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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wpSfywnZPSMDLndg7CNMj5H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e a cineangiocoronariografia em portadores de s&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas agudas sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Cynthia Karla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amino</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Geraldo de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nolasco</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiobarra Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>223</fpage>
      <lpage>231</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores bioqu&#237;micos (TN-I, PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio) e achados cineangiocoronariogr&#225;ficos em portadores de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (SIA sem supra ST). M&#201;TODOS: Obtida amostra sang&#252;&#237;nea &#250;nica para dosagem dos marcadores, e cineangiocoronariografia (CINE) realizada at&#233; 72 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o. An&#225;lise univariada para investigar rela&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s marcadores com os achados na CINE, no grupo com art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia (ARI) identificada, e an&#225;lise multivariada para investigar rela&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores com a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel, apenas no grupo com obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &gt;50%. RESULTADOS: Estudo prospectivo, com 84 pacientes, 65,5% do sexo masculino. No grupo onde identificou-se a ARI, os valores s&#233;ricos dos tr&#234;s marcadores foram superiores, quando comparados aos grupos sem ARI identificada ou com coron&#225;rias normais. No grupo com ARI identificada, houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre fluxo TIMI e TN-I (p = 0,006), les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel e TN-I e fibrinog&#234;nio (p = 0,02 e p = 0,01, respectivamente) e doen&#231;a multiarterial e PCRt (p = 0,0005). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os tr&#234;s marcadores foram preditores independentes da presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel (p = 0,002, p = 0,003 e p = 0,007, respectivamente, para PCR, fibrinog&#234;nio e TN-I). CONCLUS&#195;O: Em portadores de SIA sem supra ST, a dosagem s&#233;rica de TN-I, PCR e fibrinog&#234;nio nas primeiras dez horas da interna&#231;&#227;o se correlacionou a achados angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas agudas</kwd>
        <kwd>inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>trombose</kwd>
        <kwd>inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e a cineangiocoronariografia em portadores de s&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas agudas sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cynthia Karla Magalh&#227;es; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho; Jos&#233; Geraldo de Castro Amino; M&#244;nica Nolasco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Cardiobarra Cl&#237;nicas - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores bioqu&#237;&#173;micos (TN-I, PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio) e achados cineangiocoronariogr&#225;ficos em portadores de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica aguda sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (SIA sem supra ST). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Obtida amostra sang&#252;&#237;nea &#250;nica para dosagem dos marcadores, e cineangiocoronariografia (CINE) realizada at&#233; 72 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o. An&#225;lise univariada para investigar rela&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s marcadores com os achados na CINE, no grupo com art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia (ARI) identificada, e an&#225;lise multivariada para investigar rela&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores com a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel, apenas no grupo com obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana &gt;50%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo, com 84 pacientes, 65,5% do sexo masculino. No grupo onde identificou-se a ARI, os valores s&#233;ricos dos tr&#234;s marcadores foram superiores, quando comparados aos grupos sem ARI identificada ou com coron&#225;rias normais. No grupo com ARI identificada, houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre fluxo TIMI e TN-I (p = 0,006), les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel e TN-I e fibrinog&#234;nio (p = 0,02 e p = 0,01, respectivamente) e doen&#231;a multiarterial e PCRt (p = 0,0005). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, os tr&#234;s marcadores foram preditores independentes da presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel (p = 0,002, p = 0,003 e p = 0,007, respectivamente, para PCR, fibrinog&#234;nio e TN-I). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em portadores de SIA sem supra ST, a dosagem s&#233;rica de TN-I, PCR e fibrinog&#234;nio nas primeiras dez horas da interna&#231;&#227;o se correlacionou a achados angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas agudas, inflama&#231;&#227;o, trombose, inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de atividade infamat&#243;ria em n&#237;vel elevado no sangue de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda tem comprovado o valor do componente inflamat&#243;rio no processo de instabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa de ateroma.</p>
    <p>Existe evid&#234;ncia na literatura sobre a correla&#231;&#227;o entre apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos (de inflama&#231;&#227;o, trombose e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica) em pacientes portadores de s&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas agudas sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (SIA sem supra ST). Da mesma forma, tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi demonstrada rela&#231;&#227;o entre aspectos cl&#237;nicos e anatomia coronariana no referido grupo de pacientes<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; investigar rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de inflama&#231;&#227;o,trombose e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (prote&#237;na C reativa titulada, fibrinog&#234;nio e troponina I, respectivamente) e os achados anat&#244;micos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia, em grupo de pacientes admitidos na unidade de emerg&#234;ncia com SIA sem supra ST.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em pesquisa, foram inclu&#237;dos, de forma prospectiva, pacientes consecutivos internados no setor de emerg&#234;ncia, no per&#237;odo de novembro de 1999 a julho de 2001, com o diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel (AI) ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (IAM sem supra ST), que preencheram os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: 1) Idade m&#237;nima de dezoito anos, ambos os sexos; mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil deveriam ter um exame de beta HCG sang&#252;&#237;neo negativo antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo. 2) Dor tor&#225;cica sugestiva de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, com at&#233; 24 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, sendo: a) em repouso ou com m&#237;nimo esfor&#231;o, prolongada (&gt; 20 minutos) ou recorrente (&gt; dois epis&#243;dios durando pelo menos cinco minutos nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas) ou b) do tipo progressiva (epis&#243;dios de angina que s&#227;o cada vez mais freq&#252;entes, mais graves, mais duradouros e/ou precipitados por menos exerc&#237;cio).</p>
    <p>1) Os sintomas de angina eram associados a pelo menos uma das condi&#231;&#245;es a seguir: a) eletrocardiograma mostrando depress&#227;o do segmento ST maior ou igual a meio mil&#237;metro, em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es consecutivas; ou eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria (&lt; 20 minutos) do segmento ST, n&#227;o excedendo 1 mil&#237;metro, em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es consecutivas; ou ainda, invers&#227;o de onda T maior ou igual a tr&#234;s mil&#237;metros (ou pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o &gt; 1 mil&#237;metro da linha isoel&#233;trica) em no m&#237;nimo tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es consecutivas; ou b) evid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio documentado por meio de eletrocardiograma; ou c) angiografia coronariana pr&#233;via mostrando no m&#237;nimo 50% de obstru&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal em pelo menos uma grande art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; ou d) revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via documentada com angioplastia transluminal coron&#225;ria (bal&#227;o, aterectomia direcional coron&#225;ria, ou <italic>stent</italic>) ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ou e) eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica: creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB de massa (CKMB massa) &gt; 5,3 ng/ml e/ou mioglobina &gt; 70 ng/ml.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes portadores de condi&#231;&#245;es que interferem na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST ao eletrocardiograma, como ritmo de marcapasso. Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos pacientes com angina secund&#225;ria a causas n&#227;o-card&#237;acas, processos inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos e usu&#225;rios de antiinflamat&#243;rios regulares.</p>
