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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3PjV73NXgSF3HGbjMWCvs4Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000400005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aspectos t&#233;cnicos da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano baseada no componente atrial do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio e anatomia radiol&#243;gica durante o procedimento de implante de marcapasso biventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando S&#233;rgio Oliva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mortati</surname>
            <given-names>Nicola Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braile</surname>
            <given-names>Domingo Marcolino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Reinaldo Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rojas</surname>
            <given-names>Salomon Ordinola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandre Caputo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Janu&#225;rio Manuel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Almeida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>261</fpage>
      <lpage>267</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Apresentar uma proposi&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica baseada na experi&#234;ncia de 130 implantes utilizando t&#233;cnica simplificada para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, baseada no componente atrial do eletrograma intracavi-t&#225;rio e anatomia radiol&#243;gica. M&#201;TODOS: De outubro de 2001 a outubro de 2004 foram realiza-dos 130 implantes de marcapasso biventricular, utilizando-se anatomia radiol&#243;gica e observa&#231;&#227;o de eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio, com prioridade ao componente atrial. RESULTADOS: O implante do sistema, utilizando-se a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo via seio coronariano, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel em 8 pacientes. Em 12 pacientes foram observadas dificuldades na canula&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio e em 15 pacientes observaram-se dificuldades de progress&#227;o do eletrodo atrav&#233;s do seio coronariano. O tempo m&#233;dio de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de radioscopia foi de 18,69 min. CONCLUS&#195;O: A t&#233;cnica de implante, utilizando a morfologia do componente atrial do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio e anatomia radiol&#243;gica, demonstrou ser pouco trabalhosa, segura e eficaz para canula&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio do seio coronariano, necessitando de reduzido tempo de radioscopia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</kwd>
        <kwd>miocardiopatia dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>marcapasso artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aspectos t&#233;cnicos da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano baseada no componente atrial do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio e anatomia radiol&#243;gica durante o procedimento de implante de marcapasso biventricular </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fernando S&#233;rgio Oliva de Souza; Nicola Luciano Mortati; Domingo Marcolino Braile; Reinaldo Wilson Vieira; Salomon Ordinola Rojas; Alessandre Caputo Rabelo; Janu&#225;rio Manuel de Souza; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia e Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Apresentar uma proposi&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica baseada na experi&#234;ncia de 130 implantes utilizando t&#233;cnica simplificada para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, baseada no componente atrial do eletrograma intracavi-t&#225;rio e anatomia radiol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> De outubro de 2001 a outubro de 2004 foram realiza-dos 130 implantes de marcapasso biventricular, utilizando-se anatomia radiol&#243;gica e observa&#231;&#227;o de eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio, com prioridade ao componente atrial. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O implante do sistema, utilizando-se a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo via seio coronariano, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel em 8 pacientes. Em 12 pacientes foram observadas dificuldades na canula&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio e em 15 pacientes observaram-se dificuldades de progress&#227;o do eletrodo atrav&#233;s do seio coronariano. O tempo m&#233;dio de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de radioscopia foi de 18,69 min. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A t&#233;cnica de implante, utilizando a morfologia do componente atrial do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio e anatomia radiol&#243;gica, demonstrou ser pouco trabalhosa, segura e eficaz para canula&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio do seio coronariano, necessitando de reduzido tempo de radioscopia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, miocardiopatia dilatada, marcapasso artificial.</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; hoje uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica muito freq&#252;ente, que apresenta elevado grau de morbidade e mortalidade, dadas a alta preval&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no mundo ocidental<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar do arsenal terap&#234;utico desenvolvido para o controle da doen&#231;a nos &#250;ltimos anos, muitos s&#227;o os pacientes refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento. Num contexto de relativo desapontamento com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s modalidades terap&#234;uticas cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas, o marcapasso card&#237;aco surgiu recentemente como uma nova alternativa cir&#250;rgica para o tratamento prim&#225;rio de pacientes com IC refrat&#225;ria aos agentes<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentes estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mediante estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular &#233; um importante tratamento coadjuvante &#224; terapia medicamentosa otimizada, em pacientes com IC refrat&#225;ria, causada por disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda cr&#244;nica e dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, promovendo melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e da qualidade de vida<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica para a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pode ser realizada tanto por modo epimioc&#225;rdico, mediante toracotomia, como pode ser realizada pelo epic&#225;rdio de maneira transvenosa. Visto que a &#250;ltima t&#233;cnica &#233; a de escolha, a maior limita&#231;&#227;o desse tratamento &#233; a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o e inser&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo no seio coronariano (SC) e suas tribut&#225;rias para estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O implante do cabo-eletrodo espec&#237;fico para estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#233; um procedimento relativamente complexo, que envolve varia&#231;&#245;es da anatomia das veias coronarianas, qualidade do material utilizado e experi&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Impossibilidade de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do SC, varia&#231;&#245;es da anatomia do sistema venoso coronariano