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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pkfcPdhG7Z74PbK98HVmYDd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo de preval&#234;ncia e multiplicidade de fatores de risco cardiovascular em hipertensos do Munic&#237;pio de Brusque, SC</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosini</surname>
            <given-names>Nilton</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Hermes Toros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Santos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Brusque</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de de Brusque</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Santa Catarina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>219</fpage>
      <lpage>222</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar a preval&#234;ncia e a multiplicidade de fatores de risco (FR) adicionais em uma amostra populacional de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e tabagistas, diagnosticados e inscritos no Programa Hipertensos e Diab&#233;ticos do MS (HIPERDIA/Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de), no Munic&#237;pio de Brusque, SC, Brasil. M&#201;TODOS: Determina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e vari&#225;veis laboratoriais reconhecidas como fatores de risco cardiovascular. RESULTADO: Elevada preval&#234;ncia de FR adicionais &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS) e ao tabagismo, configurando a multiplicidade que concorre com uma eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nessa amostra populacional. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em popula&#231;&#245;es de hipertensos, medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o, identifica&#231;&#227;o e controle de FR devem ser implementadas e programas informatizados, como o Hiperdia/MS, podem auxiliar no seguimento dos pacientes, possibilitando uma abordagem multidisciplinar mais criteriosa, sobretudo na an&#225;lise do alcance das metas de tratamento e conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fatores de risco cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>tabagismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo de preval&#234;ncia e multiplicidade de fatores de risco cardiovascular em hipertensos do Munic&#237;pio de Brusque, SC </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Nilton Rosini<sup>I</sup>; Marcos Jos&#233; Machado<sup>I</sup>; Hermes Toros Xavier<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de de Brusque, - Brusque, SC. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - Florian&#243;polis, SC </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Santos - Santos, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar a preval&#234;ncia e a multiplicidade de fatores de risco (FR) adicionais em uma amostra populacional de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e tabagistas, diagnosticados e inscritos no Programa Hipertensos e Diab&#233;ticos do MS (HIPERDIA/Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de), no Munic&#237;pio de Brusque, SC, Brasil. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e vari&#225;veis laboratoriais reconhecidas como fatores de risco cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADO: </bold>Elevada preval&#234;ncia de FR adicionais &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS) e ao tabagismo, configurando a multiplicidade que concorre com uma eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nessa amostra populacional. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em popula&#231;&#245;es de hipertensos, medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o, identifica&#231;&#227;o e controle de FR devem ser implementadas e programas informatizados, como o Hiperdia/MS, podem auxiliar no seguimento dos pacientes, possibilitando uma abordagem multidisciplinar mais criteriosa, sobretudo na an&#225;lise do alcance das metas de tratamento e conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Fatores de risco cardiovascular, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo.</p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) foram respons&#225;veis por mais de 16,7 milh&#245;es de mortes, representando 29,2% da mortalidade mundial<sup>1,2</sup>. No Brasil, em 2002, ocorreram 85.599 &#243;bitos, correspondendo a um ter&#231;o da mortalidade total do Pa&#237;s e 2.868 somente no Estado de Santa Catarina<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; de reconhecida import&#226;ncia a participa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco (FR) no desenvolvimento das DCV, implicados diretamente na g&#234;nese, progress&#227;o e ocorr&#234;ncia dos eventos cardiovasculares futuros<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muito recentemente, novas evid&#234;ncias na epidemiologia dos FR foram publicadas. O importante estudo INTERHEART, delineado para avaliar, de forma sistematizada, a import&#226;ncia de FR para doen&#231;a coronariana ao redor do mundo, demonstrou que nove FR explicaram mais de 90% do risco atribu&#237;vel para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. De modo surpreendente, o tabagismo e dislipidemia (aferida pela rela&#231;&#227;o ApoB/ApoA1) compreenderam mais de dois ter&#231;os deste risco, e os fatores psicossociais, obesidade central, diabetes melito (DM) e hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS) tamb&#233;m