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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6qsgT358L77bM6t6rdNqWLz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300013</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600313</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300013</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Monocitose &#233; um marcador de risco independente para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afiune Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio de P&#225;dua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avakian</surname>
            <given-names>Solange Desir&#233;e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Everly P. S. G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>240</fpage>
      <lpage>244</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Inflama&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico t&#234;m participa&#231;&#227;o importante na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose. Este estudo analisa o leucograma que incluiu neutr&#243;filos, eosin&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos e bas&#243;filos dos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) cr&#244;nica e no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). M&#201;TODOS: Analisamos o leucograma de 232 pacientes n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, com idade entre 15 e 88 anos. A DAC estava presente em 142 pacientes (57 com DAC est&#225;vel e 85 com IAM), diagnosticada angiograficamente, comparada a 90 indiv&#237;duos-controle. Os grupos controle e DAC foram compar&#225;veis para a idade, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, antecedentes familiares, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, HDL e LDL (todas vari&#225;veis com p &gt; 0,25). RESULTADOS: A an&#225;lise univariada mostrou maior preval&#234;ncia de leucocitose na DAC, sendo maior nos pacientes com IAM quando comparados com a DAC est&#225;vel. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para os mon&#243;citos. Por&#233;m, a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi semelhante para as demais c&#233;lulas do hemograma. A an&#225;lise multivariada pelo m&#233;todo da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, utilizando-se os modelos stepwise (todas vari&#225;veis) e backward (p &lt; 0,25), mostrou que a monocitose foi vari&#225;vel independente para DAC e para o IAM. CONCLUS&#195;O: O n&#250;mero de mon&#243;citos, um dos mais importantes componentes do processo inflamat&#243;rio na placa ateroscler&#243;tica, foi um marcador de risco independente para a DAC e para o IAM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>hemograma, leucocitose</kwd>
        <kwd>monocitose</kwd>
        <kwd>inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Monocitose &#233; um marcador de risco independente para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Abrah&#227;o Afiune Neto; Antonio de P&#225;dua Mansur; Solange Desir&#233;e Avakian; Everly P. S. G. Gomes; Jos&#233; Antonio F. Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>Inflama&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico t&#234;m participa&#231;&#227;o importante na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose. Este estudo analisa o leucograma que incluiu neutr&#243;filos, eosin&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos e bas&#243;filos dos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) cr&#244;nica e no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Analisamos o leucograma de 232 pacientes n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos, com idade entre 15 e 88 anos. A DAC estava presente em 142 pacientes (57 com DAC est&#225;vel e 85 com IAM), diagnosticada angiograficamente, comparada a 90 indiv&#237;duos-controle. Os grupos controle e DAC foram compar&#225;veis para a idade, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, antecedentes familiares, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, HDL e LDL (todas vari&#225;veis com p &gt; 0,25). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A an&#225;lise univariada mostrou maior preval&#234;ncia de leucocitose na DAC, sendo maior nos pacientes com IAM quando comparados com a DAC est&#225;vel. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para os mon&#243;citos. Por&#233;m, a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi semelhante para as demais c&#233;lulas do hemograma. A an&#225;lise multivariada pelo m&#233;todo da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, utilizando-se os modelos <italic>stepwise</italic> (todas vari&#225;veis) e <italic>backward</italic> (p &lt; 0,25), mostrou que a monocitose foi vari&#225;vel independente para DAC e para o IAM. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O n&#250;mero de mon&#243;citos, um dos mais importantes componentes do processo inflamat&#243;rio na placa ateroscler&#243;tica, foi um marcador de risco independente para a DAC e para o IAM.