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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">j7wbTwQk4Qx5mMMgdDCZ7Yb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo comparativo entre a press&#227;o positiva intermitente (Reanimador de M&#252;ller) e cont&#237;nua no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#252;ller</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Pires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Constantino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz C&#233;sar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Paran&#225;</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Costantini </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>232</fpage>
      <lpage>239</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar o efeito da aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva intermitente e cont&#237;nua em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. M&#201;TODOS: Neste estudo foram considerados quarenta pacientes, divididos em dois grupos: um submetido a press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua (Grupo CPAP), e outro submetido a press&#227;o intermitente (Grupo Reanimador de M&#252;ller). Os pacientes foram avaliados nos momentos: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 3&#170;, 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diversas vari&#225;veis do estudo. RESULTADOS: Os grupos de pacientes eram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o a diversas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas. Os valores gasom&#233;tricos de PO2, PCO2 e SO2 estiveram dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade e n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os grupos. Na ventilometria os grupos apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas no volume corrente e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 48 horas. A dispn&#233;ia e a participa&#231;&#227;o da musculatura acess&#243;ria, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, foram encontradas com freq&#252;&#234;ncia significativamente maior nos pacientes submetidos ao CPAP. Pacientes submetidos ao Reanimador de M&#252;ller apresentaram radiografia de t&#243;rax normal com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia do que pacientes submetidos ao CPAP. CONCLUS&#195;O: Observou-se que ambos os recursos foram capazes de manter valores de PO2, PCO2 e SO2 dentro da normalidade. Por&#233;m, quando se busca a reexpans&#227;o pulmonar, com menor carga de trabalho imposta, o Reanimador de M&#252;ller foi mais efetivo pela forma mais r&#225;pida de a&#231;&#227;o e, conseq&#252;entemente, apresentou menores &#237;ndices de dispn&#233;ia, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) e atividade de musculatura acess&#243;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>IPPB</kwd>
        <kwd>press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas</kwd>
        <kwd>fisioterapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo comparativo entre a press&#227;o positiva intermitente (Reanimador de M&#252;ller) e cont&#237;nua no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andr&#233;a Pires M&#252;ller; M&#225;rcia Olandoski; Rafael Macedo; Constantino Costantini; Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita-Souza</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Costantini e Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba, PR</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Comparar o efeito da aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva intermitente e cont&#237;nua em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Neste estudo foram considerados quarenta pacientes, divididos em dois grupos: um submetido a press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua (Grupo CPAP), e outro submetido a press&#227;o intermitente (Grupo Reanimador de M&#252;ller). Os pacientes foram avaliados nos momentos: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 3&#170;, 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diversas vari&#225;veis do estudo. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os grupos de pacientes eram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o a diversas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas. Os valores gasom&#233;tricos de PO<sub>2</sub>, PCO<sub>2</sub> e SO<sub>2 </sub>estiveram dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade e n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significantes entre os grupos. Na ventilometria os grupos apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas no volume corrente e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 48 horas. A dispn&#233;ia e a participa&#231;&#227;o da musculatura acess&#243;ria, nas avalia&#231;&#245;es do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, foram encontradas com freq&#252;&#234;ncia significativamente maior nos pacientes submetidos ao CPAP. Pacientes submetidos ao Reanimador de M&#252;ller apresentaram radiografia de t&#243;rax normal com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia do que pacientes submetidos ao CPAP. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Observou-se que ambos os recursos foram capazes de manter valores de PO<sub>2</sub>, PCO<sub>2</sub> e SO<sub>2</sub> dentro da normalidade. Por&#233;m, quando se busca a reexpans&#227;o pulmonar, com menor carga de trabalho imposta, o Reanimador de M&#252;ller foi mais efetivo pela forma mais r&#225;pida de a&#231;&#227;o e, conseq&#252;entemente, apresentou menores &#237;ndices de dispn&#233;ia, freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) e atividade de musculatura acess&#243;ria.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> IPPB, press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas, fisioterapia.</p>
    <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias s&#227;o problemas comumente encontrados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias tor&#225;cicas. Os mecanismos que causam a inj&#250;ria pulmonar ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos, mas parecem ser originados no momento do ato cir&#250;rgico, demonstrando que o manejo da assist&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica (AVM) durante e ap&#243;s a anestesia s&#227;o fatores determinantes na incid&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares<sup>1</sup>. A exata incid&#234;ncia depende do tipo de cirurgia e da condi&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, sendo a maioria dessas complica&#231;&#245;es diagnosticadas como pneumonia ou atelectasias p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o freq&#252;entemente relacionadas &#224; depend&#234;ncia da assist&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Concomitantemente, a depend&#234;ncia do suporte ventilat&#243;rio est&#225; diretamente relacionada &#224; incid&#234;ncia de morbidade, e o aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva com o conseq&#252;ente aumento do tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Pode-se diminuir a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e o tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, diminuindo-se o tempo de in&#237;cio de desmame e desconectando o paciente, o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel, do suporte ventilat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico que, usualmente, compromete mais de 40% do tempo total de AVM<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na literatura, os efeitos delet&#233;rios causados pela intuba&#231;&#227;o endotraqueal (naso- e orotraqueal) e pela assist&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica foram amplamente divulgados, sendo, portanto, para os fisioterapeutas, o in&#237;cio do desmame e a descontinuidade da assist&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria mec&#226;nica (AVM) fatores primordiais de tratamento nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. T&#227;o logo os pacientes apresentem uma ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea satisfat&#243;ria, ou seja, estejam aptos a sustentar a ventila&#231;&#227;o com efetiva troca gasosa, esses processos devem ser iniciados<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; nesse momento, por&#233;m, de transi&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea que muitos dist&#250;rbios respirat&#243;rios se instalam e s&#227;o agravados por fatores restritivos, como seda&#231;&#227;o, algias e presen&#231;a de drenos tor&#225;cicos e abdominais<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o, inicia-se uma fase importante do atendimento fisioterap&#234;utico com o objetivo primordial de manuten&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea no paciente, evitando o retorno &#224; pr&#243;tese ventilat&#243;ria. V&#225;rios trabalhos<sup>6-10</sup> comprovaram a efici&#234;ncia da VNI na terap&#234;utica do desmame e manuten&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Seus autores referem que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de procedimento promove um decr&#233;scimo do trabalho ventilat&#243;rio, a diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de dispn&#233;ia e o aumento do volume residual, prevenindo, portanto, a presen&#231;a de atelectasias e favorecendo o recrutamento alveolar, como tamb&#233;m incrementando a press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio no sangue arterial (PaO<sub>2</sub>). </p>