estavam significativamente associados, mesmo com algumas diferen&#231;as relativas nas diferentes regi&#245;es estudadas<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a preval&#234;ncia e a multiplicidade de FR adicionais, em uma amostra populacional de indiv&#237;duos hipertensos e tabagistas diagnosticados e inscritos no Programa Hiperdia/Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de<sup>3</sup> no Munic&#237;pio de Brusque, SC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do protocolo do estudo pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa e a obten&#231;&#227;o do Consentimento Livre e Informado, os pacientes foram submetidos a anamnese, seguindo o protocolo: mensura&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA), conforme Diretrizes da SBC<sup>7</sup>; medidas antropom&#233;tricas [peso, altura, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal ou cintura (C), circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril (Q) e c&#225;lculos dos &#237;ndices de massa corporal (IMC) e cintura-quadril (ICQ)]<sup>8</sup>; coleta de amostras sangu&#237;neas, em jejum, para determina&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais [glicose (G), colesterol total (CT), HDL-colesterol (HDL-c), triglic&#233;rides (TG), ur&#233;ia (U), creatinina (Cr), dosados com ensaios enzim&#225;ticos em equipamento CCX-Abbott, e homociste&#237;na (HCT), com metodologia de imunoensaio de fluoresc&#234;ncia polarizada (FPIA), em equipamento IMX-Abbott]; e amostra urin&#225;ria para determina&#231;&#227;o de protein&#250;ria pelo vermelho de pirogalol e leitura em equipamento DRAKE<sup>9</sup>. Os valores de LDL-colesterol (LDL-c) foram calculados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedwald, segundo Diretrizes da SBC<sup>10</sup>. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi aplicado o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado foi de 5%<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisadas todas as vari&#225;veis acima descritas de 139 pacientes (48 do sexo masculino e 91 do sexo feminino), todos hipertensos de tratamento regular e tabagistas, com idade m&#233;dia de 57,3 anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0219-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA, os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos m&#233;dios observados foram considerados elevados (143 &#177; 23 x 87 &#177; 12 mmHg) para as m&#233;dias total e de ambos os sexos, 148 &#177; 26,5 x 90 &#177; 14,5 e 140 &#177; 24,4 x 85 &#177; 11 mmHg, masculino e feminino, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>Observamos uma preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso nas m&#233;dias geral do grupo (27,6 &#177; 5,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e para ambos os sexos, 27,2 &#177; 4,6 e 28,1 &#177; 5,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, masculino e feminino, respectivamente, com predom&#237;nio no sexo feminino. Para a medida da cintura e do ICQ, foram observados valores m&#233;dios acima dos recomendados para o sexo feminino, 92,3 &#177; 12,8 e 0,89 &#177; 0,1, enquanto que, nos homens, os valores m&#233;dios n&#227;o extrapolaram os recomendados, 98,5 &#177; 11,1 e 0,94 &#177; 0,1, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos, p = 0,0209 e p &lt; 0,0001, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais, os valores m&#233;dios de protein&#250;ria (12,4 &#177; 9,7 mg/dl) e das dosagens s&#233;ricas de ur&#233;ia (35,2 &#177; 11,2 mg/dl) e creatinina (1,04 &#177; 0,2 mg/dl) n&#227;o mostraram altera&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de refer&#234;ncia, observando-se, por&#233;m, que para creatinina houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os sexos (p &lt; 0,0001). A glicemia apresentou n&#237;veis m&#233;dios normais para o grupo (97,3 &#177; 17,2 mg/dl) e para as mulheres (95,7 &#177; 16,4 mg/dl), enquanto que para os homens apresentou n&#237;veis m&#233;dios aumentados, 100,5 &#177; 18,4 mg/dl, compat&#237;veis com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose e/ou diabetes melito. Quanto ao perfil lip&#237;dico, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de CT apresentaram-se acima do desej&#225;vel, 230,3 &#177; 46,8, 223 &#177; 49,2 e 234,4 &#177; 45 mg/dl, respectivamente, para amostra total, homens e mulheres, com diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos (p = 0,0407). O LDL-c apresentou-se elevado para o risco cardiovascular atribu&#237;do &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, 151,3 &#177; 42,2, 143 &#177; 44,9 e 155,7 &#177; 40,2 para as m&#233;dias total, homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Para HDL-c, observou-se valores m&#233;dios com um padr&#227;o mais favor&#225;vel, 47,5 &#177; 9,2, no total, 44,2 &#177; 10,1 para os homens e, especialmente, para as mulheres, 49,3 &#177; 8,2 mg/dl, apresentando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,0004). Os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de TG se apresentaram discretamente elevados, a despeito da grande variabilidade observada, na m&#233;dia total, para homens e mulheres, 159,3 &#177; 83,9, 168,3 &#177; 87,3 e 154,5 &#177; 82,1 mg/dl, respectivamente. Os valores m&#233;dios de HCT se mostraram moderadamente aumentados, com 14,3 &#177; 5,6, 15,3 &#177; 6,9 e 14,1 &#177; 5,5 &#181;mol/l, para as m&#233;dias total, homens e mulheres, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo