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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CTBYvPVqkQPdSthB9fxNvht</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600404</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000400004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica (SNC) ap&#243;s suspens&#227;o da terapia espec&#237;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Silvana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ludovice</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>256</fpage>
      <lpage>260</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com SNC ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e investigar as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas preditivas de recidiva. M&#201;TODOS: Trinta e sete pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade de 31 &#177; 16 anos) com SNC recidivante refrat&#225;ria, dos quais 19 eram mulheres, foram estudados prospectivamente. Todos os pacientes estavam assintom&#225;ticos e apresentaram teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (TI) negativo ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da terapia farmacol&#243;gica. Um novo TI foi realizado um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento. A probabilidade livre de sintomas foi analisada de acordo com sexo, idade, n&#250;mero de s&#237;ncopes pr&#233;vias ao tratamento, tempo de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, tempo de tratamento, resultado do TI ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e per&#237;odo sem medica&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Vinte e dois pacientes (59%) apresentaram recidiva durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 21 &#177; 19,7 meses. As vari&#225;veis relacionadas com maior recidiva foram n&#250;mero de s&#237;ncopes anteriores (p = 0,0248), TI positivo ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da terapia (p = 0,0002) e sexo feminino (p = 0,0131). CONCLUS&#213;ES: A maior parte dos pacientes altamente sintom&#225;ticos com SNC apresenta recidiva ap&#243;s a supress&#227;o do tratamento. A realiza&#231;&#227;o do TI ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento pode identificar os pacientes com maior risco de recidiva, sobretudo durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>tratamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica (SNC) ap&#243;s suspens&#227;o da terapia espec&#237;fica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Silvana Bastos; Mauricio Scanavacca; Francisco Darrieux; Ana Cristina Ludovice; Eduardo Sosa; Denise Tessariol Hachul</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com SNC ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e investigar as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas preditivas de recidiva. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trinta e sete pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade de 31 &#177; 16 anos) com SNC recidivante refrat&#225;ria, dos quais 19 eram mulheres, foram estudados prospectivamente. Todos os pacientes estavam assintom&#225;ticos e apresentaram teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (TI) negativo ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da terapia farmacol&#243;gica. Um novo TI foi realizado um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento. A probabilidade livre de sintomas foi analisada de acordo com sexo, idade, n&#250;mero de s&#237;ncopes pr&#233;vias ao tratamento, tempo de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, tempo de tratamento, resultado do TI ap&#243;s interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento e per&#237;odo sem medica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Vinte e dois pacientes (59%) apresentaram recidiva durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 21 &#177; 19,7 meses. As vari&#225;veis relacionadas com maior recidiva foram n&#250;mero de s&#237;ncopes anteriores (p = 0,0248), TI positivo ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da terapia (p = 0,0002) e sexo feminino (p = 0,0131). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A maior parte dos pacientes altamente sintom&#225;ticos com SNC apresenta recidiva ap&#243;s a supress&#227;o do tratamento. A realiza&#231;&#227;o do TI ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento pode identificar os pacientes com maior risco de recidiva, sobretudo durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, tratamento.</p>
    <p>S&#237;ncope &#233; um quadro cl&#237;nico comum<sup>1,2</sup> que afeta homens e mulheres, com incid&#234;ncia de 3% e 3,5%, respectivamente<sup>3</sup>. Os dados do estudo Framingham<sup>4</sup> mostraram que a s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica (SNC), tamb&#233;m conhecida como s&#237;ncope vasovagal (SVV) e s&#237;ncope neuromediada (SNM) representa 21,2% de todos os casos e que n&#227;o est&#225; relacionada com aumento de risco cardiovascular, o que confirma o seu car&#225;ter benigno.