    <p>Como m&#233;todo alternativo de VNI, em 1999 foi proposto o tratamento com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Reanimador de M&#252;ller, aparelho de caracter&#237;stica pneum&#225;tica que oferece press&#227;o positiva intermitente. Esse recurso apresenta algumas vantagens semelhantes ao CPAP, ou seja, decr&#233;scimo do trabalho ventilat&#243;rio, diminui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de dispn&#233;ia e aumento do volume residual<sup>11</sup>. Ambos t&#234;m se mostrado efetivos na terap&#234;utica p&#243;s-extuba&#231;&#227;o, cada qual com suas caracter&#237;sticas pr&#243;prias, por&#233;m n&#227;o h&#225; na literatura refer&#234;ncia de um estudo comparativo entre esses dois recursos.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho &#233; comparar o resultado entre a aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva de forma cont&#237;nua e a aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva intermitente em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca por meio dos aparelhos CPAP e Reanimador de M&#252;ller.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, prospectivo, randomizado, de quarenta pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico, 33 do sexo masculino e sete do sexo feminino, no per&#237;odo de fevereiro a outubro de 2004. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, um submetido a press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua, e outro submetido a press&#227;o intermitente, e avaliados nos momentos: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 3&#170; hora, 24&#170; hora e 48&#170; hora, logo ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diversas vari&#225;veis do estudo. No grupo submetido ao tratamento com press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua (Grupo CPAP) foi utilizado o aparelho da marca Mallinckrodt<italic>&#174;</italic> &#150; modelo Goodknight 418-G com m&#225;scara facial de borracha. O grupo que recebeu tratamento com press&#227;o positiva intermitente foi submetido a aplica&#231;&#227;o do Reanimador de M&#252;ller (Grupo Reanimador de M&#252;ller) da marca Engesp<italic>&#174;</italic> com m&#225;scara facial de borracha.</p>
    <p>No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio realizou-se o exame espirom&#233;trico, quando foram considerados no teste os valores preditos, obtidos e porcentagem do valor obtido do valor predito das seguintes vari&#225;veis: CVF (capacidade vital for&#231;ada), VEF<sub>1 </sub>(volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo), VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (rela&#231;&#227;o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo e capacidade vital for&#231;ada) e <italic>Peak flow,</italic> uma vez que para fazer parte do estudo os pacientes poderiam apresentar padr&#245;es de normalidade, dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo ou restritivo leve (79%-60% do VEF<sub>1</sub>) e dist&#250;rbio ventilat&#243;rio obstrutivo ou restritivo moderado (59%-41% do VEF<sub>1</sub>). Verificou-se, da mesma forma, a an&#225;lise da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo nos momentos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>Nas 3&#170;, 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas, logo ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos, foram realizados os exames gasom&#233;tricos, ventilometria, exame f&#237;sico, bem como foi observado o laudo de radiografia de t&#243;rax. Quanto &#224; gasometria, consideraram-se as seguintes vari&#225;veis arteriais e venosas: concentra&#231;&#227;o de &#237;on hidrog&#234;nio (pH), press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio (PO<sub>2</sub>), press&#227;o parcial de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (PCO<sub>2</sub>) e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SO<sub>2</sub>). As vari&#225;veis observadas no exame de ventilometria foram: volume corrente (VC), volume minuto (VM) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR). No exame f&#237;sico observou-se a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de dispn&#233;ia e atividade da musculatura acess&#243;ria logo ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos recursos. No exame radiogr&#225;fico foi observado o laudo do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel por esse servi&#231;o.</p>
    <p>O protocolo utilizado para o CPAP, com sistema intermitente a fluxo cont&#237;nuo e v&#225;lvula <italic>Spring-Loaded</italic> (carga com mola), foi de aplica&#231;&#227;o nos momentos citados de avalia&#231;&#227;o do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com paciente posicionado em <italic>fowler </italic>(35&#186;), com um n&#237;vel de PEEP (press&#227;o positiva no final da expira&#231;&#227;o) de 5 cm de H<sub>2</sub>O e tr&#234;s litros de oxig&#234;nio. Nas primeiras tr&#234;s horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi aplicado por quinze minutos, a cada hora, e na 3&#170; hora foram verificadas as vari&#225;veis do estudo. Nas 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi aplicado por trinta minutos e, a seguir, verificadas as mesmas vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do aparelho Reanimador de M&#252;ller ocorreu nas 3&#170;, 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com paciente posicionado em <italic>fowler </italic>(35&#186;). Foi utilizada uma press&#227;o endotraqueal de 20 a 30 cmH<sub>2</sub>O, indicada para pacientes adultos, e no micronebulizador acoplado, somente soro fisiol&#243;gico como diluente. Nas primeiras tr&#234;s horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi aplicado por quinze minutos, a cada hora, e na 3&#170; hora verificada as vari&#225;veis da gasometria, ventilometria e laudo radiogr&#225;fico. Nas 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi aplicado por trinta minutos, em duas s&#233;ries de quinze minutos e, a seguir, verificadas as mesmas vari&#225;veis da 3&#170; hora.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - Os resultados obtidos no estudo foram expressos por m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o ou por freq&#252;&#234;ncias e porcentuais. Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi usado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias, ou o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney quando a condi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade n&#227;o foi atendida. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi usado o teste exato de Fisher. Em todos os testes, um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O grupo de pacientes submetidos a press&#227;o cont&#237;nua (CPAP) e o grupo de pacientes submetidos a press&#227;o intermitente (Reanimador de M&#252;ller) eram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o a diversas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab.I</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0232-00012-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis avaliadas pela gasometria &#150; pH, PO<sub>2</sub>, PCO<sub>2</sub> e SO<sub>2</sub>, arterial e venoso, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos em nenhum dos momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, com exce&#231;&#227;o do pH venoso na 3&#170; hora, que apresentou m&#233;dia 7,372 &#177; 0,0426 para os pacientes submetidos ao CPAP, e m&#233;dia 7,402 &#177; 0,0335 para os pacientes submetidos ao Reanimador de M&#252;ller (p = 0,0210). Em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es efetuadas, os valores de pH estiveram dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade (7,35 a 7,45), com discreta diferen&#231;a entre o pH arterial e o pH venoso. Quanto ao PO<sub>2</sub>, o grupo submetido ao tratamento com CPAP apresentou, na 3&#170; hora, um aumento de PO<sub>2</sub> arterial em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor coletado no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, mantendo-se est&#225;vel nos per&#237;odos subseq&#252;entes. Os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com Reanimador de M&#252;ller obtiveram valores de m&#233;dias mais est&#225;veis, apresentando um aumento discreto e crescente no decorrer das horas avaliadas. Os valores de PCO<sub>2 </sub>arterial e venoso indicaram altera&#231;&#245;es na 3&#170; e 24&#170; horas para ambos os grupos, voltando aos n&#237;veis do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio na 48&#170; do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Tanto para PO<sub>2</sub> como para PCO<sub>2</sub> os valores estiveram dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a SO<sub>2, </sub>no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e na 3&#170; hora os valores encontrados s&#227;o pr&#243;ximos, distanciando-se nas 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas, com valores m&#233;dios crescentes nos pacientes com Reanimador de M&#252;ller e decrescentes para os pacientes submetidos ao CPAP. Os resultados da gasometria obtidos da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de 48 horas s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0232-00012-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes pela ventilometria, o volume corrente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio se apresentou semelhante nos dois grupos, decrescendo na 3&#170; hora de forma mais acentuada para o grupo submetido ao CPAP, e voltando a crescer nas 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas. A diferen&#231;a &#233; significativa entre os grupos na 3&#170; hora (p = 0,0332), na 24&#170; hora (p = 0,0486) e na 48&#170; hora (p = 0,0143). A mesma evolu&#231;&#227;o foi observada para o volume minuto, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre pacientes submetidos ao CPAP e pacientes submetidos ao Reanimador de M&#252;ller. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria se mostrou homog&#234;nea nos grupos, entretanto, j&#225; a partir da 3&#170; hora foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles (p = 0,0007 na 3&#170; hora, p = 0,0002 na 24&#170; hora, e p &lt; 0,0001 na 48&#170; hora). Em todos esses momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o, observou-se que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria nos pacientes submetidos ao CPAP esteve acima da freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria dos pacientes submetidos ao Reanimador de M&#252;ller. Os resultados da ventilometria obtidos da avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de 48 horas s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0232-00012-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Dos pacientes submetidos ao CPAP, apenas um deles apresentou dispn&#233;ia grau leve na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria. Esse n&#250;mero se elevou nas avalia&#231;&#245;es do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (onze pacientes na 3&#170; hora, doze na 24&#170; hora, e quinze na 48&#170; hora). Nos pacientes submetidos ao Reanimador de M&#252;ller, a dispn&#233;ia foi observada em dois pacientes na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, dois na 3&#170; hora e apenas um nas 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas. A diferen&#231;a &#233; estatisticamente significativa nesses momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,0057 na 3&#170; hora, p = 0,0004 na 24&#170;, e p &lt; 0,0001 na 48&#170; hora). O grupo submetido ao tratamento com Reanimador de M&#252;ller apresentou apenas um paciente com participa&#231;&#227;o da musculatura acess&#243;ria em dois momentos, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e 24&#170; hora. J&#225; o grupo tratado com CPAP apresentou um aumento gradativo da participa&#231;&#227;o da musculatura acess&#243;ria entre o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e a 24&#170; hora, iniciando um pequeno decr&#233;scimo na 48&#170; hora (um paciente no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, nove pacientes na 3&#170; hora, onze na 24&#170; hora, e nove na 48&#170; hora). </p>
    <p>Essa diferen&#231;a entre os grupos de pacientes &#233; estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,0012 na 3&#170;, na 24&#170; e na 48&#170; horas). Quanto aos resultados da radiografia de t&#243;rax, no grupo CPAP o n&#250;mero de pacientes com laudo radiogr&#225;fico normal foi de vinte, oito, tr&#234;s e nove pacientes, e no grupo tratado com Reanimador de M&#252;ller foram dezenove, dezesseis, dezoito e dezoito pacientes no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 3&#170;, 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas, respectivamente. Existe diferen&#231;a significativa nos momentos avaliados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p = 0,0225 na 3&#170; hora, p &lt; 0,0001 na 24&#170; hora, e p = 0,0057 na 48&#170; hora).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>In&#250;meras s&#227;o as disfun&#231;&#245;es pulmonares decorrentes da anestesia e do ato cir&#250;rgico, principalmente nas primeiras 48 horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em que os pacientes apresentam ainda muita dor, instabilidade tor&#225;cica e depress&#227;o do SNC, com conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o de seus volumes e capacidades pulmonares, altera&#231;&#245;es dos valores de PO<sub>2</sub> e PCO<sub>2</sub> e, principalmente, da redu&#231;&#227;o da expansibilidade pulmonar que propicia a instala&#231;&#227;o de quadros de atelectasias entre outras afec&#231;&#245;es pulmonares<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>As repercuss&#245;es pulmonares decorrentes da cirurgia card&#237;aca podem estar inicialmente correlacionadas com o decr&#233;scimo dos valores de PaO<sub>2</sub> e SatO<sub>2</sub>, por dor decorrente da abertura do t&#243;rax, que pode provocar respira&#231;&#245;es superficiais e de pequena amplitude<sup>12</sup>, pelo fato de os pulm&#245;es permanecerem desinsuflados durante a CEC proporcionando a instala&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas de atelectasias<sup>13 </sup>e pelo tempo prolongado desse procedimento<sup>14</sup>, que pode estar associado a essas altera&#231;&#245;es pulmonares em raz&#227;o dos danos causados &#224; membrana dos capilares pulmonares pela resposta inflamat&#243;ria. O ac&#250;mulo de secre&#231;&#227;o<sup>15</sup> pode tamb&#233;m ser um dos agravantes da queda da PaO<sub>2 </sub>e SaO<sub>2</sub> por dificultar a passagem dos gases atrav&#233;s da membrana alv&#233;olo-capilar. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es devem ser precocemente corrigidas, uma vez que em decorr&#234;ncia dessas manifesta&#231;&#245;es iniciais outras complica&#231;&#245;es podem surgir agravando o quadro pulmonar. </p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, analgesia, dor, presen&#231;a de drenos pleurais e/ou mediast&#237;nicos se constituem em fatores restritivos &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o, e essas restri&#231;&#245;es &#224; expansibilidade da caixa tor&#225;cica resultam na diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade vital, da capacidade residual funcional e do volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado no primeiro segundo, favorecendo, desse modo, o aparecimento dos quadros de hipoxemia<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio apresentam tais altera&#231;&#245;es em seu p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e podem ser revertidas com a aplica&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva<sup>16</sup>. Neste estudo, ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva de forma cont&#237;nua ou intermitente, chegamos aos mesmos resultados, demonstrando que indifere o tipo de press&#227;o aplicada, uma vez que em ambos esses par&#226;metros se mantiveram dentro da normalidade, e auxiliaram na minimiza&#231;&#227;o do quadro restritivo imposto por essas cirurgias.</p>
    <p>Os dados gerais dos pacientes demonstraram o perfil dos grupos estudados e sua homogeneidade, bem como o controle de poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis que pudessem confundir o efeito do tratamento. </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas (idade, sexo, peso, IMC, tempo de cirurgia, tempo de CEC, tabagismo, doen&#231;a pulmonar pr&#233;via, espirometria, abertura de pleuras, drenos pleurais e drenos mediast&#237;nicos, drogas vasoativas, drogas analg&#233;sicas e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias), n&#227;o houve, em nenhuma delas, um valor de p que indicasse diferen&#231;a significativa estatisticamente, o que comprova que as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes dos dois grupos estudados foram bastante semelhantes.</p>
    <p>Realizou-se, tamb&#233;m, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, quais sejam: pH, press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio no sangue arterial e venoso, press&#227;o parcial de CO<sub>2 </sub>no sangue arterial e venoso, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no sangue arterial e venoso, volume corrente, volume minuto e freq&#252;&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos na compara&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel pH n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, exceto na avalia&#231;&#227;o da 3&#170;hora para o pH venoso. Esse dado n&#227;o foi relevante uma vez que se encontrava dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade.</p>
    <p>Verificamos que a m&#233;dia da PaO<sub>2</sub> no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi de 85,88 mmHg, mantendo-se est&#225;vel na 3&#170; hora (89,33 mmHg), na 24&#170; hora (89,02 mmHg) e na 48&#170; hora (87,97 mmHg) no grupo submetido &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do CPAP, e o grupo submetido &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do Reanimador de M&#252;ller apresentou uma m&#233;dia de 87,34 mmHg, 87,69 mmHg, 88,15 mmHg e 90,21 mmHg nos momentos de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 3&#170; hora, 24&#170; hora e 48&#170; hora, respectivamente, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos. </p>