    <p>Realizou-se coleta &#250;nica de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico para testes laboratoriais atrav&#233;s de venopun&#231;&#227;o em um dos membros superiores, de acordo com os padr&#245;es normativos internacionais<sup>2</sup>, entre 6 e 10 horas (m&#233;dia de 8 horas) ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, para a dosagem de: a) PCR titulada (nefelometria), valor de refer&#234;ncia (VR) at&#233; 0,5 mg/dl; b) TN-I (imunofluorimetria &#150; Opus Bhering) VR at&#233; 0,5 ng/ml; c) fibrinog&#234;nio (m&#233;todo de CLAUSS &#150; metodologia automatizada baseada no consumo de trombina) VR 200 a 400 mg/dl.</p>
    <p>Na mesma amostra foram dosados creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB de massa (CKMB massa - VR at&#233; 5,3 ng/ml) e mioglobina (VR at&#233; 70 ng/ml), ambos pelo m&#233;todo de quimiluminesc&#234;ncia. Tais enzimas foram tamb&#233;m dosadas na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar como parte do protocolo do setor de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A cineangiocoronariografia (CINE) foi realizada em todos os pacientes, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e invariavelmente at&#233; 72 horas (m&#233;dia 24 horas) ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. </p>
    <p>Cada estudo angiogr&#225;fico foi avaliado por dois examinadores experientes, de forma independente entre si e cega em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros par&#226;metros analisados, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma e do ecocardiograma, ferramentas de aux&#237;lio na identifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia. Em dez pacientes houve discord&#226;ncia entre os dois examinadores na defini&#231;&#227;o do grupo angiogr&#225;fico (ver descri&#231;&#227;o a seguir), e foi ent&#227;o realizada an&#225;lise por um terceiro examinador para a determina&#231;&#227;o do referido par&#226;metro. As demais discord&#226;ncias angiogr&#225;ficas foram resolvidas entre os dois examinadores, em consenso.</p>
    <p>Foi definida art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (ARI) aquela com les&#227;o maior ou igual a 90% da luz vascular, com correspond&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar ao ecocardiograma ou eletrocardiograma relacionada a esse vaso e/ou presen&#231;a de instabilidade de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Foi definida a presen&#231;a de instabilidade da les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica em face do preenchimento de no m&#237;nimo um dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios a seguir: a) fluxo TIMI &lt;3, na ARI; b) presen&#231;a de trombo intracoron&#225;rio na ARI (definido como defeito de enchimento vascular intracoron&#225;rio); c) les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica tipo Ambrose II exc&#234;ntrica na ARI (esse crit&#233;rio isoladamente s&#243; era considerado se a obstru&#231;&#227;o fosse igual ou superior a 90% da luz vascular).</p>
    <p>Com base na CINE, os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: l) Grupo I: com art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia mioc&#225;rdica identificada; 2) Grupo II: sem art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia mioc&#225;rdica identificada; 3) Grupo III: coron&#225;rias normais ou obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica &lt; 50 % da luz vascular. </p>
    <p>No Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico foram analisados os seguintes par&#226;metros: identifica&#231;&#227;o de ARI e fluxo distal (TIMI); presen&#231;a de trombo intracoron&#225;rio; presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o da ARI; presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel; n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias com obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 75% da luz vascular; e classifica&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o respons&#225;vel pela isquemia, segundo Ambrose e cols.<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>No Grupo II angiogr&#225;fico foram analisados o n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias com obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 75% da luz vascular e a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Realizou-se avalia&#231;&#227;o dos valores s&#233;ricos de TN-I, PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio nos tr&#234;s grupos angiogr&#225;ficos e infarto foi definido laboratorialmente por mioglobina &gt; 70 ng/ml e/ou CKMB massa &gt; 5,3 ng/ml na interna&#231;&#227;o ou na segunda dosagem (m&#233;dia 8 horas ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o). Vale ressaltar que neste trabalho n&#227;o foi utilizada a defini&#231;&#227;o laboratorial de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com base na eleva&#231;&#227;o isolada da troponina s&#233;rica, pois o in&#237;cio da inclus&#227;o de pacientes antecedeu a publica&#231;&#227;o do documento de consenso das sociedades americana e europ&#233;ia de cardiologia referente &#224; redefini&#231;&#227;o dessa doen&#231;a. Optou-se por n&#227;o alterar o diagn&#243;stico dos pacientes cuja altera&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica se restringia exclusivamente a TN-I &gt; 0,5 ng/ml, pois dessa maneira entendeu-se que a metodologia original estaria sendo preservada.</p>
    <p>No grupo com ARI identificada (Grupo I), foram correlacionados os valores de TN-I, PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio com o tipo de art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia, o fluxo TIMI, presen&#231;a de trombo e/ou oclus&#227;o na art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia, presen&#231;a de instabilidade de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica e o n&#250;mero de vasos com les&#227;o &gt; 75% da luz.</p>
    <p>Para finalizar, foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada com a inten&#231;&#227;o de investigar os tr&#234;s marcadores bioqu&#237;micos (TN-I,PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio), como preditores independentes de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes do Grupo III angiogr&#225;fico (coron&#225;rias normais ou obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica &lt; 50% da luz vascular), e os pacientes pertencentes aos grupos angiogr&#225;ficos I e II foram analisados em conjunto e subdivididos em dois subgrupos segundo a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que para an&#225;lise considerou-se TN-I positiva quando os valores eram superiores a 0,5 ng/ml e TN-I negativa para valores menores ou iguais a 0,5 ng/ml.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica seguiu o seguinte plano: 1) descri&#231;&#227;o da amostra com apresenta&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e apresenta&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por meio das suas medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o. 2) Representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o pelos grupos utilizando gr&#225;ficos de box plot. 3) An&#225;lise univariada por meio dos testes de Mann &#150; Whithney e Kruskal &#150; Wallis, de acordo com a indica&#231;&#227;o. 4) Modelo linear generalizado sobre distribui&#231;&#227;o binomial com fun&#231;&#227;o de link logito para avaliar multivariadamente os tr&#234;s marcadores, com valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada e <italic>forward stepwise</italic> para a sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis segundo a raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a. 5) Toda a estat&#237;stica foi planejada para o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e poder estat&#237;stico de 80%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi conduzido com 84 pacientes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> demonstra as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos estudados, a sua distribui&#231;&#227;o est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Em 69% dos pacientes estudados foi poss&#237;vel identificar a ARI. Em quinze pacientes havia obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana superior a 50% da luz vascular, mas n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar a ARI, e onze pacientes apresentaram coron&#225;rias normais, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nos tr&#234;s grupos angiogr&#225;ficos predominou o diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel e a maior propor&#231;&#227;o de IAM sem supra ST foi encontrada no Grupo I, conforme ilustrado no quadro IV. As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos I e II est&#227;o listadas no quadro V.</p>
    <p>Quando comparados os grupos angiogr&#225;ficos entre si, foram observadas algumas diferen&#231;as significativas. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; troponina I, &#233; importante ressaltar que o Grupo I apresentou valor m&#233;dio de TN-I superior aos demais grupos (p = 0,03). Al&#233;m disso, os grupos II e III apresentaram valores m&#233;dios semelhantes (p = 0,47). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PCRt, os valores encontrados obedeceram &#224; ordem decrescente nos grupos I, II e III, respectivamente, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,001), e a mesma distribui&#231;&#227;o decrescente foi evidenciada na an&#225;lise dos valores de fibrinog&#234;nio entre os tr&#234;s grupos angiogr&#225;ficos tamb&#233;m com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <p>Quando pesquisada correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre as vari&#225;veis angiogr&#225;ficas do Grupo I e os valores s&#233;ricos dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos, foram encontrados os seguintes resultados: n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre o tipo de art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia e os valores s&#233;ricos dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos analisados, nem mesmo quando os pacientes foram alocados em apenas dois subgrupos (coron&#225;ria direita e esquerda) p = 0,36; p = 0,10 e p = 0,10 para TN-I,PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Quando subdivididos os pacientes do Grupo I em dois subgrupos de acordo com o fluxo TIMI na art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia (TIMI 3 ou TIMI &lt; 3), foram encontrados valores significativamente mais elevados de TN-I no subgrupo com fluxo TIMI &lt; 3 na ARI (p = 0,006). Tal diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi reproduzida para os valores de PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio (p = 0,09 e p = 0,20, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>Considerando-se a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de trombo na art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa para TN-I, PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio (p = 0,08; p = 0,20 e p = 0,08, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis de TN-I, PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio (p = 0,37; p = 0,36 e p = 0,28, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>No subgrupo de pacientes portadores de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel demonstrou-se diferen&#231;a significativa para os valores de TN-I e fibrinog&#234;nio (valores superiores) quando comparados aos pacientes do mesmo Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico, por&#233;m sem instabilidade de les&#227;o (p = 0,02 e p = 0,01 respectivamente). Entretanto, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os subgrupos para os valores de PCRt (p = 0,38).