reuniu um grupo de pacientes que apresenta de <italic>per se</italic> um risco cardiovascular aumentado, uma vez que serem hipertensos e tabagistas foram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o<sup>12</sup>. A discuss&#227;o dos dados est&#225; baseada na preval&#234;ncia dos FR adicionais detectados no estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0219-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quanto aos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, 43,2% dos pacientes (50% masculino e 39,6% feminino) apresentavam PA <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 x 90 mmHg, configurando a necessidade de implementar o controle press&#243;rico, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das atuais Diretrizes da SBC para HAS<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Quando analisamos, nessa amostra representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos, os dados antropom&#233;tricos, notamos uma n&#237;tida preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso, 40,3% (56,3% masculino e 31,9% feminino) e de obesidade, 28,1% (16,7% masculino e 34,1% feminino), de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) para IMC, conferindo ao grupo feminino uma maior preval&#234;ncia deste fator de risco. Essa mesma tend&#234;ncia foi observada para a medida da cintura, par&#226;metro relativo &#224; gordura visceral, onde 67,6% das mulheres e 35,4% dos homens apresentavam C &gt; 88 e 102 cm (OMS), e, sobretudo, para o ICQ, onde notamos que 75,5% de todo o grupo apresentava as rela&#231;&#245;es cintura-quadril alteradas, sendo 52,1% dos homens e 87,9% das mulheres<sup>13</sup>. Esses dados, que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando agrupados por sexo, refletem uma associa&#231;&#227;o importante entre HAS e potenciais altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, relacionadas ao sobrepeso/obesidade. No <italic>Nurses&#146; Health Study</italic>, por exemplo, que seguiu uma coorte de 84.941 enfermeiras americanas por 16 anos, demonstrou que o IMC, tomado a cada dois anos, correlacionava-se fortemente com o risco de desenvolvimento de DM tipo 2, no qual as mulheres com IMC entre 25-29 e 30-35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> apresentavam um risco 7,6 e 20 vezes maior, respectivamente, que aquelas com IMC &lt; 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, consideradas controle<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>O perfil metab&#243;lico de pacientes hipertensos tem como um dos seus crit&#233;rios a dosagem da glicemia de jejum e, neste estudo, foi observado que 35,4% dos homens e 31,9% das mulheres apresentavam n&#237;veis entre 100 e 125 mg/dl, configurando diagn&#243;stico de intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose (OMS)<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Quanto ao perfil lip&#237;dico, na determina&#231;&#227;o do CT, 41,7% e 36,2% apresentavam n&#237;veis considerados lim&#237;trofes (200 a 239 mg/dl) e 33,3% e 39,6%, apresentavam n&#237;veis elevados (<underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg/dl); na dosagem do HDL-c, 39,6% e 12,1% apresentavam n&#237;veis abaixo do recomendado (&lt; 40 mg/dl); e nos valores de TG, 54,2% e 46,1% apresentavam n&#237;veis aumentados (&gt; 150 mg/dl), todos os dados acima para homens e mulheres, respectivamente, com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os sexos (p = 0,0407 no CT e p = 0,0004 no HDL-c)<sup>10</sup>. Para os n&#237;veis de LDL-c, que seguem como meta principal do tratamento das dislipidemias e na redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCV, foi observada uma preval&#234;ncia muito expressiva de n&#237;veis elevados, 58,3% nos homens e 74,7% nas mulheres, diferen&#231;a n&#227;o significativa entre os sexos (p = 0,0958), acima de 130 mg/dl, o que consideramos como limite superior da meta de tratamento para essa popula&#231;&#227;o de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e de risco, no m&#237;nimo, intermedi&#225;rio ou m&#233;dio<sup>16</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de HCT, fator de risco cardiovascular emergente, e a despeito da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentar HAS e tabagismo, fatores que tradicionalmente podem gerar vi&#233;s de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, foram observados 37,5% e 34,1% de pacientes com valores acima das recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais (15 &#181;mol/l), homens e mulheres, respectivamente<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim, notamos uma elevada preval&#234;ncia de FR adicionais &#224; HAS e ao tabagismo, neste estudo, configurando a multiplicidade que concorre com uma eleva&#231;&#227;o acentuada do risco de eventos cardiovasculares nessa amostra populacional<sup>18</sup>. Notamos, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, que as mulheres apresentaram um perfil metab&#243;lico mais desfavor&#225;vel que os homens. Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, observamos que as metas de tratamento, preconizadas atualmente para a gama de FR avaliados, n&#227;o est&#227;o sendo atingidas no grupo estudado e que medidas mais efetivas devem ser aplicadas para controlar e reduzir o impacto dos m&#250;ltiplos FR nessa amostra populacional.