e estimula&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica s&#227;o as mais freq&#252;entes causas de insucesso no posicionamento do cabo-eletrodo. A taxa de insucesso tende a cair com o aumento de varia&#231;&#245;es nos modelos dos cabos-eletrodo e experi&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o<sup>8-11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com os bons resultados apresentados com esse tratamento coadjuvante, a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca vem se tornando um tratamento de rotina em pacientes previamente selecionados. Com o passar do tempo, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da complexidade do procedimento, a comunidade de engenharia m&#233;dico-cient&#237;fica vem investindo na adapta&#231;&#227;o de material para facilitar a t&#233;cnica de implante<sup>9,12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o obstante a evolu&#231;&#227;o do material e da t&#233;cnica do procedimento, a taxa de insucesso, principalmente entre os profissionais menos experientes, ainda &#233; relevante. O objetivo deste trabalho &#233; apresentar uma proposi&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica baseada na experi&#234;ncia de 130 implantes utilizando uma t&#233;cnica simplificada para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, atrav&#233;s da anatomia radiol&#243;gica e do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio, com &#234;nfase no componente atrial, demonstrando a taxa de sucesso, complica&#231;&#245;es e tempo total de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de radioscopia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo realizado no Servi&#231;o de Cl&#237;nica e Cirurgia Cardiovascular Prof. Dr. S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira, do Hospital Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo, sendo os dados colhidos de pacientes submetidos a implante de marcapasso biventricular no per&#237;odo compreendido entre outubro de 2001 e outubro de 2004.</p>
    <p>Popula&#231;&#227;o - Integraram-na 130 pacientes com idades variando entre 31 e 84 anos, m&#233;dia de 59,0&#177;12,6 anos, 58 (44,6%) do sexo feminino e 72 (55,4%) do sexo masculino<italic>,</italic> portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD).</p>
    <p>Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, pacientes com CMD e 1) insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe funcional (NYHA) III ou IV refrat&#225;ria &#224; terapia medicamentosa otimizada; 2) CMD n&#227;o-pass&#237;vel de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; 3) pacientes sem indica&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de restabelecimento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou do sincronismo atrioventricular; 4) dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o interventricular exteriorizado sob a forma de padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, de ramo direito ou de ramo esquerdo induzido por estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ventricular direita exclusiva, associado ou n&#227;o ao bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior; 5) dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS maior ou igual a 130 ms e 6) presen&#231;a de ritmo sinusal.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) infarto ou angina inst&#225;vel nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses; 2) miocardite aguda; 3) gravidez e 4) abuso de drogas ou &#225;lcool.</p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia local e eventualmente sob seda&#231;&#227;o, dependendo do grau da IC e da toler&#226;ncia ao tempo prolongado de dec&#250;bito. Os pacientes receberam antibi&#243;tico profil&#225;tico intravenoso 1 hora antes do procedimento. Foram posicionados em dec&#250;bito dorsal horizontal, realizada a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica com todos os eletrodos dispostos em hemit&#243;rax direito, quando a opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada do lado esquerdo (de escolha), ou esquerdo, quando a opera&#231;&#227;o foi realizada do lado direito (casos em que houve impossibilidade de implante do lado de prefer&#234;ncia ou quando o paciente j&#225; era portador de marcapasso definitivo implantado &#224; direita), de modo que todos ficassem afastados da silhueta card&#237;aca (dois eletrodos em regi&#227;o do delt&#243;ide direito (anterior e posterior) e um eletrodo em linha axilar anterior esquerda no s&#233;timo espa&#231;o intercostal. A deriva&#231;&#227;o utilizada foi a deriva&#231;&#227;o bipolar D2, sendo o eletrodo ativo sempre posicionado em regi&#227;o delt&#243;ide.</p>
    <p>O primeiro cabo-eletrodo a ser posicionado foi o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), seguido pelo cabo-eletrodo de &#225;trio direito, ambos quando poss&#237;vel, pela veia cef&#225;lica esquerda. Quando n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a passagem de um ou nenhum dos dois cabos-eletrodo, optou-se pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de nova pun&#231;&#227;o venosa para obten&#231;&#227;o da via de passagem. Esses cabos-eletrodo (fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa) foram posicionados em locais tradicionais (cabo-eletrodo do &#225;trio em aur&#237;cula direita e do ventr&#237;culo direito na ponta do mesmo) ou onde se obtiveram limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o, de sensibilidade e imped&#226;ncia aceit&#225;veis. Nos casos em que houve indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) concomitante, foi utilizado cabo-eletrodo dupla-mola de fixa&#231;&#227;o passiva, posicionado em ponta de ventr&#237;culo direito. Em portadores de marcapasso dupla-c&#226;mara previamente implantado foi realizada apenas uma pun&#231;&#227;o para passagem do cabo-eletrodo para estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. O &#250;ltimo cabo-eletrodo a ser posicionado foi o do seio coronariano para estimula&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Este foi passado atrav&#233;s de nova pun&#231;&#227;o de veia subcl&#225;via e a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano foi obtida pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o da anatomia radiol&#243;gica com fluoroscopia em incid&#234;ncia obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda em um &#226;ngulo de 35 graus e eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio unipolar obtido por conex&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo de seio coronariano com o cabo-eletrodo explorador da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>O cabo-eletrodo foi adaptado de forma a respeitar a anatomia do &#225;trio direito. Sua adapta&#231;&#227;o foi realizada pela formata&#231;&#227;o de suas guias. Ap&#243;s sua formata&#231;&#227;o, o cabo-eletrodo foi posicionado em regi&#227;o de septo atrial baixo. Nessa posi&#231;&#227;o foi mobilizado suavemente em dire&#231;&#245;es superior, inferior (utilizando-se anatomia radiol&#243;gica), anterior e posterior, atrav&#233;s de rota&#231;&#227;o anti-hor&#225;ria e hor&#225;ria, respectivamente (utilizando-se eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio). Regi&#245;es pr&#243;ximas ao anel atrioventricular exibiam eletrogramas bem definidos, com presen&#231;a de componente atrial e ventricular.