive individual (n = 57), 43 &#177; 1 years of age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt; 120 and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &lt; 80 mmHg (GI); and 2) borderline hypertensive individual (n = 78), 46 &#177; 1 years of age, SBP 120 to 139 and DBP 80 to 89 mmHg (GII).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After a three and six-month physical training, GII individuals showed a significant reduction in SBP (-3.6 &#177; 0.94 and -10 &#177; 0.94 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05, respectively) and PAD (-6.5 &#177; 1 and -7.1 &#177; 0.9 mmHg, p &lt; 0.05, respectively), body weight (-1.12 &#177; 0.26 and -1.25 &#177; 0.31 kg, p &lt; 0.05, respectively), BMI (-0.79 &#177; 0.4 and -0.84 &#177; 0.41 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.05, respectively) and waist circumference (-1.12 &#177; 0.53 and -1.84 &#177; 0.56 cm, p &lt; 0.05, respectively). In the GI group, the physical training led to a decrease in waist circumference at the sixth month (-1.6 &#177; 0.63 cm, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A non-supervised physical training program followed remotely via the Internet decreases blood pressure, body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in borderline hypertensive individuals, and is therefore a safe and low-cost strategy in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and improvement of health status of the population.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Non-supervised physical training, blood pressure, body composition.</p>
      <p>The number of overweight and obese persons has reached alarming levels in many industrialized countries. Brazil is unfortunately included in this excess weight syndrome. The results of the last census<sup>1</sup> show that 40% of the Brazilians are above the weight considered adequate. The point of concern of this statistical datum is the relation between obesity and certain diseases, especially those related to the cardiovascular system<sup>2,3</sup>. The occurrence of complications does not depend only on excess weight, but also on fat distribution. When fat is located in the waist area or around the viscera, an increase in the incidence of metabolic disorders associated with cardiovascular diseases, such as dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance, occurs. These disorders, in association with high blood pressure, characterize the metabolic syndrome<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Results of recent statistical studies show that, depending on the Brazilian region, 22% to 44% of the adult urban population has high blood pressure<sup>7</sup>. These figures become extremely important as high blood pressure is directly related to cerebrovascular events, coronary artery disease and mortality<sup>8,9</sup>. Also, the risk of these events is known to increase progressively with the increase in high blood pressure levels<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Evidences accumulated in the past few years show that non-pharmacological management should be the initial strategy to treat overweight individuals with mild to moderate hypertension<sup>11-13</sup>. In this sense, a low-calorie diet and exercises play a prominent role<sup>14</sup>. Results of recent studies show that regular exercise reduces total body fat mass, visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat<sup>15,16</sup>, and improves insulin resistance<sup>17-19</sup>. In addition, a single exercise session is known to decrease blood pressure in hypertensive individuals<sup>20</sup> and this hypotensive effect may continue with the repetition of exercise sessions throughout time<sup>21-23</sup>. However, these beneficial effects of exercises are restricted to supervised physical training programs or cardiovascular rehabilitation programs in patients already affected by cardiac events<sup>24,25</sup>. Therefore, the impact of a non-supervised physical training program on overweight and blood pressure is little known.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we describe the effects of a non-supervised physical training program customized and followed remotely via the Internet on body composition and blood pressure in normotensive and borderline hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p>Our hypothesis was that a non-supervised physical training program customized and followed remotely via the Internet for up to six months would lead to a decrease in body weight, waist circumference and blood pressure in normotensive and borderline hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p> One hundred and thirty five subjects were selected from a total of 6,001 subjects enrolled in the Physical Training in the Park Program (Confipa), that has been developed in Ibirapuera Park for six years and in Carmo Park for three years, both located in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The subjects met all the inclusion criteria established in the study: A) both genders; B) age range 18 to 74 years; C) body mass index (BMI) &lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; D) absence of previous cardiovascular disease; E) non-use of medications, especially those related to blood pressure and body weight control; and F) compliance equal to or higher than ten monthly data entries on the performance of exercises in the personal chart of the Program computerized system for at least six consecutive months.</p>
      <p>Fifty seven out of these 135 subjects were normotensive, with a systolic blood pressure &lt; 120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure &lt; 80 mmHg; 78 were borderline hypertensive with a systolic blood pressure between 120 and 139 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure between 80 and 89 mmHg, according to the high blood pressure classification of the Seventh Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure &#150; JNC, 2003<sup>26</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows physical characteristics, risk factors for coronary artery disease and hemodynamic parameters of the subjects involved in the study. The study was approved by the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> Research Ethics Committee (InCor &#150; approval SDC 2493/04/113) and by the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> Research Ethics Committee (number 719/04).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Measures and procedures</bold>