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica caracteriza-se pelo desenvolvimento s&#250;bito de hipotens&#227;o e bradicardia devido a uma falha profunda dos mecanismos cardiocirculat&#243;rios que mant&#234;m a press&#227;o arterial e a perfus&#227;o cerebral<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica (TI) &#233; um bom instrumento para identificar os pacientes suscet&#237;veis &#224; s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica<sup>7,11</sup>. A maior parte das s&#237;ncopes neurocardiog&#234;nicas &#233; espor&#225;dica e facilmente reconhecida por seus sintomas e sinais premonit&#243;rios<sup>12,13</sup>. Entretanto, alguns pacientes n&#227;o apresentam sintomas t&#237;picos, o que aumenta o risco de les&#245;es f&#237;sicas<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da s&#237;ncope neurocar-diog&#234;nica deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o caso as mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e comportamentais n&#227;o evitem a recidiva e tamb&#233;m para melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente<sup>13-16</sup>. O emprego do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica durante o acompanhamento terap&#234;utico da s&#237;ncope &#233; controverso, mas alguns dados corroboram a obten&#231;&#227;o de um melhor desfecho cl&#237;nico quando o resultado do TI ap&#243;s o tratamento &#233; negativo<sup>17-19</sup>. A supress&#227;o do tratamento &#233; realizada de forma emp&#237;rica, uma vez que n&#227;o existem crit&#233;rios estabelecidos para avaliar quando ela deve ser feita nem para avaliar os pacientes ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o dos medicamentos<sup>13,20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos portadores de SNC altamente sintom&#225;ticos ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e as poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas que prev&#234;em a ocorr&#234;ncia de recidiva durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes da Unidade Ambulatorial de S&#237;ncope do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo foram avaliados prospectivamente. Os crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o no estudo foram: hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope recidivante (dois ou mais epis&#243;dios nos 12 meses anteriores); resposta positiva ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica; indica&#231;&#227;o para farmacoterapia espec&#237;fica (presen&#231;a de sintomas a despeito das mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e comportamentais); resultado negativo do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o durante o tratamento; aus&#234;ncia de sintomas ap&#243;s a terapia.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios para exclus&#227;o foram: hist&#243;ria de traumatismo f&#237;sico relacionado &#224; s&#237;ncope; sintomas premonit&#243;rios breves ou ausentes e atividade profissional de risco.</p>
    <p>Trinta e sete pacientes com m&#233;dia de idade de 31 &#177; 16 anos (10 a 80 anos de idade &#150; mediana = 18) foram selecionados: 19 mulheres (51,35%) e 18 homens (48,64%).</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope foi de 52,8 &#177; 90,7 meses (mediana = 24), e o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de s&#237;ncopes foi de 3,5 &#177; 1,5 por ano (mediana = 3). Os pacientes receberam betabloqueadores; fludrocortisona ou a associa&#231;&#227;o desse dois f&#225;rmacos. O tempo m&#233;dio de tratamento foi de 27,1 &#177; 16,4 meses (mediana = 44).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes selecionados foram orientados a suspender a terapia farmacol&#243;gica e, trinta dias depois, foram submetidos a um teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. O protocolo do teste realizado ap&#243;s a terapia de supress&#227;o foi id&#234;ntico ao do teste diagn&#243;stico (teste basal prolongado)<sup>13</sup>. Independentemente do resultado do teste, os pacientes foram mantidos sem tratamento espec&#237;fico, mas com recomenda&#231;&#245;es gerais (aumentar a ingest&#227;o de sal e l&#237;quidos, usar meias el&#225;sticas, evitar fatores desencadeantes e fazer uma reeduca&#231;&#227;o postural). Al&#233;m disso, foram instru&#237;dos a retornar &#224; Unidade Ambulatorial de S&#237;ncope para consulta de rotina a cada tr&#234;s meses e imediatamente em caso de recidiva de s&#237;ncope.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis foram descritas por meio dos valores de m&#233;dias, desvios-padr&#227;o, m&#225;ximos, m&#237;nimos e medianas ou por meio de freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Os testes t de Student e de Person foram utilizados para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de pacientes; o teste qui-quadrado de Fisher, para as vari&#225;veis categorizadas; e o teste de Wilcoxon, para as amostras independentes e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A probabilidade livre de recidiva foi estimada pela an&#225;lise atuarial de Kaplan-Meier e comparada entre os grupos pelo teste por opostos (<italic>log-rank</italic>)<sup>22-24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A probabilidade livre de recidiva observada ap&#243;s a supress&#227;o da terapia &#233; descrita na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="figura1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0256-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A maior parte dos pacientes apresentou recidiva durante o acompanhamento. Depois de seis meses sem tratamento, a probabilidade livre de s&#237;ncope foi estimada em 77% e ap&#243;s um ano, em 64%. Entretanto, ao final do acompanhamento essa probabilidade foi estimada em 24%.</p>
