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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jtwKrctLqdsFVFPKNpHpZpr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do sexo na evolu&#231;&#227;o imediata e a m&#233;dio prazo ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria e an&#225;lise dos fatores independentes de risco para &#243;bito ou eventos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Trajano Sandoval</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peixoto</surname>
            <given-names>Edison Carvalho Sandoval</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sena</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Augustus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tedeschi</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Leone</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Ivana Picone</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rachid</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio Bastos Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Procordis </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>211</fpage>
      <lpage>218</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de risco para &#243;bito e eventos e a influ&#234;ncia do sexo na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar e aos seis meses, de pacientes internados nas 12 horas iniciais do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento de ST, tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. M&#201;TODOS: Foram considerados 199 pacientes consecutivos, entre 07/1998 e 12/2000, com IAM e sem choque cardiog&#234;nico, sendo avaliada a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar e em seis meses. RESULTADOS: As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas eram semelhantes entre os grupos, exceto que as mulheres, que eram mais idosas que os homens (67,04 &#177; 11,53 x 59,70 &#177; 10,88, p &lt; 0,0001). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi maior no sexo feminino (9,1% x 1,5%, p = 0,0171), assim como a incid&#234;ncia de eventos maiores (12,1% x 3,0%, p = 0,0026). A diferen&#231;a de mortalidade persistia em seis meses (12,1% x 1,5%, p = 0,0026). Na an&#225;lise multivariada predisseram &#243;bito: sexo feminino e octogen&#225;rios e eventos e/ou angina est&#225;vel: doen&#231;a multiarterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave. CONCLUS&#195;O: Sexo feminino e octogen&#225;rios foram fatores independentes relacionados &#224; mortalidade seis meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angioplastia coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>sexo</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Influ&#234;ncia do sexo na evolu&#231;&#227;o imediata e a m&#233;dio prazo ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria e an&#225;lise dos fatores independentes de risco para &#243;bito ou eventos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Trajano Sandoval Peixoto; Edison Carvalho Sandoval Peixoto; Marcello Augustus Sena; Angelo Leone Tedeschi; Ivana Picone Borges; Maur&#237;cio Bastos Freitas Rachid</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Procordis e Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niter&#243;i, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determinar os fatores de risco para &#243;bito e eventos e a influ&#234;ncia do sexo na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar e aos seis meses, de pacientes internados nas 12 horas iniciais do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento de ST, tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram considerados 199 pacientes consecutivos, entre 07/1998 e 12/2000, com IAM e sem choque cardiog&#234;nico, sendo avaliada a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar e em seis meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas eram semelhantes entre os grupos, exceto que as mulheres, que eram mais idosas que os homens (67,04 &#177; 11,53 x 59,70 &#177; 10,88, p &lt; 0,0001). A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi maior no sexo feminino (9,1% x 1,5%, p = 0,0171), assim como a incid&#234;ncia de eventos maiores (12,1% x 3,0%, p = 0,0026). A diferen&#231;a de mortalidade persistia em seis meses (12,1% x 1,5%, p = 0,0026). Na an&#225;lise multivariada predisseram &#243;bito: sexo feminino e octogen&#225;rios e eventos e/ou angina est&#225;vel: doen&#231;a multiarterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Sexo feminino e octogen&#225;rios foram fatores independentes relacionados &#224; mortalidade seis meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angioplastia coron&#225;ria prim&#225;ria, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, sexo, fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>Mulheres apresentam a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana em m&#233;dia dez anos ap&#243;s os homens, e s&#227;o mais propensas a apresent&#225;-la como angina est&#225;vel do que como infarto agudo ou morte s&#250;bita, que s&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es iniciais mais freq&#252;entes nos homens<sup>1-3</sup>. Entre 45 e 64 anos, h&#225; maior mortalidade anual (2,5 a 4,5 vezes) entre o sexo feminino<sup>4</sup>, cuja causa ainda n&#227;o est&#225; determinada.</p>
    <p>No infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio as mulheres apresentam maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar<sup>5</sup>, procuram assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica com maior retardo e s&#227;o tratadas mais conservadoramente<sup>2</sup>. O benef&#237;cio na sobrevida &#233; igual para homens e mulheres com uso de agentes fibrinol&#237;ticos, por&#233;m a diferen&#231;a na mortalidade hospitalar persiste, mas com interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria o progn&#243;stico parece ser semelhante<sup>2</sup>. A longo prazo a mortalidade &#233; semelhante, mas as mulheres tendem a evoluir com mais angina e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria reduz a mortalidade se comparada aos fibrinol&#237;ticos<sup>7</sup>. Ap&#243;s os <italic>stents</italic><sup>8,9</sup> h&#225; melhora dos resultados, das complica&#231;&#245;es e da sobrevida livre de eventos. O uso dos inibidores IIb/IIIa apresentou resultados n&#227;o-concordantes<sup>10,11</sup>. O tempo de retardo at&#233; a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria tem grande rela&#231;&#227;o com a evolu&#231;&#227;o, com a mortalidade em trinta dias<sup>12 </sup>e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi, em um grupo de 199 pacientes, determinar os fatores de risco para &#243;bito e eventos maiores e eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel e a influ&#234;ncia do sexo na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar e em seis meses, dos pacientes admitidos nas 12 horas iniciais do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST e tratados com interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre 1/07/1998 e 31/12/2000, 199 pacientes consecutivos com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST nas 12 horas iniciais dos sintomas foram submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria, sendo seguidos prospectivamente. Como na angioplastia com bal&#227;o ou com <italic>stent</italic> convencional a reestenose ocorre em tr&#234;s meses e n&#227;o ultrapassa seis meses, realizou-se seguimento cl&#237;nico a m&#233;dio prazo, de seis meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, que foi de 90,8% dos pacientes do sexo masculino e de 95,0% do sexo feminino. O final do seguimento cl&#237;nico ocorreu em 31.6.2001, com realiza&#231;&#227;o de consulta m&#233;dica ou contato telef&#244;nico aos tr&#234;s e seis meses.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST de, no m&#237;nimo, 1 mm, em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, que n&#227;o regredissem com a administra&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico ou nitroglicerina sublingual, em vinte minutos e admiss&#227;o nas 12 horas iniciais dos sintomas. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: choque cardiog&#234;nico, les&#227;o aguda localizada no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, administra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de fibrinol&#237;tico e complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, que necessitassem de tratamento cir&#250;rgico imediato.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes receberam &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, associado a ticlopidina ou clopidogrel. Durante a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana a hepariniza&#231;&#227;o era feita conforme TCA. A administra&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, no in&#237;cio do procedimento, ficava a crit&#233;rio do operador. Na presen&#231;a de fluxo lento ou n&#227;o-refluxo (<italic>slow-flow/no-reflow phenomenon</italic>)<sup>14,15</sup> foi administrada adenosina. Utilizou-se preferencialmente a t&#233;cnica de Judkins<sup>16</sup>. Foi feito implante do <italic>stent</italic> sempre que as condi&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas permitiam, com tamanho orientado pela angiografia quantitativa. Foram providenciados eletrocardiograma e dosagem de CPK e CKMB na interna&#231;&#227;o, seis e 12 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, e na manh&#227; seguinte.</p>
