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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RXyPmvWg8ygY3NWpcZLmK7z</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600406</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000400006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise comparativa da hiperplasia intimal ap&#243;s o implante de stents com e sem sirolimus em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de pequeno calibre</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Devito</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Stuchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda G. M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Antonio Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Alberto Piva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Fernando Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a C. L. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;urea Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>J. Eduardo M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>268</fpage>
      <lpage>275</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a redu&#231;&#227;o do volume de hiperplasia intimal ap&#243;s angioplastia com stents com sirolimus (Cypher&#174;) comparados com os stents n&#227;o-recobertos de estrutura met&#225;lica fina (Pixel&#174;) em pacientes com vasos pequenos. M&#201;TODOS: Oitenta pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram prospectivamente inclu&#237;dos em duas s&#233;ries consecutivas de tratamento, sendo a primeira empregando stents com sirolimus (50) e a segunda stents n&#227;o-recobertos de estrutura met&#225;lica fina (30). RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram: menor porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese atrav&#233;s do ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio [5,0% (EP = 0,77) x 39,0% (EP = 4,72), p &lt; 0,001], menor perda tardia intra-stent [0,25 mm (EP = 0,03) x 1,11 mm (EP = 0,13), p &lt; 0,001] e no segmento do vaso [0,30 mm (EP = 0,04) x 0,83 mm (EP = 0,11), p &lt; 0,001], e tamb&#233;m menor reestenose intra-stent (0% x 33,3%, p &lt; 0,001) e no segmento do vaso (4% x 36,7%, p &lt; 0,001) com os stents com sirolimus. A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos foi de 96% com os stents com sirolimus x 86,7% com os stents n&#227;o-recobertos (p = 0,190). CONCLUS&#195;O: Os pacientes com vasos de pequeno calibre ap&#243;s o implante de stents com sirolimus evoluem com menor hiperplasia intimal (menor porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o intra-stent e menor perda tardia) do que quando s&#227;o utilizados stents n&#227;o-recobertos de estrutura met&#225;lica fina. Isto resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da reestenose angiogr&#225;fica aos oito meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Stent</kwd>
        <kwd>reestenose</kwd>
        <kwd>vaso pequeno</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise comparativa da hiperplasia intimal ap&#243;s o implante de stents com e sem sirolimus em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de pequeno calibre</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando Stuchi Devito; Amanda G. M. R. Sousa; Fausto Feres; Alexandre Antonio Cunha Abizaid; Rodolfo Staico; Luis Alberto Piva Mattos; Luis Fernando Leite Tanajura; Andr&#233;a C. L. S. Abizaid; &#193;urea Jacob Chaves; J. Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a redu&#231;&#227;o do volume de hiperplasia intimal ap&#243;s angioplastia com <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus (Cypher&#174;) comparados com os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos de estrutura met&#225;lica fina (Pixel&#174;) em pacientes com vasos pequenos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Oitenta pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram prospectivamente inclu&#237;dos em duas s&#233;ries consecutivas de tratamento, sendo a primeira empregando <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus (50) e a segunda <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos de estrutura met&#225;lica fina (30). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os resultados foram: menor porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese atrav&#233;s do ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio [5,0% (EP = 0,77) x 39,0% (EP = 4,72), p &lt; 0,001], menor perda tardia intra-<italic>stent</italic> [0,25 mm (EP = 0,03) x 1,11 mm (EP = 0,13), p &lt; 0,001] e no segmento do vaso [0,30 mm (EP = 0,04) x 0,83 mm (EP = 0,11), p &lt; 0,001], e tamb&#233;m menor reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> (0% x 33,3%, p &lt; 0,001) e no segmento do vaso (4% x 36,7%, p &lt; 0,001) com os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus. A sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos foi de 96% com os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus x 86,7% com os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos (p = 0,190). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os pacientes com vasos de pequeno calibre ap&#243;s o implante de <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus evoluem com menor hiperplasia intimal (menor porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o intra-<italic>stent</italic> e menor perda tardia) do que quando s&#227;o utilizados <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos de estrutura met&#225;lica fina. Isto resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da reestenose angiogr&#225;fica aos oito meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold><italic>Stent</italic>, reestenose, vaso pequeno.</p>
    <p>O tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana em vasos de pequeno calibre corresponde hoje a at&#233; 40% dos casos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea<sup>1,2</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia de reestenose ap&#243;s <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos em vasos de pequeno calibre pode ser de at&#233; 50% na depend&#234;ncia da extens&#227;o da les&#227;o e da presen&#231;a de diabete melito<sup>3-9</sup>. A hiperplasia intimal &#233; o principal mecanismo respons&#225;vel pela reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic>, e terap&#234;uticas que inibam o crescimento neointimal devem reduzir a reestenose<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos estudos FIM e RAVEL o emprego dos <italic>stents</italic> liberadores de sirolimus em pacientes com vasos maiores que 3,0 mm, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos, resultou em importante redu&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia intimal<sup>12-14</sup>. No estudo SIRIUS, a reestenose angiogr&#225;fica foi reduzida de 36,3% ap&#243;s <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos para 8,9% ap&#243;s <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus (p &lt; 0,001). Entretanto, em uma suban&#225;lise desse mesmo estudo, a reestenose ap&#243;s <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus nos vasos com m&#233;dia de di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia de 2,29 mm foi mais elevada (18,4%) quando comparada aos vasos grandes (1,9%), questionando o desempenho dessas endopr&#243;teses nos pacientes com vasos pequenos<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Paralelamente, desenvolveram-se modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais nos <italic>stents</italic>, com redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura das hastes, e pr&#243;teses com hastes finas foram avaliadas no estudo ISAR-STEREO-2, resultando em menor hiperplasia intimal<sup>16-18</sup>. Um estudo de Garcia e cols. avaliando esses <italic>stents</italic> em pacientes com vasos de pequeno calibre reportou incid&#234;ncia de reestenose de 19,3% e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo de apenas 4,1%, e, desde ent&#227;o, esses <italic>stents</italic> com hastes finas t&#234;m sido considerados a melhor op&#231;&#227;o entre os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos para o tratamento de vasos pequenos<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, analisamos a hiperplasia intimal em vasos de pequeno calibre (di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia menor que 2,75 mm) ap&#243;s <italic>stents</italic> liberadores d<italic>e</italic> sirolimus e <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos com hastes finas, atrav&#233;s da medida do volume de hiperplasia intimal obtido por meio do ultra-som intracoronariano.