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Aterosclerose, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, hemograma, leucocitose, monocitose, inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o as principais causas de morte no Brasil<sup>1</sup>. O principal mecanismo etiopatog&#234;nico &#233; o processo da aterosclerose. Inflama&#231;&#227;o e ativa&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico t&#234;m participa&#231;&#227;o importante na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose<sup>2</sup>. V&#225;rios marcadores bioqu&#237;micos foram sugeridos para a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Dentre eles, os que est&#227;o atualmente em maior evid&#234;ncia s&#227;o prote&#237;na C-reativa, homociste&#237;na, &#225;cido &#250;rico, fibrinog&#234;nio etc. Outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios mais tradicionais, contudo, s&#227;o freq&#252;entemente relegados a um segundo plano. Dentre esses, a contagem de leuc&#243;citos no sangue. </p>
    <p>Friedman e cols. foram os pioneiros a detectar n&#237;veis elevados de leuc&#243;citos no sangue como preditores do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM)<sup>3</sup>. Posteriormente, estudos multic&#234;ntricos mostraram que o aumento do n&#250;mero de leuc&#243;citos associou-se com maior mortalidade, doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica mais importante e menor resposta ao tratamento fibrinol&#237;tico<sup>4-6</sup>. Apesar da importante participa&#231;&#227;o dos leuc&#243;citos na doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, em especial na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, &#233; pouco conhecida a preval&#234;ncia dos componentes do perfil leucocit&#225;rio na DAC, em especial dos mon&#243;citos. Sabe-se que os mon&#243;citos s&#227;o os principais componentes da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica estimulando a aterog&#234;nese e a trombog&#234;nese. Este estudo analisou a contagem dos leuc&#243;citos e seus componentes no sangue dos pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica e na fase aguda do IAM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos leuc&#243;citos em 232 pacientes n&#227;o-diab&#233;ticos com idade entre 15 e 88 anos. A DAC estava presente em 142 pacientes (57 com DAC est&#225;vel e 85 com IAM), diagnosticada angiograficamente, comparada a noventa indiv&#237;duos-controle. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: 1) grupo-controle: constitu&#237;do por indiv&#237;duos encaminhados de servi&#231;o de atendimento secund&#225;rio, com baixa probabilidade de DAC, isto &#233;, indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, sem fatores de risco importantes para DAC, com eletrocardiograma de repouso e esfor&#231;o compat&#237;veis com a normalidade; 2) grupo est&#225;vel: doen&#231;a coronariana documentada angiograficamente em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos ou portadores de angina do peito t&#237;pica aos grandes (classe I) ou m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os (classe II, da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>)<sup>7</sup>, na aus&#234;ncia de antecedentes de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou eletrocardiograma sugestivo; 3) grupo IAM: composto de pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IAM baseou-se na presen&#231;a de pelo menos dois dos crit&#233;rios a seguir: dor t&#237;pica, com mais de 20 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o; aumento da atividade da CKMB (fra&#231;&#227;o MB da creatinoquinase), ou aumento da CK massa ou da troponina I; presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es frontais ou <underline>&gt;</underline>" 2 mm em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais no eletrocardiograma de repouso; aparecimento de novas ondas Q ao eletrocardiograma de repouso. Os grupos controle e DAC foram compar&#225;veis para idade, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, antecedentes familiares, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, HDL e LDL (todas vari&#225;veis com p &gt; 0,25). </p>
    <p>A seguir, os principais fatores de risco e suas defini&#231;&#245;es para a DAC &#150; tabagista: h&#225;bito de fumar mais de cinco cigarros por dia ou fumante at&#233; h&#225; seis meses; ex-fumante: h&#225;bito pr&#233;vio de fumar mais de cinco cigarros por dia, h&#225; mais de seis meses da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica; dislipidemia: n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl, e/ou colesterol total <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl, e/ou HDL-colesterol <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mg/dl, e/ou LDL-colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mg/dl<sup>9</sup>; diabete melito: n&#237;veis de glicose no sangue <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl ap&#243;s jejum noturno de doze horas<sup>10</sup>; o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial foi baseado na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica com n&#237;veis <underline>&gt;</underline>" 90 mmHg<sup>11</sup>; antecedentes familiares: pais ou irm&#227;os com hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a coronariana, com menos de 55 anos para os homens e menos de 65 anos para as mulheres.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de diabete melito (glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 126mg/dl), insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (creatinina s&#233;rica <underline>&gt;</underline> 2,0mg/dl), insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;as end&#243;crinas, hematol&#243;gicas, respirat&#243;rias ou metab&#243;licas clinicamente significantes.</p>
