<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8fLvq9KfYk8GStv9xPC9q9R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000400008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia entre medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas obtidas durante o exame no ecocardi&#243;grafo com medidas de imagens digitalizadas: estudo transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Am&#233;lia Bulh&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zuccolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schuck J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Adalberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pandolfo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feier</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>283</fpage>
      <lpage>288</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia entre medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas das dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas, obtidas atrav&#233;s do aplicativo Echo off-line (programa para obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas de imagens digitalizadas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada), com as realizadas convencionalmente. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal, contempor&#226;neo, sendo randomizados 56 pacientes. Atrav&#233;s do programa Echo off-line foram mensuradas as medidas ao modo M e 2D ao n&#237;vel dos ventr&#237;culos, do &#225;trio esquerdo e da aorta. Estas medidas foram comparadas &#224;s realizadas por outro profissional, atrav&#233;s do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r), com alfa cr&#237;tico de 0,05 e pela an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia (Bland e Altman). RESULTADOS: As mensura&#231;&#245;es realizadas no sistema Echo off-line demonstraram r de 0,85 a 0,98. A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia mostrou que, para a maioria das medidas, a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os m&#233;todos foi aproximadamente zero. A varia&#231;&#227;o de valores absolutos n&#227;o apresentou, em m&#233;dia, signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. O aplicativo Echo off-line permite uma redu&#231;&#227;o de, aproximadamente, 30% no tempo para realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas. CONCLUS&#195;O: Este trabalho demonstrou a acur&#225;cia do programa Echo off-line para mensurar as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, podendo ser utilizado rotineiramente nos laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o de imagem guiada por computa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>programa de dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia entre medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas obtidas durante o exame no ecocardi&#243;grafo com medidas de imagens digitalizadas. estudo transversal</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Am&#233;lia Bulh&#245;es Hatem; Iran Castro; Domingos M. Hatem; Marcos Zuccolotto; Adalberto Schuck J&#250;nior; Lucia C. Pellanda; Fernanda Pandolfo; Fl&#225;via Feier</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia entre medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas das dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas, obtidas atrav&#233;s do aplicativo <italic>Echo off-line</italic> (programa para obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas de imagens digitalizadas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada), com as realizadas convencionalmente. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal, contempor&#226;neo, sendo randomizados 56 pacientes. Atrav&#233;s do programa <italic>Echo off-line</italic> foram mensuradas as medidas ao modo M e 2D ao n&#237;vel dos ventr&#237;culos, do &#225;trio esquerdo e da aorta. Estas medidas foram comparadas &#224;s realizadas por outro profissional, atrav&#233;s do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (<italic>r</italic>), com alfa cr&#237;tico de 0,05 e pela an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia (Bland e Altman). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As mensura&#231;&#245;es realizadas no sistema <italic>Echo off-line</italic> demonstraram <italic>r</italic> de 0,85 a 0,98. A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia mostrou que, para a maioria das medidas, a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os m&#233;todos foi aproximadamente zero. A varia&#231;&#227;o de valores absolutos n&#227;o apresentou, em m&#233;dia, signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. O aplicativo <italic>Echo off-line</italic> permite uma redu&#231;&#227;o de, aproximadamente, 30% no tempo para realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este trabalho demonstrou a acur&#225;cia do programa <italic>Echo off-line</italic> para mensurar as dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, podendo ser utilizado rotineiramente nos laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Interpreta&#231;&#227;o de imagem guiada por computa&#231;&#227;o, ecocardiografia, programa de dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico.</p>
    <p>Desde os estudos iniciais da ecocardiografia, por Edler e Hertz, em 1953, muito se tem pesquisado em tecnologia para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>O protocolo do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico propriamente dito, inclui a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um conjunto de medidas das estruturas card&#237;acas, j&#225; bem validadas em literatura<sup>1</sup>, que s&#227;o utilizadas como par&#226;metros para avalia&#231;&#227;o de desempenho card&#237;aco e acompanhamento da evolu&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias.</p>
    <p>Os valores dos volumes sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e da massa ventricular, j&#225; est&#227;o bem validados por meio de estudos que demonstraram haver bom &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o com os achados de medidas angiocardiogr&#225;ficas<sup>2,3</sup>. Os valores normais das dimens&#245;es das cavidades para &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos foram estabelecidos previamente<sup>4,5</sup>, para o eco bidimensional e para o modo M<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Feigenbaum<sup>8</sup>, em 1988, foi o primeiro a descrever o uso da aquisi&#231;&#227;o da imagem, em formato digital, em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia digital permite a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens de alta qualidade que podem ser revistas, possibilitando a an&#225;lise de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, permitindo a compara&#231;&#227;o imediata com exames pr&#233;vios<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada consiste em um computador dotado de placas de captura de imagens e um programa que permite calibrar e mensurar as imagens, obtidas durante o exame convencional e armazenadas sob forma digital.</p>