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, nosso estudo apresenta estreita sintonia com as principais evid&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas<sup>19</sup> dos FR e sugere que, em popula&#231;&#245;es de hipertensos, medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o, identifica&#231;&#227;o e controle de FR devam ser implementadas e que programas informatizados, como o Hiperdia/MS, podem auxiliar no seguimento dos pacientes, possibilitando uma abordagem multidisciplinar mais criteriosa, sobretudo na an&#225;lise do alcance das metas de tratamento e conseq&#252;ente redu&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. Entendemos, ainda, que iniciativas locais, como a nossa, possam incentivar mais pesquisadores e contribuir definitivamente para a obten&#231;&#227;o de mais dados sobre a preval&#234;ncia e a multiplicidade dos FR no Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>REFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. World Health Organization (WHO): <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int">http://www.who.int</ext-link>.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Nilton Rosini </p>
        <p> Rua Hercilio Luz, 117 </p>
        <p> 88350-300 &#150; Brusque, SC </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="niltonrosini@hotmail.com">niltonrosini@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 12/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/04/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Study of the prevalence and multiplicity of cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive individuals from the city of Brusque, SC, Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and multiplicity of additional risk factors (RF) in a population sample of hypertensive smokers, diagnosed and enrolled at the Hiperdia Program of the Ministry of Health, in the city of Brusque, SC, Brazil. METHODS: Determination of the anthropometrical parameters and laboratory variables recognized as cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Elevated prevalence of RF in addition to systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and smoking, configuring the multiplicity that concurs with a marked elevation of the risk of cardiovascular events in this population sample. CONCLUSION: In hypertensive populations, the prevention, identification and RF control measures must be implemented; computerized programs such as the Hiperdia/MS can help in patients&#8217; follow-up, allowing a more stringent multidisciplinary approach, especially regarding the analysis of the attainment of treatment goals and the subsequent decrease of cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>arterial hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>smoking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Study of the prevalence and multiplicity of cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive individuals from the city of Brusque, SC, Brazil  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Nilton Rosini<sup>I</sup>; Marcos Jos&#233; Machado<sup>I</sup>; Hermes Toros Xavier<sup>II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de de Brusque, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Santos - Brusque, SC &#150; Florian&#243;polis, SC &#150; Santos, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To investigate the prevalence and multiplicity of additional risk factors (RF) in a population sample of hypertensive smokers, diagnosed and enrolled at the Hiperdia Program of the Ministry of Health, in the city of Brusque, SC, Brazil.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Determination of the anthropometrical parameters and laboratory variables recognized as cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Elevated prevalence of RF in addition to systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and smoking, configuring the multiplicity that concurs with a marked elevation of the risk of cardiovascular events in this population sample.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In hypertensive populations, the prevention, identification and RF control measures must be implemented; computerized programs such as the Hiperdia/MS can help in patients&#146; follow-up, allowing a more stringent multidisciplinary approach, especially regarding the analysis of the attainment of treatment goals and the subsequent decrease of cardiovascular risk. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Cardiovascular risk factors, arterial hypertension, smoking.</p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been the cause of more than 16.7 million deaths, representing 29.2% of the worldwide mortality<sup>1,2</sup>. In Brazil, 85,599 deaths occurred in 2002, corresponding to 1/3 of the total mortality in the country, with 2,868 of them only in the state of Santa Catarina<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The participation of multiple risk factors (RF) in the development of CVD is well-recognized; they are directly associated with the genesis, progression and occurrence of future cardiovascular events<sup>4,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>More recently, new evidence in the epidemiology of RF has been published. The important INTERHEART study, which was designed to evaluate, in a systematized form, the worldwide importance of RF for coronary disease, demonstrated that nine RF would explain more than 90% of the attributable risk for myocardial infarction. Surprisingly, smoking and