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio do seio coronariano com o pr&#243;prio cabo-eletrodo, este foi posicionado em uma veia tribut&#225;ria do sistema venoso coronariano aproveitando a formata&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;pria guia utilizada para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio, ou, em determinados casos, uma nova guia formatada em "S" foi introduzida no cabo-eletrodo facilitando o posicionamento nesta. A escolha foi realizada, dando-se prefer&#234;ncia &#224;s veias da parede lateral e posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, seguido pela estabilidade do cateter, aus&#234;ncia de estimula&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica com estimula&#231;&#227;o de energia m&#225;xima (10 Volts), limiares de estimula&#231;&#227;o, sensibilidade e imped&#226;ncia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e biventricular, nos casos de geradores sem sa&#237;da independente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi realizada em todos os pacientes. A canula&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da anatomia radiol&#243;gica e eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio foi realizada com sucesso em 129 pacientes. Em 7 pacientes, nos quais se obteve a canula&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, n&#227;o conseguimos sucesso no posicionamento do cabo-eletrodo. Em 4 casos, pela impossibilidade de se obter limiares aceit&#225;veis; em 2 casos, pela angula&#231;&#227;o da entrada do seio coronariano, que impossibilitou a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo dentro do seio venoso; e em 1 caso, pela estimula&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica no &#250;nico local em que foi poss&#237;vel realizar a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Em 8 pacientes, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi obtida por meio de implante de cabo-eletrodo epimioc&#225;rdico por toracotomia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">fig.1</xref>)</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O componente atrial na regi&#227;o do &#243;stio do seio coronariano apresentou-se isodif&#225;sico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2a">fig. 2A</xref>). &#192; medida que o cabo-eletrodo se posteriorizou, afastando-se da regi&#227;o do &#243;stio do SC, o componente atrial tornou-se progressivamente mais negativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2b">fig. 2B</xref>) e, ao contr&#225;rio, &#224; medida que se anteriorizou, afastando-se do &#243;stio, tornou-se progressivamente positivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2c">fig. 2C</xref>). Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o era raro que atravessasse a valva tric&#250;spide e migrasse para o ventr&#237;culo gerando potenciais ventriculares de alta amplitude, induzindo, eventualmente, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada.</p>
    <fig id="figura2a"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="figura2b">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <fig id="figura2c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No momento da canula&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio, o componente atrial se mostrou isodif&#225;sico em 126 (96,9%) pacientes e, predominantemente, positivo em 3 (2,3%) pacientes. O posicionamento do cabo-eletrodo em tribut&#225;rias do seio coronariano foi obtido com sucesso em 122 pacientes (91,5%), com tempo m&#233;dio de radioscopia de 18,69 (&#177;15,2) min. Com o treinamento do cirurgi&#227;o a taxa de sucesso progressivamente aumentou. No primeiro ano foi de 55,5%, com tempo m&#233;dio de radioscopia de 43,6 (&#177;18,6) min, no segundo 92,6% com 18,21 (&#177;13) min, e no terceiro 97,9% com tempo m&#233;dio de 13,18 (&#177;4,9) min.</p>
    <p>Encontramos dificuldade de canula&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano em 12 pacientes, apesar de adequados potenciais intracavit&#225;rios e correto posicionamento anatomorradiol&#243;gico. Em 5 casos foram realizadas manobras com o cabo-eletrodo e o guia que possibilitaram a passagem do cabo-eletrodo atrav&#233;s do &#243;stio, evidenciando posterioriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano. Em 7 casos, uma guia mais r&#237;gida e com curvatura mais acentuada foi utilizada facilitando a passagem do cabo-eletrodo. Em 15 pacientes observamos dificuldade na progress&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo aproximadamente na prov&#225;vel regi&#227;o de drenagem da grande veia card&#237;aca no seio coronariano. Esse problema foi solucionado em 9 pacientes mediante sucessivas manipula&#231;&#245;es do cabo-eletrodo e seu guia. Em 6 casos a guia pr&#233;-formatada foi trocada por uma reta mais r&#237;gida. Em 12 casos tivemos que reposicionar o cabo-eletrodo ap&#243;s a retirada da guia e desposicionamento acidental do mesmo. Dez pacientes apresentaram estimula&#231;&#227;o diafragm&#225;tica, sendo o cabo-eletrodo reposicionado com sucesso em 9 pacientes. Tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram bloqueio atrioventricular total transit&#243;rio ap&#243;s manipula&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo na cavidade ventricular direita, sendo necess&#225;ria a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular provis&#243;ria. Em 2 casos houve deslocamento do cabo-eletrodo atrial durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo do seio coronariano, necessitando seu reposicionamento.</p>
    <p>Em 2 casos o implante do lado esquerdo foi interrompido e realizado do lado direito com sucesso. Um por impossibilidade de se avan&#231;ar o cabo-eletrodo para as cavidades direitas, em raz&#227;o da angula&#231;&#227;o na drenagem da veia inominada com a veia cava superior, e o outro pela presen&#231;a de veia cava esquerda persistente, e seio coronariano estreito, impossibilitando a passagem dos tr&#234;s cabos-eletrodo, pela mesma via de acesso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tem mostrado bons resultados no tratamento de portadores de IC previamente selecionados<sup>3-5</sup>. A rotina hist&#243;rica de implante de cabo-eletrodo para estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda tem sido sua fixa&#231;&#227;o epimioc&#225;rdica sob vis&#227;o direta por toracotomia, lateral ou subxif&#243;idea, ou por toracoscopia. Esses m&#233;todos j&#225; provaram ser eficazes e eram rotina antes da inven&#231;&#227;o dos cabos-eletrodo transvenosos para estimula&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica tendo como acesso a via endoc&#225;rdica<sup>14</sup>. O maior obst&#225;culo ao implante de rotina do cabo-eletrodo para estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, em portadores de cardiomiopatia dilatada e ICC, via epimioc&#225;rdica, s&#227;o os riscos associados &#224; anestesia geral e &#224; morbidade p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica<sup>14</sup>. Atualmente, o m&#233;todo transvenoso por acesso endoc&#225;rdico &#233; o de escolha por reduzir a complexidade cir&#250;rgica, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia a sua morbidade e tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es da aplica&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica transvenosa &#233; a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano e o posicionamento do cabo-eletrodo especial em uma de suas tribut&#225;rias para estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>7,14</sup>. O sucesso no implante depende de m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis, incluindo experi&#234;ncia e t&#233;cnica do cirurgi&#227;o, anatomia do seio coronariano, disponibilidade e variedade de material especial<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos grandes avan&#231;os na tecnologia e da evolu&#231;&#227;o nas t&#233;cnicas de implante com sistemas de bainha, sistemas especiais de guias, "side-the-wire"<sup>13</sup> e "over-the-wire"<sup>10,14</sup>, ou propostas de canula&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano guiado por cateter eletrofisiol&#243;gico<sup>9</sup> t&#234;m demonstrado ser eficazes. Por&#233;m, as t&#233;cnicas propostas, por meio de bainhas associadas a contraste, guias especiais ou sinal el&#233;trico intracavit&#225;rio inespec&#237;fico, ainda se utilizam apenas da anatomia radiol&#243;gica e s&#233;rie de tentativas e erros para a canula&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano. Tendo em vista essa limita&#231;&#227;o ainda remanescente, os autores apresentam a experi&#234;ncia, em um &#250;nico centro, de uma t&#233;cnica que procura facilitar a canula&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano baseada em anatomia radiol&#243;gica e eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio, dando &#234;nfase &#224; morfologia do eletrograma atrial.</p>