    <p>A digitaliza&#231;&#227;o das imagens pode reduzir o tempo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames e, conseq&#252;entemente, seu custo, permitindo, tamb&#233;m, o envio de imagens a centros de refer&#234;ncia, sem a necessidade de transporte de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em se apresentando estas vantagens, &#233; fundamental que se estabele&#231;a a acur&#225;cia das medidas realizadas em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, para que seja poss&#237;vel a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Portanto, o objetivo prim&#225;rio deste trabalho &#233; avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o e a concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas de an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;ficas pelo modo M e bidimensional, obtidas atrav&#233;s do programa para obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas de imagens digitalizadas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, desenvolvido em nosso meio, com as medidas realizadas convencionalmente durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o rotineira dos exames, demonstrando, assim, a aplicabilidade deste programa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo transversal, do tipo contempor&#226;neo, em que foram estudados 56 pacientes, encaminhados ao setor de m&#233;todos gr&#225;ficos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, no per&#237;odo de agosto a novembro de 2002, por indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de seu m&#233;dico assistente; independente da presen&#231;a, ou n&#227;o, de condi&#231;&#227;o patol&#243;gica card&#237;aca e do tipo de doen&#231;a cardiol&#243;gica. Estes pacientes eram selecionados de forma aleat&#243;ria, atrav&#233;s de programa especialmente desenvolvido para tal tarefa (dispon&#237;vel livremente em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cardiologia.org.br">www.cardiologia.org.br</ext-link>).</p>
    <p>Cada paciente selecionado foi comunicado da natureza do trabalho realizado, assinando um termo de consentimento informado, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o onde foi realizado o estudo, permitindo a captura e a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de suas imagens para fins da pesquisa.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos seis pacientes da amostra, sendo estabelecidos os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: 1&#186;) janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica paraesternal longitudinal esquerda limitada; 2&#186;) presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares das paredes septal e posterior; e 3&#186;) recusa em assinar consentimento informado.</p>
    <p><italic>Sistema de mensura&#231;&#227;o de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</italic> - Foi desenvolvido um sistema que possui dois modos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e registro dos dados: um, que &#233; o acesso ao banco de dados local, permitindo a integra&#231;&#227;o com o sistema de laudos do hospital, automatizando o processo de registro de dados dos exames efetuados; e o outro, o acesso a arquivos, no qual a imagem &#233; lida diretamente de um arquivo tipo JPEG (opcionalmente de um arquivo BMP) e os resultados s&#227;o gravados em um arquivo texto. Este modo permite a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do aplicativo <italic>Echo off-line</italic> em qualquer situa&#231;&#227;o, sem a necessidade de acesso ao banco de dados da institui&#231;&#227;o (o programa est&#225; dispon&#237;vel livremente em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cardiologia.org.br">www.cardiologia.org.br</ext-link> ).</p>
    <p>O <italic>software</italic> LAUDOS foi desenvolvido em Delphi 5.0, utilizando, inicialmente, o banco de dados no formato MDB - <italic>Microsoft Database</italic>. Posteriormente, o aplicativo foi reescrito, utilizando-se o padr&#227;o SQL<italic>,</italic> visando &#224; sua integra&#231;&#227;o com o banco de dados <italic>Oracle</italic> da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O m&#243;dulo de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, na esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho <italic>(off-line),</italic> utiliza uma interface gr&#225;fica, na qual s&#227;o ajustados os par&#226;metros de escala. As medidas s&#227;o realizadas sobre imagens est&#225;ticas, em formato JPEG ou BMP<italic>,</italic> adquiridas por meio de <italic>hardware</italic> e <italic>software</italic> da <italic>ATI Technologies</italic>, acoplados a um microcomputador da linha PC, com sistema operacional <italic>Microsoft Windows</italic>. O aplicativo, al&#233;m da interface gr&#225;fica, permite ao usu&#225;rio definir grupos de medidas, frases e modelos de laudos que facilitam o processo descritivo e possibilitam o cruzamento de dados para trabalhos cient&#237;ficos.</p>
    <p>Para a implementa&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Echo off-line</italic>, utilizou-se a ferramenta C<italic>++</italic> Builder, na vers&#227;o 5.0, da empresa Inprise. O C++ <italic>Builder</italic> &#233; uma ferramenta tipo RAD <italic>(Rapid Application Development)</italic> que utiliza a linguagem C++ na implementa&#231;&#227;o do c&#243;digo. A interface com o usu&#225;rio foi constru&#237;da atrav&#233;s do uso de componentes denominados <italic>Form</italic> (formul&#225;rios).</p>
    <p>Foi utilizado, na realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames, o aparelho ecocardi&#243;grafo (Sonos 2500, <italic>Hewlett Packard</italic>, Andover, Mass.,USA) com transdutor multifreq&#252;encial de 2 a 2,5 MHz, tendo a ele acoplada uma placa de captura de v&#237;deo ATI <italic>all-in-wonder,</italic> instalada em um microcomputador PC <italic>Pentium</italic> II, conectado &#224; rede corporativa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O programa de medidas, em uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada <italic>Echo off-line</italic>, foi instalado em um &#250;nico computador, na institui&#231;&#227;o, com a seguinte configura&#231;&#227;o: Pentium 4, com 256 Mb de mem&#243;ria, rodando sistema operacional Windows 2000, monitor <italic>LG Studioworks</italic> 995E de 17<italic>&#178;</italic>, com brilho regulado em 66 e contraste em 68, placa de v&#237;deo <italic>Hauppage win/TV</italic> 878 e <italic>mouse Logitech</italic> modelo DGPGF.</p>
    <p>Foram capturadas imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em corte paraestenal longitudinal ao modo M e bidimensional, no n&#237;vel de aorta e &#225;trio esquerdo e no n&#237;vel dos ventr&#237;culos em s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography Comittee on Standards</italic><sup>2</sup>, por um &#250;nico ecocardiografista. Cada imagem empregada na mensura&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi digitalizada, utilizando-se uma resolu&#231;&#227;o de 640 x 480 pixels, e armazenada sob o formato JPEG. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da coleta de dados, o exame do paciente prosseguia na sua rotina normal.</p>
    <p>Um segundo m&#233;dico ecocardiografista realizava as mesmas mensura&#231;&#245;es ao modo M e bidimensional, utilizando o programa <italic>Echo off-line</italic>. Cada imagem foi mensurada duas vezes, com intervalo m&#237;nimo de um dia entre as medidas, com o objetivo de realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o intra-observador e da correla&#231;&#227;o e concord&#226;ncia interobservador, permitindo avaliar a reprodutibilidade da ferramenta.</p>
    <p>Para cada corte ao modo M e bidimensional, o programa <italic>Echo off-line</italic> era calibrado para permitir medidas de maior fidelidade, utilizando-se a escala fornecida pelo programa<italic>.</italic> O tempo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o destas medidas foi, tamb&#233;m, cronometrado atrav&#233;s deste aplicativo.</p>
    <p>As medidas foram anotadas em uma ficha de exame, registrando-se a hora de ingresso e sa&#237;da do paciente. Todo o procedimento foi gravado em fita de v&#237;deo VHS.</p>