    <p>Foram definidos como eventos maiores intra-hospitalares: oclus&#227;o subaguda, reinfarto, cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia, acidente vascular cerebral e &#243;bito card&#237;aco e global. O seguimento cl&#237;nico a m&#233;dio prazo foi feito atrav&#233;s de consulta m&#233;dica ou contato telef&#244;nico aos tr&#234;s e seis meses. Foram avaliados a sintomatologia coronariana, os eventos maiores evolutivos (reinfarto, nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade card&#237;aca e global), assim como a sobrevida livre de qualquer evento, incluindo tamb&#233;m doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel (eventos maiores evolutivos e/ou angina est&#225;vel). Os pacientes que apresentaram angina inst&#225;vel ou evid&#234;ncia de isquemia grave em estudo n&#227;o-invasivo realizaram nova coronariografia.</p>
    <p>Foram definidos como sucesso: les&#227;o residual menor do que 20% com implante de <italic>stent</italic> ou menor do que 50% no uso apenas de bal&#227;o, com fluxo TIMI 3 distal; reestenose angiogr&#225;fica: redu&#231;&#227;o maior que 50% do di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia no local da les&#227;o<sup>17</sup> e reestenose cl&#237;nica: recorr&#234;ncia de sintomas anginosos, seus equivalentes ou outros eventos isqu&#234;micos.</p>
    <p>Os dados de angiografia quantitativa foram obtidos <italic>on line</italic> pelo sistema Emitron DGM IV e foram estudados estenose pr&#233;-procedimento, di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso abordado e estenose residual, estabelecida com a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo no local da estenose dilatada e o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, t&#233;cnica e resultado do procedimento, sintomatologia e eventos intra-hospitalares, na evolu&#231;&#227;o, e os totais dos dois per&#237;odos, quando vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foram estudados pelo teste t de Student e, quando vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, pelos testes do qui-quadrado, qui-quadrado com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates ou exato de Fisher.</p>
    <p>Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada de Cox e/ou nas curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram analisadas as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas: diabetes, extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a (uniarterial e multiarterial), extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a (uniarterial, biarterial e triarterial), a &#250;ltima apenas para as curvas de Kaplan-Meier, fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (normal, disfun&#231;&#227;o discreta e disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada <italic>versus</italic> disfun&#231;&#227;o grave), infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, sexo, tabagismo e uso de <italic>stent</italic>, e foram categorizadas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas: tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas a reperfus&#227;o (<underline>&lt;</underline> 6 horas e &gt; 6 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 12 horas), di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso da les&#227;o causal (&lt; 3 mm e <underline>&gt;</underline> 3 mm). </p>
    <p>A idade foi categorizada de duas formas: no primeiro modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla e de regress&#227;o de Cox como n&#227;o-octogen&#225;rio e octogen&#225;rio; e no segundo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla e de regress&#227;o de Cox como n&#227;o-idoso e idoso (&lt; 65 anos e <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos). Assim, os modelos citados foram corrigidos pela idade. J&#225; as curvas de Kaplan-Meier para idade foram realizadas de tr&#234;s formas: 1- n&#227;o-idoso (&lt; 65 anos) e idoso ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos); 2- n&#227;o-octogen&#225;rio e octogen&#225;rio; e 3-n&#227;o idoso, idoso n&#227;o-octogen&#225;rio ( <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos e &lt; 80 anos) e octogen&#225;rio. Foram tamb&#233;m realizadas curvas de Kaplan-Meier (Log Rank) como anteriormente publicado<sup>18</sup> das vari&#225;veis significativas na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p>Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, para &#243;bito intra-hospitalar, entraram as vari&#225;veis: diabetes, extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, uso de <italic>stent</italic>, di&#226;metro do vaso abordado, tabagismo, sexo, tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o e idade.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise multivariada de Cox (<italic>forward conditional stepwise selection</italic>) selecionaram-se as vari&#225;veis que, na an&#225;lise univariada, apresentaram signific&#226;ncia <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,10 em uma ou mais das situa&#231;&#245;es (&#243;bito, eventos maiores e eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel), e entraram para &#243;bito: extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, sexo, tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o e idade; e para eventos maiores e eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel: extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, sexo e idade.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados os programas EPI-INFO (vers&#227;o 6, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atanta) e SPSS <italic>for Windows</italic> (vers&#227;o 10.0, SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois) para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e o primeiro tamb&#233;m como banco de dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Idade m&#233;dia, retardo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas e recanaliza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo, presen&#231;a de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto agudo, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana e caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas do procedimento est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Respectivamente, no grupo masculino e feminino: 73 (54,9%) e 42 (63,3%) pacientes apresentavam extens&#227;o multiarterial da doen&#231;a coronariana (p = 0,2393); 28 (21,1%) e 18 (27,3%) pacientes apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (p = 0,3271) e 54 (40,6%) e 27 (40,9%) pacientes apresentavam infarto agudo de parede anterior (p = 0,9668). A art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto estava oclu&#237;da em 101 (75,9%) homens e 46 (69,7%) mulheres (p = 0,3453), e o fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo inicial era TIMI 2 ou 3 em 32 (24,1%) homens e em vinte (30,3%) mulheres (p = 0,3453). </p>
    <p>O vaso abordado foi, nos homens e mulheres, respectivamente, vaso nativo em 128 (96,2%) e 65 (98,5%), e ponte de safena em cinco (3,8%) e uma (1,5%), (p = 0,3845) procedimentos. Conseguiu-se a recanaliza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo em 133 (100%) pacientes masculinos e em 64 (96,9%) femininos (p = 0,1088), e sucesso em 122 (91,7%) homens e em 58 (87,9%) mulheres (p = 0,3841), pois em onze (8,3%) homens havia um fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo distal a les&#227;o TIMI 2 ao final do procedimento, assim como em seis (9,1%) mulheres (p = 0,8454), sendo a les&#227;o residual, respectivamente, 2,7 &#177; 8,5 e 6,7 &#177; 19,0 % (p = 0,1402).</p>
    <p>O di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia do vaso abordado foi 3,41 &#177; 0,52 (2,17 a 5,23) mm no grupo masculino e 3,11 &#177; 0,49 (2,29 a 4,89) mm no feminino, (p &lt; 0,0001), e o di&#226;metro dos <italic>stents</italic> utilizados, respectivamente, 3,45 &#177; 0,50 e 3,15 &#177; 0,50 mm (p &lt; 0,0001). Os inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa foram utilizados em 82 (61,7%) pacientes masculinos e em 43 (65,2%) femininos (p = 0,6307), sendo respectivamente: tirofiban em 55 (41,4%) e 35 (53,0%) pacientes (p = 0,1191) e abciximab em 27 (20,3%) e oito (12,2%) pacientes (p = 0,1536).</p>