      </p>
      <p><italic>Non-supervised physical training program -</italic> The Physical Training in the Park Program developed by the Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit of <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> (InCor) HCFM-USP in Ibirapuera Park and Carmo Park located in the city of Sao Paulo in partnership with Sao Paulo City Administration, with the participation of the Sports Office, Health Office, Government Office and Environment Office, and the Data Processing Company of the City of Sao Paulo (PRODAM), started as of June, 1998, consists of non-supervised exercise sessions followed remotely via the Internet.</p>
      <p>To be admitted in the Program individuals must fill out a questionnaire they receive in one of these Parks, with the objective of learning about the users' health status and collecting data to evaluate whether they are able to practice non-supervised exercises. Next, individuals are referred to watch a small lecture on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, the benefits of exercises on these factors, and eating habits, whose objective is to make them aware of the importance of the regular practice of exercises and of a good health status.</p>
      <p>The following phase consists of a brief interview with a physical education teacher to define their physical ability, which is based on their health status, symptoms and risk factors for coronary artery diseases, and age. Based on these data, individuals are classified in one of the three levels of cardiovascular risk (low, moderate or high), according to the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine 2000<sup>27</sup>. According to this classification, a decision is made on whether to refer the individual to a medical/clinical examination or to a medical/cardiologic examination, including exercise test, and even the indication of a supervised exercise.</p>
      <p>Once the individual does not present any factor restricting his non-supervised exercise practice, the exercise programming is performed. The type and duration of the exercise are suggested according to the user's health status, age, physical ability, muscle-skeletal conditions, preexisting risk factor(s) for coronary artery disease and availability to practice the exercises. The intensity, in turn, is programmed in accordance with the physical ability estimated or obtained with the exercise test, when available, and the cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>This procedure leads to a wide range of exercise intensity programming (40% to 70% of heart rate reserve). From then on, a computerized chart of exercise prescription is made available to users via the Internet. By means of this computerized chart, users are able to contact the teachers frequently, providing them with information on their well-being and on some physiological parameters, such as their heart rate during the exercise session.</p>
      <p>In the present study, a compliance equal to or higher than ten monthly data entries on the practice of exercises in the personal chart of the Program's computerized system for at least six consecutive months was considered to include subjects in the sample. Finally, subjects are asked to attend a monthly follow-up appointment to update the exercise program. At this moment, blood pressure, body weight and waist circumference measurement are evaluated.</p>
      <p><italic>Evaluation of blood pressure -</italic> In the Physical Training in the Park Program, blood pressure readings are performed in accordance with recommendations for the diagnosis of hypertension of the Seventh Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure &#150; JNC, 2003<sup>26</sup>. Blood pressure is measured twice on the same day, at least at two-minute intervals between each reading. When the difference between the two diastolic blood pressure readings is higher than 5 mmHg, further readings are taken on a different day(s), until the difference is lower than this value. The first reading is always taken after ten minutes of rest in the sitting position. Blood pressure is measured using the auscultation method, with a mercury column sphygmomanometer (K Takaoka, 207). Korotkoff sounds phase I and V are adopted to identify systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. These readings are taken in the morning, between 7 and 11 o'clock prior to the practice of exercises that same day. On colder days blood pressure readings are not taken. In this case, subjects are told to come back some other day. A monthly blood pressure evaluation is requested (whenever the exercise program is updated).</p>
      <p>In the present study the mean value of the two blood pressure readings was considered. Blood pressure levels were used to classify individuals as normotensive or borderline hypertensive. To verify the effects of exercises, blood pressure readings taken in the third and sixth months of follow-up in the program were considered.</p>
      <p><italic>Body weight and body mass index measurements</italic> - In the Physical Training in the Park Program body weight (kg) and height (m) are evaluated using a precision scale (Filizola&#174;), with individuals in sports outfits. With these measurements, BMI is calculated as weight divided by height squared [BMI = weight (kg)/ height<sup>2</sup>(m)]. In the present study, measurements taken in the third and sixth months of follow-up in the program were considered. These measurements and blood pressure readings were taken on the same day.</p>