    <p>O desenho da tela principal do programa <italic>Echo off-line</italic> &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref>. A maior parte da tela &#233; ocupada pela imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Procurou-se criar uma organiza&#231;&#227;o visual simples e clara. Os bot&#245;es foram dispostos em uma ordem que segue a seq&#252;&#234;ncia natural de uso da ferramenta. Inicia-se abrindo a imagem a ser mensurada, segue-se com a calibra&#231;&#227;o da escala e, depois, procede-se &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0283-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As medidas ao modo M e bidimensional s&#227;o apresentadas sob a forma de m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foram calculados os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre as medidas obtidas durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame convencional e as obtidas atrav&#233;s do programa para obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas de imagens digitalizadas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, considerando um alfa cr&#237;tico de 0,05. Este coeficiente indica o quanto duas vari&#225;veis est&#227;o linearmente relacionadas, por&#233;m, n&#227;o expressa, corretamente, a concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas. Os dois m&#233;todos foram adicionalmente comparados pela an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia descrita por Bland e Altman, que permite estabelecer limites de concord&#226;ncia entre medidas cl&#237;nicas realizadas atrav&#233;s de dois m&#233;todos diferentes<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise da varia&#231;&#227;o intra-observador para as medidas obtidas com o referido programa, utilizando-se a an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia de Bland e Altman<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 56 pacientes, sendo 32 (57%) do sexo feminino e 24 (43%), do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 48 anos, variando de 14 a 86 anos. As imagens foram capturadas durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, no per&#237;odo de agosto a novembro de 2002.</p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref>, s&#227;o apresentados as m&#233;dias e os respectivos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas realizadas convencionalmente e com o programa <italic>Echo off-line</italic>, ao modo M, e, na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref>, s&#227;o descritos as m&#233;dias e os respectivos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas realizadas convencionalmente e com o programa <italic>Echo off-line</italic>, ao modo Bidimensional.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0283-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0283-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Estas duas tabelas demonstram que existem &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o adequados entre as medidas realizadas pelos dois m&#233;todos, sendo que estes &#237;ndices variaram de 0,85 a 0,98. Observamos, tamb&#233;m, que as mensura&#231;&#245;es ao modo bidimensional demonstraram &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o superiores &#224;s realizadas no modo M, tendo uma varia&#231;&#227;o intra e interobservador de aproximadamente 10%.</p>
    <p>As medidas que apresentaram no nosso estudo maiores varia&#231;&#245;es entre os m&#233;todos foram as da aorta, do ventr&#237;culo direito e das espessuras parietais, ao modo M, j&#225; descritas na literatura como as que apresentam maior variabilidade interobservador<sup>21</sup>. A dimens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito apresenta a maior varia&#231;&#227;o entre todas as medidas, pois &#233; dependente da posi&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>No gr&#225;fico<bold>,</bold> &#233; exibida a an&#225;lise da concord&#226;ncia realizada para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole, entre os dois m&#233;todos de mensura&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es cavit&#225;rias ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ao modo M e bidimensional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0283-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas ao modo M e bidimensional mostraram&#150;se adequadas para a grande maioria das medidas, pois a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os m&#233;todos foi muito pr&#243;xima a zero.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise da varia&#231;&#227;o das medidas intra-observador, ao modo M e bidimensional, utilizando-se o &#237;ndice de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, para avaliar a reprodutibilidade da realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas pelo mesmo observador, realizando as mesmas, com o aplicativo <italic>Echo off-line.</italic> Os &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o variaram de 0,81 a 0,98, mostrando-se adequada a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta ferramenta, pois a reprodutibilidade das medidas foi adequada.</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os tempos utilizados nos dois m&#233;todos indica que, utilizando-se a ferramenta <italic>Echo off-line,</italic> obt&#233;m-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de, no m&#237;nimo, 30% do tempo empregado para realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas, quando comparado com o tempo para realiz&#225;-las no ecocardi&#243;grafo (m&#233;todo convencional).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, no programa <italic>Echo off-line,</italic> permitiu uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de tempo de uso do aparelho de 1.000 min/m&#234;s, possibilitando um incremento no n&#250;mero de exames realizados de, aproximadamente, 50 exames ao m&#234;s, por ecocardi&#243;grafo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A rotina dos exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos inclui, al&#233;m de um detalhado exame do paciente, a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens e mensura&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis quantitativas. O desejo de realizar tais medidas fora da sala de exames foi, por v&#225;rios anos, prejudicada pelo fato de que as esta&#231;&#245;es de trabalho, dedicadas a esta fun&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o eram custo-efetivas, o desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico de computa&#231;&#227;o passou a permitir um custo operacional mais acess&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>A vantagem da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia digital &#233; a obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens de alta qualidade, que podem ser revistas, possibilitando a an&#225;lise de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos <italic>off-line</italic>, com c&#225;lculo de medidas de dimens&#245;es e Doppler<italic>,</italic> necessitando de espa&#231;os menores e mais organizados para armazenamento das imagens. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; simplificada com a informa&#231;&#227;o de calibra&#231;&#227;o DICOM <italic>(Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine</italic>), permitindo realizar medi&#231;&#245;es diretas, gerar relat&#243;rios eletr&#244;nicos e banco de dados.</p>
    <p>A grava&#231;&#227;o de imagens em fitas VHS &#233; universalmente utilizada para armazenar imagens, pois, o custo para arquivar os dados, no sistema de compress&#227;o do tipo JPEG<italic>,</italic> gira em torno de U$ 1.90 d&#243;lares por paciente, enquanto o custo para arquivar em fita VHS, de 120 minutos, fica em torno de U$ 0.32 d&#243;lares. Assim, o custo para realiza&#231;&#227;o de armazenamento digital &#233; seis vezes maior<sup>13</sup>. Esse custo, por&#233;m, justifica-se, j&#225; que a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de programas de informatiza&#231;&#227;o agiliza a entrega dos resultados, inclusive disponibilizando os mesmos em rede local (Intranet) e rede externa (Internet), permitindo uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o arquivo m&#233;dico (prontu&#225;rio informatizado) e os dados de exames, e reduz a dura&#231;&#227;o do tempo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames.</p>
    <p>Outra vantagem do armazenamento de imagens de forma digital &#233; a menor possibilidade da degrada&#231;&#227;o de imagem, com permuta e transmiss&#227;o de dados mais f&#225;ceis, possibilitando a compara&#231;&#227;o de forma r&#225;pida e simult&#226;nea com exames pr&#233;vios<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A possibilidade do envio de imagens m&#233;dicas a centros de refer&#234;ncia permite que os pacientes, atendidos em centros de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria, recebam um tipo de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica de melhor qualidade, evitando transport&#225;-los, desnecessariamente, para hospitais terci&#225;rios, al&#233;m de favorecer uma educa&#231;&#227;o &#224; dist&#226;ncia dos m&#233;dicos daqueles servi&#231;os, qualificando melhor a equipe que presta servi&#231;o nestes centros.</p>