    <p>Treze (35%) pacientes apresentaram resposta positiva ao TI e 24 (65%) pacientes permaneceram com resposta negativa ao TI ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da terapia.</p>
    <p>Quando a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com TI positivo e negativo foi analisada separadamente, observou-se uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre eles (p = 0,0102). A grande maioria dos pacientes (84%) com teste positivo para s&#237;ncope teve recidiva no primeiro ano (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="figura2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0256-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio para a primeira recidiva nos pacientes com TI positivo foi de 7,97 &#177; 10,37 meses e nos pacientes com TI negativo, de 24 &#177; 13,21 meses.</p>
    <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas analisadas, observou-se que os pacientes com recidiva tinham maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios sincopais pr&#233;vios que os pacientes assintom&#225;ticos (p = 0,0248) e que havia uma predomin&#226;ncia de mulheres (p = 0,0131) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tabela1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0256-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica (SNC) &#233; um transtorno funcional intermitente do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo que, na maioria das vezes, acomete jovens cardiologicamente sadios<sup>1-4</sup>. Em geral, a maioria dos pacientes obt&#233;m bons resultados com a implementa&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e comportamentais. Entretanto, um subgrupo espec&#237;fico de pacientes nos quais os sintomas n&#227;o s&#227;o devidamente controlados necessitam de interven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica<sup>25,26</sup>. Kapoor e cols.<sup>25-27</sup> observaram que 6% dos pacientes com SNC sofriam acidentes, sendo que a les&#227;o mais branda era lacera&#231;&#227;o. Ocorreram contus&#245;es em 29% dos casos. Outro estudo mostrou que a s&#237;ncope recidivante est&#225; associada com fraturas e les&#245;es de tecidos moles em 12% dos casos<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>O teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o positivo identifica os indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis &#224; s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica, com taxa de positividade entre 40 e 60% e boa especificidade diagn&#243;stica<sup>9,10,11,13</sup>. A dificuldade de prever a ocorr&#234;ncia de recidivas levou &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de diversos estudos nos &#250;ltimos anos<sup>29-33</sup>, com o objetivo de identificar pacientes de alto e baixo risco.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, 32% dos pacientes que interromperam a terapia apresentaram recidiva no primeiro ano de acompanhamento, porcentagem que subiu para 59% quando a m&#233;dia de acompanhamento de 21 + 19,7 meses foi levada em considera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes diagnosticados como portadores de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica por meio de resultado positivo do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o e que recusaram ou suspenderam o tratamento proposto, Natale e cols.<sup>34</sup> observaram que 64,8% tiveram recidiva dos sintomas num prazo de 3 + 1,5 anos de acompanhamento, sendo que 28% tiveram s&#237;ncope. Os demais pacientes conseguiram abortar o evento ao sentir os primeiros sintomas premonit&#243;rios, evitando, assim, o epis&#243;dio sincopal. A maior parte dos pacientes teve recidiva precoce nos primeiros cinco meses. Provavelmente, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos alimentares e comportamentais influenciou a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, o conhecimento das situa&#231;&#245;es desencadeantes e o reconhecimento dos sintomas premonit&#243;rios os levaram a se proteger. Diferentes vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas foram avaliadas como poss&#237;veis preditores de recidiva. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia e o n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios sincopais anteriores ao diagn&#243;stico s&#227;o descritos como fatores de risco independentes<sup>25,26,30,31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sheldon e cols.<sup>32</sup> tentaram identificar os pacientes com alto risco de recidiva ap&#243;s um teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o positivo entre os portadores de SNC diagnosticados pelo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. Para isso, usaram o tempo decorrido at&#233; a primeira recidiva. A an&#225;lise atuarial da probabilidade livre de s&#237;ncope durante o primeiro e o segundo ano foi de 72% e 60%, respectivamente. Os autores demonstraram que o n&#250;mero de s&#237;ncopes e a dura&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas previamente ao diagn&#243;stico foram importantes preditores da probabilidade de recidiva.</p>