    <p>Exames laboratoriais - O sangue foi colhido pela manh&#227; ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de 12 horas de jejum e as dosagens analisadas por meio dos seguintes m&#233;todos: 1) contagem eletr&#244;nica automatizada para eritr&#243;citos (normal, em milh&#245;es/mm<sup>3</sup>, de 4,2 a 5,2 nas mulheres e de 4,6 a 6,2 nos homens), hemoglobina (normal, em g%, de 12 a 16 para as mulheres e de 14 a 17 para os homens), hemat&#243;crito (normal, em %, de 37 a 47 nas mulheres e de 40 a 54 nos homens), plaquetas (normal de 150 a 350 mil/mm<sup>3</sup>), e gl&#243;bulos brancos (normal de 5.000 a 10.000/mm<sup>3</sup>); 2) os n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol (normal acima de 40 mg/dl) foram determinados atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico calorim&#233;trico<sup>12</sup> e o LDL-colesterol (normal de at&#233; 130 mg/dl) atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de Freidewald: LDL = CT - [HDL + (TG/5)]<sup>13</sup>, observando-se n&#237;veis de triglic&#233;rides inferiores a 400 mg/dl para o c&#225;lculo; 3) as apolipoprote&#237;nas AI (normal, em g/l, de 1,15 a 1,90 nos homens e de 1,15 a 2,20 nas mulheres) e B (normal, em g/l, de 0,70 a 1,60 nos homens e de 0,60 a 1,50 nas mulheres) foram obtidas pelo m&#233;todo da imunoturbidimetria em equipamento automatizado (Cobas Integra, 700 Roche Ltda, Diagnostics Division, Basil&#233;ia, Su&#237;&#231;a). </p>
    <p>Cateterismo card&#237;aco - O cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado pela t&#233;cnica de Sones e Shirey<sup>14</sup> e os seguintes dados foram classificadas as coron&#225;rias subepic&#225;rdicas em normal, uniarterial, biarterial, triarterial e tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), segundo o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias subepic&#225;rdicas comprometidas ou n&#227;o com o processo ateroscler&#243;tico, com mais de 50% de redu&#231;&#227;o do l&#250;men vascular, quando comparado com o segmento normal mais pr&#243;ximo. </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - O programa SAS (<italic>SAS Institute Inc</italic>, 1996, vers&#227;o 6.12) foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Para a an&#225;lise univariada, o teste t de Student, para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e os testes do c<sup>2</sup>, Mann-Witney e Kruskal-Wallis para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram os testes utilizados. Foi considerado valor de p &lt; 0,05 estatisticamente significante. Posteriormente, foi realizada a an&#225;lise multivariada pelo m&#233;todo da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica utilizando-se dos modelos <italic>stepwise</italic>, com a inclus&#227;o de todas as vari&#225;veis, e <italic>backward</italic> que incluiu somente vari&#225;veis com valores de p &lt; 0,25.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Os principais fatores de risco, perfil lip&#237;dico, incluindo as apolipoprote&#237;nas, e glicemia foram semelhantes entre os grupos controle e DAC. Observou-se maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de mulheres no grupo-controle (p = 0,031).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0240-00013-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao leucograma, a an&#225;lise univariada mostrou maior preval&#234;ncia de leucocitose na DAC, sendo maior nos pacientes com IAM quando comparados com a DAC est&#225;vel. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para os mon&#243;citos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o, para os demais componentes do hemograma, foi semelhante quando comparados os indiv&#237;duos-controle e os pacientes com DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Entretanto, quando comparados os grupos controle, DAC est&#225;vel e IAM, observou-se aumento gradativo nos leuc&#243;citos, bastonetes, segmentados e mon&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). A distribui&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da DAC em uni (41% <italic>versus</italic> 44%), bi (21% <italic>versus</italic> 19%) ou triarterial (35% <italic>versus</italic> 37%), foi semelhante entre os grupos DAC est&#225;vel e IAM. Observou-se les&#227;o em TCE em dois pacientes do grupo est&#225;vel e um paciente do grupo IAM.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0240-00013-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0240-00013-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada pelo m&#233;todo da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica utilizando-se os modelos <italic>stepwise</italic> (todas vari&#225;veis) e <italic>backward</italic> (p &lt; 0,25) mostrou sexo e a monocitose foram as vari&#225;veis independentes para DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>). A monocitose foi tamb&#233;m uma vari&#225;vel independente para o IAM.