    <p>Mohler e cols.<sup>15</sup> compararam interpreta&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiogramas digitais e de videoteipes em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica de um departamento de emerg&#234;ncia. A taxa de concord&#226;ncia dos dois m&#233;todos para an&#225;lise da contratilidade segmentar foi de 94%.</p>
    <p>Karson e cols.<sup>16</sup> demonstraram que o armazenamento digital permite uma qualidade superior de imagens comparadas com videoteipe, com uma compress&#227;o de at&#233; 20:1. Este estudo observou 179 pacientes, embora apenas um pequeno n&#250;mero de imagens tenha sido avaliado.</p>
    <p>Soble e cols.<sup>17</sup> compararam an&#225;lises de imagens MPEG<italic>-</italic>1 com imagens por videoteipe numa s&#233;rie de 58 pacientes, encontrando uma concord&#226;ncia de 83%.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Segar e cols.<sup>18</sup>, foram avaliados 110 exames gravados, simultaneamente, em videoteipe e digitalizados, encontrando uma taxa de concord&#226;ncia de cerca de 83%.</p>
    <p>O estudo de Mobarek e cols.<sup>19</sup> sugere que a acur&#225;cia, na interpreta&#231;&#227;o em sistemas digitalizados, n&#227;o &#233; sacrificada, apesar da necessidade de realizar uma "compress&#227;o cl&#237;nica" significante, ou seja, o operador limitar as grava&#231;&#245;es a segmentos ou <italic>loop</italic>s de 1 ou 2 ciclos card&#237;acos. Em 93 pacientes consecutivos, os dados digitais que sofreram este tipo de compress&#227;o eram comparados com um estudo completo gravado em videoteipe<italic>.</italic> A concord&#226;ncia na interpreta&#231;&#227;o entre estas duas t&#233;cnicas foi estimada em 99%, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no tempo de interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Haluska e cols.<sup>20</sup> avaliaram o uso de imagens digitalizadas no diagn&#243;stico de pacientes com doen&#231;as valvulares. Cento e um pacientes portadores de defici&#234;ncias valvulares foram selecionados e seus exames foram digitalizados, utilizando o padr&#227;o JPEG, com compress&#227;o de 20:1, bem como gravados em fita VHS. Os par&#226;metros mensurados foram altamente concordantes entre os dois m&#233;todos.</p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstrou que a ferramenta de medidas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, desenvolvida na nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, apresenta &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o compar&#225;veis aos dos outros trabalhos, j&#225; descritos em literatura, al&#233;m de bons &#237;ndices de reprodutibilidade das medidas intra-observador.</p>
    <p>O sistema avaliado permite uma melhor utiliza&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos de custo mais elevados, os ecocardi&#243;grafos, transferindo, para a unidade de trabalho dedicada, as tarefas de mensura&#231;&#245;es e emiss&#227;o de laudos, sem &#244;nus para a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. Com isso, h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o no custo unit&#225;rio dos exames, permitindo que mais pessoas se beneficiem com a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos.</p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos, a ferramenta foi incorporada no sistema de laudos utilizado no SAME da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. O prot&#243;tipo do aplicativo, utilizado neste estudo, encontra-se dispon&#237;vel, gratuitamente, na p&#225;gina da Internet <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cardiologia.org.br">www.cardiologia.org.br</ext-link>. O programa, incorporado ao sistema de laudos, permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e das les&#245;es orovalvares, devendo-se realizar novos estudos com a finalidade de testar a acur&#225;cia deste aplicativo, para esta fun&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, este trabalho demonstrou a acur&#225;cia e praticidade do programa <italic>Echo off-line</italic> para mensurar medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas das dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada, podendo este programa ser utilizado rotineiramente nos laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Iran Castro </p>
        <p> Rua Disnard, 42 </p>
        <p> 90850-030 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="iran.castro@cardiologia.org.br">iran.castro@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 07/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/04/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Popp    RL, Wolfe SB, Hirata T, Feigenbaum H. Estimation of right and left ventricular    size by ultrasound. A study of the echoes from the interventricular septum.    Am J Cardiol 1969; 24: 523-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estimation of right and left ventricular size by ultrasound: A study of the echoes from the interventricular septum</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1969</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>523</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Popp</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolfe</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirata</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feigenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>H.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. American    Society of Echocardiography Comitee on Standars Recommendations for quantification    of the left ventricle by twodimensionalechocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr    1989; 2: 358-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>on Standars Recommendations for quantification of the left ventricle by two-dimensionalechocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Kaye    HH, Tynan M, Hunter S. Validity of echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular    size and performancein infants and children. Br Heart J 1975; 37: 371.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Validity of echocardiographic estimates of left ventricular size and performancein infants and children</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1975</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>371</fpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaye</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tynan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunter</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Sahn    DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J, Weyman A. Recommendations regarding quantitation in    M-mode echocardiography: Results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements.    Circulation 1978; 58: 1072.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: Results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1072</fpage>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sahn</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeMaria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kisslo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weyman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Trail    TA, Gibson DG, Brown DJ. Study of left ventricular wall thickness and dimension    changes using echocardiography. Br Heart J 1978; 40: 162.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Study of left ventricular wall thickness and dimension changes using echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trail</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Byrd    BF, Finkbeiner W, Bouchard A, Silverman NH, Schiller NB. Accuracy and reproducibility    of clinically acquired two-dimensional echocardiographic mass measurements.    Am. Heart J 1989; 118: 133.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Accuracy and reproducibility of clinically acquired two-dimensional echocardiographic mass measurements</article-title>
