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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XGp5Zc7dgCMsMDNVZFNmtny</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao teste cardiopulmonar ap&#243;s o uso de cimetidina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Gicela Risso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Ernesto Dornelles</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>206</fpage>
      <lpage>210</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Testar a hip&#243;tese, por meio de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, de que a administra&#231;&#227;o de cimetidina altera a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio. M&#201;TODOS: Foram selecionados 24 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com idade entre 20 e 68 anos, n&#227;o-atletas, os quais concordaram em ser submetidos a testes cardiopulmonares, ap&#243;s uso de placebo e de cimetidina, 400 mg, duas vezes ao dia, durante uma semana. Os testes foram realizados em esteira rolante, com protocolo de rampa com an&#225;lises diretas dos gases expirados. Foi avaliada freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida, al&#233;m da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso e do limiar anaer&#243;bico. RESULTADOS: Os indiv&#237;duos estudados foram igualmente distribu&#237;dos por sexo, com idade m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o) de 43 &#177;11 anos. Os exames com placebo e com cimetidina tiveram igual dura&#231;&#227;o (578&#177;90 seg vs 603&#177;131 seg) e igual VO2 pico (35&#177;8 ml/kg.min vs 35&#177;8 ml/kg.min). A administra&#231;&#227;o de cimetidina n&#227;o apresentou efeito significativo na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (75&#177;10 vs 74&#177;8 bpm), no pico do esfor&#231;o (176&#177;12 vs 176&#177;11 bpm) e, da mesma forma, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as varia&#231;&#245;es das freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas (pico - repouso), nos dois estudos (101&#177;14 vs 101&#177;13 bpm). CONCLUS&#195;O: A administra&#231;&#227;o de cimetidina por sete dias n&#227;o altera a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Resposta cronotr&#243;pica</kwd>
        <kwd>teste cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>cimetidina</kwd>
        <kwd>receptores H1 e H2</kwd>
        <kwd>histamina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao teste cardiopulmonar ap&#243;s o uso de cimetidina </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gicela Risso Rocha; Ricardo Stein; M&#225;rcio R. Guimar&#227;es; Jorge Pinto Ribeiro</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cl&#237;nica Cardiom&#233;todo, Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre -UFRGS - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Testar a hip&#243;tese, por meio de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, de que a administra&#231;&#227;o de cimetidina altera a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram selecionados 24 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com idade entre 20 e 68 anos, n&#227;o-atletas, os quais concordaram em ser submetidos a testes cardiopulmonares, ap&#243;s uso de placebo e de cimetidina, 400 mg, duas vezes ao dia, durante uma semana. Os testes foram realizados em esteira rolante, com protocolo de rampa com an&#225;lises diretas dos gases expirados. Foi avaliada freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida, al&#233;m da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso e do limiar anaer&#243;bico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Os indiv&#237;duos estudados foram igualmente distribu&#237;dos por sexo, com idade m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o) de 43 &#177;11 anos. Os exames com placebo e com cimetidina tiveram igual dura&#231;&#227;o (578&#177;90 seg vs 603&#177;131 seg) e igual VO<sub>2</sub> pico (35&#177;8 ml/kg.min vs 35&#177;8 ml/kg.min). A administra&#231;&#227;o de cimetidina n&#227;o apresentou efeito significativo na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso (75&#177;10 vs 74&#177;8 bpm), no pico do esfor&#231;o (176&#177;12 vs 176&#177;11 bpm) e, da mesma forma, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre as varia&#231;&#245;es das freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas (pico &#150; repouso), nos dois estudos (101&#177;14 vs 101&#177;13 bpm). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A administra&#231;&#227;o de cimetidina por sete dias n&#227;o altera a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Resposta cronotr&#243;pica, teste cardiopulmonar, cimetidina, receptores H1 e H2, histamina.