</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#227;o multiarterial (tr&#234;s ou mais art&#233;rias ou TCE com les&#227;o &gt; 75% da luz), foram evidenciados valores de PCRt significativamente mais elevados que aqueles do subgrupo de pacientes com menos de tr&#234;s art&#233;rias com les&#227;o &gt; 75% da luz (p = 0,0005). Para a TN-I e o fibrinog&#234;nio n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre esses dois subgrupos (p = 0,8176 e p = 0,6911, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>Foram reunidos os pacientes dos grupos angiogr&#225;ficos I e II e classificados segundo a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel, e encontrou-se 67,1% de portadores da referida instabilidade de les&#227;o, cabendo ressaltar que os pacientes do Grupo III angiogr&#225;fico n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nessa an&#225;lise por possu&#237;rem coron&#225;rias normais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela 6</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Vale lembrar que o grupo sem les&#227;o inst&#225;vel foi composto pelos quinze pacientes do Grupo II angiogr&#225;fico e nove pacientes do Grupo I que n&#227;o possu&#237;am les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel. Os 49 pacientes portadores de les&#227;o inst&#225;vel faziam parte do grupo com ARI identificada.</p>
    <p>Para verificar quais os marcadores preditores de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel, procedeu-se a an&#225;lise multivariada, quando foram analisados a PCRt, o fibrinog&#234;nio e a TN-I.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada foi observado que s&#227;o fatores independentes de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de PCRt, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio e a informa&#231;&#227;o se a TNI &#233; positiva ou n&#227;o, ou seja, quanto maiores os n&#237;veis de PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio, maior a probabilidade de presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel e quando a TN-I &#233; positiva (&gt; 0,5 ng/ml), &#233; maior a probabilidade de presen&#231;a de les&#227;o inst&#225;vel, quando comparada a TN-I negativa (menor ou igual a 0,5 ng/ml) (p = 0,002; 0,003 e 0,007, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente trabalho, o diagn&#243;stico de interna&#231;&#227;o de angina inst&#225;vel (AI) foi mais freq&#252;ente que o de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (IAM sem supra ST), dado concordante com os achados de Zebrack e cols.<sup>4</sup>, que encontraram 58% de pacientes com AI e 42% com IAM sem supra ST, ao analisarem 1.360 portadores de SIA sem supra ST. Tais porcentuais s&#227;o semelhantes, uma vez que as casu&#237;sticas descritas antecedem o ano 2000, data em que houve a redefini&#231;&#227;o do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e pacientes com valores de TN-I acima da refer&#234;ncia, anteriormente denominados como portadores de AI de alto risco, passaram a ser diagnosticados como IAM sem supra ST, o que tornou esse &#250;ltimo mais prevalente<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Berk e cols.<sup>7</sup> ao analisarem 37 pacientes portadores de AI, encontraram 90% com n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de PCRt dosada na admiss&#227;o hospitalar superior a 0,6 mg/dl. Outro autor, ao analisar portadores de AI, tamb&#233;m descreveu 73% com PCRt superior a 0,3 mg/dl<sup>7</sup>. No presente estudo, 53 pacientes (63%) apresentaram n&#237;vel s&#233;rico desse marcador superior a 0,5 mg/dl. A m&#233;dia e a mediana de PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio tamb&#233;m foram semelhantes aos resultados encontrados por outros autores na an&#225;lise de pacientes portadores de SIA sem supra ST<sup>4,7,8,9,10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise da cineangiocoronariografia (CINE), mais especificamente o porcentual de pacientes em que foi poss&#237;vel identificar a ARI, houve discord&#226;ncia entre o presente estudo e os resultados encontrados por Benamer e cols.<sup>6</sup> e Ambrose e cols.<sup>3</sup>, cujos porcentuais foram 53 e 60, respectivamente. Todavia, tais autores s&#243; inclu&#237;ram pacientes portadores de angina inst&#225;vel, o que justifica o maior valor encontrado no atual trabalho (69%), no qual foram tamb&#233;m inclu&#237;dos pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de IAM sem supra ST, entidade nosol&#243;gica com maior preval&#234;ncia de identifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes do Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico observou-se trombo intracoron&#225;rio em 50%, porcentual superior ao encontrado por Benamer e cols.<sup>6</sup> e Dangas e cols.<sup>14</sup> (18% e 14%, respectivamente). Conforme mencionado anteriormente, esses autores analisaram apenas pacientes portadores de AI, enquanto no presente estudo 34,5% da amostra s&#227;o compostos de pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de IAM sem supra ST. &#201; descrito na literatura que o achado de trombo coronariano &#224; CINE &#233; mais freq&#252;ente no IAM sem supra ST, quando comparado a AI, assim como nos estudos coronariogr&#225;ficos precoces (dentro das primeiras 24 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar), o que justifica o alto porcentual encontrado na casu&#237;stica de pacientes aqui analisada, uma vez que a CINE foi realizada em m&#233;dia 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar<sup>15</sup> . Na casu&#237;stica de Benamer e cols.<sup>6</sup>, todas as coronariografias foram realizadas ap&#243;s 24 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (m&#233;dia de cinco dias p&#243;s-interna&#231;&#227;o), por isso foi encontrado porcentual de 18% de trombo intracoron&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Heeschen e cols.<sup>16</sup>, ao analisarem 853 pacientes portadores de AI refrat&#225;ria por meio de CINE realizada nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento, descreveram maior preval&#234;ncia de trombo intracoron&#225;rio (14,6%) nos pacientes com n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de troponina T (TN-T) superior a 0,1 mcg/l (definidos como TN-T positivos) (30,9% da amostra). No presente estudo, o alto porcentual de trombo encontrado (50%) parece estar tamb&#233;m relacionado &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com TN-I positiva (51%) da amostra.</p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel utilizada na presente casu&#237;stica se baseou na presen&#231;a de trombo intracoron&#225;rio, les&#227;o tipo Ambrose II exc&#234;ntrica ou fluxo TIMI &lt; 3 na ARI. Outros autores tamb&#233;m levaram em considera&#231;&#227;o dados como a presen&#231;a de trombo, oclus&#227;o coronariana, fluxo TIMI e les&#227;o tipo II exc&#234;ntrica pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Ambrose, para caracterizar instabilidade de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica<sup>3,6,8,17</sup>. Vale ressaltar que a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes aqui analisados segundo o tipo de estenose baseado na referida classifica&#231;&#227;o obedeceu a distribui&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224;quela descrita pelos referidos autores em 1985, quando 54% das estenoses foram do tipo II exc&#234;ntrica, em grupo de pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel<sup>11</sup>. Outro autor descreveu porcentual de 66% de estenose tipo II exc&#234;ntrica ao analisar 88 pacientes portadores de AI, valor mais pr&#243;ximo ao aqui encontrado (68%)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Chen e cols.<sup>19</sup>, em 1996, pesquisaram a presen&#231;a e a progress&#227;o de les&#245;es angiograficamente complexas (bordos irregulares, les&#245;es ulceradas e presen&#231;a de trombo) em pacientes portadores de angina do peito inst&#225;vel e est&#225;vel. Esses autores encontraram 64% e 32% de les&#245;es complexas nos dois grupos, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, evidenciaram maior preval&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o dessas les&#245;es no grupo com angina inst&#225;vel, num per&#237;odo de oito meses. &#201; descrito na literatura que estenoses complexas encontradas em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, apesar de semelhantes angiograficamente &#224;quelas do grupo com AI, parecem diferir em "atividade", com base multifatorial que inclui inflama&#231;&#227;o, atividade trombog&#234;nica e vasoreatividade<sup>20</sup>, corroborando os achados de Chen e cols.<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outros autores relatam presen&#231;a de les&#245;es inst&#225;veis em mais de 70% dos pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas<sup>21</sup>, atingindo 80% no estudo de Benamer e cols.<sup>6</sup>. Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com os aqui descritos, documentando-se 84,5% de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel no grupo onde foi poss&#237;vel identificar a art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia, e em 67,1% dos pacientes dos grupos angiogr&#225;ficos I e II em conjunto, ou seja, naqueles portadores de coronariopatia definida como obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 50% da luz vascular. Cabe ressaltar que nenhum paciente do Grupo II angiogr&#225;fico apresentou les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel, porque tal caracter&#237;stica foi um dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para identificar a ARI.</p>