          <source>Am. Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Byrd</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Finkbeiner</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bouchard</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiller</surname>
              <given-names>NB.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Felner    JM, Blumenstein BA, Schlant RC et al. Sources of variability in echocardiographic    measurements. Am J Cardiol 1980; 45: 995.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sources of variability in echocardiographic measurements</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>995</fpage>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Felner</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blumenstein</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schlant</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Feigenbaum    H. Digital recording, display, and storage of echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr    1988; 1: 378-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Digital recording, display, and storage of echocardiograms</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>378</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feigenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Garcia    MJ, Thomas JD, Greenberg NL et al. Comparison of MPEG  1 digital video with    S-VHS tape for quantitative echocardiographic measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr    2001; 14: 114-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of MPEG - 1 digital video with S-VHS tape for quantitative echocardiographic measurements</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>114</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenberg</surname>
              <given-names>NL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Fleiss    J. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. New York: John Wiley; 1981.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Statistical methods for rates and proportions</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fleiss</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Bland    Martin J, Douglas Altman G. Statistical Methods for assessing agreement between    two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986: 307-310.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Statistical Methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>307</fpage>
          <lpage>310</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bland Martin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglas Altman</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Landis    JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics    1977; 33: 159-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data</article-title>
          <source>Biometrics</source>
          <date>
            <year>1977</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Landis</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Mathewson    James W, Perry James C, Maginot Kathleen R, Cocalis Mark. Pediatric digital    echocardiography: A study of the analog-to-digital transition. J Am Soc Echocardiogr    2000; 13: 561-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pediatric digital echocardiography: A study of the analog-to-digital transition</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mathewson</surname>
              <given-names>James W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perry</surname>
              <given-names>James C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maginot</surname>
              <given-names>Kathleen R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cocalis</surname>
              <given-names>Mark</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Finley    JP, Sharrat GP, Nanton MA et al. Paeddiatric echocardiography by telemedicine     nine years'exparience. J Telmed Telecare 1997; 3(4): 200-204.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Paeddiatric echocardiography by telemedicine - nine years'exparience</article-title>
          <source>J Telmed Telecare</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>200</fpage>
          <lpage>204</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Finley</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharrat</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nanton</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Mohler    ER, Ryan T, Segar DS, Sawada SG, Fineberg NS, Feigenbaum H. Comparison of digital    with videotape echocardiography in patients with chest pain in the emergency    department. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1996; 9: 501-08.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of digital with videotape echocardiography in patients with chest pain in the emergency department</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>501</fpage>
          <lpage>08</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mohler</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Segar</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sawada</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fineberg</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feigenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Karson    TH, Zepp RC, Chandra S, Morehead A, Thomas JD. Digital storages of echocardiograms    offer superior imagequality to analog storage even with 20:1 digital compression:    results of the digital ERA (Echo record Acess) study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr    1996; 9: 769-78.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Digital storages of echocardiograms offer superior imagequality to analog storage even with 20: 1 digital compression: results of the digital ERA (Echo record Acess) study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>769</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karson</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zepp</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morehead</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Soble    JS, Yurow G, Brar R et al. Comparison of MPEG digital v&#237;deo with super    VHS tape for diagnostic echocardiographic readings. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998;    11: 819-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of MPEG digital v&#237;deo with super VHS tape for diagnostic echocardiographic readings</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>819</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soble</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yurow</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Segar    DS, Skolnick D, Sawada SG et al. A comparison of the interpretation of digitized    and videotape recorded echocardiograms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12: 714-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A comparison of the interpretation of digitized and videotape recorded echocardiograms</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>714</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Segar</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skolnick</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sawada</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Mobarek    SK, Gilliland YE, Bernal A, Murgo JP. Is a full digital echocardiography laboratory    feasible for routine daily use? Echocardiography 1996; 13: 473-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Is a full digital echocardiography laboratory feasible for routine daily use</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mobarek</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilliland</surname>