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De dezembro de 2002 a dezembro de 2003, pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, candidatos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea eletiva, foram prospectivamente inclu&#237;dos neste estudo segundo os seguintes crit&#233;rios: idade igual ou superior a dezoito anos; diagn&#243;stico de angina est&#225;vel (Classifica&#231;&#227;o da Canadian Cardiovascular Society 1, 2, 3 ou 4), isquemia silenciosa, angina inst&#225;vel (classes IB, IC, IIB, IIC da classifica&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Braunwald</italic>) ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &gt; sete dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o; vaso-alvo com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia entre 2,20 mm a 2,75 mm (angiografia coronariana quantitativa); les&#227;o coronariana prim&#225;ria, em vaso natural, com les&#227;o-alvo com estenose da luz entre 50% e 99% e extens&#227;o <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mm. Os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos se: presen&#231;a de choque cardiog&#234;nico; creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2,0 mg/dL; doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica; hipersensibilidade conhecida ou contra-indica&#231;&#227;o a heparina, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, ticlopidina ou clopidogrel; doen&#231;as terminais associadas a expectativa de vida limitada (menos de um ano); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo <underline>&lt;</underline> 30%; vaso-alvo com tortuosidade excessiva, que dificulte a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ultra-som intracoronariano; les&#227;o-alvo <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% em tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda n&#227;o protegido; les&#245;es ostiais; les&#227;o-alvo em bifurca&#231;&#245;es que envolvam ramos secund&#225;rios com di&#226;metro <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,0 mm e presen&#231;a de trombo na les&#227;o-alvo; o protocolo desta investiga&#231;&#227;o foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes eram alocados para o estudo de forma n&#227;o-randomizada, divididos em dois grupos seq&#252;enciais de tratamento, o primeiro utilizando o <italic>stent</italic> Cypher&#174; (com sirolimus) e o segundo o <italic>stent</italic> Multilink Rx Pixel&#174; (n&#227;o-recoberto). De acordo com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o, era administrado AAS na dose de 200 mg/dia, pelo menos 24 horas antes do procedimento e um tienopirid&#237;nico (ticlopidina ou clopidogrel) por dois meses. No caso da ticlopidina, (iniciada pelo menos 48 horas antes do procedimento) a dose era de 250 mg/duas vezes ao dia. Na op&#231;&#227;o pelo clopidogrel, era prescrita dose de ataque de 300 mg e manuten&#231;&#227;o de 75 mg/dia (pelo menos 24 horas antes do procedimento). A heparina n&#227;o-fracionada era administrada por via endovenosa, em bolo, na dose de 100 UI/kg. O uso de inibidor de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, assim como a realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o eram facultados ao operador. Na realiza&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, os bal&#245;es deveriam ser subdimensionados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso em pelo menos 0,5 mm, al&#233;m de ter extens&#227;o inferior &#224; do <italic>stent</italic> escolhido. Na realiza&#231;&#227;o da p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o (press&#227;o &gt;12 atm), os bal&#245;es tamb&#233;m deveriam ter extens&#227;o inferior &#224; do <italic>stent</italic> implantado. No emprego de m&#250;ltiplos <italic>stents</italic> estes deveriam ser posicionados com superposi&#231;&#227;o de 3 ou 4 mm, garantindo a continuidade entre as endopr&#243;teses. Era realizado estudo com ultra-som em todos os pacientes ao final do procedimento. As visitas ambulatoriais ap&#243;s a alta eram programadas para trinta dias, tr&#234;s, seis e oito meses ap&#243;s a ICP, quando era agendada nova angiografia coronariana com avalia&#231;&#227;o ultra-sonogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224;s endopr&#243;teses utilizadas, o <italic>stent</italic> Cypher&#174; (com sirolimus), que &#233; fabricado pela Cordis<italic>&#174; &#150;</italic> Johnson &amp; Johnson<italic>&#174;,</italic> &#233; de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel 316L recoberto por dois pol&#237;meros n&#227;o-degrad&#225;veis de polietilenevinilacetato (PEVA) e polibutilmetacrilato (PBMA) em uma mesma propor&#231;&#227;o de peso, aos quais &#233; adsorvido o sirolimus e mais uma segunda camada de PBMA (<italic>top coat</italic>). Todos os <italic>stents</italic> cont&#234;m 148 &#181;g de sirolimus por cm<sup>2</sup> da &#225;rea met&#225;lica e nessa formula&#231;&#227;o a libera&#231;&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco &#233; gradual e prolongada (95% liberado em at&#233; 28 dias ap&#243;s o implante). O <italic>stent</italic> Multilink Rx Pixel&#174; &#233; de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel, n&#227;o-recoberto, especificamente desenhado para vasos pequenos, com sistema de entrega do tipo bal&#227;o-expans&#237;vel e produzido pela Guidant<italic>&#174;</italic>. &#201; composto por apenas cinco an&#233;is, tendo hastes com espessura fina (0,05 mm), permitindo completa cobertura circunferencial do vaso com menor quantidade de metal.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica quantitativa <italic>off-line</italic> foi realizada utilizando-se o equipamento da CMS&#174; (Medis, Holanda), com os quadros na fase final da di&#225;stole, sendo escolhido aquele no qual a les&#227;o exibisse maior gravidade, antes e ap&#243;s o implante do <italic>stent.</italic> O di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML) e a perda tardia (PT) eram mensurados intra-<italic>stent</italic> e no segmento do vaso-alvo (intra-<italic>stent</italic> mais os 5 mm proximais e os 5 mm distais &#224; endopr&#243;tese) nos momentos: pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o, p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o e na angiografia coronariana de seguimento.