    <p>Ocorreu oclus&#227;o subaguda ap&#243;s o procedimento em dois (1,5%) homens e em uma (1,5%) mulher, todos tratados com nova interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana, e apenas a paciente do grupo feminino evoluiu com nova eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica, sendo, portanto, a &#250;ltima inclu&#237;da como reinfarto entre as duas (3,0%) mulheres que evolu&#237;ram com reinfarto na evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar e contabilizada apenas uma vez em eventos maiores intra-hospitalares. N&#227;o houve cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, sangramento maior ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico neste estudo. </p>
    <p>Os &#243;bitos e eventos maiores intra-hospitalares s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, encontrou-se, para o sexo feminino, aumento de risco para &#243;bito de 6,550 (p = 0,024; OR = 6,550; IC 95% = 1,284-33,403). Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, no primeiro modelo (idade categorizada como octogen&#225;rios e n&#227;o-octogen&#225;rios), encontrou-se, para o sexo feminino, aumento de risco para &#243;bito de 6,605 (p = 0,042; OR = 6,605; IC 95% = 1,071-40,745); e apresentaram tend&#234;ncia ao significado para aumento de risco para &#243;bito: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (p = 0,062) e octogen&#225;rios (p = 0,079). J&#225; no segundo modelo (idade categorizada como idosos e n&#227;o-idosos), encontrou-se apenas tend&#234;ncia ao significado para aumento de risco para &#243;bito para: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (p = 0,050) e sexo feminino (p = 0,052).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Foram seguidos em m&#233;dio prazo 119 (90,8%) homens e 57 (95,0%) mulheres. Os achados de doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel, inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito na evolu&#231;&#227;o de seis meses s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>. Os doze (10,1%) pacientes do grupo masculino e os cinco (8,8%) do feminino, que evolu&#237;ram com angina inst&#225;vel durante o seguimento, realizaram nova coronariografia. Todos os doze (10,1%) homens e as quatro (7,0%) mulheres apresentavam reestenose angiogr&#225;fica (p = 0,5078). A outra paciente (1,8%) do sexo feminino apresentava progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana em outro local. Todos os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com angina inst&#225;vel necessitaram de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Dos doze pacientes do grupo masculino, nove foram submetidos a nova interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea e tr&#234;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. No grupo feminino, das cinco pacientes, quatro realizaram uma nova interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea e uma foi submetida a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade intra-hospitalar, os &#243;bitos card&#237;acos e n&#227;o-card&#237;acos na evolu&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade global e a card&#237;aca, bem como o total de eventos maiores e eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel, ao final dos seis meses de seguimento cl&#237;nico, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p>As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade (n&#227;o-idosos, idosos n&#227;o-octogen&#225;rios e octogen&#225;rios) (p = 0,0003) e sexo (p = 0,0014) s&#227;o mostradas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No final do seguimento cl&#237;nico, na an&#225;lise univariada, foram fatores relacionados a &#243;bito: sexo feminino (p = 0,008; HR = 8,207; IC 95% = 1,743-38,658), idade (octogen&#225;rios), (p = 0,001; HR = 8,496; IC 95% = 2,396-30,120) e a idade (idosos) apresentava uma forte tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,053; HR = 3,801; IC 95% = 0,983-14,706). Foram fatores relacionados a eventos maiores: a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial (p = 0,005; HR = 3,290; IC 95% = 1,433-7,558) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (p = 0,028; HR = 2,351; IC 95% = 1,097-5,038). A idade (octogen&#225;rios) apresentava uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia (p = 0,069), e tamb&#233;m foram fatores relacionados a eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel aos seis meses, a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial (p = 0,002; HR = 3,323; IC 95% = 1,527-7,231) e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (p = 0,024; HR = 2,292; IC 95% = 1,116-4,71).</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas que na an&#225;lise univariada preencheram o crit&#233;rio adotado para entrarem na an&#225;lise multivariada (p<underline>&lt;</underline>0,10), em uma ou mais das situa&#231;&#245;es (&#243;bito, eventos maiores e eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel), foram: extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e sexo (que entraram nos dois modelos de an&#225;lise multivariada realizados) e idade (n&#227;o-octogen&#225;rio e octogen&#225;rio), que entrou apenas no primeiro modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada e idade (n&#227;o-idoso e idoso), que entrou apenas no segundo modelo de an&#225;lise multivariada e, ainda, o tempo decorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a reperfus&#227;o que apresentou p = 0,101. </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, foram fatores de risco independentes, ao fim dos seis meses, para &#243;bito: sexo feminino e octogen&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>), no primeiro modelo, e apenas sexo feminino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>) no segundo modelo (quando idade entrou como n&#227;o-idosos e idosos). Foram fatores de risco independentes para eventos maiores e para eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel: extens&#227;o multiarterial da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">4</xref>), independentemente da forma como foi categorizada a idade.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos publicados antes da introdu&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria mostra maior mortalidade precoce e tardia nas mulheres que nos homens<sup>19,20</sup>. Neles, as mulheres s&#227;o mais idosas, possuem mais fatores de risco e t&#234;m maiores comorbidades; por&#233;m, quando essas diferen&#231;as s&#227;o analisadas em conjunto, o fator sexo tem uma influ&#234;ncia menor no progn&#243;stico<sup>20</sup>. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo os pacientes do sexo feminino apresentaram maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar, levando a maior mortalidade card&#237;aca e global ao final do seguimento, apesar das corre&#231;&#245;es feitas.</p>
    <p>A predomin&#226;ncia de homens, e com menor idade, &#233; reproduzida em v&#225;rios estudos sobre o tema, assim como o maior di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia das suas art&#233;rias<sup>21,22</sup>. O diabetes est&#225; relacionado a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o e sua incid&#234;ncia &#233;, em geral, maior nas mulheres<sup>,22,23,24</sup>. No nosso estudo a incid&#234;ncia do diabetes &#233; semelhante nos dois grupos, mas a incid&#234;ncia no grupo masculino, de 24,1%, &#233; bem acima da que outros autores relatam<sup>20,22,23,24</sup>.</p>
    <p>O retardo na procura de assist&#234;ncia &#233; maior nas mulheres<sup>1</sup>, fazendo que as estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o sejam proteladas<sup>23,24</sup>. O sexo &#233; fator independente de retardo ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar para a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria<sup>25</sup>. Antoniucci e cols.<sup>22</sup> relatam um retardo sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, com valores semelhantes aos nossos, que foram de 3,4 &#177; 2,2 horas nas mulheres e de 3,6&#177;2,0 nos homens (p = 0,9216), com cerca de 50% dos pacientes tratados nas duas primeiras horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, o que poderia ter um impacto satisfat&#243;rio na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Nosso sucesso no procedimento foi semelhante nos dois grupos, sendo 91,7% no masculino e de 87,8% no feminino (p = 0,3841), um &#237;ndice de sucesso aparentemente inferior aos apresentados por Vacek e cols.<sup>26</sup> (91% e 95%; p = 0,08) e por Antoniucci e cols.<sup>22</sup> (97% e 98%; p = 0,93), por&#233;m esses autores consideravam como sucesso um fluxo distal a les&#227;o tratada TIMI 2 ou 3 e, em nosso trabalho, apenas o fluxo TIMI 3 foi considerado como satisfat&#243;rio. Considerando como sucesso fluxo TIMI 2 ou 3 nosso sucesso seria de 100% e de 96,9%. </p>