    <p>Com base nesses estudos, os pacientes com SNC foram classificados em tr&#234;s subgrupos. Pacientes com hist&#243;ria de mais de seis epis&#243;dios sincopais s&#227;o considerados de alto risco para recidiva; de tr&#234;s a seis epis&#243;dios, risco moderado, e menos de tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios, baixo risco.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes selecionados em nosso estudo s&#227;o considerados de risco moderado, com m&#233;dia de incid&#234;ncia de s&#237;ncope pr&#233;-teste de tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios por ano. Todos eram altamente sintom&#225;ticos, com comprometimento da qualidade de vida, raz&#227;o pela qual o tratamento fora indicado. Entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas analisadas, o n&#250;mero mais elevado de s&#237;ncopes pr&#233;vias estava relacionado com maior probabilidade de recidiva ap&#243;s a supress&#227;o da terapia, corroborando os dados publicados na literatura. As mulheres tamb&#233;m estavam correlacionadas com maior probabilidade de recidiva (p = 0,0131), embora os autores n&#227;o tenham mencionado esse fato<sup>32,33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados dos estudos que avaliaram a import&#226;ncia do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico da s&#237;ncope s&#227;o conflitantes e, por esse motivo, a sua utilidade ainda &#233; objeto de controv&#233;rsia<sup>32,34</sup>. Sheldon e cols. notaram que os pacientes com s&#237;ncope inexplicada e os pacientes com hist&#243;ria t&#237;pica de s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica com teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o positivo ou negativo apresentaram comportamento cl&#237;nico semelhante, ou seja, a mesma probabilidade de sofrer recidiva durante o acompanhamento<sup>32</sup>. Brignole e cols.<sup>35</sup> afirmaram que, ap&#243;s um TI positivo, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia para redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de recidiva dos sintomas com o tempo, independentemente da administra&#231;&#227;o de placebo ou de tratamento orientado pelo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o. Talvez isso possa ser explicado pelo fato de o paciente aprender a abortar a s&#237;ncope mediante os primeiros sintomas premonit&#243;rios e a evitar os fatores desencadeantes. Em um estudo anterior, Hachul e cols.<sup>18</sup> observaram uma taxa de recidiva significativamente mais baixa ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o da terapia entre os pacientes que apresentaram teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o negativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com os que mantiveram um teste positivo (p = 0,001). Natale e cols.<sup>34</sup> avaliaram a efic&#225;cia de diferentes estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas em pacientes com s&#237;ncope neurocardiog&#234;nica e observaram que a recidiva era significativamente mais baixa nos pacientes com terapia orientada pelo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
    <p>O resultado do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento foi um fator preditivo independente para o risco de recidiva em nosso estudo, sobretudo no primeiro ano. O tempo decorrido at&#233; a primeira recidiva em pacientes com teste positivo foi significativamente mais baixo que o dos pacientes com teste negativo. Embora a literatura apresente resultados controversos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; utilidade do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica no acompanhamento terap&#234;utico da SNC, pouqu&#237;ssimos estudos analisaram os pacientes ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da terapia. A partir dos nossos dados observamos que, no per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, a maioria dos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia espec&#237;fica apresentou recidiva ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento. Para decidir pela manuten&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o do tratamento, o resultado do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerado um crit&#233;rio de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A maior parte dos pacientes com SNC e indica&#231;&#227;o para tratamento espec&#237;fico sofre recidiva dos sintomas com o tempo ap&#243;s a supress&#227;o da terapia. O TI realizado ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o do tratamento pode identificar os pacientes com maior risco de recidiva, principalmente durante o primeiro ano de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Denise Tessariol Hachul </p>
        <p> Rua Joaquim C&#226;ndido de Azevedo Marques, 1205 </p>