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ultra-sonogr&#225;fica, o equipamento utilizado foi o Clear View<italic>&#174;</italic> (<italic>CVIS, Boston Scientific Corporation</italic>) e o cateter de ultra-som utilizado foi o de 40 MHz. Utilizando-se um sistema de tra&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica do cateter de ultra-som, a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/s , a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens era ininterrupta, iniciada pelo menos 10 mm distais &#224; les&#227;o-alvo e progredindo at&#233; a jun&#231;&#227;o aorto-ostial. As imagens eram analisadas por meio do programa de computa&#231;&#227;o echoPlaque<italic>&#174;</italic> 2 <italic>(Indec Systems Inc</italic>., Estados Unidos). As an&#225;lises angio- e ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas no Laborat&#243;rio de Angiografia e Ultra-som do Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia Invasiva do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Os volumes do <italic>stent</italic>, do l&#250;men arterial e da &#237;ntima eram calculados utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Simpson<sup>12</sup>. Como este estudo envolvia <italic>stents</italic> com diferentes extens&#245;es, os volumes eram calculados em n&#250;meros absolutos (mm<sup>3</sup> por paciente) e relacionados &#224; m&#233;dia das &#225;reas em cada vari&#225;vel (mm<sup>2</sup>). O porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o do volume do <italic>stent</italic> (%OVS) era calculado como a raz&#227;o entre o volume da &#237;ntima e o volume do <italic>stent</italic> multiplicado por 100. A aposi&#231;&#227;o incompleta das hastes dos <italic>stents</italic> era avaliada e definida pela presen&#231;a de uma ou mais hastes das endopr&#243;teses afastadas e separadas da parede do vaso com evid&#234;ncia de circula&#231;&#227;o de sangue entre as hastes e a parede do vaso (presen&#231;a de pontilhados na imagem ultra-sonogr&#225;fica). Quando mais de uma haste estivesse mal aposta, o &#226;ngulo circunferencial de mal aposi&#231;&#227;o era reportado. A extens&#227;o da m&#225; aposi&#231;&#227;o era tamb&#233;m descrita e calculada pela somat&#243;ria das dist&#226;ncias entre as &#225;reas com observa&#231;&#227;o de m&#225; aposi&#231;&#227;o<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A reestenose foi definida pelo crit&#233;rio bin&#225;rio cl&#225;ssico (estenose maior que 50% na angiografia de seguimento), tanto intra-<italic>stent</italic> como no segmento do vaso-alvo. O sucesso foi definido pela presen&#231;a de estenose residual ap&#243;s o procedimento inferior a 10%, na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (&#243;bito, infarto e cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia).</p>
    <p>O objetivo prim&#225;rio foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o aos oito meses do porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o intra-<italic>stent</italic> ocupado pela hiperplasia intimal e os secund&#225;rios: DML e perda tardia intra-<italic>stent</italic> e no segmento do vaso-alvo; reestenose bin&#225;ria; incid&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (&#243;bito, infarto e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo).</p>
    <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, assumiu-se para os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos um porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o intra-<italic>stent</italic> de 40% e para os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus de apenas 10% (DP = 30), ou seja, uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 75%<sup>21,22</sup>. Com teste de hip&#243;tese bicaudal, n&#237;vel <italic>a</italic> de 0,05 e poder de 90%, seriam necess&#225;rios 21 pacientes em cada grupo para demonstrar o objetivo prim&#225;rio. Considerando poss&#237;veis perdas e procurando incluir um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes que permitisse uma melhor distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, angio- e ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas, planejamos a inclus&#227;o de trinta pacientes em cada grupo. Com a disponibilidade na institui&#231;&#227;o de cinq&#252;enta tratamentos com <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus, foram ent&#227;o tratados os primeiros cinq&#252;enta pacientes seq&#252;encialmente com essas endopr&#243;teses (<italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus), e a seguir, seq&#252;encialmente, todos os pacientes com <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas (porcentagens) e as vari&#225;veis quantitativas em m&#233;dias e erros padr&#227;o. Nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos, para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando necess&#225;rio. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas avaliadas em um &#250;nico momento, utilizou-se o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas medidas em tr&#234;s momentos (pr&#233;-, p&#243;s-procedimento e aos oito meses) foram analisadas por Modelos Lineares Generalizados com medidas repetidas. Nesses modelos foram considerados dois fatores: grupo (<italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus e <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos) e tempo (pr&#233;-, p&#243;s- e tardio) e foram feitas compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos (<italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus <italic>versus stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos em cada um dos tr&#234;s momentos) e em cada grupo (pr&#233; x p&#243;s x tardio em cada um dos grupos). Os programas estat&#237;sticos utilizados foram o SPSS vers&#227;o 11.0 e o SAS vers&#227;o 8.01. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Oitenta pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo, sendo os primeiros cinq&#252;enta pacientes tratados seq&#252;encialmente com o <italic>stent</italic> com sirolimus (Cypher&#174;), e os &#250;ltimos trinta pacientes tratados sequencialmente com o <italic>stent</italic> Multilink Rx Pixel&#174; (n&#227;o-recoberto). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas desses pacientes nos dois grupos de tratamento encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tabela 1</xref>, as angiogr&#225;ficas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2">tabela 2</xref>, assim como as vari&#225;veis t&#233;cnicas do procedimento na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3">tabela 3</xref>. No seguimento, o estudo angiogr&#225;fico foi realizado em 94% dos pacientes. Os resultados da angiografia coronariana quantitativa intra-<italic>stent</italic> encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4">tabela 4</xref>. As m&#233;dias dos di&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia do vaso-alvo [2,44 mm (EP = 0,02) x 2,37 mm (EP = 0,03), p = 0,075] e das extens&#245;es das les&#245;es tratadas [13,75 mm (EP = 0,92) x 12,87 mm (EP = 0,53), p = 0,498] foram similares nos dois grupos. As m&#233;dias dos di&#226;metros m&#237;nimos da luz n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos, quer nos achados pr&#233;- (p = 0,926), como no p&#243;s-procedimento (p = 0,952), mas aos oito meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o, os vasos tratados com os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus evolu&#237;ram com maior DML [2,14 mm (EP = 0,03) x 1,28 mm (EP = 0,13), p &lt; 0,001]. Isso foi devido &#224; perda tardia, que foi significantemente menor no grupo do sirolimus [0,25 mm (EP = 0,03) x 1,11 mm (EP = 0,13), p &lt; 0,001].</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tabela4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o se observou nenhum caso de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> ap&#243;s os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus em oposi&#231;&#227;o a 33,3% ap&#243;s os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos (p &lt; 0,001). As varia&#231;&#245;es individuais do DML, assim como as do porcentual de estenose ao longo do tempo, nos dois bra&#231;os de tratamento, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>. Essas medidas angiogr&#225;ficas obtidas pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-procedimento s&#227;o muito consistentes nos dois grupos de tratamento, mas na evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia, h&#225; maior variabilidade com os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos. Na an&#225;lise do segmento do vaso-alvo, o tratamento com os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus resultou em menor perda tardia que o com <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos [0,30 mm (EP = 0,04) x 0,83 mm (EP = 0,11), p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente], sendo a reestenose no segmento do vaso-alvo significativamente menor no bra&#231;o dos <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus [4% x 36,7%, (p &lt; 0,001)].