    <p>Os porcentuais de <italic>stents</italic> e de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa utilizados nos homens e mulheres est&#227;o pr&#243;ximos aos trabalhos com per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o de pacientes semelhante ao nosso. Azar e cosl.<sup>21</sup> relatam maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas com necessidade de reposi&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea durante o uso de IIb/IIIa nas mulheres (24% x 1,7%; p &lt; 0,001), o que n&#227;o ocorreu em nosso estudo. </p>
    <p>Essa diferen&#231;a pode estar relacionada ao fato de, em nosso protocolo, n&#227;o haver a infus&#227;o concomitante de heparina associada ao inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa e da retirada precoce dos introdutores, ainda na sala de exame ap&#243;s a neutraliza&#231;&#227;o da heparina com sulfato de protamina. A grande utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos inibidores IIb/IIIa se deve ao fato de que o per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o de pacientes coincidiu com os trabalhos, mostrando o benef&#237;cio desses agentes na interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea primaria<sup>10,27</sup>. </p>
    <p>J&#225; o estudo CADILLAC<sup>11</sup> mostrou que o grande diferencial na interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> no tratamento da les&#227;o e, assim mesmo, com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo, j&#225; que a mortalidade hospitalar e em seis meses era semelhante em todos os quatro grupos, independentemente da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>stents</italic> e dos inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa.</p>
    <p>Trabalhos recentes, que avaliam o fator sexo na evolu&#231;&#227;o do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio tratado com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria, incluem os pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico<sup>21,22</sup>, e um n&#250;mero significativamente maior de mulheres foi admitido em choque cardiog&#234;nico, quando da inclus&#227;o nesses estudos<sup>21,22,24</sup>. O choque cardiog&#234;nico foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o no nosso estudo, pois a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip IV tem progn&#243;stico muito pior que aqueles em classes I, II ou III<sup>28</sup>, e por acharmos que, proporcionalmente, haveria maior inclus&#227;o de mulheres com essa grave apresenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, mesmo ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, o sexo feminino permanece como fator de risco independente para mortalidade. Alguns estudos n&#227;o mostram diferen&#231;a de mortalidade entre os grupos ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria, sugerindo que esse tratamento igualaria a evolu&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos<sup>9,23</sup>. Em outros, a mortalidade das mulheres era significativamente maior; por&#233;m, ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos, principalmente com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, o sexo deixava de ser fator de risco independente de mortalidade<sup>21,22,26</sup>. Mas h&#225; diferen&#231;as entre esses estudos e o nosso, sendo as principais o tempo do in&#237;cio dos sintomas &#224; reperfus&#227;o mais longo e a inclus&#227;o de pacientes em choque cardiog&#234;nico<sup>21,22</sup>. Vaccarino e cols.<sup>29</sup>, em um registro com qrande n&#250;mero de pacientes, mostram, independentemente da forma de tratamento, maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar entre as mulheres, sobretudo nas mais jovens, sendo o dobro abaixo dos cinq&#252;enta anos e desaparecimento da diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre os sexos para maiores de 74 anos. </p>
    <p>De modo contr&#225;rio a praticamente todos os relatos da literatura, Mehilli e cols.<sup>30</sup> encontraram mortalidade igual em ambos os sexos; e quando ajustado para a idade, encontraram menor mortalidade entre as mulheres. Mas esse estudo difere do nosso em v&#225;rios aspectos. Sendo um per&#237;odo longo de seis anos, a partir de 1995, inclui, nos anos iniciais, o per&#237;odo em que os <italic>stents</italic> eram pouco usados e n&#227;o se utilizavam bloqueadores IIb/IIIa; apenas 65% dos pacientes apresentavam infarto com supradesnivelamento de ST; foram submetidos a angioplastia prim&#225;ria apenas 86% da popula&#231;&#227;o; inclu&#237;a pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico e pacientes tratados com trombol&#237;ticos, e mesmos pacientes n&#227;o submetidos a nenhuma terapia de reperfus&#227;o; e o tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a interna&#231;&#227;o no hospital &#233; o dobro do tempo de in&#237;cio do sintomas &#224; reperfus&#227;o da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto do nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, em ambos os modelos de an&#225;lise multivariada utilizados para corre&#231;&#227;o pela idade a mortalidade no sexo feminino continua significativamente maior ao final do acompanhamento de seis meses. A maior mortalidade feminina ocorre durante o per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar, passando a ser semelhante &#224; masculina ap&#243;s a alta, achados semelhantes a outros trabalhos em que a mortalidade global das mulheres era maior durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar e no seguimento cl&#237;nico; por&#233;m, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar a mortalidade era semelhante nos dois grupos<sup>21,22</sup>; e com a corre&#231;&#227;o feita pela an&#225;lise multivariada o sexo n&#227;o permanecia, no seguimento cl&#237;nico, como fator independente de mortalidade<sup>21,22,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, no nosso estudo, a idade apresentou significado com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade nos pacientes com idade igual ou superior a oitenta anos, o que tamb&#233;m difere de outros estudos apresentados sobre o tema e que avaliaram essa caracter&#237;stica<sup>21,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a para sobrevida livre de eventos maiores ou doen&#231;a est&#225;vel ao fim dos seis meses. Para eventos em separado n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a para: presen&#231;a de angina inst&#225;vel, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo e mortalidade n&#227;o-card&#237;aca. As exce&#231;&#245;es ocorreram com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade global e a mortalidade card&#237;aca, que eram maiores no grupo feminino. Azar e cols.<sup>21</sup> mostraram tamb&#233;m uma maior mortalidade ao final de seis meses de acompanhamento no grupo feminino (15%) contra 4,4% no grupo masculino (p &lt; 0,05), bem como para eventos maiores (40% x 15%; p &lt; 0,01) em raz&#227;o de maior mortalidade e maior revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo. </p>
