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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GLR46xfSzvB6WNfCKrYgC3k</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000400002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predi&#231;&#227;o de dura&#231;&#227;o de tratamento e recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes portadores de s&#237;ncope vasovagal: h&#225; luz no fim do t&#250;nel?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morillo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hamilton</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ON</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">McMaster University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de S&#237;ncope e Dist&#250;rbios Auton&#244;micos</institution>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>249</fpage>
      <lpage>250</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Predi&#231;&#227;o de dura&#231;&#227;o de tratamento e recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes portadores de s&#237;ncope vasovagal: h&#225; luz no fim do t&#250;nel?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carlos A. Morillo, MD, FRCPC, FACC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Professor do Departamento de Medicina, Diretor do Servi&#231;o de Arritmia, Diretor da Unidade de S&#237;ncope e Dist&#250;rbios Auton&#244;micos, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope vasovagal (SVV) &#233; a causa mais comum de s&#237;ncope recorrente e atinge uma grande popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos geralmente jovens e com boas condi&#231;&#245;es gerais de sa&#250;de. Entretanto, 20% a 30% dos pacientes s&#227;o muito sintom&#225;ticos e a SVV pode afetar seriamente sua qualidade de vida<sup>1</sup>. Apesar de esfor&#231;os importantes em pesquisa cl&#237;nica, a triste realidade &#233; que continuamos buscando medidas terap&#234;uticas adequadas. Em geral a maioria dos pacientes &#233; tranq&#252;ilizada pelo resultado do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica que reproduz claramente sintomas que t&#234;m sido freq&#252;entemente negligenciados ou mal interpretados por um ou geralmente mais m&#233;dicos. Esses pacientes evoluem razoavelmente bem com o simples aumento da ingest&#227;o de &#225;gua e s&#243;dio, e sendo treinados a identificar precocemente sintomas prodr&#244;micos e intervindo com manobras fisiol&#243;gicas f&#225;ceis de serem adotadas. No entanto, n&#243;s que cuidamos desses pacientes estamos bem cientes da propor&#231;&#227;o expressiva de pacientes que necessita de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com uma ou mais drogas. Uma vez que a maioria desses pacientes &#233; jovem e bastante ativa, geralmente levantam uma s&#233;rie de quest&#245;es: por quanto tempo vou ter que tomar esses rem&#233;dios? Isso vai acontecer comigo de novo? Essa "doen&#231;a" traz risco &#224; vida?</p>
    <p>A pesquisa cl&#237;nica tem fornecido algumas dessas respostas, no entanto algumas quest&#245;es ainda est&#227;o sendo avaliadas, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; suspens&#227;o do tratamento. Para que se possa definir qual a melhor conduta para esses pacientes, alguns fatores precisam ser considerados. Em primeiro lugar, qual era a intensidade dos sintomas antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico?</p>
    <p>Segundo: &#233; poss&#237;vel predizer a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia em pacientes portadores de SVV?</p>
    <p>Terceiro: o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica &#233; &#250;til para identificar SVV cr&#244;nica recorrente?</p>
    <p>As respostas a essas perguntas s&#227;o de fato clinicamente relevantes e de primordial import&#226;ncia para o paciente. N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida de que a SVV desestrutura a vida dos pacientes e deteriora sua qualidade de vida consideravelmente. No entanto, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia com que ela &#233; realmente um problema &#233; uma quest&#227;o que ainda carece de abordagem. &#201; razo&#225;vel presumir que os pacientes que apresentam pelo menos tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios ao ano s&#227;o muito sintom&#225;ticos e merecem tratamento. Este &#233;, obviamente, um assunto extremamente subjetivo e h&#225; pouca evid&#234;ncia em respaldo desta pr&#225;tica. Pelo menos algumas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas precisam ser tomadas com base meramente na experi&#234;ncia e n&#227;o necessariamente guiadas pelas evid&#234;ncias, particularmente quando n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel predizer a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de pacientes portadores de SVV? Sheldon e cols. mostraram com eleg&#226;ncia que pacientes com mais de seis epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope no decorrer da vida apresentam uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia surpreendentemente alta de 72% e 60% em um e dois anos, respectivamente<sup>2</sup>. Assim, geralmente se aceita que os pacientes com uma alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de SVV est&#227;o sujeitos a taxas de recorr&#234;ncia mais altas, e essa popula&#231;&#227;o deve ser alvo de tratamento. Analogamente, pacientes apresentando uma recorr&#234;ncia dentro de um ano ap&#243;s terem sido submetidos ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o apresentam um risco semelhante ao citado acima. Essa informa&#231;&#227;o indica claramente que se pode predizer com certo grau de acur&#225;cia quais pacientes portadores de SVV apresentar&#227;o recorr&#234;ncias, e potencialmente direcionar esta popula&#231;&#227;o para tratamento.</p>