</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado estudo ultra-sonogr&#225;fico completo em 80% dos pacientes. Na an&#225;lise ultra-sonogr&#225;fica, a m&#233;dia do volume de hiperplasia intimal foi de 5,0 mm<sup>3</sup> (EP=0,77) no grupo dos <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus x 27,5 mm<sup>3</sup> (EP = 3,60) no dos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos (p &lt; 0,001). A m&#233;dia da &#225;rea de hiperplasia intimal foi menor com os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus em rela&#231;&#227;o aos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos [0,24 mm<sup>2</sup> (EP = 0,03) x 1,62 mm<sup>2</sup> (EP = 0,19), p &lt; 0,001], e da mesma forma foi a m&#233;dia do porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o intra-<italic>stent</italic> [5% (EP = 0,77) x 39% (EP = 4,72), p &lt; 0,001]. N&#227;o foi observada m&#225; aposi&#231;&#227;o das hastes dos <italic>stents</italic> em nenhum dos pacientes nos dois grupos de tratamento.</p>
    <p>Os <italic>stents</italic> foram implantados com sucesso em 100% dos pacientes, n&#227;o ocorrendo complica&#231;&#245;es maiores (&#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia) durante a fase hospitalar. N&#227;o foi administrado inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa a nenhum dos casos neste estudo. N&#227;o foram observados casos de trombose da pr&#243;tese, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal ou morte, nem aos trinta dias, nem aos oito meses de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Todos os casos foram avaliados clinicamente durante esse per&#237;odo, e dois pacientes (4%) que receberam os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus necessitaram de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo. Nesses casos, foi realizada nova angioplastia com o implante de um outro <italic>stent</italic>, com sirolimus. No tratamento com <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos, seis casos evolu&#237;ram com sintomas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (20,0%), e quatro pacientes (13,3%) necessitaram de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo (RLA): duas angioplastias com bal&#227;o e duas cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Assim, apesar da sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos e a sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de RLA terem sido menores no grupo do sirolimus em compara&#231;&#227;o ao dos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa quanto a esses desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre os grupos (96% x 86,7%; p = 0,190).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o implante de <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus em pacientes com vasos de pequeno calibre se acompanha de menor grau de hiperplasia intimal em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; resposta reparativa p&#243;s-<italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos. Isso resultou em menor incid&#234;ncia de reestenose intra-<italic>stent</italic> e no segmento do vaso-alvo. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes deste estudo caracterizaram grupos de pacientes de pelo menos moderada complexidade para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP. Dentre todas as caracter&#237;sticas, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o a elevada preval&#234;ncia de diabete melito em 40% dos pacientes no grupo dos <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus e em 30% no dos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos (p = 0,368). Nos estudos randomizados de bal&#227;o x <italic>stents</italic> em pacientes com vasos de pequeno calibre, com exce&#231;&#227;o dos estudos CHIVAS<sup>23</sup> e do RAP<sup>24</sup>, a preval&#234;ncia de diabete foi inferior a 30%, situando-se na maioria dos estudos entre 12% e 20%. Mesmo na era dos <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus, o estudo SVELT<sup>25</sup> foi o que incluiu mais diab&#233;ticos (26,7%), e nos estudos RAVEL<sup>14</sup>, SIRIUS, C-SIRIUS<sup>26</sup>, E-SIRIUS<sup>27</sup> e SES-SMART<sup>28</sup>, esse subgrupo representou 16%, 25%, 24%, 23% e 19,4%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>O mais importante achado ultra-sonogr&#225;fico foi a detec&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo de benef&#237;cio da pr&#243;tese com libera&#231;&#227;o de sirolimus em rela&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o-recoberto, ou seja, a inibi&#231;&#227;o (em 87%) da excessiva hiperplasia intimal, avaliada pelo porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o do volume da luz. Esse achado de intensa redu&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia intimal intra-<italic>stent</italic> tem sido constante em todos os estudos com <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus que utilizaram a ferramenta do ultra-som como avalia&#231;&#227;o. A m&#233;dia das &#225;reas de hiperplasia intimal obtida nessa investiga&#231;&#227;o (0,24 mm<sup>2</sup>) foi semelhante &#224;s observadas no estudo SVELT<sup>25</sup> (0,08 mm<sup>2</sup>) e tamb&#233;m nos estudos com <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus em vasos maiores, como o RAVEL<sup>14</sup> e o SIRIUS<sup>15</sup> (0,11 mm<sup>2</sup> e 0,50 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente), o que significa que a inibi&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia intimal com esses <italic>stents</italic> independe do tamanho do vaso. J&#225; o encontro de m&#233;dia da hiperplasia intimal no tratamento com os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos e de hastes finas, que foram aqui empregados (Pixel&#174;), foi de 1,62 mm<sup>2</sup>, menor que as observadas nos estudos DANTE<sup>29</sup> (3,05 mm<sup>2</sup>) e nos respectivos bra&#231;os dos estudos RAVEL<sup>14</sup> e SIRIUS<sup>15</sup> (2,05 mm<sup>2</sup> e 2,70 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectivamente) que utilizaram os <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos de hastes mais espessas.</p>
    <p>Acrescente-se a isso que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram observados fen&#244;menos de aposi&#231;&#227;o incompleta das hastes das pr&#243;teses, em ambos os tratamentos. Diferentemente do que foi observado em vasos grandes, o implante de <italic>stents</italic> em vasos pequenos &#233; realizado com maior raz&#227;o entre o tamanho do <italic>stent</italic> e o di&#226;metro do vaso, favorecendo a impacta&#231;&#227;o das hastes na placa de ateroma. Assim, a observa&#231;&#227;o de aposi&#231;&#227;o incompleta dos <italic>stents</italic> &#233;, geralmente, menos freq&#252;ente nos vasos pequenos. No estudo RAVEL<sup>14</sup>, por exemplo, a m&#233;dia dos di&#226;metros dos vasos dos dez pacientes que apresentaram aposi&#231;&#227;o incompleta dos <italic>stents</italic> foi de 3,16 mm (DP = 0,57), enquanto a dos 38 pacientes com <italic>stents</italic> bem apostos foi de 2,79 mm (DP = 0,43), (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o implante de <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, enfatizaram a obten&#231;&#227;o de maior luz arterial poss&#237;vel para mais bem acomodar a hiperplasia e assim, reduzir a reestenose. Por&#233;m, na investiga&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> liberadores de medicamentos, que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o importante da hiperplasia intimal intra-<italic>stent</italic>, como no estudo SIRIUS<sup>15</sup>, o achado dos efeitos das bordas chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o, pois foram os respons&#225;veis pelas recorr&#234;ncias observadas neste estudo. Novas observa&#231;&#245;es de ordem t&#233;cnica foram ent&#227;o implementadas para orientar o implante da pr&#243;tese, nessa nova perspectiva.</p>