    <p>No estudo de Antoniucci e cols.<sup>22</sup>, encontramos eventos maiores (morte, reinfarto e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo) no acompanhamento de seis meses sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, ap&#243;s as corre&#231;&#245;es terem sido feitas, com n&#237;vel semelhante de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica e de necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo. Em nosso trabalho, ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise multivariada, os fatores relacionados a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos maiores ao final dos seis meses foram disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave e extens&#227;o multiarterial da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, o mesmo podendo ser dito com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sobrevida livre de qualquer evento maior e/ou angina est&#225;vel. Tanto em nosso estudo quanto no de Antoniucci e cols.<sup>22</sup> e no de Vacek e cols.<sup>26</sup> n&#227;o se encontrou diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos ap&#243;s o procedimento, mesmo sabendo que a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal est&#225; inversamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento dessas complica&#231;&#245;es, sendo por isso mais comuns entre as mulheres<sup>31,32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos 3 estudos n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no seguimento cl&#237;nico com rela&#231;&#227;o a reestenose cl&#237;nica<sup>26</sup> ou angiogr&#225;fica<sup>22</sup> e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo<sup>21,26</sup>, apesar de os estudos sobre reestenose mostrarem uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria e a incid&#234;ncia de reestenose<sup>32,33</sup>. Em nosso estudo e no de Antoniucci e cols.<sup>22</sup>, apesar do di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, no sexo feminino, ser significativamente menor, em ambos ele era na m&#233;dia maior do que 3,0 mm, sendo, no estudo de Antoniucci e cols.<sup>22</sup>, 3,11 &#177; 0,49 e 3,02 &#177; 0,41 mm, respectivamente, e, talvez por isso, os n&#237;veis de reestenose cl&#237;nica foram semelhantes nos dois grupos.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST, nas 12 horas iniciais dos sintomas, tratados por interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria, foram fatores de risco independentes para &#243;bito: sexo feminino e idade igual ou maior que oitenta anos; e para eventos maiores e eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel: extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a multiarterial e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave. A mortalidade card&#237;aca e global foi maior, no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar, no grupo feminino, com diferen&#231;a mantida no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico em seis meses, sendo, ap&#243;s a alta, semelhante. </p>
    <p>Eventos maiores intra-hospitalares (oclus&#227;o aguda, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de urg&#234;ncia e mortalidade) foram significativamente maiores nas mulheres, em raz&#227;o da maior mortalidade card&#237;aca, com incid&#234;ncia semelhante dos outros eventos analisados. Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar a incid&#234;ncia de eventos maiores foi uniforme em ambos os grupos, fazendo que a diferen&#231;a significativa observada nos eventos maiores intra-hospitalares n&#227;o estivesse mais presente aos seis meses de acompanhamento para o total de eventos maiores, apesar da tend&#234;ncia de estarem mais presentes nas mulheres. A sobrevida livre de eventos maiores e/ou angina est&#225;vel foi semelhante nos dois grupos durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Edison Carvalho Sandoval Peixoto </p>
        <p> Av. Epit&#225;cio Pessoa, 4989/301 </p>
        <p> 22471-003 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="e.sandoval.p@openlink.com.br">e.sandoval.p@openlink.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 03/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 04/05/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Gender influence on the immediate and medium-term progression after primary percutaneous coronary intervention and analysis of independent risk factors for death or events</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Determine gender-related differences and risk factors for death and events, both in-hospital and at six-month evolution, of patients admitted within the first twelve hours of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: Between July 1998 and December 2000, 199 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study, with elevation myocardial infarction and without cardiogenic shock, outcome, in-hospital and six-month progression were studied. RESULTS: Clinical characteristics were similar in both groups, except that women were older than men (67.04 &#177; 11.53 x 59.70 &#177; 10.88, p &lt; 0.0001). In-hospital mortality was higher among women (9.1% x 1.5%, p = 0.0171), as was the incidence of major events (12.1% x 3.0%, p = 0.0026). The difference in mortality rates remained the same at six months (12.1% x 1.5%, p = 0.0026). The multivariate analysis predicted death: female gender and an age over eighty years, and major events and/or stable angina multivessel: disease and severe ventricular dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Female gender and an age over eighty years were independent predictors of mortality, six months of patients who had undergone primary percutaneous intervention.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Primary coronary angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>gender</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Gender influence on the immediate and medium-term progression after primary percutaneous coronary intervention and analysis of independent risk factors for death or events </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Trajano Sandoval Peixoto; Edison Carvalho Sandoval Peixoto; Marcello Augustus Sena; Angelo Leone Tedeschi; Ivana Picone Borges; Maur&#237;cio Bastos Freitas Rachid</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Procordis e Universidade Federal Fluminense - Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Determine gender-related differences and risk factors for death and events, both in-hospital and at six-month evolution, of patients admitted within the first twelve hours of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between July 1998 and December 2000, 199 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study, with elevation myocardial infarction and without cardiogenic shock, outcome, in-hospital and six-month progression were studied.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Clinical characteristics were similar in both groups, except that women were older than men (67.04 &#177; 11.53 x 59.70 &#177; 10.88, p &lt; 0.0001). In-hospital mortality was higher among women (9.1% x 1.5%, p = 0.0171), as was the incidence of major events (12.1% x 3.0%, p = 0.0026). The difference in mortality rates remained the same at six months (12.1% x 1.5%, p = 0.0026). The multivariate analysis predicted death: female gender and an age over eighty years, and major events and/or stable angina multivessel: disease and severe ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Female gender and an age over eighty years were independent predictors of mortality, six months of patients who had undergone primary percutaneous intervention.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Primary coronary angioplasty, acute myocardial infarction, gender, risk factors.</p>
      <p>On average, women present with first symptoms of coronary disease ten years after men do, and they are more likely to present with stable angina than acute infarction or sudden death, which are initial symptoms more likely to occur among men<sup>1,2,3</sup>. Between 45 and 64 years of age, annual mortality rates are higher (2.5 to 4.5 fold) among women<sup>4 </sup>due to undetermined causes. </p>
      <p>In acute myocardial infarction, in-hospital mortality is higher among women<sup>5</sup>, they take longer to seek medical care and are treated more conservatively<sup>2</sup>. With fibrinolytics, the survival benefit is the same for men and women; however, the difference of the in-hospital mortality rates remains unchanged, although the prognosis seems to be similar for patients who undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention<sup>2</sup>. In the long run, mortality rates are similar, but women are likely to progress with more angina and congestive heart failure<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Compared to disease management with fibrinolytic agents, primary percutaneous coronary intervention decreases mortality<sup>7</sup>. The use of stents<sup>8,9</sup> provides improvements in results, complications, and event-free survival. The use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors offers conflicting results<sup>10,11</sup>. The time of delay until recanalization with primary percutaneous coronary intervention is strongly associated with disease progression, mortality within thirty days<sup>12</sup>, and left ventricle ejection fraction<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>The goal of this study was to determine the risk factors for death and major events, for major events and/or stable angina, and the influence of gender on clinical progress in-hospital and at six months of 199 patients admitted within the first twelve hours of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, and treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between July 1, 1998 and December 31, 2000, 199 consecutive patients diagnosed