    <p>O procedimento foi realizado, preferencialmente, &#224; esquerda, por dois motivos. Primeiro, pela facilidade de tuneliza&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo para loja do marcapasso nos casos em que a estimula&#231;&#227;o tivesse que ser realizada via epimioc&#225;rdica, por toracotomia. Segundo, eventualmente os pacientes apresentam veia cava esquerda com atresia de &#243;stio de seio coronariano<sup>15-16</sup>, impossibilitando o implante &#224; direita. Optamos por implantar inicialmente os cabos-eletrodo convencionais para estimula&#231;&#245;es ventricular e atrial direitas, respectivamente, por servir como pontos de defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, e porque durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo, nesses pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo existe o risco de traumatismo do ramo direito provocando-se bloqueio atrioventricular total e necessidade de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tempor&#225;ria, que, assim como descrito na literatura<sup>8</sup>, ocorreu em dois pacientes.</p>
    <p>Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da radioscopia em incid&#234;ncia obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (OAE) a 35&#186; foi obtida a rela&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica bidimensional do anel tric&#250;spide e mitral, podendo-se evidenciar as paredes lateral e septal do &#225;trio direito. Com o aux&#237;lio do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio, identificaram-se regi&#245;es pr&#243;ximas ao anel atrioventricular que demonstram eletrogramas intracavit&#225;rios atriais e ventriculares com rela&#231;&#227;o 1:2 ou menores<sup>17</sup>. Sabendo-se que o &#243;stio do seio coronariano se encontra na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal direita, pr&#243;ximo ou no pr&#243;prio anel atrioventricular, o cabo-eletrodo foi posicionado nessa regi&#227;o, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o da guia do pr&#243;prio cabo-eletrodo previamente formatada, observando-se a presen&#231;a de eletrograma atrial e ventricular. Manipula&#231;&#245;es para regi&#227;o superior e inferior foram facilmente realizadas utilizando-se anatomia radiol&#243;gica. Por&#233;m, a radioscopia ofereceu imagens bidimensionais; conseq&#252;entemente, mobiliza&#231;&#245;es para regi&#245;es anteriores e posteriores n&#227;o podiam ser monitorizadas por ela. Dessa maneira, essas manipula&#231;&#245;es do cabo-eletrodo foram acompanhadas com base no componente atrial do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio. Observou-se que no &#243;stio do seio coronariano, local a partir do qual foi poss&#237;vel a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, o eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio mostrou-se isodif&#225;sico em 126 dos 129 pacientes nos quais foi poss&#237;vel sua cateteriza&#231;&#227;o. Observou-se, ainda, que pequenas mobiliza&#231;&#245;es do cabo-eletrodo para regi&#227;o posterior tornavam o componente atrial predominantemente negativo, e que mobiliza&#231;&#245;es para regi&#227;o anterior o tornavam predominantemente positivo, posi&#231;&#245;es que foram checadas com a radioscopia em incid&#234;ncia obl&#237;qua anterior direita (OAD). Sabe-se que o eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio atrial direito apresenta diferentes morfologias e componentes que s&#227;o dependentes do posicionamento do cabo-eletrodo em suas diferentes regi&#245;es anat&#244;micas. Regi&#245;es de &#225;trio direito alto apresentam potenciais predominantemente negativos, regi&#245;es de &#225;trio direito m&#233;dio apresentam potenciais isodif&#225;sicos, e regi&#245;es de &#225;trio direito baixo apresentam potenciais predominantemente positivos<sup>18</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3a">figs. 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="figura3b">B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="figura3c">C</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura3a">
      <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3PjV73NXgSF3HGbjMWCvs4Q/05ef462d8266b0afc4a2d37a3459823bd25244e4.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3PjV73NXgSF3HGbjMWCvs4Q/297b1ad536bb1551fb1775919aa9e2d80f766017.gif"/>
    <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>H&#225; uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para essas observa&#231;&#245;es. Sabe-se que o vetor resultante da despolariza&#231;&#227;o atrial direita tem in&#237;cio na regi&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal e &#233; direcionado para baixo, para frente e um pouco para a esquerda<sup>19</sup>. Sabendo-se que o &#243;stio do seio coronariano se apresenta na regi&#227;o posterior do &#225;trio direito, &#226;ntero-lateral &#224; v&#225;lvula da veia cava inferior e anteriormente relacionado &#224; c&#250;spide septal da valva tric&#250;spide<sup>20</sup>, em raz&#227;o de sua posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, ele ficaria perpendicular ao vetor de despolariza&#231;&#227;o atrial. Tendo em vista que o eletrograma atrial obtido com o eletrodo &#233; unipolar, o posicionamento deste sobre o &#243;stio do seio coronariano o colocaria em posi&#231;&#227;o vertical de aproximadamente 90&#186;, gerando potenciais isodif&#225;sicos<sup>19</sup>. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, movimentando-se o cabo-eletrodo em dire&#231;&#227;o posterior, este tenderia a observar a cauda do vetor, tornando o sinal mais negativo, e, ao contr&#225;rio, em dire&#231;&#227;o anterior mais positivo, por observar a ponta do vetor<sup>19</sup>, assim como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3a">figura 3</xref>. Galv&#227;o Filho<sup>18</sup>, em 1990, tamb&#233;m demonstrou que o eletrograma atrial varia conforme sua localiza&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio direito. Por&#233;m, utilizou uma maneira diferente daquela dos autores de descri&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica do &#225;trio direito, baseada em uma imagem bidimensional. O que Galv&#227;o Filho nomeou de &#225;trio direito alto e &#225;trio direito baixo correspondeu &#224;s regi&#245;es superior e "inferior" (pr&#243;ximas ao anel tric&#250;spide) do &#225;trio direito. Na anatomia radiol&#243;gica utilizada pelos autores (incid&#234;ncia obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda), regi&#245;es posteriores ao &#243;stio do seio coronariano corresponderam &#224; regi&#227;o superior do &#225;trio direito e regi&#245;es anteriores ao &#243;stio do seio coronariano corresponderam &#224; regi&#227;o "inferior".</p>