    <p>Um desses aspectos &#233; o da cobertura da les&#227;o pela pr&#243;tese, pois a cobertura met&#225;lica incompleta no implante de <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus pode influenciar os resultados tardios. Neste estudo, a raz&#227;o entre a extens&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> e a da les&#227;o foi de 1,4, e nos estudos C-SIRIUS <sup>26</sup> e E-SIRIUS <sup>27</sup> foi ainda maior (1,7 e 1,8, respectivamente), da mesma forma que o estudo RAVEL<sup>14</sup>, que n&#227;o exibiu reestenose no seguimento de seus pacientes, durante o primeiro ano. Apesar das les&#245;es do C-SIRIUS<sup>26</sup> terem sido mais complexas que as randomizadas no estudo RAVEL<sup>14</sup>, exigindo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de mais de uma pr&#243;tese por les&#227;o em 48% dos casos (67% destes com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o das hastes), as taxas de reestenose foram muito baixas (0% intra-<italic>stent</italic> e 2,3% no segmento do vaso-alvo), demonstrando que o emprego de pr&#243;teses mais longas &#233; melhor, mesmo que se tenha que utilizar mais de uma pr&#243;tese, o que se deve fazer com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o das hastes em 2 ou 3 mm. Isso evita que os extremos da les&#227;o-alvo sejam expostos ao trauma do bal&#227;o, e conseq&#252;ente, &#224; prolifera&#231;&#227;o intimal.</p>
    <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, a aus&#234;ncia de randomiza&#231;&#227;o seria um dos aspectos a ser mencionado. Quest&#245;es log&#237;sticas da &#233;poca, referentes &#224; disponibilidade limitada das endopr&#243;teses com sirolimus, impediram o delineamento deste estudo com previs&#227;o de inclus&#227;o por um ano. No entanto, ressalta-se que os dois grupos de tratamentos foram bastante homog&#234;neos em todas as vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; recidiva da les&#227;o, o que ameniza esse aspecto. Al&#233;m disso, a forma seq&#252;encial de inclus&#227;o dos casos e as diferen&#231;as estruturais das endopr&#243;teses impediram a an&#225;lise cega dos resultados. Entretanto, a an&#225;lise dos resultados por meio da angiografia quantitativa e do ultra-som intracoronariano, com medidas quantitativas precisas e objetivas, em um laborat&#243;rio que exibe experi&#234;ncia reconhecida neste campo, amenizam esse aspecto.</p>
    <p>Diante dos nossos achados, entendemos que, na fase atual, o tratamento de vasos com di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia inferior a 2,75 mm sofreu profunda modifica&#231;&#227;o com o surgimento dos <italic>stents</italic> liberadores de sirolimus. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que em futuro pr&#243;ximo, com a redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos das endopr&#243;teses, o emprego dos <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus nos pacientes com vasos de pequeno calibre apresente ainda melhor rela&#231;&#227;o de custo-benef&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao dos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos, por causa da menor revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo, da menor necessidade de interna&#231;&#245;es e da menor prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos na evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Assim, podemos concluir que o implante de <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus em pacientes com vasos de pequeno calibre apresenta menor hiperplasia intimal, avaliada pelo ultra-som intracoronariano, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos com estrutura met&#225;lica fina. As medidas angiogr&#225;ficas referentes ao resultado tardio (porcentual de estenose, perda tardia e reestenose) s&#227;o significativamente menores ap&#243;s o implante dos <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus. O di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz tardio &#233; maior ap&#243;s os <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus em rela&#231;&#227;o aos <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-recobertos. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo &#233; cerca de dez pontos porcentuais menor nos pacientes que receberam <italic>stents</italic> com sirolimus, ainda que essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha apresentado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fernando Stuchi Devito </p>
        <p> Pra&#231;a 9 de Julho, 176/111 </p>
        <p> 15800-000 &#150; Catanduva, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fdevito@cardiol.br">fdevito@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 17/03/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 18/05/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative analysis of intimal hyperplasia after sirolimus-eluting stent and thin-strut bare-metal stent implantation in small coronary arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating reduction in intimal hyperplasia volume following angioplasty using sirolimus-eluting stents (Cypher&#8482;) compared with thin-strut bare-metal stents (Pixel&#8482;) in patients with small vessels. METHODS: Eighty patients with coronary artery disease were prospectively included in two consecutive series, the first using sirolimus-eluting stents (50) and the second using bare-metal stents (30). RESULTS: The use of sirolimus-eluting stents reduced: in-stent net volume obstruction [5.0% (SE = 0.77) x 39.0% (SE = 4.72), p &lt; 0.001], in-stent late loss [0.25 mm (SE = 0.03) x 1,11 mm (SE = 0.13), p &lt; 0,001], in-segment late loss [0.30 mm (SE = 0.04) x 0.83 mm (SE = 0.11), p &lt; 0.001], in-stent restenosis (0% x 33.3%, p &lt; 0.001) and in-segment restenosis (4% x 36.7%, p &lt; 0.001). The event-free survival rate was 96% in the sirolimus-eluting stent group versus 86.7% in the bare-metal stent group (BMS) (p = 0.190). CONCLUSION: Sirolimus-eluting stents are superior to thin-strut bare-metal stents in reducing intimal hyperplasia (less in-stent obstruction and less late lumen loss) in patients with small vessels. The use of these stents significantly reduced angiographic restenosis at eight months.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stent</kwd>