    <p>Na presente amostra encontrou-se o maior valor m&#233;dio de TN-I no Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos. Esse dado refor&#231;a o de Benamer e cols.<sup>6</sup>, em que a eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da TN-I nas primeiras doze horas da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foi preditora independente de identifica&#231;&#227;o da ARI &#224; CINE. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de TN-I apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de estenoses coronarianas complexas, traduzidas pela presen&#231;a de trombo ou oclus&#227;o vascular, quando comparados &#224;queles com n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de TN-I normal<sup>22,23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os valores de PCR-t tamb&#233;m foram significativamente mais elevados no Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico quando comparado aos demais. No trabalho de Benamer e cols.<sup>6</sup> n&#227;o se notou diferen&#231;a significativa da PCRt entre os grupos com e sem ARI identificada &#224; CINE; entretanto, esses autores exclu&#237;ram em sua an&#225;lise os pacientes com coron&#225;rias sem les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica significativa e, conseq&#252;entemente, com menor potencial de inflama&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;vel coronariano.</p>
    <p>Os valores de fibrinog&#234;nio tamb&#233;m foram significativamente superiores no Grupo I. Tal achado pode estar relacionado &#224; elevada preval&#234;ncia de trombo intracoron&#225;rio no referido grupo angiogr&#225;fico (50%), uma vez que esse marcador bioqu&#237;mico est&#225; relacionado a fen&#244;menos inflamat&#243;rio-tromb&#243;ticos<sup>11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, conforme mencionado anteriormente, o Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico &#233; composto de maior porcentual de pacientes portadores de IAM sem supra ST em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros dois grupos, em que os valores de fibrinog&#234;nio s&#233;rico s&#227;o maiores quando comparados &#224;queles de pacientes portadores de AI, conforme demonstrado no estudo TIMI IIIB<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre os valores de TNI, PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio e o tipo de art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pela isquemia no Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico. Esse achado &#233; concordante com duas publica&#231;&#245;es da literatura que analisaram pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de SIA sem supra ST<sup>6,11</sup>. Da mesma forma, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e o fluxo pela classifica&#231;&#227;o TIMI, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o dos valores de TN-I que foram superiores no subgrupo com TIMI menor que tr&#234;s, refor&#231;ando o conceito de que a eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica dessa enzima se relaciona ao fluxo arterial insuficiente para evitar a inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica<sup>6,23,25</sup>. Lindhal e cols.<sup>24</sup> demonstraram em grupo de 1.161 pacientes com SIA sem supra ST rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis de TN-T e o fluxo TIMI na ARI; ou seja, os maiores n&#237;veis de TN-T foram detectados nos pacientes com menor fluxo TIMI na ARI.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e a presen&#231;a de trombo na ARI. Entretanto, quando essa vari&#225;vel foi analisada em conjunto com outras que faziam parte da defini&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel, como les&#227;o tipo Ambrose II exc&#234;ntrica e fluxo TIMI &lt; 3, demonstrou-se correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TN-I e fibrinog&#234;nio, na an&#225;lise univariada. &#201; poss&#237;vel que com a inclus&#227;o de n&#250;mero maior de pacientes tal vari&#225;vel se torne isoladamente significativa.</p>
    <p>Antman e cols.<sup>26</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observaram correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de trombo coronariano e eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de TN-I, ao analisarem 1.150 portadores de AI e IAM sem supra ST, no per&#237;odo de outubro de 1989 a junho de 1992.</p>
    <p>Lindhal e cols.<sup>24</sup>, contudo, demonstraram rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de TN-I e a presen&#231;a de trombo intracoron&#225;rio, les&#245;es angiograficamente complexas e fluxo desfavor&#225;vel pela classifica&#231;&#227;o TIMI, em pacientes com SIA sem supra ST.</p>
    <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de PCRt e a presen&#231;a de trombo &#224; CINE, em pacientes portadores de SIA sem supra ST, ainda n&#227;o foi demonstrada. Sabe-se que a eleva&#231;&#227;o desse marcador se associa a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes, mas n&#227;o necessariamente &#224; complexidade anat&#244;mica no n&#237;vel coronariano<sup>6</sup>. Em estudo com cem portadores de AI n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (eleva&#231;&#227;o de PCR plasm&#225;tica) e complexidade anat&#244;mica de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica na ARI<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Da mesma forma, estudos cl&#237;nicos com portadores de SIA sem supra ST sugerem associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de fibrinog&#234;nio e eventos cardiovasculares isqu&#234;micos, uma vez que esse marcador est&#225; diretamente envolvido no processo tromb&#243;tico. Entretanto, ainda n&#227;o foi demonstrada rela&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o do fibrinog&#234;nio plasm&#225;tico e presen&#231;a de trombo intracoron&#225;rio &#224; CINE<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi identificada, no presente estudo, correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de TN-I, PCRt e fibrinog&#234;nio e a presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o da ARI . Benamer e cols.<sup>6</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o notaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o de TN-I e oclus&#227;o do referido vaso. Conforme citado anteriormente, esses mesmos autores tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram correla&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de PCRt e oclus&#227;o da ARI. No que se refere ao fibrinog&#234;nio, um marcador de trombose recente, a aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral, ou oclus&#227;o n&#227;o-tromb&#243;tica</p>
    <p>Correia e cols.<sup>10</sup> descreveram maiores valores de PCRt em pacientes portadores de coronariopatia multiarterial internados com o diagn&#243;stico de AI ou IAM sem supra ST. Esse achado &#233; compat&#237;vel com os resultados aqui demonstrados, no qual apenas a PCRt se mostrou significativamente mais elevada nos pacientes do Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico, portadores de coronariopatia multiarterial, refor&#231;ando o conceito de que a TN-I &#233; marcador da presen&#231;a de vaso respons&#225;vel pela isquemia, e n&#227;o do n&#250;mero de vasos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica visualizado &#224; cineangiocoronariografia<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes portadores de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel foram analisados de duas formas diferentes no presente estudo. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada, avaliou-se a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico dos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e a presen&#231;a de instabilidade de les&#227;o, apenas no grupo em que havia ARI identificada (Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico). Nessa an&#225;lise foram encontrados valores significativamente mais elevados de TN-I e fibrinog&#234;nio nos pacientes portadores da referida instabilidade, achado semelhante ao de outros autores, em que a eleva&#231;&#227;o desses dois marcadores bioqu&#237;micos tamb&#233;m se correlacionou com alta complexidade angiogr&#225;fica e sinais de instabilidade na ARI (baseado na classifica&#231;&#227;o de Ambrose, na presen&#231;a de trombo e no fluxo TIMI anormal)<sup>6,21,25</sup>. J&#225; na an&#225;lise da PCRt, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos valores encontrados entre os subgrupos com e sem les&#227;o inst&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>A precisa rela&#231;&#227;o entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e aterosclerose ainda n&#227;o &#233; totalmente conhecida e h&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel para determinar se a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria inst&#225;vel representa uma &#250;nica placa vulner&#225;vel ou inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular difusa. O recente trabalho de Buffon e cols.