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0240-00013-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, os mon&#243;citos, um dos mais importantes componentes do processo inflamat&#243;rio da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, foram marcador de predi&#231;&#227;o independente para a DAC est&#225;vel e para o IAM. Observou-se um aumento gradativo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos controle, com DAC est&#225;vel e IAM. Estudos mostraram que esse aumento gradativo foi tamb&#233;m observado em rela&#231;&#227;o a gravidade da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, ao fluxo coronariano (escore TIMI) e maior mortalidade nos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda<sup>15</sup>. Da mesma forma, outro estudo mostrou, em homens e mulheres, maior incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar em indiv&#237;duos com leucocitose (<underline>&gt;</underline> 10,000/mm<sup>3</sup>)<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios outros estudos analisaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre maior leucocitose em pacientes com SCA, por&#233;m poucos analisaram a leucocitose em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel. Estudos recentes observaram: maior leucocitose em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e IAM pr&#233;vio em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes portadores somente de DAC est&#225;vel<sup>17</sup>; maior neutrofilia em pacientes que desenvolveram alguma doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (aguda ou cr&#244;nica)<sup>18</sup>; no estudo CAPRIE, no qual se compararam os efeitos do clopidogrel com a aspirina, a neutrofilia foi tamb&#233;m uma vari&#225;vel de risco independente para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>19</sup>. Interessante observar no estudo CAPRIE que a monocitose foi uma vari&#225;vel independente para o acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e vari&#225;vel limite [OR = 1,03, IC(1,00 &#150; 1,05); p = 0,062] para recorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos. A leucocitose tamb&#233;m potencializa os efeitos dos fatores de risco para a DAC. </p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos tabagistas com mais de nove mil leuc&#243;citos t&#234;m quatro vezes mais chances de ter um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio do que tabagistas com menos de seis mil leuc&#243;citos<sup>20</sup>. De forma geral, a leucocitose e, em alguns estudos, a monocitose mostraram-se vari&#225;veis independentes para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Por&#233;m, nosso estudo foi o primeiro, na literatura compulsada, a mostrar que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos depende do est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana, sendo os valores gradualmente maiores no IAM quando comparados com a DAC est&#225;vel e esta com o grupo-controle. </p>
    <p>Essas altera&#231;&#245;es sugerem diferentes graus de ativa&#231;&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria que refletem o grau do processo inflamat&#243;rio existente, respons&#225;veis pela instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, favorecendo, inclusive, espasmo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria<sup>21</sup> ou participando do processo de oclus&#227;o tardia de <italic>stents</italic> coronarianos<sup>22</sup>. V&#225;rias subst&#226;ncias podem participar desse aumento/recrutamento/ativa&#231;&#227;o dos mon&#243;citos. Por exemplo, MCP-1 (<italic>monocyte chemoattractant protein-1</italic>), um marcador de risco independente para a DAC, &#233; uma citoc&#237;na que promove o recrutamento dos mon&#243;citos na placa ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>23</sup>. Dessa forma, em indiv&#237;duos portadores de doen&#231;as circulat&#243;rias, o leucograma &#233; um marcador de risco importante que pode orientar no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento dessas doen&#231;as. Futuros estudos, contudo, ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir a participa&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Abrah&#227;o Afiune Neto </p>
        <p> Rua T-38, n&#186; 917 &#150; Setor Bueno </p>
        <p> 74230-070 &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="afiune@cardiol.br">afiune@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 11/05/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 06/07/05</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Monocytosis is an independent risk marker for coronary artery disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: Inflammation and activation of immune system cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This study analyzes the white blood count, including neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and basophils, of patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: The white blood cell count was analyzed in 232 patients without diabetes between the ages of 15 and 88. One hundred and forty-two patients were angiographically diagnosed with CAD (57 with stable CAD and 