    <p>Por fim, &#233; certamente controversa a utilidade do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica na identifica&#231;&#227;o de recorr&#234;ncia de SVV. Basta dizer que a maioria dos "inclinadores" concorda em que o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica n&#227;o &#233; &#250;til para a escolha do tratamento ou na determina&#231;&#227;o de sua efic&#225;cia<sup>3,4</sup>. As raz&#245;es s&#227;o primariamente a dificuldade de reprodutibilidade do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o no longo prazo e o importante efeito placebo ou terap&#234;utico que esse teste tem por si s&#243;. Hachul e cols. relataram anteriormente uma recorr&#234;ncia mais baixa de s&#237;ncope em pacientes tratados e com teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o de controle negativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com os que permanecem com SVV induz&#237;vel durante a inclina&#231;&#227;o<sup>5</sup>. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o estimulantes, mas limitadas pelo fato de que esses dados n&#227;o foram derivados de um estudo randomizado. Qual &#233; nossa situa&#231;&#227;o hoje, quando os pacientes portadores de SVV nos perguntam: "Doutor, por quanto tempo terei que tomar esses medicamentos?".</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da Revista, Bastos e cols. trazem algumas luzes a esta quest&#227;o<sup>6</sup>. Esses pesquisadores avaliaram 37 pacientes muito sintom&#225;ticos com uma m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope por ano que receberam tratamento farmacol&#243;gico de forma n&#227;o randomizada primariamente com betabloqueadores e fludrocortisona. Todos os pacientes tinham uma hist&#243;ria inequ&#237;voca de SVV recorrente com pelo menos dois epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope no ano anterior e teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica positivo. Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas os pacientes com um teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica negativo durante o tratamento e que permaneceram assintom&#225;ticos ap&#243;s o tratamento. Os pacientes foram orientados a suspender o tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e a realizar um teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o 30 dias ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o. N&#227;o foi prescrito nenhum tratamento independentemente do resultado do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o. O que se observou principalmente neste estudo foram as taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de 23% e 36% ap&#243;s seis e 12 meses de acompanhamento, respectivamente. Vale ressaltar que 76% dos pacientes apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia ao final do acompanhamento de aproximadamente quatro anos. Foi interessante observar que o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o de 35% dos pacientes foi positivo ap&#243;s a suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o e o dos 65% restantes foi negativo. Al&#233;m disso, 84% dos pacientes cujo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o foi positivo apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de SVV dentro de 12 meses. Analogamente, o tempo m&#233;dio para a primeira recorr&#234;ncia foi significativamente diferente entre os que tiveram resposta positiva ou negativa &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o, com um tempo m&#233;dio de recorr&#234;ncia menor que oito meses para os indiv&#237;duos cujo teste foi positivo em compara&#231;&#227;o com 24 meses para aqueles cujo teste foi negativo. Este estudo tamb&#233;m confirmou observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas anteriores como a de que pacientes com maior n&#250;mero de s&#237;ncopes t&#234;m de fato taxas de recorr&#234;ncia mais elevadas. &#201; interessante observar que mulheres parecem ser mais suscet&#237;veis &#224;s recorr&#234;ncias do que homens, ao menos na faixa et&#225;ria relatada. Esses pesquisadores devem ser louvados por ampliar nossa compreens&#227;o sobre diversos aspectos do tratamento de pacientes portadores de SVV. Para onde vamos agora, e qual &#233; o impacto cl&#237;nico deste estudo?</p>