<sup>5</sup> sugere que indiv&#237;duos com risco aumentado de eventos coronarianos agudos, traduzido pela eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da PCRt, supostamente possuem m&#250;ltiplas les&#245;es vulner&#225;veis em sua anatomia coronariana, ou seja, les&#245;es vulner&#225;veis em outras art&#233;rias que n&#227;o aquela respons&#225;vel pela isquemia, reafirmando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel s&#233;rico desse marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o e a coronariopatia difusa<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada investigou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico dos tr&#234;s marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e a presen&#231;a de instabilidade de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, nos pacientes dos grupos angiogr&#225;ficos I e II em conjunto, ou seja, em todos os pacientes com coronariopatia obstrutiva superior a 50% da luz vascular, subdivididos conforme a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o inst&#225;vel. Nessa an&#225;lise, al&#233;m da TN-I e do fibrinog&#234;nio, tamb&#233;m PCRt foi preditora independente da presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica inst&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Goldstein e cols.<sup>28</sup>, em 2000, estudaram 253 pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, submetidos a CINE, e identificaram placa ateroscler&#243;tica complexa (com trombo, ulcera&#231;&#227;o, superf&#237;cie irregular, fluxo insatisfat&#243;rio e obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 50% da luz vascular) e &#250;nica em 60,5% e m&#250;ltiplas placas complexas em 39,5% dos pacientes, refor&#231;ando o recente conceito de que existe inflama&#231;&#227;o difusa coronariana em portadores de SIA, gerando eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis sang&#252;&#237;neos de PCRt. Arroyo e cols.<sup>29</sup>, no Congresso Europeu de 2003, descreveram correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de PCR dosada na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e n&#250;mero de estenoses coronarianas complexas, ao estudarem 125 pacientes com AI. Logo, a correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada no presente estudo entre n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de PCRt e presen&#231;a de les&#227;o inst&#225;vel pode ser justificada pela exist&#234;ncia de mais de uma placa complexa, aliada a extenso e difuso processo inflamat&#243;rio coronariano no grupo de pacientes com les&#227;o inst&#225;vel na ARI, uma vez que nenhum paciente do Grupo II angiogr&#225;fico possu&#237;a les&#227;o inst&#225;vel, e apenas nove pacientes (15,5%) do Grupo I tamb&#233;m n&#227;o eram portadores de instabilidade de les&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Sano e cols.<sup>30</sup> recentemente analisaram noventa pacientes infartados, submetidos a ultra-sonografia intravascular coronariana nas primeiras seis horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, e sugeriram que a eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da PCR pode estar relacionada a ruptura de placa ateroscler&#243;tica, em que h&#225; intensa atividade inflamat&#243;ria. Esse achado tamb&#233;m justifica maiores valores de PCRt no grupo portador de les&#227;o inst&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Dessa forma, a diferen&#231;a entre os resultados encontrados nas an&#225;lises uni- e multivariada pode ter duas explica&#231;&#245;es:</p>
    <p>A) As popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas foram diferentes, com possibilidade de reflexo na signific&#226;ncia das vari&#225;veis pesquisadas.</p>
    <p>B) Os pacientes do Grupo I angiogr&#225;fico, a despeito de terem ARI identificada &#224; CINE, possivelmente possu&#237;am processo inflamat&#243;rio coronariano difuso em sua anatomia, gerando eleva&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da PCRt, inclusive nos nove pacientes desse grupo angiogr&#225;fico que n&#227;o eram portadores de les&#227;o inst&#225;vel, mas possu&#237;am alta preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a triarterial (34%), e no qual nenhum era portador de obstru&#231;&#227;o inferior a 75% da luz vascular.</p>
    <p>J&#225; nos pacientes do Grupo II angiogr&#225;fico (que constitu&#237;am 62,5% do subgrupo sem les&#227;o inst&#225;vel na an&#225;lise multivariada), o processo de inflama&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel coronariano n&#227;o era t&#227;o exuberante, uma vez que 60% dos pacientes desse grupo possu&#237;am obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica apenas moderada (entre 50% e 75% da luz vascular) e nenhum apresentava les&#227;o inst&#225;vel, justificando menor n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de PCRt.</p>
    <p>Lagrand e cols.<sup>31</sup>, em 1999, descreveram que a PCRt &#233; marcador que reflete inflama&#231;&#227;o relacionada n&#227;o s&#243; &#224; extens&#227;o como &#224; severidade da obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, refor&#231;ando com isso os achados aqui relatados.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a precisa rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e os achados coronariogr&#225;ficos em portadores de SIA sem supra ainda ser&#225; motivo de investiga&#231;&#227;o em muitos outros estudos cl&#237;nicos, e ainda hoje permanece como um desafio a ser documentado e acompanhado de mudan&#231;as de paradigmas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Cynthia Karla Magalh&#227;es </p>
        <p> Av. Prefeito Dulc&#237;dio Cardoso, 1350/2201 Bloco 2 </p>
        <p> 22620-311 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ckarla@cardiol.br">ckarla@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 14/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/06/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation between biochemical markers and coronary angiography in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Investigate the correlation between biochemical markers (TNI, CRP and fibrinogen) and anatomical coronary angiographic findings in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS). METHODS: One blood sample was obtained to test for markers, and coronary angiography was performed within the first 72 hours after hospitalization. Univariate analysis was used to search for correlations between the 3 markers and the angiographic findings in the group of patients with an identified ischemia-related artery (IRA), and multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between these markers and the presence of unstable atherosclerotic lesions solely in the group with a coronary obstruction &gt;50%. RESULTS: Prospective study conducted with 84 patients, 65.5% of whom were men. In the IRA-identified group, blood levels of the three markers were higher than in the groups with no IRA-identified or with normal coronary arteries. The analysis used to evaluate the IRA-identified group showed significant correlations between TIMI flow and TN-I (p = 0.006), unstable atherosclerotic lesions and TN-I and fibrinogen (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively), and multivessel disease and CRP (p = 0.0005). The multivariate analysis showed that CRP, fibrinogen and TN-I were independent predictors of unstable atherosclerotic lesions (p = 0.002; p = 0.003 and p = 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION: In NSTE-ACS patients, TN-I, CRP and fibrinogen blood levels within the first 10 hours after hospitalization correlated with coronary angiographic findings.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute coronary syndromes</kwd>
        <kwd>inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial injury</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Correlation between biochemical markers and coronary angiography in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cynthia Karla Magalh&#227;es; Aristarco Gon&#231;alves de Siqueira Filho; Jos&#233; Geraldo de Castro Amino; M&#244;nica Nolasco</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Cardiobarra Cl&#237;nicas - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Investigate the correlation between biochemical markers (TNI, CRP and fibrinogen) and anatomical coronary angiographic findings in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>One blood sample was obtained to test for markers, and coronary angiography was performed within the first 72 hours after hospitalization. Univariate analysis was used to search for correlations between the 3 markers and the angiographic findings in the group of patients with an identified ischemia-related artery (IRA), and multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between these markers and the presence of unstable atherosclerotic lesions solely in the group with a coronary obstruction &gt;50%.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Prospective study conducted with 84 patients, 65.5% of whom were men. In the IRA-identified group, blood levels of the three markers were higher than in the groups with no IRA-identified or with normal coronary arteries. The analysis used to evaluate the IRA-identified group showed significant correlations between TIMI flow and TN-I (p = 0.006), unstable atherosclerotic lesions and TN-I and fibrinogen (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively), and multivessel disease and CRP (p = 0.0005). The multivariate analysis showed that CRP, fibrinogen and TN-I were independent predictors of unstable atherosclerotic lesions (p = 0.002; p = 0.003 and p = 0.007, respectively).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In NSTE-ACS patients, TN-I, CRP and fibrinogen blood levels within the first 10 hours after hospitalization correlated with coronary angiographic findings.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Acute coronary syndromes, inflammation, thrombosis, myocardial injury.</p>
      <p>The detection of high blood levels of inflammatory-activity markers in patients with acute coronary syndrome has confirmed the importance of inflammation in the process of atheroma plaque destabilization.</p>