dyslipidemia (measured through the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio) comprehended more than 2/3 of this risk, and the psychosocial factors, central obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) were also significantly associated, even with some relative differences regarding the diverse studied regions<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study aims at determining the prevalence and multiplicity of additional RF in a population sample of hypertensive smokers diagnosed and enrolled at the <italic>Hiperdia</italic> Program of the Ministry of Health<sup>3</sup> in the city of Brusque, SC, Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After the study protocol was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee and after the patients had signed the written informed consent form, they underwent anamnesis, according to the following protocol: arterial pressure (AP) measurement, according to the Directives of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC)<sup>7</sup>; anthropometrical measurements [weight, height, abdominal circumference or waist circumference (C), hip circumference (H) and body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip index (WHI) calculations]<sup>8</sup>; fasting blood sample collection for the determination of the following laboratory parameters: glucose (G), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides (TG), urea (U), creatinine (Cr), measured by enzymatic assays in CCX-Abbott equipment and homocysteine (HCT) by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA), in a IMX-Abbott equipment; and a urinary sample for proteinuria determination by pyrogallol red and read in a DRAKE<sup>9</sup> equipment. The values of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) were calculated using Friedwald equation, in accordance to the SBC Directives<sup>10</sup>. For the statistical analysis, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The significance level was set at 5%<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All variables described above were analyzed in 139 patients (48 males and 91 females), who were all hypertensive smokers on regular treatment for SAH, with a mean age of 57.3 yrs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0219-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding AP, the mean pressure levels observed were considered elevated (143 &#177; 23 x 87 &#177; 12 mmHg) for the total mean values and those of both genders, 148 &#177; 26.5 x 90 &#177; 14.5 and 140 &#177; 24.4 x 85 &#177; 11 mmHg, for the male and female genders, respectively. </p>
      <p>We observed a prevalence of overweight in the total means (27.6 &#177; 5.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and for both genders, 27.2 &#177; 4.6 and 28.1 &#177; 5.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, male and female genders, respectively, with a predominance of the female sex. Regarding the waist circumference and the hip circumference, the mean values observed were above those recommended for the female gender, 92.3 &#177; 12.8 and 0.89 &#177; 0.1 whereas the mean values observed in men were within those recommended for the male gender, 98.5 &#177; 11.1 and 0.94 &#177; 0.1, with a statistically significant difference between the genders, p=0.0209 and p&lt; 0.0001, respectively. </p>
      <p>Laboratory parameter assessment showed that mean proteinuria (12.4 &#177; 9.7 mg/dL) and serum urea (35.2 &#177; 11.2 mg/dl) and creatinine (1.04 &#177; 0.2 mg/dl) levels did not present alterations in comparison to reference values; however, it is noteworthy that creatinine showed a statistically significant difference between the genders (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
      <p>Glycemia presented normal mean levels for the whole group (97.3 &#177; 17.2 mg/dL) and for females (95.7 &#177; 16.4 mg/dL), whereas males presented elevated mean levels (100.5 &#177; 18.4 mg/dL), compatible with glucose intolerance and/or diabetes mellitus. As for the lipid profile, mean TC values were above the desired levels, 230.3 &#177; 46.8, 223 &#177; 49.2 and 234.4 &#177; 45 mg/dl, respectively, for the total sample, males and females, with a significant difference between genders (p=0.0407). LDL-c was elevated for the cardiovascular risk attributed to the studied population, 151.3 &#177; 422, 143 &#177; 44.9 and 155.7 &#177; 40.2 for the total, males&#146; and females&#146; means, respectively. As for HDL-c, a more favorable pattern was observed, being 47.5 &#177; 9.2, for total, 44.2 &#177; 10.1 for males and, especially, for females, 49.3 &#177; 8.2 mg/dl, showing a statistical significance (p = 0,0004). Mean levels of TG were slightly elevated, despite the great variability observed, in the total, males&#146; and females&#146; means, 159.3 &#177; 83.9, 168.3 &#177; 87.3 and 154.5 &#177; 82.1 mg/dl, respectively. </p>