    <p>Nossa taxa de sucesso de 91,5% mostrou-se semelhante &#224; da literatura<sup>8-10</sup>, com uma curva de aprendizado claramente evidenciada pelo porcentual de sucesso no primeiro ano de experi&#234;ncia de 55,5%, quando comparada ao &#250;ltimo ano de 97,9%. O registro europeu do CONTAK revelou com detalhes que o tempo m&#233;dio de dura&#231;&#227;o do procedimento e a taxa de sucesso foi diretamente proporcional &#224; experi&#234;ncia do cirurgi&#227;o<sup>10</sup>. Cirurgi&#245;es com mais de vinte implantes de experi&#234;ncia obtiveram os menores tempos de procedimento, associados aos menores tempos de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de radioscopia para o implante. O tempo m&#233;dio para o implante foi de 90&#177;38 min, com tempo de radioscopia de 27&#177;21min. O nosso tempo m&#233;dio de utiliza&#231;&#227;o total de radioscopia foi de 18,69 min. Comparado ao da literatura, nosso tempo m&#233;dio total de radioscopia foi menor que as citadas por Kautzner e cols.<sup>8</sup>, Purerfellner e cols.<sup>9</sup>, Butter e cols.<sup>12</sup>, Yee e cols.<sup>21</sup>. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada pelo fato de que nesses trabalhos houve o envolvimento de muitos cirurgi&#245;es e, em alguns casos, de muitos centros, e os resultados podem ter sido influenciados pela experi&#234;ncia de cada cirurgi&#227;o. Em nosso trabalho os resultados foram influenciados pela curva de aprendizado de um &#250;nico cirurgi&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m em nossa experi&#234;ncia n&#227;o foi utilizada a bainha para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano, tendo sido este canulado diretamente com o pr&#243;prio cabo-eletrodo, diminuindo, dessa forma, as chances de seu deslocamento com a retirada da bainha e conseq&#252;ente prolongamento no tempo do procedimento<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Analisando as dificuldades intra-operat&#243;rias, em 12 pacientes encontramos dificuldade na canula&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio do seio coronariano. Em 1 paciente n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel sua canula&#231;&#227;o, e em 2 pacientes n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo no seio coronariano em raz&#227;o da angula&#231;&#227;o entre o &#243;stio e o seio venoso, demonstrando, talvez, a import&#226;ncia da anatomia do &#243;stio do seio coronariano, o qual eventualmente pode se mostrar posteriorizado<sup>8</sup>, e mesmo a presen&#231;a e anatomia da v&#225;lvula de Theb&#233;sios, na cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano. Em um estudo com 143 pacientes, 62,9% apresentavam a v&#225;lvula. Em 73 pacientes esta se apresentava no formato semilunar; em 10, forma de septo; e em 7, forma de crista<sup>22</sup>. Em 15 pacientes houve dificuldade na progress&#227;o do cabo-eletrodo atrav&#233;s do seio venoso coronariano, aproximadamente no local da drenagem da grande veia card&#237;aca, prov&#225;vel local da v&#225;lvula de Vissencius, encontrada em 87% dos casos estudados por Lundinghausen e cols.<sup>23</sup>, demonstrando, tamb&#233;m, a import&#226;ncia da presen&#231;a dessa v&#225;lvula no procedimento de implante do cabo-eletrodo do seio coronariano.</p>
    <p>A t&#233;cnica de implante proposta pelos autores, utilizando a morfologia do componente atrial do eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio e anatomia radiol&#243;gica, demonstrou ser pouco trabalhosa, segura e eficaz para canula&#231;&#227;o do &#243;stio do seio coronariano, necessitando de reduzidos tempos de radioscopia.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fernando S&#233;rgio Oliva de Souza </p>
        <p> Rua Caiowaa, 710/153 </p>
        <p> 05018-001- S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fssouza@cardiol.br">fssouza@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 11/02/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/04/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Technical aspects of coronary sinus catheterization based on the atrial component of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy during the implantation procedure of a biventricular pacemaker</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To present a technical proposal based on the experience of 130 implantations using a simplified technique for coronary sinus catheterization, based on the atrial component of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy. METHODS: From October, 2001 to October, 2004, 130 biventricular pacemaker implantations were performed, using radiological anatomy and observation of the intracavitary electrogram, focusing on the atrial component. RESULTS: The implantation of the system using left ventricular pacing via coronary sinus was not possible in 8 patients. Difficulties on the cannulation of the coronary ostium were felt in 12 patients and difficulties of lead advancement through the coronary sinus were felt in 15 patients. The mean time of radioscopy utilization was 18.69 min. CONCLUSION: The implantation technique, using the atrial component morphology of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy showed to be workless, safe and effective for the cannulation of the coronary sinus ostium requesting reduced time of radioscopy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Congestive heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>dilated cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>pacemaker</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Technical aspects of coronary sinus catheterization based on the atrial component of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy during the implantation procedure of a biventricular pacemaker</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Fernando S&#233;rgio Oliva de Souza; Nicola Luciano Mortati; Domingo Marcolino Braile; Reinaldo Wilson Vieira; Salomon Ordinola Rojas; Alessandre Caputo Rabelo; Janu&#225;rio Manuel de Souza; S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia e Universidade de Campinas - UNICAMP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To present a technical proposal based on the experience of 130 implantations using a simplified technique for coronary sinus catheterization, based on the atrial component of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> From October, 2001 to October, 2004, 130 biventricular pacemaker implantations were performed, using radiological anatomy and observation of the intracavitary electrogram, focusing on the atrial component.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The implantation of the system using left ventricular pacing via coronary sinus was not possible in 8 patients. Difficulties on the cannulation of the coronary ostium were felt in 12 patients and difficulties of lead advancement through the coronary sinus were felt in 15 patients. The mean time of radioscopy utilization was 18.69 min.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The implantation technique, using the atrial component morphology of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy showed to be workless, safe and effective for the cannulation of the coronary sinus ostium requesting reduced time of radioscopy.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, pacemaker.</p>