    <p>A SO<sub>2 </sub>arterial e venosa, da mesma forma, se manteve est&#225;vel nos dois grupos em todos os momentos, n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;a significativa. Uma das poss&#237;veis repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas da aplica&#231;&#227;o do CPAP pode ser a altera&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, sendo aconselhada a aplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua com baixos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o<sup>17. </sup>Com os dados obtidos neste estudo, a SO<sub>2</sub> venosa, que pode inferir &#237;ndice de perfus&#227;o tecidual, se manteve dentro dos n&#237;veis de normalidade, ou seja, n&#227;o houve interfer&#234;ncia no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PCO<sub>2 </sub>arterial e venosa, pode ocorrer a presen&#231;a de hipercapnia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias card&#237;acas em raz&#227;o da anestesia e da presen&#231;a de quadros &#225;lgicos<sup>16</sup>. Com os avan&#231;os dos estudos da ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva, o emprego da VNI se faz necess&#225;rio com o intuito de prevenir e corrigir a eleva&#231;&#227;o das taxas de CO<sub>2</sub>. Esses recursos, fornecedores de press&#227;o por meio n&#227;o-invasivo, proporcionam um aumento da capacidade residual funcional, prevenindo o aparecimento de &#225;reas de atelectasias, promovendo aumento do espa&#231;o morto alveolar e favorecendo as trocas gasosas<sup>15,18,19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os devidos cuidados sugeridos quanto &#224; possibilidade da presen&#231;a de hipercapnia durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o da VNI, seja de forma cont&#237;nua seja intermitente <sup>20</sup>, foram observados neste estudo, bem como foram seguidos os cuidados indicados na aplica&#231;&#227;o do Reanimador de Muller, que deve obedecer ao ritmo respirat&#243;rio do paciente na busca de valores normais de PCO<sub>2</sub>, uma vez que padr&#245;es respirat&#243;rios mais r&#225;pidos tamb&#233;m podem induzir a uma hipocapnia <sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a esse tipo de cirurgia se encontra comprometida em raz&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o superficial e de pequena amplitude que adotam na tentativa de minimizar a dor presente. Constatou-se tal afirma&#231;&#227;o, pois o VC p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio nos momentos de 3&#170;, 24&#170; e 48&#170; horas apresentou valores inferiores ao pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, com diferen&#231;a significativa estatisticamente. </p>
    <p>Entende-se, dessa forma, a afirma&#231;&#227;o que indica a terap&#234;utica de aplica&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o positiva nas primeiras horas do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com o objetivo de restabelecer volumes e capacidades pulmonares, sendo as complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias freq&#252;entemente encontradas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias card&#237;acas, e o decr&#233;scimo do VC nas primeiras horas &#233; um achado bastante comum e que pode trazer s&#233;rias complica&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas principalmente em decorr&#234;ncia da hip&#243;xia celular<sup>21</sup>. Em pacientes idosos (acima de oitenta anos) que apresentam doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica sist&#234;mica, a hip&#243;xia pode desencadear quadros de isquemia do aparelho digestivo e neurol&#243;gico, al&#233;m de importantes fatores de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Na tentativa de evitar o retrocesso no processo de desmame e o retorno &#224; pr&#243;tese ventilat&#243;ria, &#233; relevante a introdu&#231;&#227;o da VNI, evitando desse modo a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o nas UTI e conseq&#252;entemente o aumento do per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<sup>22</sup>. Vale ressaltar que todos os sujeitos avaliados n&#227;o retrocederam no seu processo de desmame, ou seja, n&#227;o retornaram &#224; AVM. </p>
    <p>A terap&#234;utica com CPAP promove uma melhora do VR, repercutindo, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, na manuten&#231;&#227;o do VC<sup>6,7,8,9,16</sup>. Recomenda-se, contudo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da RPPI com o intuito de aumentar de forma direta o VC<sup>23,11</sup>. Em nosso estudo, verificou-se nos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com Reanimador de M&#252;ller que houve um incremento de seu VC, apresentando valores significativamente maiores na 3&#170; hora (p = 0,0332), 24&#170; hora (p = 0,0486) e 48&#170; hora (p = 0,0143), comparado ao grupo submetido ao tratamento com CPAP. Acredita-se, por esses achados, que se o objetivo &#233; incrementar VC, o Reanimador de M&#252;ller pode ser mais efetivo, uma vez que os valores obtidos coincidem com a afirma&#231;&#227;o de que este recurso aumenta o VC.</p>
    <p>Os aparelhos de RPPI devem ser de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e simples em seu manuseio<sup>24</sup>, caracter&#237;sticas essas que foram encontradas no Reanimador de M&#252;ller. O fato de o fisioterapeuta ser o agente operante do equipamento facilita uma melhor adapta&#231;&#227;o do paciente &#224; m&#225;scara, ou seja, ao menor sinal de desconforto, agita&#231;&#227;o ou ansiedade a m&#225;scara pode ser removida e, depois de cessado esses sintomas, reiniciado os exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios. Vazamentos ou escape de ar s&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es comuns durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o do CPAP, como tamb&#233;m a possibilidade de aerofagia. No Reanimador tal situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; assegurada pela v&#225;lvula de seguran&#231;a que impede que uma maior press&#227;o seja administrada, al&#233;m de possibilitar um manejo sincr&#244;nico entre operador e o paciente<sup>11</sup>, respeitando o ciclo respirat&#243;rio produzido pelo doente e adequando um perfeito ajuste da m&#225;scara. Por esses motivos, acredita-se que o Reanimador de M&#252;ller possa ser mais efetivo no ganho do VC e, conseq&#252;entemente, da reexpans&#227;o pulmonar .</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; vari&#225;vel VM, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos, nos per&#237;odos pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, por&#233;m a FR dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com CPAP, apesar de se manter dentro da faixa de normalidade, apresentou valores das m&#233;dias mais elevadas na 3&#170; (FR de 26,10 crpm), 24&#170; (FR de 24,85 crpm) e 48&#170; horas (FR de 25,70 crpm), do que os pacientes do grupo submetido ao tratamento com Reanimador de M&#252;ller, que mantiveram valores das m&#233;dias mais baixas nas 3&#170; hora (FR de 21,65 crpm), 24&#170; hora (FR de 20,60 crpm) e 48&#170; hora (FR de 20,80 crpm), respectivamente. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dessa vari&#225;vel (FR) esses valores indicaram diferen&#231;a significativa estatisticamente entre os dois grupos tratados.</p>
    <p>Ao correlacionarmos os valores obtidos de VC, VM e FR, podemos verificar a inter-rela&#231;&#227;o entre eles e a forma de compensa&#231;&#227;o utilizada pelos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com CPAP na tentativa de manter adequado seu VM. Esses pacientes apresentaram VC significativamente menores, sem diferen&#231;a significativa do VM, conseq&#252;entemente adotaram uma atitude compensat&#243;ria elevando sua FR, que se apresentou significativamente maior. </p>
    <p>Embora alguns autores recomendem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPAP com o intuito de diminuir o trabalho ventilat&#243;rio<sup>19,10</sup>, outros autores<sup>4,20</sup> afirmam ser poss&#237;vel encontrar em pacientes tratados com CPAP aumento do trabalho respirat&#243;rio quando submetidos a altas taxas de press&#227;o, que pode ser detectado pelo aumento da FR, resultado de um maior esfor&#231;o do paciente por causa da queda acentuada na press&#227;o das vias a&#233;reas durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o, e tamb&#233;m pelas altas resist&#234;ncias oferecidas por suas v&#225;lvulas durante a expira&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Apesar de termos realizado o trabalho com taxas de press&#227;o baixas, apenas 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, o grupo CPAP ainda assim apresentou freq&#252;&#234;ncias maiores quando comparadas ao grupo do Reanimador de M&#252;ller, o que pode sugerir que houve maior trabalho ventilat&#243;rio imposto &#224;queles pacientes, uma vez que houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do VC e aumento da FR. Em raz&#227;o dessas considera&#231;&#245;es, uma poss&#237;vel instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, em decorr&#234;ncia da pr&#243;pria gravidade do paciente coronariano operado, pode contra-indicar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do CPAP com altas taxas de press&#227;o. O Reanimador de M&#252;ller n&#227;o interferiu na FR e no VM por agir diretamente no aumento do VC.</p>
    <p>Confirmando as afirma&#231;&#245;es anteriores, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento do trabalho ventilat&#243;rio, pode-se perceber que somente os pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com CPAP demonstraram a presen&#231;a de dispn&#233;ia grau leve e aumento do trabalho dos m&#250;sculos acess&#243;rios nos momentos avaliados do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com diferen&#231;a significativa estatisticamente em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo do Reanimador de M&#252;ller. Vale ressaltar que todos os par&#226;metros foram avaliados imediatamente ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do recurso terap&#234;utico, justificando o aumento da FR, fato este que n&#227;o persistia nos intervalos entre os momentos avaliados, havendo uma normaliza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo e da FR.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de musculatura acess&#243;ria, tamb&#233;m os pacientes do grupo CPAP apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de aumento do trabalho muscular, o que denota esfor&#231;o na atividade de respirar demonstrando diferen&#231;a significativa observada pelos valores obtidos nos momentos do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Neste estudo, os pacientes avaliados nos quais se constatou a presen&#231;a de dispn&#233;ia e de atividade da musculatura acess&#243;ria apresentaram-se pelos sintomas manifestados como de grau leve. </p>