        <kwd>restenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>small vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparative analysis of intimal hyperplasia after sirolimus-eluting stent and thin-strut bare-metal stent implantation in small coronary arteries</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernando Stuchi Devito; Amanda G. M. R. Sousa; Fausto Feres; Alexandre Antonio Cunha Abizaid; Rodolfo Staico; Luis Alberto Piva Mattos; Luis Fernando Leite Tanajura; Andr&#233;a C. L. S. Abizaid; &#193;urea Jacob Chaves; J. Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study aimed at evaluating reduction in intimal hyperplasia volume following angioplasty using sirolimus-eluting stents (Cypher&#153;) compared with thin-strut bare-metal stents (Pixel&#153;) in patients with small vessels.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Eighty patients with coronary artery disease were prospectively included in two consecutive series, the first using sirolimus-eluting stents (50) and the second using bare-metal stents (30).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The use of sirolimus-eluting stents reduced: in-stent net volume obstruction [5.0% (SE = 0.77) x 39.0% (SE = 4.72), p &lt; 0.001], in-stent late loss [0.25 mm (SE = 0.03) x 1,11 mm (SE = 0.13), p &lt; 0,001], in-segment late loss [0.30 mm (SE = 0.04) x 0.83 mm (SE = 0.11), p &lt; 0.001], in-stent restenosis (0% x 33.3%, p &lt; 0.001) and in-segment restenosis (4% x 36.7%, p &lt; 0.001). The event-free survival rate was 96% in the sirolimus-eluting stent group versus 86.7% in the bare-metal stent group (BMS) (p = 0.190).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Sirolimus-eluting stents are superior to thin-strut bare-metal stents in reducing intimal hyperplasia (less in-stent obstruction and less late lumen loss) in patients with small vessels. The use of these stents significantly reduced angiographic restenosis at eight months.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Stent, restenosis, small vessels.</p>
      <p>Treatment of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in small vessels currently accounts for up to 40% of all percutaneous revascularizations<sup>1,2</sup>. Restenosis may be as high as 50% after bare-metal stenting in small vessels, depending on lesion length and on the presence of diabetes mellitus<sup>3-9</sup>. Intimal hyperplasia is the primary mechanism of in-stent restenosis, and therapies focused on inhibiting neointimal growth should reduce restenosis<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the FIM and RAVEL trials, the use of sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with vessels larger than 3.0 mm, compared with bare-metal stents, resulted in marked reduction in intimal hyperplasia<sup>12,14</sup>. In the SIRIUS trial, angiographic restenosis was reduced from 36.3% after bare-metal stenting to 8.9% after sirolimus-eluting stenting (p &lt; 0.001). However, in a subanalysis of this same trial, restenosis after sirolimus-eluting stenting in vessels with mean reference diameter of 2.29 mm was higher (18.4%) when compared to large vessels (1.9%), calling into question the role of these endoprostheses in patients with small-vessel disease<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>At the same time, stents have been structurally modified to become thinner, and thin-strut stents were assessed in the ISAR-STEREO-2 trial, the results of which were decreased intimal hyperplasia<sup>16,17,18</sup>. One study by Garcia et al evaluating these stents in patients with small vessels reported 19.3% of restenosis and only 4.1% of target-vessel revascularization. Since then, these thin-strut stents have been considered the best option among uncoated stents for the treatment of small vessels<sup>19,20</sup> .</p>
      <p>In this study, we compared intimal hyperplasia in small vessels (reference diameter &lt; 2.75 mm) following either sirolimus-eluting or bare-metal stent implantation based on intimal hyperplasia volume measured by intravascular ultrasound.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From December 2002 to December 2003, patients with established diagnosis of coronary artery disease and candidates for elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were prospectively included in this study according to the following criteria: age equal to or older than 18 years; diagnosis of stable angina defined by the Canadian Society Classification (CSC I, II, III or IV), silent ischemia, unstable angina (Braunwald classification IB, IC, IIB, IIC), or myocardial infarction &gt; seven days; reference vessel diameter between 2.20 mm and 2.75 mm (quantitative coronary angiography); <italic>de novo</italic> native coronary artery lesion with target-lesion stenosis between 50% and 99% and <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mm in length. Exclusion criteria were: presence of cardiogenic shock; serum creatinine &gt; 2.0 mg/dL; peripheral vascular disease; known hypersensitivity or contraindication to heparin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), ticlopidine or clopidogrel; end-stage diseases associated with limited life expectancy (less than a year); left ventricular ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 30%; excessive target-vessel tortuosity, making intracoronary ultrasound difficult to perform; target-lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% in unprotected left main coronary artery; ostial lesions; target-lesions located at a bifurcation involving side branches <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.0 mm in diameter, and the presence of thrombus at the target site. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital.</p>
      <p>Patients were nonrandomly assigned to the trial and divided into two sequential treatment groups, the first using the Cypher&#153; stent (coated with sirolimus) and the other using the Multilink Rx Pixel&#153; stent (uncoated). According to the standard technique, aspirin 200 mg/day was administered at least 24 hours prior to intervention and a thienopyridine (ticlopidine or clopidogrel), during two months. Ticlopidine dosage was 250 mg twice daily (started at least 48 hours prior to intervention). Clopidogrel was given in a loading dose of 300 mg followed by and 75 mg daily (at least 24 hours prior to intervention). Unfractionated heparin was administered by intravenous bolus of 100 IU/kg. The use of both glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and predilation was left to the operators' discretion. Predilation balloons should be undersized at least 0.5 mm to the reference vessel diameter, in addition to being shorter than the chosen stent. Postdilation balloons (pressure &gt; 12 atm) also should be shorter than the implanted stent. When multiple stents were required, they had to overlap by 3 or 4 mm to prevent gaps between the endoprostheses. At the end of the procedure, all patients underwent ultrasound evaluation. Outpatient visits following discharge were made one, three, six, and eight months after PCI, when other coronary angiography and ultrasound examinations were scheduled.</p>
      <p>As for the endovascular prostheses used, the Cypher&#153; stent (with sirolimus) manufactured by Cordis, Johnson &amp; Johnson, is made of 316L stainless steel coated with a 50/50 combination of two non-erodible polymers, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate (PEVA) and poly n-butyl methacrylate (PBMA), mixed with sirolimus. A topcoat of PBMA polymer is applied to the stent surface. All stents contain 148 &#181;g of sirolimus per cm<sup>2</sup> of metal surface area and, in this formulation, the drug is released gradually over a prolonged period (95% is released up to 28 days after implantation). The Multilink Rx Pixel&#153;, manufactured by <italic>Guidant</italic>&#153;, is a stainless-steel, uncoated, balloon-expandable stent especially designed for small vessels. This thin-strut stent (0.05 mm) is composed of only five rings, allowing complete circumferential coverage with less metal.</p>