      <p>There is evidence in medical literature of a correlation between clinical presentation and serum elevation of biochemical markers (of inflammation, thrombosis and myocardial injury) in patients with non-ST acute coronary syndromes. Likewise, a relationship has also been demonstrated between clinical aspects and coronary anatomy in this group of patients<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between serum levels of inflammation, thrombosis and myocardial biochemical markers (titrated C-reactive protein, fibrinogen and troponin I, respectively) and anatomical findings on coronary angiography in a group of non-ST ACS patients admitted to the emergency department. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After approval by the Research Ethics Committee, consecutive patients with unstable angina (UA) or non-ST acute myocardial infarction (non-ST AMI) admitted to the emergency department were prospectively enrolled from November 1999 to July 2001. Patients fulfilled the following criteria for inclusion: 1) Male or female, 18 years of age, minimum; fertile women should have a negative HCG blood test before being enrolled in the study. 2) Chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischemia, with up to 24 hours of progression that: a) occurs at rest or with minimum exertion, is prolonged (&gt; 20 minutes) or recurrent (&gt; two episodes of at least five minutes each during the last 24 hours); or b) is progressive (angina episodes that become more frequent, more severe, last longer and/or are precipitated by minimum effort).</p>
      <p>1) Angina symptoms associated with at least one of the following conditions: a) electrocardiogram showing ST segment depression greater than or equal to 0.5 mm, in at least two consecutive leads; or transient ST segment elevation (&lt; 20 minutes) of no more than 1 mm in at least two consecutive leads; or T-wave inversion greater than or equal to 3 mm (or pseudonormalization &gt; 1 mm above or below the isoelectric line) in at least three consecutive leads; or b) evidence of previous myocardial infarction documented by electrocardiogram; or c) previous coronary angiography showing at least one large coronary artery with a minimal occlusion of 50% of the luminal diameter; or d) previous myocardial revascularization documented with transluminal coronary angioplasty (balloon, directional coronary atherectomy or stent) or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG); or e) increase in enzyme levels: creatine kinase MB fraction (CK-MB mass) &gt; 5.3 ng/mL and/or myoglobin &gt; 70 ng/mL.</p>
      <p>Patients with conditions that interfere with the interpretation of the ST segment on the electrocardiogram, such as a pacemaker rhythm, were excluded. Likewise, patients with angina secondary to non-cardiac causes, systemic inflammatory processes and regular users of anti-inflammatory drugs were excluded.</p>
      <p>Patients underwent one single peripheral venous blood sampling for laboratory tests. Venipuncture was performed in one of the upper extremities, according to international standard guidelines<sup>2</sup>, between 6 and 10 hours (average 8 hours) after hospital admission to determine: a) concentrations of titrated CRP (by nephelometry), reference value up to 0.5 mg/dL; b) TN-I (by immunofluorometry &#150; Opus Bhering), reference value up to 0.5 ng/mL; c) Fibrinogen (CLAUSS &#150; automated methodology that measures thrombin consumption), reference value 200 to 400 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB mass - reference value up to 5.3 ng/mL) and myoglobin (reference value up to 70 ng/mL) were also measured in the same sample using the automated chemiluminescence method. Such enzymes were also measured at hospital admission as part of the emergency room protocol. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent coronary angiography during hospitalization and, invariably, up to 72 hours (average 24 hours) after hospital admission. </p>
      <p>Each angiography was analyzed by two separate experienced examiners blinded as to the other parameters analyzed, with the exception of the electrocardiogram and the echocardiogram, tools used to help identify the ischemia-related artery. The two examiners disagreed as to which angiographic group ten patients should be assigned (see description below), so a third examiner analyzed the angiographies in order to determine the parameter. The two examiners reached a consensus about the other angiographic differences.</p>
      <p>The ischemia-related artery (IRA) was defined as the one with a lesion greater than or equal to 90% of the vessel lumen, with corresponding segment alteration on echocardiogram or electrocardiogram related to this vessel and/or instability of the atherosclerotic lesion.</p>
      <p>To define the presence of an unstable atherosclerotic lesion at least one of the following three criteria had to be fulfilled: a) IRA TIMI flow &lt;3; b) IRA intracoronary thrombus (defined as intracoronary vascular filling defect); c) Ambrose type II eccentric atherosclerotic lesion in IRA (this isolated criterion was used only if the occlusion was greater than or equal to 90% of the vessel lumen).</p>
      <p>Patients were broken down into three groups, according to coronary angiographic findings: l) Group I: patients with identification of the ischemia-related artery; 2) Group II: patients without identification of the ischemia-related artery; 3) Group III: patients with normal coronaries or an atherosclerotic occlusion &lt; 50 % of the vessel lumen. </p>
      <p>The following parameters were analyzed for Group I: identification of IRA and distal flow (TIMI); presence of an intracoronary thrombus; presence of IRA occlusion; presence of an unstable atherosclerotic lesion; number of arteries with an occlusion greater than 75% of the vessel lumen; and classification of the lesion responsible for the ischemia, according to Ambrose et al<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>For Group II, the number of arteries with an occlusion greater than 75% of the vessel lumen and the presence of an unstable atherosclerotic lesion were analyzed.</p>
      <p>TN-I, CRP and fibrinogen serum values were measured for the three angiographic groups, and the laboratorial definition for infarction was characterized by myoglobin &gt; 70 ng/mL and/or CK-MB mass &gt; 5.3 ng/mL at hospital admission or at the second measurement (on average 8 hours after admission). It is worth mentioning that for this paper the laboratory definition of acute myocardial infarction based solely on the increase of serum troponin levels was not used, as patients started to be enrolled before the American and European Heart Associations had published their agreement about the redefinition of the disease. We chose not to alter the diagnoses of patients whose changes in enzyme levels were restricted exclusively to TN-I &gt; 0.5 ng/mL, in order to preserve the original methodology.</p>
      <p>For the IRA-identified group (Group I), values for TN-I, CRP and fibrinogen correlated with the type of ischemia-related artery, TIMI flow, presence of thrombus and/or occlusion in the ischemia-related artery, presence of an unstable atherosclerotic lesion and the number of vessels with lesions &gt; 75% of the lumen. </p>
      <p>Finally, a multivariate analysis was conducted aiming to investigate the three biochemical markers (TN-I, CRP and fibrinogen) as independent predictors of unstable atherosclerotic lesions.</p>
      <p>As such, Group III patients (normal coronaries or atherosclerotic occlusion &lt; 50% of the vessel lumen) were excluded, and patients belonging to Groups I and II were analyzed as a whole and subdivided into two subgroups according to whether or not they had unstable atherosclerotic lesions.</p>
      <p>It should be mentioned that, for the purpose of this analysis, positive TN-I values were considered as those greater than 0.5 ng/mL, and negative TN-I values were those smaller than or equal to 0.5 ng/mL.</p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was done according to the following design: 1) Sample description with presentation of categorical and continuous variables distribution by means of central tendency and dispersion measurements. 2) Graphic representation of the continuous variables and their distribution in the groups using box plots. 3) Univariate analysis using Mann&#150;Whitney and Kruskal&#150;Wallis tests, as needed. 4) A generalized linear model with binomial distribution and a logit link function was used for the multivariate evaluation of the three markers, with cross validation and forward stepwise regression for the selection of variables according to the likelihood ratio. 5) The whole statistical analysis was planned with a 5% significance level and 80% statistical power.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was carried out with eighty-four patients. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of the patients enrolled in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the distribution of the biochemical markers analyzed. The ischemia-related artery (IRA) was identified in 69% of the patients analyzed. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows that fifteen patients had coronary occlusion greater than 50% of the vessel lumen but it was not possible to identify the IRA, and eleven patients had normal coronaries.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In all three angiographic groups the main diagnosis was unstable angina and Group I had the largest proportion of non-ST AMI patients, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> displays the angiographic characteristics of Groups I and II.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing the three groups, a few significant differences were observed. As to troponin I, it is important to note that Group I had a mean TN-I value greater than the other two groups (p = 0.03). Moreover, Groups II and III had similar mean values (p = 0.47). CRP values appeared in decreasing order in Groups I, II and III, respectively, with statistical significance (p = 0.001), and the same decreasing distribution was observed in the analysis of fibrinogen values among the three groups, also statistically significant (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>The analysis of the statistical correlation between angiographic variables and serum values of biochemical markers in Group I showed the following results: there was no correlation between the type of ischemia-related artery and the serum values of the biochemical markers analyzed, not even when patients were allocated to only two subgroups, right and left coronaries (p = 0.36; p = 0.10 and p = 0.10 for TN-I, CRP and fibrinogen, respectively).</p>