    <p>No exame radiogr&#225;fico, na 3&#170; hora p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria apresentaram laudo radiogr&#225;fico normal 80% dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com Reanimador de M&#252;ller, enquanto no grupo tratado com CPAP apenas 40% dos pacientes obtiveram o mesmo resultado, sendo essa diferen&#231;a significativa estatisticamente. Na 24&#170; hora, essa diferen&#231;a foi ainda maior: 90% dos pacientes do grupo Reanimador de M&#252;ller apresentaram laudo radiogr&#225;fico normal, enquanto somente 15% dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento com CPAP estiveram dentro da normalidade. Ainda na 48&#170; hora, o grupo submetido ao tratamento com Reanimador de M&#252;ller manteve 90% dos pacientes com resultado normal, comparado aos 45% dos pacientes do grupo CPAP. Dessa forma, sugere-se que o Reanimador de M&#252;ller apresentou melhores resultados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; expansibilidade pulmonar.</p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do CPAP melhora VR, mant&#233;m a abertura alveolar, facilitando as trocas gasosas com conseq&#252;ente manuten&#231;&#227;o e/ou incremento da PaO<sub>2</sub>, obtendo-se, dessa forma, uma reexpans&#227;o gradativa, por&#233;m mais lenta que os recursos que atuam diretamente sobre a reexpans&#227;o pulmonar<sup>21</sup>. Cita&#231;&#245;es essas que foram confirmadas com este trabalho, uma vez que se pode observar uma melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e do laudo radiogr&#225;fico desses pacientes, por&#233;m de uma forma mais lenta quando comparados &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do Reanimador de M&#252;ller. </p>
    <p>Cabe ainda ressaltar que o Reanimador de M&#252;ller &#233; um aparelho de f&#225;cil manuseio e de cuidados gerais, port&#225;til, de baixo custo, aspectos recomendados para os aparelhos ideais de RPPI<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Observou-se neste estudo que os recursos CPAP e Reanimador de M&#252;ller s&#227;o capazes de manter valores de PO<sub>2</sub> e PCO<sub>2</sub> e SO<sub>2</sub> dentro dos par&#226;metros de normalidade.</p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de reexpans&#227;o pulmonar, visando reverter quadros de atelectasias ou facilitar a drenagem de derrames pleurais, o Reanimador de M&#252;ller foi mais efetivo pela forma mais r&#225;pida de a&#231;&#227;o sobre essas altera&#231;&#245;es, confirmado pelos valores das m&#233;dias com diferen&#231;as significativas apresentadas no laudo radiogr&#225;fico.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, pode-se constatar que quando se refere ao aumento de trabalho ventilat&#243;rio, a carga de trabalho imposta pelo CPAP foi maior do que a imposta pelo Reanimador de M&#252;ller, uma vez que os pacientes que receberam tratamento com CPAP apresentaram &#237;ndices maiores de dispn&#233;ia, FR e atividade da musculatura acess&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho foi poss&#237;vel verificar que tanto o CPAP quanto o Reanimador de M&#252;ller s&#227;o extremamente indicados a esses pacientes. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o fisioterap&#234;utica minuciosa deve ser realizada para se estabelecer o quadro em que o paciente se encontra, para indica&#231;&#227;o de um ou outro recurso; ou seja, se a proposta &#233; manter os gases sang&#252;&#237;neos dentro da normalidade pode-se optar pelo CPAP ou pelo Reanimador de M&#252;ller, mas se o objetivo &#233; a reexpans&#227;o pulmonar, indicamos, ap&#243;s este estudo, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Reanimador de M&#252;ller como um recurso para uma corre&#231;&#227;o mais precoce.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Andr&#233;a Pires M&#252;ller </p>
        <p> Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; </p>
        <p> Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155 </p>
        <p> 80215-901 - Curitiba, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="andrea.muller@pucpr.br">andrea.muller@pucpr.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 19/04/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 14/06/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative study between intermittent (M&#252;ller Reanimator) and continuous positive airway pressure in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of the use of intermittent and continuous positive airway pressure in postoperative patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: This study included forty patients divided into two groups: one undergoing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP Group), and the other undergoing intermittent pressure (M&#252;ller Resuscitator Group). The patients were evaluated in relation to the several study variables at the following time points: preoperative, 3rd, 24th, and 48th hours. RESULTS: The patient groups were homogeneous in relation to the several demographic and clinical variables. The values of pO2, pCO2 and sO2 were within normal limits and no significant differences were found between the groups. Regarding respirometry, the groups showed significant differences in the tidal volume and respiratory rate at the 48th postoperative hour. Dyspnea and use of accessory muscle in postoperative assessments were found with a significantly higher frequency in patients undergoing CPAP. Patients undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator had a normal chest radiograph more frequently than did patients undergoing CPAP. CONCLUSION: Both devices were shown to be able to keep pO2, pCO2, and sO2 values within normal limits. However, when the objective was pulmonary reexpansion with less imposed workload, the M&#252;ller Resuscitator was more effective because of its prompter action and consequently lower levels of dyspnea, respiratory rate (RR) and use of accessory muscle were observed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>IPPB</kwd>
        <kwd>continuous positive airway pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>physical therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparative study between intermittent (M&#252;ller Reanimator) and continuous positive airway pressure in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Andr&#233;a Pires M&#252;ller; M&#225;rcia Olandoski; Rafael Macedo; Constantino Costantini; Luiz C&#233;sar Guarita-Souza</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Costantini e Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To compare the effect of the use of intermittent and continuous positive airway pressure in postoperative patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This study included forty patients divided into two groups: one undergoing continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP Group), and the other undergoing intermittent pressure (M&#252;ller Resuscitator Group). The patients were evaluated in relation to the several study variables at the following time points: preoperative, 3rd, 24th, and 48th hours.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The patient groups were homogeneous in relation to the several demographic and clinical variables. The values of pO<sub>2</sub>, pCO<sub>2</sub> and sO<sub>2 </sub>were within normal limits and no significant differences were found between the groups. Regarding respirometry, the groups showed significant differences in the tidal volume and respiratory rate at the 48th postoperative hour. Dyspnea and use of accessory muscle in postoperative assessments were found with a significantly higher frequency in patients undergoing CPAP. Patients undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator had a normal chest radiograph more frequently than did patients undergoing CPAP.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Both devices were shown to be able to keep pO<sub>2</sub>, pCO<sub>2</sub>, and sO<sub>2 </sub>values within normal limits. However, when the objective was pulmonary reexpansion with less imposed workload, the M&#252;ller Resuscitator was more effective because of its prompter action and consequently lower levels of dyspnea, respiratory rate (RR) and use of accessory muscle were observed. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> IPPB, continuous positive airway pressure, physical therapy.</p>