      <p>Off-line quantitative angiographic analysis was performed using the CMS&#153; device (Medis, Netherlands) at end-diastolic frames. The frame displaying the most severe lesion, before and after stent implantation, would be chosen for analysis. Minimal lumen diameter (MLD) and late lumen loss (LLL) were measured at the in-stent and in-lesion segments (in-stent plus the 5 mm proximal and distal to the endoprosthesis) at the following time points: preintervention, postintervention, and at follow-up coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Ultrasound assessment was performed using the Clear View&#153; (CVIS, Boston Scientific Corporation) and a 40-MHz catheter. Using an automated pullback system of the ultrasound catheter at 0.5 mm/s, image acquisition was continuous, starting at least 10 mm distal to the target lesion and advancing up to the aorto-ostial junction. The acquired images were analyzed by the echoPlaque&#153; 2 software (Indec Systems Inc. U.S). Angiographic and ultrasound images were analyzed at the core lab of the Department of Invasive Cardiology of Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology. Using Simpson's formula, stent, lumen and intimal hyperplasia volumes were calculated<sup>12</sup>. As this study involved stents of different lengths, these volumes were calculated in absolute numbers (mm<sup>3</sup> per patient) and correlated to the mean area for each variable (mm<sup>2</sup>). In-stent volume obstruction was calculated as the ratio between intimal hyperplasia volume and stent volume x 100.</p>
      <p>Incomplete stent apposition was evaluated and defined by the separation of one or more stent strut from the vessel wall with evidence of blood flow between the stent and the vessel wall (seen as blood speckles on the ultrasound image). When more than one incomplete stent apposition was detected, the circumferential angle of malapposition was reported. The degree of malapposition was also described and calculated by the sum of distances between the areas with malapposition<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In-stent and in-segment restenosis were defined by the classic binary criterion (stenosis &gt; 50% at follow-up angiography). Success was defined by postprocedural residual stenosis lower than 10%, in the absence of major complications (death, infarction, and emergency surgery).</p>
      <p>The primary endpoint was to evaluate, at the term of eight months, the in-stent volume obstruction occupied by intimal hyperplasia. Secondary endpoints included: In-stent and in-segment MLD and late loss, binary restenosis, and incidence of major adverse cardiac events (death, infarction, and target-lesion revascularization).</p>
      <p>Calculation of sample size was based on the assumption of 40% an in-stent volume obstruction for bare-metal stents and of only 10% for sirolimus-eluting stents (SD = 30), that is, a relative reduction of 75%<sup>21,22</sup>. With a two-tailed hypothesis test, alpha level of 0.05 and statistical power of 90%, 21 patients would be necessary in each group for the primary endpoint to be demonstrated. Considering possible losses and attempting to include the higher number of patients necessary to achieve better distribution of clinical, angiographic, and IVUS variables, we planned to enroll 30 patients in each group. Owing to the availability of fifty patients who were being treated with sirolimus-eluting stents at that time in the institution, the first fifty patients were sequentially treated with these endoprostheses (sirolimus-eluting stents), and the other patients were treated with bare-metal stents.</p>
      <p>Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies (percentages), and quantitative variables, as means and standard errors. Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare both groups' categorical variables, when necessary. Student's t test for independent samples was used to evaluate quantitative variables in a single time point. Quantitative variables measured at three time points (before, immediately after the procedure and at eight months) were determined by Generalized Linear Models with repeat measurements. Two aspects were considered in these models: group (sirolimus-eluting stents and bare-metal stents) and time point (pre-, post-, and late), and comparisons were made between groups (sirolimus-eluting stents vs. bare-metal stents at each time point) and in each group (pre- x post- x late for each group). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 11.0 and SAS version 8.01. Significance level was set at 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty patients were included in this study: the first fifty were sequentially treated with sirolimus-eluting stent (Cypher&#153;) and the last thirty, with Multilink Rx Pixel&#153; (uncoated). Clinical characteristics of patients in both treatment groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>, angiographic characteristics in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela2-body2">Table 2</xref>, as well as the technical variables of procedure in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela3-body2">Table 3</xref>. During follow-up, 94% of the patients underwent angiographic evaluation. Results of in-stent quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela4-body2">Table 4</xref>. Mean reference vessel diameter [2.44 mm (SE = 0.02) x 2.37 mm (SE = 0.03), p = 0.075] and mean length of treated lesions [13.75 mm (SE = 0.92) x 12.87 mm (SE = 0.53), p = 0.498] were similar in both groups. Mean minimal lumen diameter did not differ between groups, either in the preprocedural (p = 0.926) or in the postprocedural findings (p = 0.952), but at eight months the vessels treated with sirolimus-eluting stents had increased MLD [2.14 mm (SE = 0.03) x 1.28 mm (SE = 0.13), p &lt; 0.001]. This was due to the late lumen loss, which was significantly lower in the sirolimus group [0.25 mm (SE = 0.03) x 1.11 mm (SE = 0.13), p &lt; 0.001].</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tabela4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No in-stent restenosis was found following sirolimus-eluting stenting, contrary to 33.3% of restenosis following bare-metal stenting (p &lt; 0.001). Individual MLD variations , as well as in the stenosis rate over time, in both treatment arms are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_28917f1-body2">Figure 1</xref>. These angiographic measurements obtained before and after the procedure are quite consistent in both treatment groups, but in late evolution, higher variability is observed with bare-metal stents. In-segment analysis showed less late lumen loss with sirolimus-eluting stents than with bare-metal stents [0.30 mm (SE = 0.04) x 0.83 mm (SE = 0.11), p &lt; 0.001, respectively], in-segment restenosis being significantly lower in the sirolimus arm [4% x 36.7%, (p &lt; 0.001)].</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_28917f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0268-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Eighty per cent of the patients underwent intravascular ultrasound examination. Intravascular ultrasound analysis showed that mean intimal hyperplasia volume was 5.0 mm<sup>3</sup> (SE = 0.77) in the sirolimus-stent group versus 27.5 mm<sup>3</sup> (SE = 3.60) in the BMS-group (p &lt; 0.001). Mean intimal hyperplasia cross-sectional area was smaller in the sirolimus-stent group compared with the BMS-group [0.24 mm2 (SE = 0.03) x 1.62 mm<sup>2</sup> (SE = 0.19), p &lt; 0.001], as was mean in-stent volume obstruction [5% (SE = 0.77) x 39% (SE = 4.72), p &lt; 0.001]. No stent malapposition was found in either group.</p>