      <p>Nowadays, heart failure (HF) is a very frequent clinical situation with an elevated rate of morbidity and mortality given the high prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the occidental world<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the therapeutical stock developed for the disease management in the last years, there are many refractory to the treatment patients. In a context of relative disappointment regarding to the clinical and surgical therapeutic modalities, the cardiac pacemaker has recently arisen as a new surgical alternative for the primary treatment of patients with refractory to drugs HF<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recent studies have shown that the therapy of cardiac resynchronization through biventricular pacing is an important coadjutor treatment to the optimized medicamental therapy in patients with refractory HFs caused by chronic left ventricular dysfunction and disorder of the intraventricular conduction improving the cardiac function and quality of life<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The technique for left ventricular pacing can be performed either by epimyocardial mode through thoracotomy or transvenously through the epicardium. Since the last technique is the choice one, the biggest limitation of this treatment is the catheterization and lead insertion in the coronary sinus (CS) and its tributaries for left ventricular pacing<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Implantation of the specific lead for left ventricular pacing is a relatively complex procedure, which involves the variants of coronary veins anatomy, quality of the material used and physician's experience<sup>7</sup>. The impossibility of CS catheterization, variants of the venous coronary system anatomy and diaphragmatic pacing are the most frequent causes for an unsuccessful lead positioning. The unsuccessful rate might decrease with the enhancement on the variants of lead models and physician's experience<sup>8-11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on the good outcomes presented by this coadjutor treatment, cardiac resynchronization therapy has become a routine treatment in previously selected patients. Over the time, due to the complexity of the procedure, the medical-scientific engineering community has been investing on material adaptation in order to facilitate the implantation technique<sup>9,12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the evolution of procedure material and technique, the unsuccessful rate mainly among the less experienced professionals is still relevant. The purpose of this work is to present a technical proposal based on the experience of 130 implantations using a simplified technique for coronary sinus catheterization through the radiological anatomy and intracavitary electrogram, with focus on the atrial component, showing the success rate, complications and total time of radioscopy utilization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Study characterization - It is a retrospective study conducted at the Cardiovascular Clinical and Surgery Service of Prof. Dr. S&#233;rgio Almeida de Oliveira (MD) at the Hospital Real e Benem&#233;rita Sociedade Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia de S&#227;o Paulo with the data collected on patients submitted to a biventricular pacemaker implantation in the period between October, 2001 and October, 2004.</p>
      <p>Population: 130 patients with ages between 31 and 84 years, mean 59.0 &#177; 12.6 years, being 58 (44.6%) female and 72 (55.4%) male, with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria: patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 1) congestive heart failure functional NYHA Class III or IV refractory to the optimized medicamental therapy; 2) DCM with no possibility of surgical correction; 3) patients without primary indication of cardiac frequency restoring and/or atrioventricular synchronism restoring; 4) disorder of the interventricular conduction expressed as the standard of left branch blockage, right branch blockage or left branch blockage induced by exclusive right ventricular cardiac pacing, either associated or not to the anterosuperior divisional blockage; 5) duration of the QRS complex equal or bigger than 130 ms and 6) presence of sinusal rhythm.</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria: 1) infarction or unstable angina within the last three months; 2) acute myocarditis; 3) pregnancy and 4) abuse of drugs and alcohol.</p>
      <p>All procedures were performed under local anesthesia and eventually under sedation depending on the grade of the HF and the tolerance to the long time on decubitus. Prophylactic antibiotic was intravenously administered to the patients one hour before the procedure. Patients were put on horizontal dorsal decubitus and the electrocardiographic monitoring was performed with all leads positioned on the right hemithorax in the case of surgery conducted on the left side (of choice), or positioned on the left hemithorax in the case of surgery conducted on the right side (cases with impossibility of implantation on the preference side or when the patient had already a permanent pacemaker implanted on the right), in such a way all leads were far away from the heart profile (two leads at the right deltoid region [anterior and posterior] and one lead at the left anterior axillary line in the seventh intercostal space. The derivation used was the D2 bipolar derivation with the active lead always positioned at the deltoid region.</p>
      <p>The first lead to be positioned was the right ventricle (RV) one followed by the right atrium lead both, when possible, through the left cephalic vein. When passing one or none of both leads was not possible a new venous puncture to obtain the passage pathway was performed. These leads (active fixation) were positioned at traditional places (atrial lead in the right atrium and right ventricular lead in the right ventricle end) or where acceptable pacing, sensing and impedance thresholds were obtained. In the cases with concomitant indication for the implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) a lead with dual coil of passive fixation was used positioned at the right ventricle end. In patients with a previously implanted dual chamber pacemaker just one puncture for the passing of a left ventricular pacing lead was performed. The last lead to be positioned was the coronary sinus lead for left ventricular pacing. It was passed through a new puncture of the subclavian vein, and the coronary sinus catheterization was obtained using the radiological anatomy with fluoroscopy in left anterior oblique incidence at a 35 degrees angle and the unipolar intracavitary electrogram was obtained by connecting the coronary sinus lead to the explorer lead of the electrocardiographic monitoring.</p>
      <p>The lead was fitted in such a way to respect the right atrium anatomy. Its fitting was performed by shaping its guides.</p>
      <p>After its shaping, the lead was positioned at the low atrial septum region. In this position the lead was slightly mobilized in superior and inferior directions (using the radiological anatomy), and anterior and posterior directions through counterclockwise and clockwise rotations, respectively (using the intracavitary electrogram). The regions next to the atrioventricular ring exhibited well-defined electrograms with the presence of the atrial and ventricular component.</p>