      <p>Respiratory complications are problems commonly found in the postoperative period of thoracic surgeries. The mechanisms leading to pulmonary injury are still unknown, but they seem to be originated during the surgical procedure, which demonstrates that the management of assisted mechanical ventilation (AMV) during and after anesthesia is a determining factor in the incidence of pulmonary complications<sup>1</sup>. The precise incidence depends on the type of surgery and on preoperative pulmonary function conditions, most of these complications being diagnosed as pneumonia or postoperative atelectasis. These complications are frequently related to the dependence on assisted mechanic ventilation<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Concurrently, the dependence on ventilation support is directly related to the incidence of morbidity, and prolonged stays in Intensive Care Units are related to subsequent prolonged hospitalization. The incidence of pulmonary complications and hospitalization time may be decreased by decreasing the time to start weaning and by disconnecting the mechanical ventilation support as early as possible, which usually takes more than 40% of the total AMV time<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The deleterious effects of endotracheal intubation (nasal and orotracheal) and of assisted mechanical ventilation have been broadly disseminated in the literature. Therefore, physical therapists consider the beginning of the ventilation weaning and the discontinuation of assisted mechanical ventilation (AMV) as major factors of treatment in Intensive Care Units. These processes should therefore be started as soon as the patients present satisfactory spontaneous ventilation, that is, when they are able to sustain ventilation with an effective gas exchange<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, the transition between mechanical ventilation and spontaneous ventilation is the moment when many of the respiratory disorders arise and are worsened by restrictive factors such as sedation, pain, and the presence of chest and abdominal drains<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>After extubation, an important phase of the physical therapy assistance starts, with the main purpose of maintaining the patient&#146;s spontaneous ventilation, thus avoiding reintubation. Several studies<sup>6-10</sup> have proved the efficiency of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in the weaning procedure and maintenance of spontaneous ventilation. The authors report that the utilization of this type of procedure promotes a decrease in ventilation work and in dyspnea, and an increase in residual volume, thus preventing the presence of atelectasis and favoring alveolar recruitment as well as increasing partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood (paO<sub>2</sub>).</p>
      <p>In 1999, the utilization of M&#252;ller Resuscitator was proposed as an alternative to NIV. This device has a pneumatic feature that provides intermittent positive pressure. This device has some advantages similar to those of CPAP, namely, a decrease in ventilation work and dyspnea rates and an increase in residual volume<sup>11</sup>. Both have proven effective in post-extubation treatment, each with its own characteristics. However, there is no comparative study between these two devices reported in the literature. </p>
      <p>Thus, the objective of this study is to compare the result of continuous positive airway pressure to that of intermittent positive pressure in postoperative patients undergoing cardiac surgery using the CPAP and M&#252;ller Resuscitator devices. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a quantitative prospective randomized study including forty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting in a cardiology hospital from February 2004 to October 2004. Thirty three patients were males and seven were females. </p>
      <p>The patients were divided into two groups, one undergoing continuous positive airway pressure and the other undergoing intermittent pressure. The patients were assessed in the following time points: preoperative period, 3rd, 24th and 48th hour after utilization of the devices, regarding the several variables of the study. The Goodknight 418-G with a rubber facial mask (Mallinckrodt<italic>&#174;</italic>) was used in the group undergoing treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP group). The group undergoing treatment with intermittent positive pressure used M&#252;ller Resuscitator with a rubber facial mask (Engesp<italic>&#174;</italic>) (M&#252;ller Resuscitator group). </p>
      <p>Spirometry was performed in the preoperative period. Predicted and obtained values, and the percentage of the value obtained from the predicted value of the following variables were considered: FVC (forced vital capacity), FEV<sub>1</sub> (forced expiratory volume in one second), FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC (ratio forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity) and Peak flow, since to take part in the study the patients could show normal patterns, mild restrictive or obstructive ventilation disorders (79%-60% of FEV<sub>1</sub>), and moderate restrictive or obstructive ventilation disorder (59%-41% of FEV<sub>1</sub>). Likewise, the analysis of the left ventricle ejection fraction at the pre and postoperative time points was verified. </p>
      <p>Blood gas analysis, respirometry, and physical examination were performed at the 3rd, 24th and 48th hours following the use of the devices. Chest radiograph reports were also analyzed. As regards the blood gas analysis, the following arterial and venous variables were considered: hydrogen-ion concentration (pH), partial pressure of oxygen (pO<sub>2</sub>), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO<sub>2</sub>), and oxygen saturation (sO<sub>2</sub>). The variables observed in the respirometry test were: tidal volume (TV), minute volume (MV) and respiratory rate (RR). The presence or absence of dyspnea and the use of accessory muscles right after the use of the devices were observed in the physical examination. The radiography report issued by the responsible radiologist was observed. </p>
      <p>The protocol used for CPAP with an intermittent system at a continuous flow and a spring-loaded valve was applied in the postoperative time points mentioned, with the patient in fowler position (35&#186;), and a PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure) level of 5 cm of H<sub>2</sub>O and three liters of oxygen. At the first three postoperative hours, the protocol was applied for fifteen minutes every hour, and at the 3rd hour the study variables were verified. It was applied for thirteen minutes at the 24th and 48th postoperative hours, and the same variables were verified in the sequence. </p>
      <p>The use of M&#252;ller Resuscitator occurred at the 3rd, 24th, and 48th postoperative hours with the patient in a fowler position (35&#186;). A 20 to 30 cmH<sub>2</sub>O endotracheal pressure (recommended for adult patients) was used, and only saline solution was used in the micronebulizer as a dilutant. The device was applied for fifteen minutes per hour in the first three postoperative hours, and at the 3rd hour the blood gas analysis, respirometry and radiography report variables were verified. At the 24th and 48th postoperative hours it was applied for thirty minutes, in two fifteen-minute series, and then the same variables were verified at the 3rd hour. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis - The results obtained in the study were expressed as mean and standard deviations or as frequencies and percentages. The Student&#146;s <italic>t </italic>test for independent samples was used in the comparison of the groups in relation to the quantitative variables, considering the homogeneity of variances, or the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test when the normality condition was not met. Fisher&#146;s exact test was used to compare the groups in relation to the categorical variables. In all tests, a p &lt; 0.05 value was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The group of patients undergoing continuous pressure (CPAP) and the group of patients undergoing intermittent pressure (M&#252;ller Resuscitator) were homogeneous in relation to several demographic and clinical variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0232-00012-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the comparison between the groups of patients in relation to the variables assessed by blood gas analysis &#150; arterial and venous pH, pO<sub>2</sub>, pCO<sub>2</sub> and sO<sub>2</sub>, no statistically significant differences were found at any time point assessed, except for venous pH at the 3rd hour, which showed a 7.372 &#177; 0.0426 mean for the patients undergoing CPAP, and a 7.402 &#177; 0.0335 mean for the patients undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator (p = 0.0210). In all assessments performed, pH values were within normal limits (7.35 to 7.45) with a slight difference between arterial and venous pH. Regarding pO<sub>2</sub>, the group undergoing treatment with CPAP showed an increase in arterial pO<sub>2 </sub>at the 3rd hour in relation to the preoperative values, remaining stable subsequently. Patients undergoing treatment with M&#252;ller Resuscitator obtained more stable mean values, showing a slight and progressive increase throughout the hours assessed. Arterial and venous pCO<sub>2</sub> values indicated alterations at the 3rd and 24th hours for both groups, returning to preoperative levels at the 48th postoperative hour. Both pO<sub>2</sub> and pCO<sub>2</sub> values were within normal limits. In relation to sO<sub>2</sub>, the values found in the preoperative and at the 3rd hour are similar, becoming different at the 24th and 48th