with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction within the first twelve hours of symptom onset underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention and were prospectively followed. Since with balloon angioplasty or conventional stenting restenosis takes place within three months and, at the latest, six months after hospital discharge, 90.8% of the male patients and 95.0% of the female patients were followed for clinical symptoms during six months after hospital discharge. The clinical follow-up ended on June 30, 2001; at three and six months, patients underwent clinical examinations or their clinical status was checked by telephone conversation. </p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of 1 mm minimum in at least two contiguous leads, that did not recede with acetylsalicylic acid or sublingual nitroglycerin administration within twenty minutes, and hospital admission within the twelve hours of symptoms onset. Exclusion criteria were cardiogenic shock, acute left coronary artery stem lesion, previous administration of fibrinolytics, and mechanical complications requiring immediate surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>All patients were given acetylsalicylic acid combined with ticlopidine or clopidogrel. During the coronary intervention, heparinization was performed according to TCA. The administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors at the beginning of the procedure was left to operator&#146;s discretion. In case of a slow flow/no-reflow phenomenon<sup>14,15</sup> adenosine was administered. Judkins<sup>16</sup> technique was the preferred choice for the procedure. Stenting was used whenever technical conditions allowed, and stent size was determined by quantitative coronary angiography analysis. An ECG and CPK &amp; CKMB measurements were obtained at admission, six and twelve hours after the procedure, and the following morning.</p>
      <p>Major in-hospital events were defined as: subacute occlusion, reinfarction, emergency surgery, stroke, and cardiac or global death. The medium-term clinical follow-up took place at three and six months (patients underwent clinical examinations or their clinical status was checked by telephone conversation). Coronary symptomatology, major disease progression events (reinfarction, new revascularization and cardiac and global mortality) were evaluated, as well as event-free survival, including stable coronary disease (major events in disease progression and/or stable angina). Patients with unstable angina or evidence of severe ischemia, detected by means of non-invasive tests, were referred to new coronariographic studies.</p>
      <p>Success was defined as: a residual lesion smaller than 20% after stent implantation or smaller than 50% after ballooning only, with TIMI grade 3 distal flow; angiographic restenosis, a narrowing of the vessel lumen greater than 50% at the lesion site<sup>17</sup>, and clinical restenosis; reincidence of angina symptoms, their equivalents and other ischemic events.</p>
      <p>Quantitative angiography data were obtained on-line by the Emitron DGM IV system and all of the following aspects were analyzed: pre-procedural stenosis, vessel reference diameter, and residual stenosis, defined as the ratio between the minimum luminal diameter at the dilated stenosis site and the reference diameter.</p>
      <p>The continuous variables of demographic data, procedure technique and results, symptomatology, and in-hospital events during disease progression, and the totals from both periods were studied by Student&#146;s t test; the categorical variables were analyzed by the chi-square test, Yates-corrected chi-square test or Fisher&#146;s exact test.</p>
      <p>Logistic regression, multiple logistic regression, Cox univariate and multivariate analyses, and/or Kaplan-Meier curves were used to analyze the following categorical variables: diabetes, extent of disease (one-vessel and multivessel), extent of disease (one-vessel, two-vessel and three-vessel) the last one for Kaplan-Meier curves only, left ventricular function (normal, mild and moderate dysfunction versus severe dysfunction), previous myocardial infarction, gender, tobacco use, and use of stent. The following continuous variables were categorized: time elapsed between symptom onset and reperfusion (<underline>&lt;</underline> 6 hours and &gt; 6 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 12 hours), and reference vessel diameter of the target lesion (&lt; 3 mm and <underline>&lt;</underline> 3 mm). </p>
      <p>Age was categorized as non-octogenarian and octogenarian in the first model of multiple logistic regression and Cox regression; and as non-aged and aged (&lt; 65 years and <underline>&lt;</underline> 65 years) in the second model of multiple logistic regression and Cox regression. Therefore, the models mentioned were age-corrected. On the other hand, Kaplan-Meier&#146;s age curves were analyzed as: 1- non-aged (&lt; 65 years) and aged (<underline>&lt;</underline> 65 years); 2- non-octogenarian and octogenarian; and 3- non-aged, non-octogenarian aged (<underline>&lt;</underline> 65 years and &lt; 80 years) and octogenarian. Kaplan-Meier curves (Log Rank) were also prepared for the significant variables in the multivariate analysis as previously published<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>For in-hospital deaths, the following variables were considered in the multiple logistic regression analysis: diabetes, extent of the disease, left ventricular function, use of stent, diameter of the target vessel, tobacco use, gender, time elapsed between symptom onset and reperfusion, and age.</p>
      <p>Variables with a statistical significance of <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.10 in one or more situations (death, major events and major events and/or stable angina) in the univariate analysis were selected for the Cox multivariate analysis (fitted by forward conditional stepwise selection). The following factors were considered for death analysis: extent of the disease, left ventricular function, gender, time elapsed between symptom onset and reperfusion, and age; and for the major events and major events and/or stable angina analysis: extent of the disease, left ventricular function, gender and age.</p>
      <p>EPI-INFO (6.0 version, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta) and SPSS <italic>for Windows</italic> (10.0 version, SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois) software were used to perform the statistical analysis; the first one was used also as a database.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> displays data for mean age, delay between symptom onset and recanalization of the target vessel, previous myocardial infarction, acute infarction site, previous revascularization, risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic disease, and technical characteristics of the procedure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the groups of male and female patients, respectively: 73 (54.9%) and 42 (63.3%) patients had multivessel coronary disease involvement (p = 0.2393); 28 (21.1%) and 18 (27.3%) had severe left ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.3271), and 54 (40.6%) and 27 (40.9%) had suffered previous acute anterior wall infarction (p = 0.9668). The infarct-related artery (IRA) was occluded in 101 (75.9%) men and 46 (69.7%) women (p = 0.3453), and the initial TIMI flow was grade 2 or 3 in 32 (24.1%) men and 20 (30.3%) women (p = 0.3453). </p>
      <p>For 128 male patients (96.2%) and 65 female patients (98.5%) the target vessel was the native vessel, and for five men (3.8%) and one woman (1.5%) (p = 0.3845) the target vessel was the heart bypass graft. Recanalization of the target vessel was performed for 133 (100%) men and 64 (96.9%) women (p = 0.1088); the procedure was successful in 122 (91.7%) men and 58 (87.9%) women (p = 0.3841), since by the end of the procedure, 11 (8.3%) male patients and six (9.1%) female patients (p = 0.8454) had a TIMI grade 2 flow distal to the lesion that measured 2.7 &#177; 8.5 and 6.7 &#177; 19.0 % (p = 0.1402), respectively.</p>
      <p>The reference diameter of the target vessel was 3.41 &#177; 0.52 (2.17 to 5.23) mm in the male group and 3.11 &#177; 0.49 (2.29 to 4.89) mm in the female group (p &lt; 0.0001); the diameters of the stents used were 3.45 &#177; 0.50 and 3.15 &#177; 0.50 mm (p &lt; 0.0001), respectively. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 82 (61.7%) male patients and in 43 (65.2%) female patients (p = 0.6307), respectively: tirofiban in 55 (41.4%) and 35 (53.0%) patients (p = 0.1191) and abciximab in 27 (20.3%) and 8 (12.2%) patients (p = 0.1536).</p>