        <p> 05688-021 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="dhachul@incor.usp.br">dhachul@incor.usp.br</email> / </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dhachul@cardiol.br">dhachul@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 24/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 25/07/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical outcome of patients with neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) after therapy interruption</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome of patients with NCS after interruption of pharmacological therapy and to investigate the possible clinical variables predicting recurrence. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients (age 31&#177;16 years) with refractory recurrent NCS being 19 females where prospectively studied. All patients became asymptomatic and had a negative tilt table test (TT) after pharmacological therapy. The treatment was interrupted and one month later, a new TT with no medication was carried out. The probability free of symptoms recurrence was analyzed according to sex, age, number of syncope episodes previously to the treatment, clinical history time, treatment time, drug free from treatment time and TT result. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (59%) presented recurrence during a mean follow-up of 21&#177;19.7 months. The variables related to greater recurrence were number of previous syncope (p=0.0248), positive TT after interruption of the therapy (p=0.0002) and female gender (p= 0.0131). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the very symptomatic patients with NCS present recurrence after the suppression of a specific therapy. A TT carried out after treatment discontinuation can identify patients with higher risk of recurrence, specially in the first year of follow-up.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vasovagal syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>tilt -table test</kwd>
        <kwd>treatment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical outcome of patients with neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) after therapy interruption</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Silvana Bastos; Mauricio Scanavacca; Francisco Darrieux; Ana Cristina Ludovice; Eduardo Sosa; Denise Tessariol Hachul</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the outcome of patients with NCS after interruption of pharmacological therapy and to investigate the possible clinical variables predicting recurrence.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-seven patients (age 31&#177;16 years) with refractory recurrent NCS being 19 females where prospectively studied. All patients became asymptomatic and had a negative tilt table test (TT) after pharmacological therapy. The treatment was interrupted and one month later, a new TT with no medication was carried out. The probability free of symptoms recurrence was analyzed according to sex, age, number of syncope episodes previously to the treatment, clinical history time, treatment time, drug free from treatment time and TT result.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Twenty-two patients (59%) presented recurrence during a mean follow-up of 21&#177;19.7 months. The variables related to greater recurrence were number of previous syncope (p=0.0248), positive TT after interruption of the therapy (p=0.0002) and female gender (p= 0.0131).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Most of the very symptomatic patients with NCS present recurrence after the suppression of a specific therapy. A TT carried out after treatment discontinuation can identify patients with higher risk of recurrence, specially in the first year of follow-up.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Vasovagal syncope, tilt -table test, treatment.</p>
      <p>Syncope is a common clinical issue<sup>1,2</sup> and affects both men and women, with an incidence of 3% and 3.5%, respectively<sup>3</sup>. Data of the Framingham's study<sup>4</sup> showed that the vasovagal or neurally mediated syncope (NMS) corresponds to 21.2% of all cases and is not related to increase in the cardiovascular risk, confirming its benignity.</p>
      <p>The vasovagal syncope occurs by the sudden development of hypotension and bradicardia due to a deep failure of the cardiocirculatory mechanisms that maintain blood pressure and cerebral perfusion<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The tilt-table test (TT) is a good tool to identify those patients susceptible to vasovagal syncope<sup>7-11</sup>.Most of the vasovagal episodes is sporadic and easily recognized by their prodromic symptoms and signs<sup>12,13</sup>. However, some patients present not so typical symptoms, what increases the risk of physical injuries<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The introduction of pharmacological therapy for NMS must be considered in case the general dietetic and behavioral measures do not prevent recurrences and also to improve quality of life<sup>13-16</sup>. The use of TT for the therapeutic follow-up of the neurocardiogenic syncope is controversial, but there are some data supporting a better clinical outcome when a negative TT is achieved after treatment<sup>17-19</sup>. Once initiated, the treatment suppression is empirically carried out and there are no established criteria to evaluate when to do it and how to evaluate patients after the interruption<sup>13,20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical outcome of very symptomatic patients with NMS after interruption of the specific pharmacological treatment and the possible clinical variables predicting recurrence during the follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients from the Syncope Unit of Heart Institute &#150;S&#227;o Paulo University were prospectively evaluated. The inclusion criteria for the study were: history of recurrent syncope (two or more episodes in the previous 12 months); positive response to the tilt-table test; indication of specific pharmacological therapy (presence of symptoms in spite of the general behavioral and dietetic measures); negative tilt in the course of treatment; asymptomatic after therapy.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were: history of physical trauma related to the syncope; short or absent prodrome symptoms and risky professional activity.</p>