hours, with increasing mean values in the patients with M&#252;ller Resuscitator and decreasing mean values for the patients undergoing CPAP. The results of blood gas analysis obtained in the preoperative and at the 48th postoperative hour are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0232-00012-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In patients&#146; assessment using respirometry, the preoperative tidal volume was similar in both groups, decreasing at the 3rd hour more markedly in the group undergoing CPAP, to increase again at the 24th and 48th hours. The difference is significant between the groups at the 3rd hour (p = 0.0332), at the 24th hour (p = 0.0486), and at the 48th hour (p = 0.0143). The same progression was observed for the minute volume, however without a significant difference between patients undergoing CPAP and patients undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator. In the preoperative assessment, the respiratory rate was homogeneous between the groups. However, as of the 3rd hour a significant difference was found between them (p = 0.0007 at the 3rd hour, p = 0.0002 at the 24th hour, and p &lt; 0.0001 at the 48th hour). At all these assessment time points, a higher respiratory rate in the patients undergoing CPAP was observed when compared to that of the patients undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows respirometry results obtained in the pre and 48 postoperative hour assessments. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0232-00012-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Of the patients undergoing CPAP, only one presented mild dyspnea in the preoperative assessment. This number increased in the postoperative assessments (eleven patients at the 3rd hour, twelve at the 24th hour, and fifteen at the 48th hour). Dyspnea was observed in two of the patients undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator in the preoperative assessment, in two patients at the 3rd hour, and in only one at the 24th and 48th hours. The difference is statistically significant at these time points (p = 0.0057 at the 3rd hour, p = 0.0004 at the 24th, and p &lt; 0.0001 at the 48th hour). The group undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator had only one patient using accessory muscles at two time points &#150; in the preoperative and at the 24th hour. The group treated with CPAP, in turn, presented a progressive increase in the participation of accessory muscles between the preoperative and the 24th hour, with a slight decrease at the 48th hour (one patient in the preoperative, nine at the 3rd hour, eleven at the 24th hour, and nine at the 48th hour).</p>
      <p>This difference between the groups of patients is statistically significant (p = 0.0012 at the 3rd, 24th, and 48th hours). In relation to chest radiograph results, in the CPAP group the number of patients with a normal report was twenty, eight, three, and nine patients, and in the M&#252;ller Resuscitator group the number was nineteen, sixteen, eighteen, and eighteen patients in the preoperative, at the 3rd, 24th, and 48th hours, respectively. A significant difference was observed at the postoperative time points assessed (p = 0.0225 at the 3rd hour, p &lt; 0.0001 at the 24th hour, and p = 0.0057 at the 48th hour).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary dysfunctions resulting from the anesthesia and the surgical procedure are countless, mainly in the first 48 postoperative hours, in which the patients still present much pain, thoracic instability, and CNS depression, with subsequent reduction in their chest volumes and capacities which favors the onset of atelectasis and other pulmonary conditions<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pulmonary repercussions resulting from the cardiac surgery may be initially correlated with the decrease in paO<sub>2</sub> and sO<sub>2</sub> values because of the pain resulting from the chest opening. This opening may lead to a superficial and low-amplitude breathing<sup>12</sup>, because the lungs remain deflated during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) allowing the formation of areas of atelectasis<sup>13</sup>, and because of the prolonged time of this procedure<sup>14</sup>, which may be associated with these pulmonary alterations due to the damage caused to the pulmonary capillary membrane by the inflammatory response. The accumulation of secretions<sup>15</sup> may also be one of the factors aggravating the decrease in paO<sub>2 </sub>and saO<sub>2 </sub>because it impairs the passage of gases through the alveolar-capillary membranes. These alterations should be corrected early, since other complications may result from these initial manifestations, thus worsening the pulmonary conditions. </p>
      <p>Likewise, analgesia, pain, and the presence of pleural and/or mediastinal drains are restrictive factors to breathing, and this restriction to the chest wall expansion results in a decrease in vital capacity, in functional residual capacity , and in forced expiratory volume in one second, thus favoring the onset of hypoxemia<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the postoperative, individuals undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting present such alterations, which may the reversed with the use of non-invasive ventilation<sup>16</sup>. In this study, we reached similar results after using intermittent or continuous positive airway pressure, thus demonstrating that the type of pressure applied is indifferent, since these parameters remained within normal limits, and helped minimize the restriction imposed by these surgeries. </p>
      <p>The patients&#146; general information demonstrated the profile of the groups studied and their homogeneity, as well as the control of possible variables that could confound the effect of the treatment. </p>
      <p>In relation to the quantitative variables (age, sex, weight, BMI, surgical time, CPB time, smoking, previous pulmonary disease, spirometry, pleural incision, pleural and mediastinal drains, vasoactive drugs, analgesic drugs, and postoperative complications), there were no p values indicating a statistically significant difference, which corroborates the statement that the patients&#146; demographic and clinical characteristics in both groups studied were quite similar.</p>
      <p>The following continuous variables were also compared between the two groups: pH, arterial and venous partial oxygen pressure, arterial and venous partial CO<sub>2</sub> pressure, arterial and venous oxygen saturation, tidal volume, minute volume, and respiratory rate. </p>
      <p>The results obtained in the comparison of the pH variable did not show any statistically significant difference, except in the 3rd hour assessment for venous pH. This information was not relevant since the values were within normal limits.</p>
      <p>We observed that the mean preoperative paO<sub>2 </sub>was 85.88 mmHg, remaining stable at the 3rd hour (89.33 mmHg), at the 24th hour (89.02 mmHg), and at the 48th hour (87.97 mmHg) in the group undergoing CPAP. The group undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator had means of 87.34 mmHg, 87.69 mmHg, 88.15 mmHg, and 90.21 mmHg at the preoperative time points, at the 3rd hour, 24th hour, and 48th hour, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups.</p>
      <p>Likewise, arterial and venous sO<sub>2 </sub>remained stable in the two groups at all time points, and no significant differences were observed. One of the possible hemodynamic repercussions of the CPAP use may be a cardiac output alteration, and the use of continuous positive airway pressure with low pressure levels is then recommended<sup>17</sup>. Values of venous sO<sub>2 </sub>&#150; which may interfere with the rate of tissue perfusion &#150; obtained in this study were within normal limits, that is, no interference in the cardiac output was observed.</p>
      <p>In relation to arterial and venous pCO<sub>2,</sub> hypercapnia may occur in the postoperative of cardiac surgeries due to the anesthesia and the presence of pain conditions<sup>16</sup>. With the advances in non-invasive ventilation studies, the use of NIV is necessary to prevent and correct increases in arterial pCO<sub>2 </sub>levels. These non-invasive pressure providing resources provide an increase in functional residual capacity, thus preventing the formation of areas of atelectasis, promoting an increase in alveolar dead space, and favoring gas exchanges<sup>15,18,19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Due recommendations regarding the possibility of hypercapnia during the use of continuous or intermittent NIV were followed in this study<sup>20</sup>. Likewise, we followed the recommendations regarding the use of M&#252;ller Resuscitator, which must follow the patient&#146;s respiratory rhythm to keep normal pCO<sub>2</sub> values since faster respiratory patterns may induce hypocapnia<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The ventilation of patients undergoing this type of surgery is impaired due to the superficial and low-amplitude breathing they adopt in an attempt to minimize the pain. This situation was verified because postoperative TV at the 3rd, 24th, and 48th hours were lower than the preoperative values, with a statistically significant difference. </p>