    <p>Primeiramente, h&#225; algumas quest&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas que precisam ser reconhecidas antes de se implantar a estrat&#233;gia do uso dos resultados do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica na determina&#231;&#227;o do potencial de recorr&#234;ncia de SVV ap&#243;s tratamento durante pelo menos dois anos. Esta amostra foi composta de pacientes altamente selecionados que tinham que ser assintom&#225;ticos durante o tratamento e que haviam sido submetidos ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica ap&#243;s um determinado per&#237;odo de tempo sob tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. Da mesma forma, o uso do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi randomizado, potencialmente introduzindo algum v&#237;cio. &#201; interessante observar que pacientes cujo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica foi positivo tiveram taxas de recorr&#234;ncia mais precoces e mais altas. Isto estaria realmente relacionado &#224; resposta ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o? &#201; dif&#237;cil verificar este fato uma vez que sabemos que pacientes portadores de SVV possuem uma personalidade muito caracter&#237;stica e &#233; poss&#237;vel que aqueles cujo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o foi positivo meramente s&#227;o identificados como pacientes para os quais certos desencadeantes podem induzir SVV. Esses pacientes podem simplesmente reconhecer que ainda est&#227;o suscet&#237;veis e assim temer recorr&#234;ncias por estarem sem medica&#231;&#227;o o que levaria a taxas de recorr&#234;ncia mais precoces e mais altas. Uma explica&#231;&#227;o alternativa &#233; a de que o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o positivo ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento realmente identifica os pacientes com risco mais alto de recorr&#234;ncia. A raz&#227;o para este achado continua indeterminada. De qualquer forma, independentemente dos resultados do teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas como a de epis&#243;dios freq&#252;entes e possivelmente o sexo podem ser marcadores simples para se determinar se um paciente deve continuar o tratamento indefinidamente. A quest&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento permanece como parte do enigma a ser resolvido. Relatamos recentemente que a idade m&#233;dia do in&#237;cio da SVV &#233; de 13 anos, o que indica que esses pacientes correm o risco de recorr&#234;ncias durante a vida toda<sup>7</sup>. No final, a SVV &#233; um reflexo que surgir&#225; se o desencadeante necess&#225;rio estiver presente. O estudo de Bastos e cols. &#233; um passo &#224; frente na nossa compreens&#227;o sobre essa complexa situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e lan&#231;a alguma luz no fim do t&#250;nel. O desafio que fica &#233; o de sermos capazes de colocar estas informa&#231;&#245;es sob perspectiva cl&#237;nica numa tentativa de melhorar a qualidade de vida de nossos pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Soteriades ES, Evans JC, Larson MG et al. Incidence and prognosis of syncope. N Engl J Med 2002;12:878-85.</p>
    <p>2. Sheldon R, Rose S, Flanagan P. Risk factors for syncope recurrence after a positive tilt-table testing in patients with syncope. Circulation 1993;93:973-81.</p>
    <p>3. Morillo CA, Klein GJ, Gersh BJ. Can serial tilt testing be used to evaluate therapy in neurally mediated syncope? Am J Cardiol 1996;77(7):521-3.</p>
    <p>4. Moya A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Sagrista-Sauleda J et al. Limitations of head-up tilt test for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in patients with vasovagal syncope: results of a controlled study of etilefrine versus placebo. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25(1):65-9.</p>
    <p>5. Hachul D, Scanavacca M, Sosa E. Does a role exist for tilting-guided therapy in the management of neurocardiogenic syncope? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;78(2):167-71.</p>
    <p>6. Bastos S, Scanavacca M, Darriex F et al. Clinical outcome of patients with neurocardiogenic syncope after therapy interruption. Arq Bras Cardiol 2006;86:256-60.</p>
    <p>7. Sheldon RS, Sheldon AG, Connolly SJ et al. Age of first faint in patients with vasovagal syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006:17:49-54.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Carlos A. Morillo </p>
        <p> HGH-McMaster Clinic 5</p>
        <p><sup>th</sup> Floor - 237 </p>