      <p>Stent implantation was successful in all the patients, without major in-hospital complications (death, myocardial infarction, or emergency revascularization surgery). No patient in this study was given glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Moreover, there were no in-stent thromboses, nonfatal myocardial infarctions nor deaths, either at 30 days or at eight months. All patients were clinically evaluated during this period, and two patients (4%) treated with sirolimus-eluting stents required repeat target-lesion revascularization. In these cases, additional angioplasty was performed with the implantation of another sirolimus-eluting stent. Six patients in the BMS-group experienced myocardial ischemia symptoms (20.0%), and four (13.3%) required repeat target-lesion revascularization (TLR): two balloon angioplasty and two coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Thus, although event-free survival and TLR-free survival were lower in the sirolimus-stent group when compared with the BMS-group, no statistically significant difference was found regarding these clinical outcomes in either group (96% x 86.7%; p = 0.190).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study showed that sirolimus-eluting stenting in patients with small vessels is associated with a lesser degree of intimal hyperplasia compared with the reparative response following bare-metal stenting, and thus results in a lower rate of in-stent and in-segment restenosis. Clinical variables in this study characterized groups of patients with at least moderate complexity for percutaneous coronary intervention. Among all characteristics, it is worth noting the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus: 40% in the sirolimus-eluting stent group and 30% in the BMS-group (p = 0.368). In most randomized trials comparing ballooning versus stenting in patients with small vessels, with the exception of the CHIVAS<sup>23</sup> and RAP<sup>24</sup> trials, the prevalence of diabetes was lower than 30%, ranging from 12% and 20%. Even in the era of sirolimus-eluting stents, the SVELT<sup>25</sup> was the trial that included the highest number of diabetics (26.7%). In the RAVEL<sup>14</sup>, SIRIUS, C-SIRIUS<sup>26</sup>, E-SIRIUS<sup>27</sup> and SES-SMART<sup>28</sup> trials, this subgroup accounted for 16%, 25%, 24%, 23%, and 19.4%, respectively.</p>
      <p>The most relevant IVUS finding was the beneficial mechanism involved with sirolimus-eluting stent compared with bare-metal stent, that is, inhibition (in 87%) of excessive intimal hyperplasia evaluated by in-stent volume obstruction. This finding of marked decrease in in-stent intimal hyperplasia has been consistent in all sirolimus-eluting stent trials that used IVUS as the evaluation tool. Mean intimal hyperplasia cross-sectional area obtained in this investigation (0.24 mm<sup>2</sup>) was similar to that observed in the SVELT<sup>25</sup> trial (0.08 mm<sup>2</sup>), as well as in trials of sirolimus-eluting stents in larger vessels, such as the RAVEL<sup>14</sup> and the SIRIUS<sup>15</sup> (0.11 mm<sup>2</sup> and 0.50 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively), meaning that intimal hyperplasia inhibition with these stents does not depend on vessel diameter. However, mean intimal hyperplasia associated with the thin-strut, bare-metal stents used in this study (Pixel&#153;) was 1.62 mm<sup>2</sup>, lower than that found in the DANTE<sup>29</sup> trial (3.05 mm<sup>2</sup>) and in the respective arms of the RAVEL<sup>14</sup> and SIRIUS<sup>15</sup> trials (2.05 mm<sup>2</sup> and 2.70 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively), which used a thicker strut model.</p>
      <p>Moreover, no incomplete apposition of stent struts was found in either group. Unlike in large vessels, stent placement in small vessels is performed with a higher stent-to-vessel diameter ratio, favoring stent strut impaction in the atheromatous plaque. Therefore, incomplete stent apposition is usually less frequent in small vessels. In the RAVEL<sup>14</sup> trial, for example, mean vessel diameter in ten patients with incomplete stent apposition was 3.16 mm (SD = 0.57), whereas that of 38 patients with well-apposed stents was 2.79 mm (SD = 0.43), (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>In the last decade, recommendations for bare-metal stenting emphasized the need to obtain as much lumen as possible to accommodate hyperplasia and, thus, reduce restenosis. However, in the investigation of drug-eluting stents showing significant decrease in-stent intimal hyperplasia, as in the SIRIUS<sup>15</sup> trial, the finding of border effects attracted special attention, because they accounted for the recurrences in this study. Based on this new perspective, additional technical observations were implemented to guide stent implantation.</p>
      <p>One of these aspects is lesion coverage, because an incomplete metallic coverage in sirolimus-eluting stent implantation may affect late results. In this study, stent length&#150;to&#150;lesion length ratio was 1.4, and in the C-SIRIUS<sup>26</sup> and E-SIRIUS<sup>27</sup> trials was even higher (1.7 and 1.8, respectively), as well as in the RAVEL<sup>14</sup> trial, in which no follow-up restenosis was found during the first year. Although lesions were more complex in the C-SIRIUS<sup>26</sup> trial than those randomized in the RAVEL<sup>14</sup> trial, requiring more than one stent per lesion in 48% of the cases (67% of which with overlapping stents), restenosis rate was very low (0% in-stent and 2.3% in-segment), demonstrating that longer stents are better, even when more than one stent is required. In this case, this should be done with a 2- or 3 mm overlap, to prevent target lesion ends from being exposed to balloon trauma and, thus, to intimal proliferation.</p>
      <p>Among the limitations of this study, the lack of rando-mization should be noted. Logistics regarding limited availability of sirolimus-eluting stents prevented inclusion for a one-year period anticipated by the study design. Nevertheless, it must be emphasized that both treatment groups were quite homogeneous with respect to all variables related to lesion recurrence and thus minimized this aspect. In addition, the way patients were sequentially included and also the stents' structural differences prevented a blind analysis of results. However, result analysis by quantitative angiography and intravascular ultrasound, with accurate and objective measurements, performed at a laboratory with large experience in this field, minimizes this aspect.</p>
      <p>In view of these findings, we believe that treatment of vessels with reference diameter lower than 2.75 mm changed dramatically with the advent of sirolimus-eluting stents. Moreover, in the near future, as the costs of endoprostheses decrease, the use of sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with small vessels may be even more cost-effective compared with bare-metal stents, owing to a reduction in target-lesion revascularization, hospital admissions, and drug prescriptions.</p>
      <p>Therefore, we can conclude that sirolimus-eluting stenting in patients with small vessels leads to reduced intimal hyperplasia, as evaluated by intravascular ultrasound, compared with thin-strut, bare-metal stenting. Angiographic measurements related to late results (degree of stenosis, late lumen loss, and restenosis) are significantly lower after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Late minimal lumen diameter is greater following sirolimus-eluting stenting compared with bare-metal stenting. Target-lesion revascularization is about 10% lower in patients treated with sirolimus-eluting stents, even though this difference was not statistically significant in the present study.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Fernando Stuchi Devito</p>
          <p> Pra&#231;a 9 de Julho, 176/111</p>
          <p> 15800-000 &#150; Catanduva, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fdevito@cardiol.br">fdevito@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/17/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 05/18/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