              <given-names>YE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murgo</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Halusaka    B, Washi S, Mayer EM et al. Accuracy and cost and time-effectiveness of digital    clip versus videotape interpretation of echocardiograms in patients with valvular    heart disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001; 14: 292-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Accuracy and cost and time-effectiveness of digital clip versus videotape interpretation of echocardiograms in patients with valvular heart disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>292</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halusaka</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Washi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayer</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Collins    HW, Kronemberg MW, Byrd BF. Reproducibility of left ventricular mass measurements    by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989; 14:    2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reproducibility of left ventricular mass measurements by two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2</fpage>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronemberg</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrd</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation and concordance between echocardiographic measurements obtained during echocardiography and digitized image measurements: transversal study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the correlation and concordance between the measurements of echocardiographic analysis of cardiac dimensions obtained through the Echo off-line applicative (software for obtaining digitized image measurements in a dedicated workstation) available to public domain, and those obtained through the conventional method. METHOD: Transversal contemporary study, of 56 randomized patients whose images were obtained during examina-tions. The measurements of the M mode and 2D, were done in the ventricles, left atrium, and aorta by the Echo off-line program. These measurements were compared to those obtained by another professional, through Pearson's correlation test (r), alpha = 0.05 and by concordance analysis (Bland and Altman). RESULT: The measurements carried out by the Echo off-line system showed r that varied from 0.85 to 0.98. The analysis of concordance showed that for most measu-rements, the mean difference between the methods was approximately zero. The variation of absolute values did not show, in average, a clinical significance. The Echo off-line applicative allows a reduction of approximately 30% in the time spent to obtain the measurements. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the accuracy of the Echo off-line program to measure cardiac dimensions in a dedicated workstation, showing that it can be routinely used in echocardiography labs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Interpretation of image guided by computer</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>public domain program</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Correlation and concordance between echocardiographic measurements obtained during echocardiography and digitized image measurements &#150; transversal study</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria Am&#233;lia Bulh&#245;es Hatem; Iran Castro; Domingos M. Hatem; Marcos Zuccolotto; Adalberto Schuck J&#250;nior; Lucia C. Pellanda; Fernanda Pandolfo; Fl&#225;via Feier</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the correlation and concordance between the measurements of echocardiographic analysis of cardiac dimensions obtained through the Echo off-line applicative (software for obtaining digitized image measurements in a dedicated workstation) available to public domain, and those obtained through the conventional method.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD:</bold> Transversal contemporary study, of 56 randomized patients whose images were obtained during examina-tions. The measurements of the M mode and 2D, were done in the ventricles, left atrium, and aorta by the Echo off-line program. These measurements were compared to those obtained by another professional, through Pearson's correlation test (r) (alpha = 0.05) and by concordance analysis (Bland and Altman).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULT:</bold> The measurements carried out by the Echo off-line system showed (r) that varied from 0.85 to 0.98. The analysis of concordance showed that for most measu-rements, the mean difference between the methods was approximately zero. The variation of absolute values did not show, in average, a clinical significance. The Echo off-line applicative allows a reduction of approximately 30% in the time spent to obtain the measurements.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study demonstrated the accuracy of the Echo off-line program to measure cardiac dimensions in a dedicated workstation, showing that it can be routinely used in echocardiography labs.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Interpretation of image guided by computer, echocardiography, public domain program.</p>
      <p>Ever since the initial echocardiography studies by Edler and Hertz in 1953, much has been researched, regarding technology for the optimization of this diagnostic method.</p>
      <p>The protocol of the echocardiographic examination, in addition to the diagnosis itself, includes performing a set of cardiac structure measurements that have been well validated in literature<sup>1</sup>, which are used as parameters for the evaluation of cardiac performance and follow up of cardiopathy evolution.</p>
      <p>The values of the systolic and diastolic volumes of the left ventricle, ejection fraction and ventricular mass have been well validated by studies that demonstrated a good correlation with the findings of angiocardiographic measurements<sup>2,3</sup>. The normal values of cavity dimensions for atriums and ventricles have been previously established<sup>4,5</sup> for the bidimensional and the M-mode echocardiography <sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Feigenbaum<sup>8</sup>, in 1988, was the first to describe the use of image acquisition, in a digital format, in cardiovascular diseases. The use of digital echocardiography allows the attainment of high-quality images that can revised, enabling the analysis of echocardiographic data in a dedicated workstation, allowing the immediate comparison with previous examinations<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>A dedicated workstation consists in a computer with a board able to capture images and a program that allows the calibration and mensuration of the images obtained during the conventional examination and stored as digital images.</p>
      <p>The digitalization of images can reduce the time needed to perform examinations and consequently, their cost, also allowing the direct sending of images to reference centers eliminating the need for patient transportation.</p>
      <p>Regarding these advantages, it is mandatory to establish the precision of the measurements performed in a dedicated workstation in order to allow their use in clinical practice. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to evaluate the correlation and the concordance between the echocardiographic measurements through the M-mode and bidimensional ones, obtained through the use of the software for digital image capture at the dedicated workstation developed in our institution, with those obtained conventionally during the routine examination of patients, thus demonstrating the applicability of this program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A transversal, contemporary study was carried out with 56 patients, referred to the Service of Graphic Methods for echocardiographic examination, from August to November 2002, by clinical indication of their assistant physician, regardless of the presence of a cardiac pathologic condition and type of cardiologic disease. These patients were randomly selected through a program that was especially developed for such task (freely available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cardiologia.org.br">www.cardiologia.org.br</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>Each patient selected for the study received an informed written consent form approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution where the study was carried out, in which the patients agreed to allow the capture and use of their images for research purposes.</p>