      <p>Two men (1.5%) and one woman (1.5%) experienced subacute occlusions and were treated with new coronary interventions. Only the female patient presented a new enzymatic elevation and was, therefore, the last one to be included as reinfarction in the group of two (3.0%) women who progressed to in-hospital reinfarction. This patient was included only once in major in-hospital events. There were no cases of emergency surgery, major bleeding or stroke due to encephalic occlusion in this study. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows cases of in-hospital deaths and major events. The logistic regression analysis revealed that the female group had an increased risk of death of 6.550 (p = 0.024; OR = 6.550; CI 95% = 1.284-33.403). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that in the first model (age categorized as octogenarians and non-octogenarians), the female group had an increased risk of death of 6.605 (P = 0.042; OR = 6.605; CI 95% = 1.071-40.745); patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.062) and octogenarians (p= 0.079) tended toward significance for increased risk of death. In the second model (aged and non-aged patients), there was only tendency toward significance for increased risk of death in: severe left ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.050) and female gender (p = 0.052) factors.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Medium-term follow-up was carried out for 119 (90.8%) men and 57 (95.0%) women. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> displays findings on stable and unstable coronary disease, acute myocardial infarction and death within the six-month progression period. The twelve (10.1%) patients from the male group and the five patients (8.8%) from the female group who progressed to unstable angina during the follow-up period underwent new coronariographies. All of the twelve (10.1%) men and four (7.0%) of the women experienced angiographic restenosis (p = 0.5078). The other female patient (1.8%) progressed to coronary disease in another location. All patients who progressed to unstable angina required new revascularizations. </p>
      <p>Of the twelve patients in the male group, nine underwent a new percutaneous coronary intervention and three had myocardial revascularization surgery. Of the five patients in the female group, four underwent new percutaneous coronary intervention and one had myocardial revascularization surgery.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows data on in-hospital mortality, cardiac and non-cardiac deaths during disease progression, and cardiac and global deaths, as well as the total number of major events and major events and/or stable angina after the six-month follow-up period.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref> show the Kaplan-Meier survival curves prepared according to age (non-aged, non-octogenarian aged and octogenarians) (p = 0.0003) and gender (p = 0.0014).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>At the end of the clinical follow-up period, the multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors related to death were: female gender (p = 0.008; HR = 8.207; CI 95% = 1.743-38.658) and age (octogenarians), (p = 0.001; HR = 8.496; CI 95% = 2.396-30.120); age (aged) showed a marked tendency towards statistical significance (p = 0.053; HR = 3.801; CI 95% = 0.983-14.706). The following factors were associated with major events: multivessel coronary disease (p = 0.005; HR = 3.290; CI 95% = 1.433-7.558), severe left ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.028; HR = 2.351; CI 95% = 1.097-5.038), and age (octogenarians) showed a tendency towards significance (p = 0.069); and the same factors were related to major events and/or stable angina at six months: extent of multivessel coronary disease (p = 0.002; HR = 3.323; CI 95% = 1.527-7.231) and severe left ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.024; HR = 2.292; CI 95% = 1.116-4.71).</p>
      <p>The univariate categorical variables that met criteria to be included in the multivariate analysis ( p<underline>&lt;</underline>0.10) in one or more situations (death, major events, and major events and/or stable angina) were: extent of the coronary disease, left ventricular function and gender (which were included in both models of multivariate analyses), age (non-octogenarian and octogenarian) which was included only in the first model of multivariate analysis, and age (non-aged and aged) which was included only in the second model of multivariate analysis, as well as the time elapsed between symptom onset and reperfusion with p = 0.101. </p>
      <p>At the end of the six-month period, these were independent risk factors for death in the multivariate analysis: female gender and octogenarians (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> ) in the first model, and female gender alone (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>) in the second model (where age was classified as non-aged and aged). The independent risk factors for major events and major events and/or stable angina were: multivessel coronary disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">4</xref>) regardless of how age was categorized.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0211-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
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      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most of the studies published before the advent of primary percutaneous coronary interventions showed higher early and late mortality rates in women than in men<sup>19,20</sup>. In those studies, women were older, had a greater number of risk factors and comorbidities; however, when such differences are considered all together, gender has a less significant influence on the prognosis<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this study, female patients showed higher in-hospital mortality, leading to a higher rate of cardiac and global mortality at the end of the follow-up period despite the statistical adjustments made. </p>
      <p> The predominance of men, especially of a younger age, and the greater reference diameter of their vessels have been reproduced in several studies on the subject<sup>21,22</sup>. Diabetes is related to the worst progression and, generally speaking, has a higher incidence in women <sup>22,23,24</sup>. In our study, diabetes incidence is similar in both groups, but the incidence in the male group (24.1%) is well above that reported by other authors<sup>20,22,23,24</sup>. Women tend to take longer to seek medical care<sup>1</sup>, delaying the introduction of reperfusion strategies <sup>23,24</sup>. After hospital admission, gender is an independent factor of delay for primary percutaneous coronary intervention<sup>25</sup>. Antoniucci et al.<sup>22</sup> report a delay with no significant difference between the groups and values similar to ours which were 3.4 &#177; 2.2 hours in women and 3.6&#177;2.0 hours in men (p = 0.9216), with approximately 50% of the patients treated within the first two hours of onset, which could be beneficial to the disease progression.</p>
      <p>Our success in the procedure was similar in both groups: 91.7% in the male group and 87.8% in the female group (p = 0.3841), rates apparently lower than those published by Vacek et al.<sup>26</sup> (91% and 95%; p = 0.08) and Antoniucci et al.<sup>22</sup> (97% and 98%; p = 0.93); however, these authors considered a TIMI grade 2 or 3 flow distal from the treated lesion as a successful outcome, whereas in our institution, only a TIMI grade 3 flow was considered as satisfactory. Had we considered a TIMI grade 2 or 3 flow as satisfactory, our success rate would have been 100% and 96.9%, respectively. </p>
      <p>The percentages of stents and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors used in men and women are approximately the same as those of other studies with patient enrollment periods similar to ours. Azar et al<sup>21</sup> report a higher incidence of bleeding complications that required blood transfusions during the use of IIb/IIIa in women (24% x 1.7%; p &lt; 0.001), an event that did not occur in our study.</p>