      <p>Mean levels of HCT were slightly increased, with com 14.3 &#177; 5.6, 15.3 &#177; 6.9 and 14.1 &#177; 5.5 &#181;mol/l, for the total, males&#146; and females&#146; means, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study consisted of a group of patients who presented, by itself, an increased cardiovascular risk, as the inclusion criteria were being hypertensive as well as a smoker<sup>12</sup>. Data discussion is based on the prevalence of additional RF detected throughout the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0219-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding arterial pressure, 43.2% of the patients (50% males and 39.6% females) had AP <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 x 90 mmHg, showing the need to implement measures of arterial pressure control according to the recommendations in the current SBC Directives for SAH<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>When the anthropometrical data are analyzed in this representative sample of a population of hypertensive individuals, we observe a clear prevalence of overweight, 40.3% (56.3% for males and 31.9% for females) and obesity, 28.1% (16.7% for males and 34.1% for females), according to the classification of World Health organization (WHO) for BMI, conferring a higher prevalence of this risk factor to the female group. This same trend was observed for waist circumference, a parameter relative to visceral fat, where 67.6% of the women and 35.4% of the men presented C &gt; 88 and 102 cm, respectively (WHO), and especially for WHI, where 75.5% of the whole group presented altered waist-hip indexes, being 52.1% of the men and 87.9% of the women<sup>13</sup>. These data, which presented a statistical significance when grouped by gender, show an important association between SAH and potential metabolic alterations, related to overweight/obesity. The Nurses&#146; Health Study, for instance, which followed a cohort of 84,941 American nurses for 16 years, showed that BMI, measured every two years, was strongly correlated with the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2, in which women with BMI between 25-29 and 30-35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> presented a 7.6 and 20 times higher risk, respectively, when compared to those with BMI &lt; 23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, considered as controls<sup>14</sup>. </p>
      <p>The metabolic profile of hypertensive patients has as one of its criteria the measurement of fasting glycemia, and in this study, it was observed that 35.4% of the males and 31.9% of the females presented glucose levels between 100 and 125 mg/dL, establishing a glucose intolerance diagnosis (WHO)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the lipid profile, at the TC determination, 41.7% and 36.2% presented levels considered to be borderline (200 to 239 mg/dl) and 33.3% and 39.6%, presented elevated levels (<underline>&gt;</underline> 240 mg/dl); at HDL-c measurements, 39.6% and 12.1% presented levels below the recommended one (&lt; 40 mg/dl); as for TG levels, 54.2% and 46.1% presented increased levels (&gt; 150 mg/dl); all the data above refer to men and women, respectively, with a significant statistical diference between the genders (p = 0.0407 for TC and p = 0.0004 for HDL-c)<sup>10</sup>. As for LDL-c levels that follow as the main objective of the treatment of dyslipidemias and decrease of CVD risk, there was a very significant prevalence of elevated levels (58.3% for men and 74.7% for women, which is a non-significant difference between the genders, with p = 0.0958), above 130 mg/dl, which we consider as the upper limit of the treatment goal for this population of primary prevention and an intermediate or middle risk, at least<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>As for the HCT determination, an emergent risk factor, despite the fact that the studied population consisted of hypertensive individuals who smokes, factors that can traditionally create an interpretation bias, it was observed that 37.5% and 34.1% of the patients presented values above the currently recommended levels (15 &#181;mol/l), for males and females, respectively<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>As a result, this study demonstrated an elevated prevalence of RF in addition to SAH and smoking, configuring the multiplicity that concurs with a marked elevation of the risk of cardiovascular events in this population sample<sup>18</sup>. We observed, regarding differences between genders, that women presented a more unfavorable metabolic profile compared to men. As a last analysis, we observed that treatment goals, currently recommended for the analyzed range of RF, are not being attained in the studied group, and that more effective measures must be employed in order to control and reduce the impact of multiple RF in the population sample.</p>
      <p>Concluding, our study presents a very good correlation with the main epidemiological evidence<sup>19</sup> of risk factors and suggests that, in populations of hypertensive individuals, risk factor prevention, identification and control measures must be implemented, and that the use of programs such as the Hiperdia/MS can help with patient follow-up, allowing a more stringent multidisciplinary approach, especially in the analysis of the attainment of treatment goals and the consequent reduction of cardiovascular risk. We also understand that local initiatives, such as our own, can encourage other researchers and definitely contribute to data assembly on the prevalence and multiplicity of RF in Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Nilton Rosini</p>
          <p> Rua Hercilio Luz, 117</p>
          <p> 88350-300 &#150; Brusque, SC - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="niltonrosini@hotmail.com">niltonrosini@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 01/12/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/22/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