      <p><italic>Waist circumference measurement</italic> - In the Physical Training in the Park Program, waist circumference (cm) is measured with a tape measure placed at the navel level. Measurements taken in the third and sixth months of follow-up in the program were used in the present study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Results are shown as mean &#177; SE. The one way analysis of variance was used to detect possible differences between the means. When a significant difference was found results were analyzed using Newman-Keuls comparisons. The relation between variables was analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient. The minimum significance level adopted was <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects of the non-supervised program on body composition</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the results of body weight, BMI and waist circumference in the beginning and three and six months after non-supervised physical training followed remotely via the Internet in the normotensive and borderline hypertensive groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the borderline hypertensive group the program caused a significant decrease in body weight after a three-month intervention (<italic>p</italic> = 0.000002<italic>)</italic>. This reduction in body weight was maintained up to the sixth month of intervention (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). Similar results were observed for BMI. The physical training program caused a significant decrease in BMI at the third month of program (<italic>p</italic> = 0.021). This reduction was maintained up to the sixth month of intervention (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). In relation to waist circumference, the training program caused a significant decrease in this parameter at the third and sixth months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0022).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="figura3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the normotensive group the physical training program did not affect either body weight (<italic>p</italic> = 0.1205) or BMI (<italic>p =</italic> 0.754). However, waist circumference was significantly reduced at the sixth month of program (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0087).</p>
      <p>Additional analyses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_28920t3-body2">Table 3</xref>) showed that in the borderline hypertensive group the alterations observed in weight, BMI and waist circumference measurement were independent of age and number of entries in the personal chart controlled via the Internet. However, these alterations were dependent on weight, BMI and waist circumference values at the beginning of the program. In addition, the alteration observed in weight was correlated with the alteration in BMI and in waist circumference.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_28920t3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects of the non-supervised program on blood pressure</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings at the beginning and three and six months after non-supervised physical training followed remotely via the Internet in the normotensive and borderline hypertensive groups. In the group of borderline hypertensive individuals the physical training program caused a significant and progressive reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura4-body2">Fig.4</xref>, <italic>p</italic> = 0.0001 e <italic>p</italic> = 0.0001, respectively) throughout six months of program. However, in the normotensive group, the physical training program did not change systolic and diastolic pressures (<italic>p</italic> = 0.3826 and <italic>p</italic> = 0.5623, respectively).</p>
      <fig id="figura4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0289-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Additional analyses (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_28920t3-body2">Table 3</xref>) showed that the decrease in systolic blood pressure observed in the borderline hypertensive group is independent of age, weight, BMI, waist circumference, number of entries in the Internet, and percentage change in weight, BMI and waist circumference. However, the decrease in systolic blood pressure was dependent of its initial level. The decrease in diastolic blood pressure was also independent of age, weight, BMI, waist circumference, number of entries in the Internet, and percentage in weight, BMI and waist circumference, but it was dependent of the initial diastolic blood pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects on body composition</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The reduction in weight and BMI in borderline hypertensive individuals after a non-supervised physical training program followed remotely has at least two important clinical implications. First, excess weight and obesity are associated with a series of risk factors for diseases especially those related to the cardiovascular system<sup>2,3</sup>. Second, mortality increases progressively with increases in BMI<sup>28</sup>. For instance, death risk is 1.3 times higher among women with BMI between 25 and 26.