      <p>Six patients were excluded from the sample, according to the following exclusion criteria: 1) limited left longitudinal parasternal echocardiographic window; 2) presence of segmental alterations of the septum and posterior walls; and 3) refusal to sign the written informed consent.</p>
      <p><italic>Echocardiographic measurement mensuration system</italic> &#150; A system was developed with two modes of data acquisition and storage: one, which is the access to the local database, allowing the integration with the hospital medical report system, automating the process of data recording of the examinations performed; and the other, the access to files, in which the image is directly read from a JPEG-type file (with BMP as an option) and the results are recorded in a text file. This mode allows the utilization of the Echo off-line applicative at any situation, eliminating the need to access the institution database (the program is freely available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cardiologia.org.br">www.cardiologia.org.br</ext-link> ).</p>
      <p>The LAUDOS software was developed in Delphi 5.0, initially utilizing the database in MDB (Microsoft Database) format. Posteriorly, the applicative was rewritten using the SQL pattern aiming at its integration with the institution Oracle database.</p>
      <p>The interpretation module at the workstation (off-line) uses a graphic interface, in which the scale parameters are adjusted. The measurements are performed on static images in JPEG or BMP format, acquired through hardware and software by ATI Technologies, coupled to a PC with Microsoft Windows<italic><sup>&#174;</sup></italic> as the operational system. The applicative, in addition to the graphic interface, allows the user to define groups of measurements, medical file phrases and models that facilitate the descriptive process and permits the data crossing for scientific research.</p>
      <p>To implement the Echo off-line, the C<italic>++</italic> Builder tool, version 5.0, from Inprise, was used. C++ <italic>Builder</italic> is a RAD-type (Rapid Application Development) tool that uses C++ language in the code implementation. The interface with the user was constructed with the use of components denominated Form (formularies).</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic examinations were carried out with an echocardiography machine (Sonos 2500, Hewlett Packard, Andover, Mass., USA), with a multifrequency transducer from 2 to 2.5 MHz, coupled to an ATI all-in-wonder video capture board, installed in a Pentium II PC, connected to the Institution corporative net.</p>
      <p>The measurement program in an Echo off-line dedicated workstation was installed in only one computer at the institution, with the following configuration: Pentium 4 with 256 Mb of memory, running on a Windows 2000 platform, LG Studioworks 995E 17" monitor, with brightness control at 66 and contrast at 68, Hauppage win/TV 878 video board and Logitech mouse model DGPGF.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic images were captured at parasternal longitudinal sections in M-mode and bidimensional echocardiography, at the aorta and left atrium levels and at the systolic and diastolic ventricle levels, according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Standards<sup>2</sup>, by only one echocardiographist. Each image employed in the measurement of variables was digitized, using a 640 x 480 pixel resolution and stored as a JPEG file. After data collection, the patient's examination proceeded as a routine one.</p>
      <p>A second echocardiographist performed the same measurements in M-mode and bidimensional echocardiography, using the Echo off-line program. Each image was measured twice, with a minimal interval of one day between the measurements, with the objective of obtaining the intra-observer correlation and the interobserver correlation and concordance analyses, in order to verify the tool reproducibility.</p>
      <p>For each M-mode and bidimensional echocardiography section, the Echo off-line program was calibrated in order to allow high-accuracy measurements, using the scale provided by the program. The time for obtaining these measurements was also recorded through the applicative.</p>
      <p>The measurements were recorded in a medical examination record, which also included the patient's admittance and release times. The whole procedure was recorded in VHS videotape.</p>
      <p>The echo off-line presentation screen is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref>. The largest part of the screen shows the echocardiographic image. The objective was to attain a simple and clear visual organization. The buttons were placed in an order that follows the natural use of the tool. It initiates by opening the image to be measured, followed by the scale calibration and then the measurements are performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0283-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The measurements in M-mode and bidimensional echocardiography are presented as means and standard deviations.</p>
      <p>Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between the measurements obtained through the conventional examination and those obtained through the program to attain digitized image measurements in a dedicated workstation, considering a critical alpha = 0.05. This coefficient indicates how much two variables are linearly correlated; however, it does not correctly expresses the concordance between the measurements.</p>
      <p>The two methods were additionally compared by Bland-Altman concordance analysis, which permits to establish concordance limits between clinical measurements carried out by two different methods<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The intra-observer variation analysis for the measurements obtained with the aforementioned program was performed using Bland-Altman concordance analysis<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the fifty-six patients studied, 32 (57%) were females and 24 (43%) were males. Mean age was 48 years, ranging from 14 to 86 yrs. The images were captured during echocardiographic examinations, from August to November 2002.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the means and respective correlation coefficients between the measurements obtained conventionally and with the Echo off-line program in M-mode; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the means the respective correlation coefficients between the measurements obtained conventionally and with the Echo off-line program in bidimensional mode.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0283-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0283-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>These two tables show that there are adequate correlation rates between the measurements performed by the two methods, which varied from 0.85 to 0.98. We also observed that the measurements obtained through the bidimensional mode showed higher correlation rates when compared to those obtained through the M-mode, with an intra- and inter-observer variation of about 10%.</p>
      <p>The measurements with the highest variations between the methods in our study were those of the aorta, the right ventricle and the parietal thickness at the M-mode, which have been previously described in literature as the ones presenting the highest inter-observer variation<sup>21</sup>. The right ventricle dimension presents the highest variation among all measurements, as it depends on the patient's position.</p>