      <p>When Group I patients were subdivided into two subgroups according to TIMI flow in the ischemia-related artery (TIMI 3 or TIMI &lt;3), significantly greater TN-1 values were observed in the subgroup with IRA TIMI flow &lt; 3 (p = 0.006). Such a difference was not observed for CRP and fibrinogen values (p = 0.09 and p = 0.20, respectively).</p>
      <p>Considering the presence or absence of a thrombus in the ischemia-related artery, no statistically significant difference was observed for TN-I, CRP and fibrinogen (p = 0.08; p = 0.20 and p = 0.08, respectively).</p>
      <p>As to the presence or absence of occlusion in the ischemia-related artery, no statistically significant difference was observed either for levels of TN-I, CRP, and fibrinogen (p = 0.37; p = 0.36 and p = 0.28, respectively).</p>
      <p>In the subgroup of patients with unstable atherosclerotic lesions, a significant difference for TN-I and fibrinogen values (greater values) was observed as compared to patients in Group I with no unstable lesion (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). However, no significant difference was observed among the subgroups as to CRP values (p = 0.38).</p>
      <p>Regarding the presence of multiarterial lesions (three or more arteries or LCB with lesions &gt; 75% of vessel lumen), the CRP values observed were significantly greater than those for the subgroup of patients with less than three arteries with lesions &gt; 75% of the vessel lumen (p = 0.0005). For TN-I and fibrinogen, there was no significant difference between these two subgroups (p = 0.8176 and p = 0.6911, respectively). </p>
      <p>Group I and II patients were pooled and classified according to the presence of an unstable atherosclerotic lesion, and 67.1% of them were found to have such a lesion instability. Group III patients were not included in this analysis since they had normal coronaries (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0223-00011-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>It should be mentioned that the group with no unstable atherosclerotic lesions consisted of the fifteen Group II patients and nine Group I patients who did not have unstable atherosclerotic lesions. The 49 patients with unstable atherosclerotic lesions were part of the group with an identified IRA.</p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis was used to examine CRP, fibrinogen and TN-I in order to identify which were prognostic markers of unstable atherosclerotic lesions.</p>
      <p>This multivariate analysis showed that serum levels of CRP and fibrinogen, and whether or not TNI is positive, are independent factors of atherosclerotic lesion, i.e., the greater the levels of CRP and fibrinogen, the greater the probability of unstable atherosclerotic lesions; and when TN-I is positive (&gt; 0.5 ng/mL), there is a greater probability of unstable atherosclerotic lesions as compared to a negative TN-I (less than or equal to 0.5 ng/mL) (p = 0.002; 0.003, and 0.007, respectively).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this paper, the diagnosis of unstable angina (UA) at hospital admission was more frequent than that of non-ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (non-ST AMI); this data are consistent with the findings of a study by Zebrack et al<sup>4</sup>, who observed 58% of patients with UA and 42% with non-ST AMI from a total of 1,360 patients with non-ST ACS. Such percentages are similar, since the cases described are prior to the year 2000 when acute myocardial infarction was redefined, and patients with TN-I values greater than the reference value, formerly seen as high-risk UA patients, started to be diagnosed as having a non-ST AMI, making this diagnosis more prevalent<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Berk et al<sup>7</sup>, observed in their study that 90% of 37 patients with UA had CRP levels greater than 0.6 mg/dL at hospital admission. Another author conducting a study of patients with UA also described that 73% of them had serum CRP levels greater than 0.3 mg/dL<sup>7</sup>. In the present study, 53 patients (63%) had serum levels of this marker greater than 0.5 mg/dL. The mean and median values for CRP and fibrinogen were also similar to the results observed by other authors in their analyses of patients with non-ST ACS<sup>4,7,8,9,10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the coronary angiographic analysis, specifically the percentage of patients with an identifi able IRA, there were differences between this study and the results observed by Benamer et al<sup>6</sup> and Ambrose et al<sup>3</sup>, whose percentages were 53 % and 60 %, respectively. However, those authors enrolled only patients with unstable angina which would explain the greater value observed in the present paper (69%) that also enrolled patients diagnosed with non-ST AMI, an illness with a higher prevalence of identifi cation of the ischemia-related artery<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p> Fifty percent of Group I patients had an intracoronary thrombus, a percentage higher than that observed by Benamer et al<sup>6</sup> and Dangas et al<sup>14</sup> (18% and 14%, respectively). As mentioned earlier, those authors analyzed only UA patients, whereas in this study, 34.5% of the sample consisted of patients diagnosed with non- ST AMI. Literature reports that angiographic fi ndings of intracoronary thrombus are more frequent among non-ST AMI patients, compared to UA, as well as in early coronary angiographic studies performed within the fi rst 24 hours of hospitalization. This would explain the high percentage found in the cases of patients here analyzed, as coronary angiography was performed on average within 24 hours after hospital admission<sup>15</sup>. In the cases described by Benamer et al<sup>6</sup>, all coronary angiographies were performed after 24 hours of hospitalization (on average, fi ve days post-admission), which might explain the 18% percentage of intracoronary thrombus observed.</p>
      <p>Heeschen et al<sup>16</sup>, when analyzing 853 patients with refractory UA by coronary angiography within the first 24 hours after treatment onset, observed a higher prevalence of intracoronary thrombus (14.6%) in patients with a serum T troponin level (TN-T) greater than 0.1 mcg/L defined as TN-T positive (30.9% of the sample). In the present study, the high percentage of thrombi (50%) observed seems to be also associated with the high prevalence of TN-I positive patients (51%) in the sample.</p>
      <p>The definition of an unstable atherosclerotic lesion in these cases was based on the presence of an intracoronary thrombus, Ambrose II type eccentric lesion or IRA TIMI flow &lt; 3. Other authors have also taken into consideration data such as the presence of a thrombus, coronary occlusion, TIMI flow and type II lesion eccentric as per Ambrose&#146;s classification to characterize atherosclerotic lesion instability<sup>3,6,8,17</sup>. It is worth mentioning that the distribution of the patients analyzed in the present study according to the type of stenosis based on such a classification followed a distribution similar to that described by the authors in 1985, when 54% of the stenoses were Ambrose type II eccentric lesions in groups of patients with unstable angina<sup>11</sup>. Another author described a 66% percentage of Ambrose type II eccentric stenoses among 88 patients with UA, which is a value similar to the one found here (68%)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 1996, Chen et al<sup>19</sup>, investigated the presence and progression of angiographically complex lesions (irregular borders, ulcerated lesions and presence of a thrombus) in patients with stable and unstable angina pectoris. These authors observed 64% and 32% of complex lesions in the two groups, respectively. Moreover, they observed that the progression of these lesions had a greater prevalence in the unstable angina group, within a period of eight months. Medical literature reports that the complex stenoses observed in patients with stable angina, although angiographically similar to those of the unstable angina group, seem to differ in "activity", according to a multifactor parameter that includes inflammation, thrombogenic activity and vessel-reactivity<sup>20</sup>, corroborating the conclusions of Chen et al<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Other authors report the presence of unstable lesions in more than 70% of patients with acute coronary syndromes<sup>21</sup>, reaching 80% in the study by Benamer et al<sup>6</sup>. Such data are consistent with those described here: 84.5% of unstable atherosclerotic lesions in the group with ischemia-related artery identified, and in 67.1% of Groups I and II combined, i.e., in those patients with a coronaropathy defined as an occlusion greater than 50% of the vessel lumen. It should be mentioned that no patient in Group II had an unstable atherosclerotic lesion, since this characteristic was one of the criteria used to identify the IRA. </p>
      <p>In the present sample, the TN-I highest mean value was observed in Group I, as compared to the other groups. Such data reinforce the results by Benamer et al<sup>6</sup>, in which serum TN-I elevation within the first twelve hours of hospital admission was an independent predictor of IRA identification on coronary angiography. Moreover, patients with high TN-I levels had a higher prevalence of complex coronary stenoses (presence of thrombi or vessel occlusion) as compared to those with normal serum TN-I levels<sup>22,23,24</sup>.</p>
      <p>CRP values were also significantly higher in Group I patients compared to the other groups. In the study by Benamer et al<sup>6</sup> there was no significant difference in CRP values among the groups with and without an identified IRA on coronary angiography; however, the authors did not include in their analysis patients whose coronaries had no significant atherosclerotic lesions and, consequently, with a smaller potential for coronary inflammation. </p>