      <p>After the catheterization of the coronary sinus ostium with the lead, it was positioned at the tributary vein of the coronary sinus using the shape of the guide used for the ostium catheterization or, in some cases, a new "S"-shaped guide was introduced in the lead making easy its positioning. This choice was made giving preference to the veins of the left ventricle lateral and posterior walls followed by catheter stability, absence of diaphragmatic pacing with maximum power pacing (10 Volts), biventricular and left ventricular pacing, sensing and impedance thresholds, in cases of generators without independent outlet.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Left ventricular pacing was obtained in all patients. The cannulation of the coronary sinus using the radiological anatomy and the intracavitary electrogram was successfully performed in 129 patients. In 7 patients in whom the cannulation of the coronary sinus was obtained we did not get any success with lead positioning. Due to the impossibility of getting acceptable thresholds in four cases, in two due to the angulation of the coronary sinus entry, which made impossible the stabilization of the lead within the venous sinus, and in one case due to the diaphragmatic pacing at the only place in which performing left ventricular pacing was possible. In 8 patients left ventricular pacing was attained through the implantation of an epimyocardial lead by thoracotomy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The atrial component in the coronary sinus ostium was isodiphasic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2a-body2">Figure 2A</xref>). In so far as the lead went to a posterior position being far away from the coronary sinus (CS) ostium, the atrial component progressively became more negative (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2b-body2">Figure 2B</xref>) and, unlike, in so far as the lead went to an anterior position being far away from the ostium, the atrial component progressively became positive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2c-body2">Figure 2C</xref>). In this situation, it was not impossible that the lead crossed the tricuspid valve and migrated to the ventricle producing ventricular potentials of high amplitude eventually inducing non-sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
      <fig id="figura2a-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="figura2b-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="figura2c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>At the cannulation of the ostium, the atrial component was isodiphasic in 126 (96.9%) patients and predominantly positive in 3 (2.3%) patients. Lead positioning in the tributaries of the coronary sinus was successfully attained in 122 (91.5%) patients with radioscopy mean time of 18.69 (&#177;15,2) min. Upon the training of the physician, the success rate increased progressively. In the first year it was 55.5% with radioscopy mean time of 43.6 (&#177;18,6) min, in the second year 92.6% with 18.21 (&#177;13) min and in the third year 97.9% with 13.18 (&#177;4,9) min.</p>
      <p>Although appropriate intracavitary potentials and anatomicoradiological positioning, difficulties to cannulate the coronary sinus were found in 12 patients. Maneuvers with the lead and the guide were performed in five cases allowing the lead to pass through the ostium and showing that the coronary sinus went to a posterior position. A more stiffness guide with a more pronounced curvature was used in seven cases making easier the passage of the lead. Difficulties on lead advancement were felt in 15 patients approximately at the likely region of drainage of the great cardiac vein in the coronary sinus. This problem was solved in 9 patients through successive manipulations of the lead and its guide. In six cases the pre-shaped guide was changed by a straight and more stiffness one. In twelve cases the lead had to be repositioned after guide removal and accidental dislodgment of the lead. Ten patients experienced diaphragmatic pacing and the lead was successfully repositioned in 9 patients. Three patients experienced transient total atrioventricular blockage after lead manipulation in the right ventricular cavity being necessary to perform temporary ventricular pacing. Dislodgment of the atrial lead occurred in two cases during lead manipulation in the coronary sinus requesting it's repositioning.</p>
      <p>In two cases the implantation at the left side was discontinued and successfully performed at the right side. In one case due to the impossibility of advancing the leads to the right cavities due to the angulation at the drainage of the innominate vein with the superior vena cava and in the other case due to the presence of persistent left vena cava and narrow coronary sinus making the passage of the three leads impossible by the same access pathway.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The therapy of cardiac resynchronization has shown good outcomes in the treatment of previously selected patients with HF<sup>3,4,5</sup>. The historical routine of lead implantation for left ventricular pacing has been epimyocardial fixation of the lead under direct view by thoracotomy, lateral or subxiphoideus, or by thoracoscopy. These methods have already proved their efficacy and were routine methods before the discovery of the transvenous leads for epicardial pacing through the endocardial pathway<sup>14</sup>. The greatest obstacle to the routine lead implantation for epimyocardial left ventricular pacing in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and ICD are the risks associated with the general anesthesia and the postoperative morbidity<sup>14</sup>. At present, the transvenous method for endocardial access is the choice method because reduces the surgical complexity as well as its morbidity and the period of hospital stay<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of the main limitations of the transvenous technique application is the coronary sinus catheterization and the special lead positioning in one of its tributaries for left ventricular pacing<sup>7,14</sup>. The implantation success depends on many variants including the experience and technique of the physician, coronary sinus anatomy, availability and variety of special material<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the great progress on technology and the evolution of the implantation techniques such as sheath systems, special guide systems, side-the-wire<sup>13</sup> and over-the-wire<sup>10, 14</sup>, or proposals of coronary sinus cannulation directed by electrophysiological catheter<sup>9</sup> have been shown effective, these proposed techniques either by means of sheaths associated to contrast, special guides or unspecific intracavitary electric signal still use only the radiological anatomy and a series of attempts and errors for the cannulation of the coronary sinus. Taking into account this still remaining limitation, the authors of this work present the experience at just one center of a technique intended to facilitate the cannulation of the coronary sinus based on the radiological anatomy and the intracavitary electrogram focusing on atrial electrogram morphology.</p>