      <p>The graph shows the analysis of concordance performed for the left ventricle, in systole and diastole, between the two methods of measurement of the echocardiographic cavitary dimensions in M-mode and bidimensional mode (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_28919f2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_28919f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0283-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The analysis of concordance between the measurements obtained through the M-mode and bidimensional mode showed to be adequate for most of the measurements, as the mean difference between the methods was very close to zero.</p>
      <p>The analysis of variance of the intra-observer measurements in M-mode and bidimensional mode was carried out using Pearson's correlation, in order to evaluate the reproducibility of the measurements performed by the same observer, who carried them out with the Echo offline applicative. The correlation indexes varied from 0.81 to 0.98, demonstrating that the use of the applicative is adequate, as shown by the reproducibility of the measurements.</p>
      <p>The comparison between the times used in both methods indicates that, when using the Echo offline applicative, there is a decrease of at least 30% in the time used to perform the measurements, when compared to that spent to perform them with the echocardiographer (conventional method).</p>
      <p>The analysis of the echocardiographic measurements at the Echo offline program allowed a mean reduction of 1,000 min/month in time of machine use, allowing an increase of approximately 50 examinations a month, performed through the echocardiographer.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The routine of echocardiographic examinations includes, in addition to a detailed physical assessment of the patient, obtaining images and measurement of quantitative variables. The wish to perform such measurements outside the examining room was, for several years, hindered by the fact that the workstations dedicated to such functions were not cost-effective; the technological development of informatics allowed a more accessible operational cost.</p>
      <p>The advantage of using digital echocardiography is obtaining high-quality images that can be reviewed, allowing the analysis of echocardiographic data off-line, with the calculation of dimension and Doppler measurements, without the need for large spaces, which can be smaller and more organized for storing images. The quantification is simplified with the DICOM <italic>(Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine</italic>), calibration information, allowing direct measurements to be performed, as well as the generation of electronic reports and database.</p>
      <p>The recording in VHS videotapes is universally employed for image storage, as the cost for storing the data in a compression system of JPEG type is around US$1.90 dollars per patient, whereas the cost to store a VHS videotape is around US$0.32 dollars per patient. Thus, the cost of digital image storage is around 6 times higher<sup>13</sup>. However, this cost is justifiable, as the acquisition of computerized systems expedites the delivery of results, besides the fact that results become available at the local net (Intranet) as well as the external net (Internet), allowing a direct correlation between the medical file (computerized medical record) and the examination data, reducing the time needed for performing the examinations.</p>
      <p>Another advantage of storing images in digital format is the lower probability of image degradation, along with easier data exchange and transmission, allowing a faster and simultaneous comparison with previous examinations<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The possibility of sending medical images to reference centers allows patients who are seen at primary and secondary centers to receive a better quality medical assistance, without the need to transport them to tertiary hospitals, as well as favoring the distance education of the physicians caring for such patients, improving the quality of care given by the team working in such centers.</p>
      <p>Mohler et al<sup>15</sup> compared interpretations of digital echocardiograms and videotapes in patients with thoracic pain from an emergency department. The concordance rate of the two methods for the analysis of segmental contractility was 94%.</p>
      <p>Karson et al<sup>16</sup> demonstrated that digital image storage allows a higher quality of images when compared to videotapes, with compression up to 20:1. This study assessed 179 patients, although only a few images were evaluated.</p>
      <p>Soble et al<sup>17</sup> compared analyses of MPEG<italic>-</italic>1 images with videotape images in a series of 58 patients, and found a concordance of 83%.</p>
      <p>The study of Segar et al<sup>18</sup> evaluated 110 examinations recorded simultaneously in videotape and digital format, with a concordance rate of around 83%.</p>
      <p>The study of Mobarek et al<sup>19</sup> suggests that the accuracy is not affected at the interpretation of digitized systems, despite the need to perform a significant "clinical compression", i.e., the operator has to limit the recordings to segments or loops of 1 or 2 cardiac cycles. In 93 consecutive patients, the digital data that underwent this type of compression were compared to a complete study recorded in videotape. The concordance in the interpretation between these two techniques was estimated at being 99%, with a significant reduction of interpretation time.</p>
      <p>Haluska et al <sup>20</sup> evaluated the use of digitized images in the diagnosis of patients with valvular diseases. One hundred and one patients with valvular deficiencies were selected and their test results were digitized using the JPEG format, with a 20:1 compression, as well as recorded in VHS. The measured parameters were highly concordant between the two methods.</p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that the measurement tool in a dedicated workstation developed at our Institution presents correlation rates that are similar to those reported in other studies, previously described in literature, as well as good reproducibility rates of the intra-observer measurements.</p>
      <p>The evaluated system allows a better use of the high-cost equipment, i.e., the echocardiographs, transferring the tasks of measurement and medical reporting to the dedicated work unit, with no ill effects on the diagnosis accuracy. This results in the examination cost decrease, allowing more people to benefit from them.</p>
      <p>Due to the results obtained, the tool was incorporated into the medical report system used at the Medical Care Service of our Institution. The applicative prototype used in this study is freely available at the site <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cardiologia.org.br">www.cardiologia.org.br</ext-link>. The program, incorporated to the medical report system, allows the evaluation of the diastolic function and orovalvular lesions, and further studies are necessary in order to test the applicative accuracy for this purpose.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, this study demonstrated the accurate and practical use of the Echo off-line program to determine echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in a dedicated workstation, showing that this program can be routinely used in echocardiography labs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Iran Castro</p>
          <p> Rua Disnard, 42</p>
          <p> 90850-030 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="iran.castro@cardiologia.org.br">iran.castro@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/07/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/22/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