      <p>This difference may be due to the fact that our protocol does not foresee the concomitant infusion of heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor or the early withdrawal of the sheaths still in the procedure room, after heparin neutralization with protamine sulfate. The ample utilization of stents and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors is due to the fact that the patient inclusion period coincided with the publication of medical studies about the benefits of such agents in primary percutaneous coronary intervention<sup>10,27</sup>. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the CADILLAC trial<sup>11 </sup>showed that in primary percutaneous coronary intervention, stenting is the main distinguishing factor in the treatment of lesions and only in regard to the need of new revascularization procedures of the target lesion, since mortality in-hospital and at six months was similar in all four groups, regardless of the use of stents and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors.</p>
      <p>Recent trials aimed at analyzing the role of gender in the progression of myocardial infarction treated by means of primary percutaneous coronary intervention include patients with cardiogenic shock<sup>21,22</sup>; a significantly greater number of women were admitted with cardiogenic shock during enrollment in such studies <sup>21,22,24</sup>. In our study, cardiogenic shock was an exclusion criterion, since Killip class IV patients have a clinical progression much worse than those in class I, II or III <sup>28</sup>, and also because we expected a greater number of women with such severe conditions enrolled in the study.</p>
      <p>In our study, even after the multivariate analysis was performed, female gender remains an independent risk factor for mortality. Some studies do not show any difference in mortality among the groups after primary percutaneous coronary intervention, suggesting that this treatment would equate the progression of the disease between genders<sup>9,23</sup>. </p>
      <p>In other studies, mortality among women was significantly higher; however, after adjusting the clinical characteristics of the groups, namely age, gender was no longer an independent risk factor for mortality<sup>21,22,26</sup>. Nevertheless, there are differences between these studies and our own, especially the longer period between symptom onset and reperfusion and the inclusion of patients in cardiogenic shock<sup>21,22</sup>. In a study with a large number of patients, Vaccarino et al<sup>29</sup> show that, regardless of the type of treatment, in-hospital mortality among women is higher, especially for younger women who show double the incidence when under 50 years of age, whereas in patients over 74 years of age, there is no gender difference in mortality.</p>
      <p> In contrast to virtually all reports in medical literature, Mehilli et al.<sup>30</sup> found similar mortality rates for both genders and, when values were age-adjusted, they found a smaller mortality rate among women. But this study differs from ours in many aspects. Mehilli et al<sup>30</sup> study the period of inclusion was long (6 years). The study that began in 1995 when stents were not often used and IIb/ IIIa blockers were not used at all; only 65% of patients presented with ST-segment elevation infarction; only 86% of the population underwent primary angioplasty; it included those with cardiogenic shock, and patients being treated with thrombolytics, and even patients who had not been treated with any type of reperfusion therapy. Moreover, the time between symptom onset and hospital admission was double the time elapsed between symptom onset and reperfusion of the infarct-related artery in our study.</p>
      <p>In our study, in both models of multivariate analysis used for age-adjustment, mortality among women remained significantly higher by the end of the six-month follow-up period. The higher mortality among women takes place during hospitalization, and becomes similar to that observed among men after hospital discharge; these findings are comparable to those of other trials in which global mortality among women was higher during in-hospital progression and during clinical follow-up; however, after hospital discharge, mortality was similar in both groups<sup>21,22</sup>; and during the clinical follow-up with the adjustment made by multivariate analysis, gender was no longer an independent risk factor for mortality<sup>21,22,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the multivariate analysis of our study, age was significant concerning mortality of patients who were 80 or more years of age, which also differs from other studies presented about the subject that evaluated such a characteristic<sup>21,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>There was no difference between survival free of major events or stable disease at the end of six months. For separate events no difference was observed as to: the presence of unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization and non-cardiac death. Exceptions occurred in relation to global mortality and cardiac mortality, which were higher in the female group. Azar et al.<sup>21</sup> also reported higher mortality rates at the end of six months of follow-up in the female group (15%) against 4.4% in the male group (p &lt; 0.05), as well as for major events (40% x 15%; p &lt; 0.01) due to higher mortality and higher target lesion revascularization rates. </p>
      <p>In the study conducted by Antoniucci et al.<sup>22</sup>, we found no difference among the groups for major events (death, reinfarction and target lesion revascularization) during the six-month follow-up after adjustments were made, with similar levels of angiographic restenosis and need for target lesion revascularization. In our study, after the multivariate analysis, the factors related to a higher incidence of major events at six months were severe left ventricular dysfunction and multivessel involvement of coronary disease; the same was true for survival free of major events and/or stable angina. In our study, as well as in the studies conducted by Antoniucci et al.<sup>22</sup> and Vacek et al.<sup>26</sup>, no difference was found as to the incidence of complications among the groups after the procedure, even knowing that body surface is inversely related to the development of such complications being therefore more common among women<sup>31,32</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the three studies, there was no difference in the clinical follow-up as to clinical<sup>26</sup> or angiographic<sup>22</sup> restenosis and target lesion revascularization<sup>21,26</sup>, even though the studies on restenosis showed an inverse relation between artery reference diameter and incidence of restenosis<sup>32,33</sup>. In our study, as well as in that conducted by Antonioucci et al.<sup>22</sup>, despite the significantly smaller reference diameter of the infarct-related artery in the female group, in both groups it was on average greater than 3.0 mm (in Antoniucci&#146;s study it was 3.11 &#177; 0.49 and 3.02 &#177; 0.41 mm, respectively), and, perhaps for this reason, the levels of clinical restenosis were similar in both groups.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, within the first 12 hours of symptom onset of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients treated by means of primary percutaneous coronary intervention, these were the independent risk factors for death: female gender and eighty or more years of age. For major events and major events and/or stable angina, multivessel coronary disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction proved to be primary risk factors. Cardiac and global deaths were higher within the in-hospital period for the female group; the differences continued during the six-month clinical follow-up and, after discharge, the incidence values were similar. </p>
      <p>Major in-hospital events (acute occlusion, acute myocardial infarction, urgency of myocardial revascularization surgery, and mortality) were significantly higher in women due to higher cardiac mortality, with a similar incidence of the other events analyzed. After hospital discharge, the incidence of major events was similar in both groups; this meant that, after six months of follow-up, the significant difference observed in major events during hospitalization had disappeared, despite the tendency that these events were more likely to affect women. The rates of survival free of major events and/or stable angina were similar in both groups during the follow-up period.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Edison Carvalho Sandoval Peixoto</p>
          <p> Av. Epit&#225;cio Pessoa, 4989/301</p>
          <p> 22471-003 &#150; Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="e.sandoval.p@openlink.com.br">e.sandoval.p@openlink.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/01/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 05/04/05</p>
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