85 with AMI) and compared to 90 control individuals. The control and CAD groups were similar in respect to age, body mass index, family history, smoking habits, hypertension, HDL and LDL (all variables with p &gt; 0.25). RESULTS: The univariate analysis revealed a higher prevalence of leukocytosis in the CAD group, which in turn was higher in the AMI patients than the stable CAD patients. The same trend was observed for monocytes. However, the distribution of all other cells in the complete blood count (CBC) was similar. Multivariate analysis using the logistic regression method with the stepwise (all variables) and backward models (p &lt; 0.25), showed that monocytosis was an independent variable for CAD and AMI. CONCLUSION: The number of monocytes, one of the most important components of the inflammatory process in the atherosclerosis plaque was an independent risk marker for CAD and AMI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>hemograma, leukocytosis</kwd>
        <kwd>monocytosis</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Monocytosis is an independent risk marker for coronary artery disease </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Abrah&#227;o Afiune Neto; Antonio de P&#225;dua Mansur; Solange Desir&#233;e Avakian; Everly P. S. G. Gomes; Jos&#233; Antonio F. Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES: </bold>Inflammation and activation of immune system cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This study analyzes the white blood count, including neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and basophils, of patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The white blood cell count was analyzed in 232 patients without diabetes between the ages of 15 and 88. One hundred and forty-two patients were angiographically diagnosed with CAD (57 with stable CAD and 85 with AMI) and compared to 90 control individuals. The control and CAD groups were similar in respect to age, body mass index, family history, smoking habits, hypertension, HDL and LDL (all variables with p &gt; 0.25).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The univariate analysis revealed a higher prevalence of leukocytosis in the CAD group, which in turn was higher in the AMI patients than the stable CAD patients. The same trend was observed for monocytes. However, the distribution of all other cells in the complete blood count (CBC) was similar. Multivariate analysis using the logistic regression method with the stepwise (all variables) and backward models (p &lt; 0.25), showed that monocytosis was an independent variable for CAD and AMI.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The number of monocytes, one of the most important components of the inflammatory process in the atherosclerosis plaque was an independent risk marker for CAD and AMI.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, acute myocardial infarction, hemogram, leukocytosis, monocytosis, inflammation.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Brazil<sup>1</sup>. The main etiopathogenic mechanism is the atherosclerosis process. Inflammation and activation of immune system cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis<sup>2</sup>. Various biochemical markers have been suggested for coronary artery disease (CAD). Currently the most popular markers include C-reactive protein, homocysteine, uric acid, fibrinogen etc. However, other more traditional inflammatory markers are frequently relegated to the sidelines. Among these is the white blood cell count. </p>
      <p>Friedman et al were the pioneers in the detection of a high white blood cell count as a predictor for acute myocardial infarction (AMI)<sup>3</sup>. Later, multi-center studies showed that an increased number of white blood cells was associated with higher mortality, more serious atherosclerosis and a lower response to fibrinolytic treatment<sup>4-6</sup>. Despite the important role of leukocytes in atherosclerosis, particularly acute coronary syndrome, little is known about the prevalence of the white blood cell count elements in CAD, particularly monocytes. It is known that monocytes are the main elements in the progression of atherosclerosis, inducing atherogenesis and thrombogenesis. This study analyzed the white blood cell count and its elements in the blood of patients with chronic CAD and in the acute phase of AMI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The white blood cell distribution was analyzed in 232 patients without diabetes with ages between 15 and 88 years. One hundred and forty-two patients were diagnosed with CAD (57 with stable CAD and 85 with AMI) by means of an angiography, compared to 90 control individuals. Inclusion criteria were: 1) Control Group: comprised of individuals referred to a secondary health care facility, with a low possibility of developing coronary artery disease, that is, asymptomatic individuals with no major CAD risk factors and a normal electrocardiogram at rest and a normal cardiac stress test; 2) Stable CAD Group: coronary disease verified by an angiography for asymptomatic patients or patients with angina pectoris typical for strenuous (class I) or moderate exertions (class II