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, when compared to that of women with BMI &lt; 25kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another result of major interest in the present study is the reduction in waist circumference after a non-supervised physical training program followed remotely in normotensive and borderline hypertensive individuals. Exceess fat in the abdominal and visceral regions is strongly related to a higher incidence of hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia at rest, and HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B reduction<sup>29</sup>. In addition, a 10% increase in waist circumference measurement causes a considerable increase in the number of patients affected by coronary artery diseases and even in mortality rate<sup>30</sup>. Therefore, our results suggest that a non-supervised physical training followed remotely via the Internet is a relevant strategy for the improvement of health conditions and prevention of diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects on blood pressure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regular practice of exercises, a low-calorie diet and reduction of sodium intake are well-established non-pharmacological approaches in the non-pharmacological treatment of high blood pressure<sup>11-13</sup>. More than that, they are the first strategy in the treatment of mild or moderate hypertension<sup>26</sup>. Previous studies have shown that a supervised exercise program leads to a decrease in blood pressure in humans with essential arterial hypertension<sup>21-23,31,32</sup>, in addition to decreasing the risk of cardiovascular acidents<sup>33,34</sup> and the dependence on anti-hypertensive drugs<sup>35</sup>.</p>
      <p>The results of the present study broaden our knowledge of the fact that a non-supervised exercise program followed remotely via Internet causes a reduction in systolic and diastolic pressures &#150; similar to those observed in supervised physical training programs. That is, the non-supervised program decreases blood pressure mainly among individuals with higher blood pressure levels. The decrease in blood pressure after a six-month physical training program is even more intense than after a three-month program. This alteration in blood pressure is independent of BMI, waist circumference and body weight loss. Previous studies of supervised exercise programs also show that the reduction in blood pressure may be independent of body weight reduction<sup>35,36</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is obvious that the present study was not designed to explain the mechanisms involved in blood pressure reduction after a non-supervised physical training program followed remotely. Nevertheless, we can suggest some mechanisms to explain the decrease in blood pressure in our study. Exercise might have decreased peripheral vascular resistance and, consequently, blood pressure<sup>37,38</sup>. Previous studies have shown that physical training decreases plasma levels of catecholamines<sup>39</sup> and muscle sympathetic nerve activity in hypertensive patients (unpublished data from our laboratory). Therefore, it would be no surprise if non-supervised physical training led to similar results in borderline hypertensive patients. Alternatively, there could have been a decrease in cardiac output.</p>
      <p>Experimental studies have demonstrated that physical training decreases cardiac output in genetically hypertensive rats<sup>40</sup>. This decrease is associated with a decrease in heart rate as a consequence of an attenuation of the sympathetic tonus that controls the heart<sup>41,42</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We admit a series of limitations in our study. The number of subjects meeting all inclusion criteria and who could, therefore, be included in the study was limited (only 135 out of 6,001 subjects enrolled were included). One of the factors that contributed the most to this low number of inclusions in the study was the level of compliance to the program. In accordance with the inclusion criteria established, only those subjects who had at least ten data entries in the personal follow-up chart via the Internet in a month, for six consecutive months, were included in the study. The frequency of exercise practice was controlled by information provided by the individual in their personal follow-up chart, which is not a guarantee that the frequency of exercise actually occurred. This, however, is a limitation inherent to this type of study, whose objective was precisely to control individuals remotely via the Internet.</p>
      <p>Another problem is related to the exercise intensity which was programmed according to the physical ability estimated or obtained in an exercise test, since individuals presenting a high risk of cardiovascular disease at the moment of the enrollment in the program were referred to an exercise test at the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic>. This has led to a wide range of exercise intensity (40% to 70% of the heart rate reserve). Additionally, we cannot ensure that the exercise intensity was followed as programmed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prospects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A physical training program supervised remotely via the Internet is a safe, effective and low-cost mode of follow-up that should be implemented as a model for the prevention of diseases and health promotion for the Brazilian population. The program is an important alternative to reduce body weight, BMI, waist circumference and blood pressure, especially in borderline hypertensive individuals. However, it should be conducted with a support structure for occasional clinical diagnoses or even cardiac evaluation with exertion tests. In this sense, local health station and hospital support with a team specialized in exercise cardiology is key.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, this six-month non-supervised physical training program followed remotely via the Internet promotes: 1) reduction in body weight and BMI in borderline hypertensive individuals; 2) reduction in waist circumference in normotensive and borderline hypertensive individuals; and 3) significant and progressive reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressures in borderline hypertensive individuals.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ana Paula de Oliveira Barbosa Nunes</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - Piso 1- Bl. 2</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ana.nunes@incor.usp.br">ana.nunes@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 02/11/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 05/18/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