      <p>Thirty-seven patients with average age of 31 <underline>+</underline> 16 years (from 10 to 80 years - median 18) were selected: 19 females (51.35%) and 18 males (48.64%).</p>
      <p>The mean history time of syncope was 52.8<underline>+</underline>90.7 months (median=24) and the average number of syncope was 3.5<underline>+</underline>1.5/year (median=3). The patients were receiving betablockers; fludrocortisone or association of these two drugs. The treatment average time was 27.1<underline>+</underline>16.4 months (median=44).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The selected patients were oriented to discontinue the pharmacological therapy and were then submitted to a tilt table test, 30 days after the discontinuation. The tilt protocol carried out after therapy suppression was identical to the diagnostic test (prolonged baseline)<sup>13</sup>. Regardless of the test result, the patients were maintained with no specific treatment, but with general recommendations (increase of hydro-saline ingestion, elastic stockings, avoiding onset factors and postural education). They were instructed to return to the Outpatient Syncope Unit for routine consultation every three months or immediately in case of syncope recurrence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The variables were described through averages, standard deviations, minimum, maximum and median values, or through absolute and relative frequencies. The patient groups were compared by Student-t and Person and Fisher's Chi-square tests for categorized variables and Wilcoxon's test for independent samples and continuous variables. The probability free of symptom recurrence was estimated by Kaplan-Meier actuarial analysis and compared between the groups by log rank's test<sup>22-24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The probability free of recurrence observed after therapy supression is described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura1-body2">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="figura1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0256-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Most of the patients presented recurrence along the follow-up. After 6 months with no treatment, the event-free probability was estimated to be 77% and 64% after one year. At the end of follow-up however, the symptom-free probability was estimated to be 24%.</p>
      <p>Thirteen (35%) patients showed a positive TT response and 24 (65%) patients remained with a negative response to tilt after therapy discontinuation.</p>
      <p>When clinical outcome of the patients with positive and negative TT were separately analyzed, a statistically significant difference was observed between them (p&lt;0.0102). Most of the patients (84%) with positive tilt test recurred within the first year (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="figura2-body2">figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="figura2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0256-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The average time for first recurrence in those patients with positive TT was 7.97&#177;10.37 months and 24&#177;13.21 months for those with negative TT. (p=0.00044).</p>
      <p>Among the clinical variables analyzed, it was observed that patients with recurrence showed a higher frequency of previous syncope spells in relation to the asymptomatic ones (p= 0.0248) and females were predominant in relation to males (p=0.0131). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tabela1-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tabela1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-04-0256-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The vasovagal syncope is characterized by a functional and intermittent disorder of the autonomic nervous system, which most of the times commits young, cardiologically healthy individuals<sup>1-4</sup>. In general, the majority of patients benefit from general dietetic and behavioral measures, however, pharmacological intervention is required in a specific subgroup in whom symptoms are not adequately controlled<sup>25,26</sup>. Kapoor et al<sup>25-27</sup>, observed that accidents were reported in 6% of the patients with NMS, with the smaller injury being laceration. Contusions occurred in 29% of the cases. Another study showed that the recurrent syncope is associated to fractures and soft tissue injuries in 12% of the cases<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>The positive tilt test identifies individuals susceptible to the vasovagal syncope with a positivity rate between 40 and 60% and with a good diagnostic specificity<sup>9,10,11,13</sup>. The difficulty to predict recurrences has been the ground for several studies in the last few years<sup>29-33</sup>, aiming to identifying high- and low-risk patients.</p>
      <p>In our study it was observed that 32% of the patients who discontinued therapy recurred within the first follow-up year, increasing to 59% when the average follow-up of 21+19.7 month was considered.</p>