        <p> Barton Street East - Hamilton, ON, Canada L8L 2X2 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="morillo@hhsc.ca">morillo@hhsc.ca</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="morillc@mcmaster.ca">morillc@mcmaster.ca</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 02/03/06 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 02/03/06</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Predicting therapy duration and recurrence in patients with vasovagal syncope: is there light at the end of the tunnel?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Predicting therapy duration and recurrence in patients with vasovagal syncope: is there light at the end of the tunnel?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Carlos A. Morillo, MD, FRCPC, FACC</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Professor Department of Medicine, Director Arrhythmia Service, Director Syncope and Autonomic Disorder Unit, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common cause of recurrent syncope and affects a large population of usually younger and overall healthy individuals. Nonetheless, 20% - 30% of patients are highly symptomatic and VVS can severely impair their quality of life<sup>1</sup>. Despite a significant effort in clinical research the sad reality is that we are still looking for appropriate therapeutic measures. By in large most patients are reassured by the result of tilt table testing clearly reproducing the symptoms that have been frequently neglected or misinterpreted by one or usually more physicians. These patients do fairly well by simply increasing water and sodium ingestion as well as being trained to identify prodromal symptoms early and intervening with physiologic maneuvers that are easy to implement. However, those of us that care for these patients are well aware of the significant proportion of patients that require one or a combination of pharmacological therapies. Given the fact that most of these patients are young and highly functional several questions are usually raised by these patients; how long should I take these medications, will I have this happen again, is this "disease" life-threatening?</p>
      <p>Clinical research has provided some of these answers however the jury is still deliberating particularly regarding the issue of therapy discontinuation. In order to define how to appropriately manage these patients a number of issues need to be considered. First; how symptomatic was the patient prior to initiating pharmacological therapy?</p>
      <p>Second; can we predict the recurrence rate in patients with VVS?</p>
      <p>Third; is tilt table testing useful in identifying chronic recurrent VVS?</p>
      <p>The answer to these questions is indeed clinically relevant and of prime importance for the patient. There is little doubt that VVS markedly disrupts patient's lives and undermine quality of life. However, how frequent it is really a problem is an issue that remains to be addressed. It is reasonable to assume that patients with at least 3 yearly episodes are highly symptomatic and merit therapy. This is of course a highly subjective matter and little evidence is available to support this practice. At any rate some clinical decisions need to be taken simply based on experience and not necessarily guided by evidence particularly when there is no evidence available.</p>
      <p>Can we predict the recurrence rate of patients with VVS? Sheldon et al have elegantly identified that patients with more than 6 lifetime syncopal episodes have a strikingly high recurrence rate of 72% and 60% at 1 and 2 years respectively<sup>2</sup>. So it is generally accepted that patients with a high frequency of VVS episodes are at higher recurrence rates and this population should be targeted for therapy. Similarly patients with a recurrence within a year of having been tilted have a similar risk as above. This information clearly indicates that we can predict with a certain degree of accuracy which patients with VVS will have recurrences and potentially target this population for therapy.</p>
      <p>Finally, whether tilt table testing is useful to identify recurrence of VVS is a matter that is certainly controversial. Suffice to say that most "tiltologists" agree that tilt table testing is not useful for selection of therapy or to determine treatment efficacy<sup>3,4</sup>. The reasons being primarily the poor reproducibility of tilt testing in the long-term and the marked placebo or therapeutic effect that tilt table test has by its own. Hachul et al have previously reported a lower recurrence of syncope in treated patients with a follow-up negative tilt test compared to those that remain with inducible VVS during tilt<sup>5</sup>. These observations are provocative but are limited by the fact that this data was not derived from a randomized study. Where do we stand today when our VVS patients ask us "Dr., How long should I take these medications?"</p>
      <p>In this issue of the journal Bastos et al provide some insight into this issue<sup>6</sup>. These investigators assessed 37 highly symptomatic patients with a median of 3 syncopal episodes per year that received in a non-randomized fashion pharmacological therapy primarily with beta-blockers and fludrocortisone. All patients had a clear history of recurrent VVS with at least 2 syncopal episodes in the previous year as well as a positive tilt test. Only patients that had a negative tilt test during the course of treatment and that remained asymptomatic after therapy were included. Patients were instructed to discontinue pharmacological therapy and subjected to a tilt test 30 days after discontinuing medication. No treatment was prescribed regardless of the result of the tilt test. The main observations of this study were a recurrence rate of 23% and 36% after 6 