of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society)<sup>7</sup>, that had no history of myocardial infarction or any infarction indicators on the electrocardiogram; 3) AMI Group: comprised of acute myocardial infarction patients<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>The AMI diagnosis was based on the presence of at least two of the following criteria: typical pain with a duration of more than 20 minutes; increased CKMB activity (creatine kinase MB fraction), or increase in the CK mass or troponin I levels; an elevation of the ST segment <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm for at least two frontal leads or <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mm for at least two precordial leads on the electrocardiogram at rest; appearance of new Q waves on the electrocardiogram at rest. The control and CAD groups were similar in respect to age, body mass index, family history, smoking habits, hypertension, HDL and LDL (all variables with p &gt; 0.25). </p>
      <p>The main risk factors and their definitions for CAD are as follows. Smoker: person who smokes more than five cigarettes per day or quit smoking within the past six months. Ex-smoker: person who previously smoked more than five cigarettes per day and quit smoking more than six months before the clinical assessment. Dyslipidemia: triglyceride serum levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl, and/or total cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dl, and/or HDL-cholesterol <underline>&lt;</underline> 40 mg/dl, and/or LDL-cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 130 mg/dl<sup>9</sup>. Diabetes Mellitus: blood glucose levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dl after nocturnal fasting for twelve hours<sup>10</sup>. The hypertension diagnosis was based on a diastolic blood pressure measurement that was <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg<sup>11</sup>. Family History: parents or siblings with a history of coronary disease under the age of 55 for men and 65 for women. </p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: patients with a previous history of diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose level <underline>&gt;</underline> 126mg/dl), chronic kidney failure (creatine serum <underline>&gt;</underline> 2.0mg/dl), liver failure and clinically significant endocrine, hematologic, respiratory or metabolic diseases.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests - Blood was collected in the morning after twelve hours of fasting and the samples were analyzed using the following methods: 1) Automated electronic red blood cell count (normal, in millions/ mm<sup>3</sup>, from 4.2 to 5.2 for women and from 4.6 to 6.2 for men), hemoglobin (normal, in g/%, from 12 to 16 for women and from 14 to 17 for men), hematocrit (normal, in %, from 37 to 47 for women and from 40 to 54 for men), platelets (normal from 150 to 350 mil/mm<sup>3</sup>), and white blood cells (normal from 5,000 to 10,000/mm<sup>3</sup>). 2) HDL-cholesterol levels (normal above 40 mg/dl) were determined using the enzymatic calorimetric method and LDL-cholesterol levels (normal up to 130 mg/dl) using the Friedewald formula: LDL = CT - [HDL + (TG/5)]<sup>13</sup>, considering triglyceride levels lower than 400 mg/dl for the calculation. 3) Apolipoprotein AI (normal, in g/l, from 1.15 to 1.90 for men and from 1.15 to 2.20 for women) and apolipoprotein B (normal, in g/l, from 0.70 to 1.60 for men and from 0.60 to 1.50 for women) levels were obtained using the automated immunoturbidimetry method (Cobas Integra, 700 Roche Ltd., Diagnostics Division, Basilea, Switzerland). </p>
      <p>Cardiac catheterization - Cardiac catheterization was conducted using the Sones and Shirey technique<sup>14</sup>. The subepicardial coronaries were classified as normal, single, double or triple artery or left coronary trunk according to the number of subepicardial coronary arteries that had or did not have obstructions caused by atherosclerosis with more than 50% reduction of the vascular lumen in comparison with the nearest normal segment. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis - The computer program SAS (SAS Institute Inc, 1996, version 6.12) was used for the statistical analysis. The Student&#146;s t-test was used for the univariate analysis of the continuous variables and the c<sup>2</sup> tests. The Mann-Witney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for the univariate analysis of the categorical variables. Statistical significance was established as p&lt;0.05. Multivariate analysis was conducted afterwards using the logistic regression method and the stepwise model for all variables and the backward model for variables with values of p &lt;0.25.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics of the patients are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. The main risk factors, lipid profile including the apolipoproteins, and glucose blood levels were similar between the control and CAD groups. The control group had more women (p = 0.031).