      <p>The procedure was preferably performed at the left by two reasons. First, by the easiness of lead tunneling for pacemaker pocket in the cases in which pacing should be performed via epimyocardial by thoracotomy. The second reason is that eventually patients experience left vena cava with atresia of the coronary sinus ostium<sup>15, 16</sup>, making the implantation at the right impossible. We choose implanting the usual leads first, for right ventricular and atrial pacing, respectively, because they act as anatomical definition points and because during lead manipulation in these patients with left branch blockage there is a risk of right branch trauma, which leads to total atrioventricular blockage requesting temporary cardiac pacing. This occurred in two patients, as described in literature<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the utilization of radioscopy in left anterior oblique (LAO) incidence at 35&#186; the bidimensional anatomical relation of the tricuspid and mitral ring was obtained and the lateral and septal wall of the right atrium could be clearly showed. With the aid of the intracavitary electrogram we could identify the regions next to the atrioventricular ring showing atrial and ventricular intracavitary electrograms with a ratio of 1:2 or smaller<sup>17</sup>. Once knowing that the coronary sinus ostium is located at the right posteroseptal region next to the atrioventricular right or on it, the lead was positioned in this region using a previously shaped guide of the own lead considering the presence of atrial and ventricular electrogram. Using the radiological anatomy we could easily perform manipulations to the superior and inferior regions. However, the radioscopy provided bidimensional images and, thus, mobilizations to anterior and posterior regions could not be monitored by it. In this way, these lead mobilizations were followed based on the atrial component of the intracavitary electrogram. It was noticed that in the coronary sinus ostium, point from which the catheterization of the coronary sinus was possible, the intracavitary electrogram was isodiphasic in 126 out of 129 patients in which this catheterization was possible. It was also noticed that small lead mobilizations to posterior region let the atrial component predominantly negative and mobilizations to anterior region let it predominantly positive; these positions were checked with the radioscopy in right anterior oblique (RAO) incidence. It is known that the right atrial intracavitary electrogram shows different morphologies and components, which depend on the lead positioning in its different anatomical regions. High right atrium regions show predominantly negative potentials, medium right atrium regions show isodiphasic potentials and low right atrium regions show predominantly positive potentials<sup>18</sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3a-body2">Figures 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="figura3b-body2">B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="figura3c-body2">C</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura3a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3PjV73NXgSF3HGbjMWCvs4Q/50dea5be8c2445f0455124b35c66a3a3eec3be89.gif"/>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/3PjV73NXgSF3HGbjMWCvs4Q/7b6e58992efba8dd79f928624215643f99891ff6.gif"/>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0261-00005-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>We found a possible explanation for these findings. It is known that the vector resultant of the right atrial depolarization begins at the sinusal node region and is directed downwards, onwards and a little leftwards<sup>19</sup>. Considering that the coronary sinus ostium is located at the posterior region of the right atrium, anterolateral to the inferior vena cava valve and previously related to the septal cuspid of the tricuspid valve<sup>20</sup>, due to its anatomical position it should be perpendicular to the atrial depolarization vector. Taking into account that the atrial electrogram obtained with the lead is unipolar, the positioning of this lead on the coronary sinus ostium would put it at a vertical position of approximately 90&#186; creating isodiphasic potentials<sup>19</sup>. In this situation, moving the lead in posterior direction it would tend to observe vector's tail and would let the signal more negative; unlike, moving the lead in anterior direction would let the signal more positive since the lead would observe vector's tip<sup>19</sup>, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura3a-body2">Figure 3</xref>. In 1990, Galv&#227;o Filho<sup>18</sup>, also demonstrated that the atrial electrogram varies according to its localization in the right atrium. However, he used a way of anatomical description of the right atrium different from the one other authors use, based on a bidimensional image. What Galv&#227;o Filho designed as high right atrium and low right atrium corresponded to the superior and "inferior" regions (next to the tricuspid ring) of the right atrium. In the radiological anatomy used by the present authors (left anterior oblique incidence), posterior to the coronary sinus ostium regions corresponded to the superior region of the right atrium and anterior to the coronary sinus ostium regions corresponded to the "inferior" region.</p>
      <p>Our success rate of 91.5% is similar to the one of the literature<sup>8,9,10</sup>, with a learning curve clearly showed by the percentage of success of 55.5% in the first year of experience compared to the 97.9% of the last year. The CONTAK European registry revealed with details that the mean time of procedure duration and the success rate were directly proportional to the experience of the physician<sup>10</sup>. Physicians with experience of more than 20 implantations attained the smaller procedure times associated with the smaller times of radioscopy utilization for the implantation. The mean time for the implantation was 90 &#177; 38 min, with radioscopy time of 27 &#177; 21 min. Our total mean time of radioscopy utilization was 18.69 min. Compared to the literature, our total mean time of radioscopy was smaller than the ones mentioned by Kautzer J<sup>8</sup>, Butter C<sup>9</sup>, Purerfellner HF<sup>12</sup>, Yee R<sup>21</sup>. The explanation for this fact is that in these works there was a lot of physicians involved and in some cases of many centers the outcomes can be influenced by the experience of each physician. In our work, the outcomes were influenced by the learning curve of just one physician. Also, in our experience the sheath for coronary sinus catheterization was not used and the cannulation was performed with the lead itself thus decreasing the chances of lead dislodgment upon sheath removal and the resultant extension on procedure time<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Checking the intraoperative difficulties, we found difficulties in the cannulation of the coronary sinus ostium in 12 patients. In 1 patient the cannulation was not possible and in 2 patients the lead stabilization in the coronary sinus was not possible due to the angulation between the ostium and the venous sinus, showing perhaps, in the coronary sinus catheterization, the importance of the coronary sinus ostium anatomy, which eventually can be in a posterior position<sup>8</sup>, or even showing the presence and the anatomy of the Thebesius valve. In an study of 143 patients, 62.9% showed the valve: in 73 patients it had a semilunar form, in 10 septum form and in 7 crest form<sup>22</sup>. In 15 patients, we felt difficulties to advance the lead through the coronary venous sinus, approximately at the drainage place of the great cardiac vein, probably place of the Vissencius valve found in 87% of the cases studied by Lundinghausen<sup>23</sup>, also showing the importance of the presence of this valve in the coronary sinus lead implantation procedure.</p>
      <p>The implantation technique, proposed by the author, using the atrial component morphology of the intracavitary electrogram and radiological anatomy showed to be workless, safe and effective for the cannulation of the coronary sinus ostium requesting reduced times of radioscopy.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Fernando S&#233;rgio Oliva de Souza</p>
          <p> Rua Caiowaa, 710/153</p>
          <p> 05018-001- S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="fssouza@cardiol.br">fssouza@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 02/11/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/29/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