      <p>Fibrinogen values were also significantly higher in Group I patients. Such finding may be correlated with the high prevalence of intracoronary thrombi in this group (50%), as this biochemical marker is associated with inflammatory-thrombotic phenomena<sup>11</sup>. Also, as mentioned previously, Group I consists of a higher percentage of patients with non-ST AMI as compared to the other two groups in which serum fibrinogen values are greater than those of UA patients, as shown in the TIMI IIIb study<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>No statistically significant correlation was found between the TNI, CRP and fibrinogen values and the type of artery responsible for the ischemia in Group I. This finding is consistent with two articles published that analyzed patients with non-ST ACS<sup>6,11</sup>. Likewise, there was no significant correlation between biochemical markers and TIMI flow, except the TN-I values that were greater in the subgroup with a TIMI of less than three, reinforcing the concept that the serum elevation of this enzyme is related to an arterial flow not sufficient enough to prevent myocardial injury<sup>6,23,25</sup>. In a group of 1,161 patients with non-ST ACS, Lindhal et al<sup>24</sup> demonstrated an inverse relation between TN-T levels and IRA TIMI flow, i.e., the highest TN-T levels were detected in those patients with the smallest IRA TIMI flow.</p>
      <p>No significant correlation was observed between biochemical markers and the presence of thrombi in the IRA. However, when this variable was analyzed together with others that were part of the definition of an unstable atherosclerotic lesion, such as type II Ambrose eccentric lesion and TIMI flow &lt; 3, a significant association with TN-I and fibrinogen serum levels was observed in the univariate analysis. It is possible that, with the inclusion of a greater number of patients, this variable may have isolated significance.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, in a study conducted with 1,150 non-ST UA and AMI patients during the period from October 1989 to June 1992, Antman et al<sup>26</sup>, did not detect a correlation between the presence of a coronary thrombus and TN-I serum elevation either. </p>
      <p>Lindhal et al<sup>24</sup>, however, demonstrated a direct relationship between TN-I serum elevation and the presence of intracoronary thrombi, angiographically complex lesions and unfavorable TIMI flow in non-ST ACS patients.</p>
      <p>The connection between the CRP serum level and the presence of thrombi on coronary angiography in patients with non-ST ACS has not yet been demonstrated. It is known that the elevation of this marker is associated with the worst clinical progression for patients, but is not necessarily correlated with anatomical complexity at the coronary level<sup>6</sup>. In a study conducted with one hundred patients with UA, no association was found between systemic inflammation (elevation of plasma CRP) and the anatomical complexity of an atherosclerotic lesion in the IRA<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Similarly, clinical studies with non-ST ACS patients suggest a connection between serum fibrinogen level and ischemic cardiovascular events since this marker is directly involved in the thrombotic process. However, no relationship between elevation of plasma fibrinogen and the presence of intracoronary thrombus has yet been demonstrated by coronary angiography<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, no correlation was found between TN-I, CRP, and fibrinogen values and the presence of occlusion in the IRA. Benamer et al<sup>6</sup> did not observe either any association between TN-I elevation and occlusion of the vessel mentioned. As mentioned before, these authors have not demonstrated a correlation between serum CRP elevation and occlusion of the IRA either. As to fibrinogen, a marker for recent thrombosis, the lack of correlation may be associated with the presence of collateral circulation or non-thrombotic occlusion.</p>
      <p>Correia et al<sup>10</sup> described greater values of CRP in patients with multiarterial coronariopathy hospitalized with diagnoses of UA or non-ST AMI. This finding is consistent with the results of this study in which merely the CRP value was significantly higher in Group I patients with multiarterial coronariopathy, supporting the concept that TN-I is a marker of the presence of a vessel responsible for the ischemia and not of the number of vessels with atherosclerotic disease observed on coronary angiography<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, patients with unstable atherosclerotic lesion were analyzed according to two different approaches. </p>
      <p>Univariate analysis evaluated the correlation between serum levels of biochemical markers and the presence of lesion instability only for the group with identified IRA (Group I). The analysis detected significantly higher values of TN-I and fibrinogen in patients with lesion instability, a result similar to that of other authors for whom the elevation of these two biochemical markers was also associated with high angiographic complexity and signs of instability in the IRA (based on the Ambrose classification, in the presence of thrombi and with abnormal TIMI flow)<sup>6,21,25</sup>. The analysis of CRP values, however, did not show any difference between the values detected in groups with and without unstable lesions.</p>
      <p>The exact relationship between inflammation and atherosclerosis has yet to be fully defined, and there is not enough information available to determine if unstable coronary disease is due to a single vulnerable plaque or to diffuse vascular inflammation. The recent work by Buffon et al<sup>27</sup> suggests that individuals at increased risk of acute coronary events, indicated by serum CRP elevation, supposedly have multiple vulnerable lesions in their coronary anatomy, i.e., vulnerable lesions in arteries other than those responsible for the ischemia, confirming the association between the serum levels of this inflammation marker and diffuse coronariopathy<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Multivariate analysis investigated the relationship between the serum level of the three biochemical markers and the presence of atherosclerotic lesion instability in patients from Groups I and II combined, i.e., in all patients with obstructive coronariopathy with a block greater than 50% of the vessel lumen, subdivided according to the presence or absence of unstable lesions. In this analysis, besides TN-I and fibrinogen, CRP was also an independent predictor of the presence of unstable atherosclerotic lesions.</p>
      <p>In 2000, Goldstein et al<sup>28</sup>, analyzed 253 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction who had undergone coronary angiography, and observed that 60.5% of them had one single complex atherosclerotic plaque (with thrombus, ulceration, irregular surface, insufficient flow and an obstruction of more than 50% of the vessel lumen), whereas 39.5% had multiple complex plaques, supporting the recent concept that ACS patients have diffuse coronary inflammation that generates higher blood CRP levels. At the European Congress in 2003, Arroyo et al<sup>29</sup> described a correlation between the serum level of CRP measured at admission and the number of complex coronary stenoses in 125 UA patients. Thus, the association found in this study between the serum CRP level and the presence of unstable lesions can be justified by the existence of more than one complex plaque, added to an extensive and diffuse coronary inflammatory process in the group of patients with unstable lesions in the IRA, since none of the patients from Group II had unstable lesions and only nine patients (15.5%) from Group I did not have unstable lesions. </p>
      <p>Sano et al<sup>30</sup> recently analyzed ninety patients with infarction who had undergone coronary intravascular ultrasound during the first six hours of the onset of symptoms, and suggested that the elevation of serum CRP may be linked with atherosclerotic plaque rupture when there is intense inflammatory activity. This conclusion also justifies the greater CRP values in the group of patients with unstable lesions. </p>
      <p>Therefore, differences in the results of the uni- and multivariate analyses can have two explanations: A) The populations studied were different, with possible reflections on the significance of the variables analyzed. B) Group I patients, despite having an IRA identified on coronary angiography, possibly had anatomical diffuse coronary inflammatory processes which led to the elevation of serum CRP, including the nine patients of this angiographic group who did not have unstable lesions but had a high prevalence of three-artery disease (34%), and none of which had an obstruction of less than 75% of the vessel lumen. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, in patients from Group II (comprising 62.5% of the subgroup without an unstable lesion in the multivariate analysis), the inflammatory process at the coronary level was not as exuberant, since 60% of patients in this group had merely moderate atherosclerotic occlusions (between 50% and 75% of the vessel lumen) and none of them had unstable lesions, which explained the smaller serum CRP level. </p>
      <p>In 1999, Lagrand et al<sup>31 </sup>described CRP as a marker that reflects inflammation associated not only with the extension but also with the severity of the atherosclerotic occlusion, corroborating the results reported here. </p>
      <p> It is important to emphasize that the precise relationship between serum levels of biochemical markers and coronary angiographic findings in patients with non-ST ACS will still be the subject of investigation in many other clinical studies, and continue today as a challenge to be documented and accompanied by paradigm changes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Cynthia Karla Magalh&#227;es</p>
          <p> Av. Prefeito Dulc&#237;dio Cardoso, 1350/2201 Bloco 2</p>
          <p> 22620-311 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="ckarla@cardiol.br">ckarla@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 01/14/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/01/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