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0240-00013-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In relation to the white blood cell count, univariate analysis revealed a higher prevalence of leukocytosis in the CAD groups, which was higher in the AMI patients than the stable CAD patients. The same trend was seen for monocytes. The distribution of the remaining elements of the CBC was similar for both the control and CAD patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. 2</xref>). However, a comparison between the control, stable CAD and AMI groups shows a gradual increase in the white blood cells, band cells, segmented cells and monocytes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">tab. 3</xref>). The seriousness of CAD in single (41% <italic>versus</italic> 44%), double (21% <italic>versus</italic> 19%) or triple artery (35% <italic>versus</italic> 37%), was similar between the stable CAD and AMI groups. Two patients in the stable CAD group and one in the AMI group had a lesion on the left coronary trunk.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0240-00013-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0240-00013-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Multivariate analysis using the logistic regression method with the stepwise (all variables) and backward stepwise (p &lt; 0.25) models showed that gender and monocytosis are independent variables for CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">tab. 4</xref>). Monocytosis was also an independent variable for AMI.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0240-00013-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In our study, the monocytes, one of the most important components of the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis plaque, were an independent marker for the prognosis of stable CAD and AMI. A gradual increase of monocytes was noted in a comparison between the control group and the stable CAD and AMI groups. Studies have shown that this gradual increase is related to the seriousness of atherosclerosis, the coronary blood flow (TIMI score) and higher mortality for patients with acute coronary syndrome<sup>15</sup>. Similarly, another study showed a higher incidence of congestive heart failure and higher intra-hospital mortality for both men and women with leukocytosis (<underline>&gt;</underline> 10,000/mm<sup>3</sup>)<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Various other studies have analyzed the relation between more severe leukocytosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome however few have analyzed leukocytosis in patients with stable CAD. Recent studies have observed: leukocytosis is more severe in patients with stable CAD that have had a prior AMI than those with just stable CAD<sup>17</sup>; patients with some type of ischemic heart disease (chronic or acute) have more severe neutrophilia<sup>18</sup>; in the CAPRIE study that compared the effects of clopidogrel with aspirin, neutrophilia was also an independent risk variable for cardiovascular disease<sup>19</sup>. An interesting issue in the CAPRIE study is that mononucleosis was an independent variable for ischemic stroke and a limit variable for the reccurrence of ischemic events [OR = 1.03, IC(1.00 &#150; 1.05); p = 0.062]. Leukocytosis also enhances the effects of CAD risk factors. </p>
      <p>Smokers who have more than nine thousand white blood cells are four times more likely to have a myocardial infarction than smokers with a white blood cell count less than six thousand<sup>20</sup>. Generally speaking leukocytosis and in some studies monocytosis are independent variables for cardiovascular disease. However from all the medical literature consulted, this study was the first to show that monocyte concentration is directly related to the clinical stage of coronary atherosclerosis, accounting for the slightly higher values for the AMI group in comparison with the stable CAD group and the stable CAD group in comparison with the control group. </p>
      <p>These alterations suggest different degrees of white blood cell activation and reflects the severity of the existing inflammatory process which is responsible for the instability of the atherosclerosis plaque, which can lead to coronary artery spasms<sup>21</sup> or contribute to posterior coronary stent occlusion<sup>22</sup>. Various substances can participate in this increase/recruitment/activation process of the monocytes. For example, MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) is a cytokine that promotes monocyte recruitment in the atherosclerotic plaque and is an independent risk marker for CAD<sup>23</sup>. Consequently, the white blood cell count is an important risk marker that could be a guide in the diagnosis and treatment for individuals with circulatory diseases. Nevertheless, further studies are required to define the role of these substances in daily clinical practice.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Abrah&#227;o Afiune Neto</p>
          <p> Rua T-38, n&#186; 917 &#150; Setor Bueno</p>
          <p> 74230-070 &#150; Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="afiune@cardiol.br">afiune@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 05/11/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 07/06/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