and 12 months of follow-up respectively. Of note 76% of patients recurred at the end of follow-up approximately 4 years. Interestingly 35% of patients had a positive tilt test after discontinuation of medication and the remaining 65% had a negative tilt test. Furthermore 84% of patients with a positive tilt test had recurrence of VVS within 12 months. Similarly the average time to the first recurrence was significantly different between positive and negative responders to tilt with an average time to recurrence less than 8 months for the positive tilts compared to 24 months to the negative tilt subjects. This study also confirmed previous clinical observations such as the fact that patients with a higher burden of syncope indeed have higher recurrence rates. Of interest women appear to be more susceptible to recurrence than men at least in the age group reported. These investigators should be commended for improving our understanding on several aspects of the management of patients with VVS. Where do we go from here and what is the clinical impact of this study?</p>
      <p>Firstly there are some methodological issues that need to be acknowledged before implementing the strategy of using tilt table testing results to determine the potential for recurrence of VVS after therapy for at least 2 years. This was a highly selected sample of patients that had to be asymptomatic on therapy and underwent a tilt table test after a period of time on pharmacological therapy. Similarly the use of tilt testing was not randomized potentially introducing some bias. Interestingly patients with a positive tilt table test had earlier and higher recurrence rates. Is this truly related to the response to tilt testing? This is difficult to support based on the fact that we know that patients with VVS have very characteristic personalities and it is possible that those with a positive tilt test simply identifies patients in which certain triggers may induce VVS. These patients may simply acknowledge that they are still susceptible and may fear recurrences because are without medication and this lead to earlier and higher recurrence rates. The alternative explanation can be that indeed the positive tilt test after therapy withdrawal identifies patients at a higher risk of recurrence. The reason for this finding remains to be determined. At any rate regardless of the tilt table results clinical observations such as frequent episodes and possibly gender may be simple markers to determine whether a patient should continue therapy indefinitely. The question of how long should therapy be given remains part of the riddle to be solved. Recently we have reported that the median age of presentation of VVS is 13 years indicating that these patients have a life lasting risk of having recurrences<sup>7</sup>. In the end VVS is a reflex that will appear if the necessary trigger is present. The study by Bastos et al, is a step forward in our understanding of this complex clinical situation and provides some light at the end of the tunnel. The lingering challenge is to be able to put this information into clinical perspective in an attempt to improve our patient's quality of life.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Soteriades ES, Evans JC, Larson MG et al. Incidence and prognosis of syncope. N Engl J Med 2002;12:878-85.</p>
      <p>2. Sheldon R, Rose S, Flanagan P. Risk factors for syncope recurrence after a positive tilt-table testing in patients with syncope. Circulation 1993;93:973-81.</p>
      <p>3. Morillo CA, Klein GJ, Gersh BJ. Can serial tilt testing be used to evaluate therapy in neurally mediated syncope? Am J Cardiol 1996;77(7):521-3.</p>
      <p>4. Moya A, Permanyer-Miralda G, Sagrista-Sauleda J et al. Limitations of head-up tilt test for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in patients with vasovagal syncope: results of a controlled study of etilefrine versus placebo. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25(1):65-9.</p>
      <p>5. Hachul D, Scanavacca M, Sosa E. Does a role exist for tilting-guided therapy in the management of neurocardiogenic syncope? Arq Bras Cardiol 2002;78(2):167-71.</p>
      <p>6. Bastos S, Scanavacca M, Darriex F et al. Clinical outcome of patients with neurocardiogenic syncope after therapy interruption. Arq Bras Cardiol 2006; 86:256-60.</p>
      <p>7. Sheldon RS, Sheldon AG, Connolly SJ et al. Age of first faint in patients with vasovagal syncope. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006:17:49-54.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold> Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Carlos A. Morillo</p>
          <p>HGH-McMaster Clinic 5</p>
          <p><sup>th</sup> Floor - 237</p>
          <p>Barton Street East - Hamilton, ON, Canada L8L 2X2</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="morillo@hhsc.ca">morillo@hhsc.ca</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="morillc@mcmaster.ca">morillc@mcmaster.ca</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/02/06</p>
      <p>Accepted on 03/02/06</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