      <p>The indication of treatment with positive pressure in the first few postoperative hours aiming at restoring pulmonary volumes and capacities is thus corroborated. Respiratory complications are frequently found in the postoperative of cardiac surgeries, and the decrease in TV in the first few hours is a common finding that may bring serious systemic complications mainly due to cellular hypoxia<sup>21</sup>. In elderly patients (above eighty years of age) with systemic atherosclerotic disease, hypoxia may precipitate digestive and neurological ischemia, in addition to important in-hospital mortality factors. </p>
      <p>In an attempt to prevent retrogression in the weaning process and resuming ventilation support, the introduction of NIV is relevant, thus preventing the incidence of respiratory complications, prolonged ICU stays, and consequently prolonged hospitalization<sup>22</sup>. It is worth mentioning that all subjects assessed did not fail in their weaning processes, that is, they did not resume AMV.</p>
      <p>The treatment with CPAP provides an improvement in RV, with a subsequent maintenance of TV<sup>6,7,8,9,16</sup>. However, the use of IPPB is recommended to increase TV directly<sup>23,11</sup>. In our study, we verified an increase in TV of patients undergoing treatment with M&#252;ller Resuscitator, with values significantly higher at the 3rd hour (p = 0.0332), 24th hour (p = 0.0486), and 48th hour (p = 0.0143), when compared to the group undergoing treatment with CPAP. Based on these data, we believe that if the objective is to increase TV, the M&#252;ller Resuscitator may be more effective, since the values obtained support the statement that this device increases TV.</p>
      <p>IPPB devices should be easy to use and simple to handle<sup>24</sup>, and these characteristics have been found in M&#252;ller Resuscitator. The fact that the physical therapist is the agent operating the equipment enables an easier adaptation of the patient to the mask, that is, the mask can be removed at the slightest sign of discomfort, agitation or anxiety and, after these symptoms have disappeared, respiratory exercises can be resumed. Air leakage is a common situation during the use of CPAP, as well as the possibility of aerophagia. In the M&#252;ller Resuscitator this situation is prevented by the safety valve that prevents the administration of a higher pressure and enables a synchronism between the operator and the patient<sup>11</sup>, respecting the patient&#146;s respiratory cycle and offering a perfect mask adjustment. For these reasons it is believed that the M&#252;ller Resuscitator is more effective to obtain TV and, consequently, the pulmonary reexpansion. </p>
      <p>In relation to the MV variable, no statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups in the pre and postoperative periods. However, the mean values of respiratory rate (RR) of patients undergoing treatment with CPAP, despite remaining within normal limits, were higher at the 3rd (RR = 26.10 bpm), 24th (RR = 24,85 bpm), and 48th hours (RR = 25.70 bpm), when compared with the patients undergoing treatment with M&#252;ller Resuscitator, who had lower mean values at the 3rd hour (RR = 21.65 bpm), 24th hour (RR = 20.60 bpm), and 48th hour (RR = 20.80 bpm), respectively. In the assessment of this variable (RR), these values indicated a statistically significant difference between the two groups.</p>
      <p>When TV, MV and RR values obtained are correlated, we can verify the interrelation between them and the form of compensation used by patients undergoing treatment with CPAP in an attempt to keep an adequate MV. These patients presented a significantly lower TV, without significant differences in MV, and they consequently adopted a compensatory mechanism by increasing their RR, which was significantly higher. </p>
      <p>Although some authors recommend the use of CPAP to decrease ventilation work<sup>19,10</sup>, others<sup>4,20</sup> state that it is possible to find an increase in the respiratory work of patients treated with CPAP when they undergo high pressure levels, which can be detected by an increase in RR, resulting from a greater patient&#146;s effort due to the marked decrease in airway pressure during inspiration, and also due to the high resistance offered by their valves during expiration. </p>
      <p>Although we used low pressure levels in this study &#150; only 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, the CPAP group presented higher rates when compared with the M&#252;ller Resuscitator group, which may suggest that there was a higher ventilation work imposed to those patients, since a decrease in TV and an increase in RR occurred. Because of these considerations, a possible hemodynamic instability resulting from the severity of the patient with coronary disease undergoing surgery may contraindicate the use of CPAP at high pressure levels. The M&#252;ller Resuscitator did not interfere with RR and MV because it acts directly in the increase of TV. </p>
      <p>Confirming the previous statements regarding the increase in ventilation work, we can notice that only the patients undergoing treatment with CPAP presented mild dyspnea and increase in accessory muscle use at the postoperative time points assessed, with a statistically significant difference in comparison with the M&#252;ller Resuscitator group. It is worth pointing out that all parameters were assessed immediately after the use of the therapeutic device, justifying the increase in RR, a fact that did not persist in the intervals between the time points assessed, when a normal rhythm and RR were resumed. </p>
      <p>In relation to the use of accessory muscles, the patients of the CPAP group also presented a higher prevalence of increased muscle work. This denotes an effort in the breathing activity demonstrating a significant difference observed by the values obtained in the postoperative time points. In this study, when the patients presented with dyspnea and use of accessory muscles these symptoms were only mild. </p>
      <p>In relation to radiograph tests, 80% of the patients undergoing treatment with M&#252;ller Resuscitator had normal radiograph reports at the 3rd postoperative hour, whereas in the group treated with CPAP only 40% of the patients had normal results. This difference was statistically significant. At the 24th hour this difference was even greater: 90% of the patients in the M&#252;ller Resuscitator group had a normal radiograph report, whereas only 15% of the patients undergoing treatment with CPAP had normal reports. Still at the 48th hour, in the group undergoing M&#252;ller Resuscitator 90% of the patients remained with normal results, compared with 45% of the patients in the CPAP group. Thus, the M&#252;ller Resuscitator is suggested to have presented better results in relation to the pulmonary expansibility. </p>
      <p>The use of CPAP improves the RV and maintains the alveoli opened, thus facilitating gas exchanges with subsequent maintenance and/or increase in paO<sub>2</sub>. Thus, a progressive reexpansion is obtained, although slower than that obtained with the devices acting directly on pulmonary reexpansion<sup>21</sup>. The present study corroborated these statements, since an improvement in the pulmonary function and in radiograph reports of these patients can be observed, although in a slower manner when compared with those obtained with the use of M&#252;ller Resuscitator. </p>
      <p>We should also point out that M&#252;ller Resuscitator is an easy-to-handle and easy-to-keep, portable, low-cost device. These characteristics are recommended for optimal IPPB devices<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study we observed that CPAP and M&#252;ller Resuscitator devices are able to keep pO<sub>2</sub>, pCO<sub>2</sub>, and sO<sub>2</sub> values within normal limits.</p>
      <p>With the objective of pulmonary reexpansion, aiming at reverting atelectasis or facilitating pleural effusion drainage, M&#252;ller Resuscitator was more effective because it acted faster on these alterations, which was confirmed by the mean values with significant differences presented in the radiograph report. </p>
      <p>Likewise, we could observe that when it comes to the increase in ventilation work, the work load imposed by CPAP was higher than that imposed by M&#252;ller Resuscitator, since the patients who were treated with CPAP showed higher rates of dyspnea, RR and accessory muscle use.</p>
      <p>In this study it was possible to verify that both CPAP and M&#252;ller Resuscitator are highly indicated for these patients. A judicious physical therapy assessment should be performed to establish the patient&#146;s clinical conditions for the indication of one device or the other; that is, if the purpose is to keep blood gases within normal limits, both CPAP and M&#252;ller Resuscitator can be chosen. However, if the objective is the pulmonary reexpansion we indicate, based on this study, the use of M&#252;ller Resuscitator as a resource for an earlier correction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Andr&#233;a Pires M&#252;ller</p>
          <p> Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</p>
          <p> Rua Imaculada Concei&#231;&#227;o, 1155</p>
          <p> 80215-901 - Curitiba, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="andrea.muller@pucpr.br">andrea.muller@pucpr.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 04/19/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/14/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