      <p>When evaluating patients diagnosed with neurocar-diogenic syncope by the positive tilt test who refused or suspended the proposed treatment, Natale et al<sup>34</sup> observed that 64.8% of them showed recurrence of the symptoms within 3&#177;1.5 years of follow-up, 28% presenting syncope. The remaining patients were able to abort the event when feeling the first prodromic symptoms, thus preventing the syncope episode. Most of the patients presented early recurrence within the first 5 months. Probably, the maintenance of the general dietetic and behavioral measures has influenced the evolution behavior of these patients. In addition, the knowledge of the breaking-out situations and the acknowledgement of the prodromic symptoms led them to protect themselves.</p>
      <p>Different clinical variables have been evaluated as possible predictors of recurrence. The frequency and number of syncope episodes previously to the diagnosis are described as independent risk factors<sup>25,26,30,31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Sheldon et al<sup>32</sup> tried to identify those patients at high risk of recurrence after a positive test, among the NMS patients diagnosed by the tilt test. For such, they used the time to the first recurrence episode. The actuarial analysis of the event-free probability within the first and second years was 72% and 60%, respectively. The authors showed that the number of syncope and the duration of symptoms previously to the diagnosis were important predictors of the recurrence probability.</p>
      <p>From those studies, the patients with NMS were classified into three subgroups. Those with history of more than six syncope episodes are considered as at higher recurrence risk; from three to six episodes, moderate risk, and less than three episodes, lower risk.</p>
      <p>Patients selected in our study are considered as at moderate risk, with an average pre-test syncope incidence of three episodes/year. All were highly symptomatic, with commitment of the quality of life, reason why the specific treatment had been indicated. Among the clinical variables analyzed, the higher number of previous syncope was related to a higher probability of recurrence after therapy suppression, which corroborates the literature data. Females were also correlated to a higher probability of recurrence (p=0.0131), although other authors have not observed this<sup>32,33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The studies evaluating the role of tilt test in the clinical follow-up of syncope have conflicting results, hence its utility being still considered as controversial<sup>32-34</sup>. Sheldon et al observed that the unexplained syncope patients and those with typical history of neurocardiogenic syncope with positive or negative tilt test, showed similar clinical behavior, i.e., the same probability of recurrence during follow-up<sup>32</sup>. Brignole et al<sup>35</sup> suggested that after a positive test, there is a trend to decrease the symptom recurrence rate over time, regardless of the administration of placebo or tilt guided treatment. An explanation for this fact is perhaps the patient's learning of how to prevent syncope from the first prodromic symptoms and avoiding the breaking-out factors. In a previous study, Hachul et al<sup>18</sup> evidenced a significantly lower recurrence rate after therapy introduction, when a negative tilt was achieved in relation to those patients maintaining a positive test (p&lt;0.001). Natale et al<sup>34</sup> evaluated the efficacy of different therapeutic strategies in neurocardiogenic syncope patients and observed that the recurrence was significantly lower in those patients at tilt test-guided therapy (p&lt;0.01).</p>
      <p>The tilt test result after treatment interruption was an independent predictor factor for recurrence risk in our study, especially within the first year. The time for first recurrence in patients with positive test was significantly lower than for those with negative test. Although literature has many controversial results in relation to tilt test usefulness in the therapeutic management of NMS, studies analyzing patients after therapy interruption are scarce. From our data, we observed that almost all patients with indication for specific therapy present recurrence after its interruption. To decide keeping them or not using medications, the tilt test should be considered as a criterion of risk evaluation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The majority of the patients with NMS and indication of specific treatment present symptom recurrence over time after therapy supression. A TT carried out after treatment discontinuation can identify patients with higher risk of recurrence, specially in the first year of follow-up.</p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Denise Tessariol Hachul</p>
          <p> Rua Joaquim C&#226;ndido de Azevedo Marques, 1205</p>
          <p> 05688-021 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="dhachul@incor.usp.br">dhachul@incor.usp.br</email> / </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="dhachul@cardiol.br">dhachul@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 07/24/05</p>
      <p> Acepted on 07/25/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
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