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia no teste ergom&#233;trico, relev&#226;ncia reconhecida na literatura h&#225; quase quarenta anos. Alcan&#231;ar pelo menos a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista &#233; um dos objetivos ao se iniciar uma ergometria, para que tenha maior sensibilidade para detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia e, tamb&#233;m, porque a avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao esfor&#231;o tem implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica, definida como inadequado aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, pode ser respons&#225;vel pela redu&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia dos testes n&#227;o-invasivos, como ergometria e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o, sendo tamb&#233;m considerada como um marcador da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a coronariana, com implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas. Conforme foi demonstrado em alguns estudos, a sobrevida dos indiv&#237;duos parece estar diretamente relacionada com a capacidade de atingir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca-alvo, sendo considerada preditor de mortalidade importante e independente<sup>1,2</sup>. Portanto, o conhecimento de que medicamentos utilizados na pr&#225;tica possam interferir na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o esfor&#231;o se torna clinicamente importante.</p>
    <p>A histamina exerce v&#225;rios efeitos no desempenho card&#237;aco, que s&#227;o mediados por receptores H<sub>1</sub> e H<sub>2</sub><sup>3,4</sup>. Os receptores H<sub>2</sub> respondem pelo efeito cronotr&#243;pico positivo da histamina, localizando-se principalmente no &#225;trio direito e ao redor do n&#243; sinusal<sup>5</sup>. Os inibidores dos receptores H<sub>2</sub>, como a ranitidina e a cimetidina, amplamente utilizados na cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica desde os anos 70, t&#234;m sido responsabilizados pela ocorr&#234;ncia de bradicardia e dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dados preliminares de recente estudo observacional<sup>7</sup>, quando foram revisados testes ergom&#233;tricos normais de 158 indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o e testes ergom&#233;tricos normais de 46 indiv&#237;duos que faziam uso de ranitidina ou cimetidina, demonstraram que o grupo sem medica&#231;&#227;o atingiu freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas mais elevadas com m&#233;dia (&#177; desvio padr&#227;o) de 98&#177;5% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista, comparado a 92&#177;12% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista (p &lt; 0,05) atingido pelo grupo com medica&#231;&#227;o. Em uma an&#225;lise de 47 indiv&#237;duos sem medica&#231;&#227;o e 24 indiv&#237;duos com medica&#231;&#227;o, pareados quanto ao sexo, idade e capacidade funcional, os indiv&#237;duos sem medica&#231;&#227;o apresentaram freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima mais elevada (99 &#177; 4% da prevista vs 94&#177;6% da prevista; p &lt; 0,05). Esse estudo observacional, assim como dados de estudos experimentais em repouso, sugere que indiv&#237;duos que fazem uso de bloqueadores H<sub>2 </sub>podem apresentar redu&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima no teste ergom&#233;trico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados 24 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com idade entre vinte e 68 anos, n&#227;o-atletas, os quais concordaram em ser submetidos a testes cardiopulmonares, ap&#243;s uso de placebo e de cimetidina, 400 mg, duas vezes ao dia, durante uma semana. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram informados previamente sobre efeitos da medica&#231;&#227;o, riscos e desconfortos do estudo e assinaram termo de consentimento esclarecido. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Foram considerados crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: evid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas durante o teste, interrup&#231;&#227;o no uso da medica&#231;&#227;o ou ingest&#227;o de outro medicamento durante o per&#237;odo, com efeito sobre a resposta cronotr&#243;pica.</p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo duplo-cego, randomizado, cruzado, no qual 12 indiv&#237;duos receberam placebo na primeira fase do estudo e os outros 12 iniciaram com cimetidina, eliminando-se assim um fator de confus&#227;o, pois poderia haver melhor desempenho no segundo teste, apenas pelo aprendizado. Cada indiv&#237;duo fez uso, durante uma semana, de cimetidina, 400 mg a cada 12 horas, ou placebo, tamb&#233;m um comprimido duas vezes ao dia. Houve dez dias de intervalo entre o fi m da primeira etapa e o in&#237;cio da segunda. O desfecho principal do estudo foi freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima atingida, expressa em termos absolutos e em porcentual da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista, de acordo com a f&#243;rmula: <italic>220 &#150; idade</italic>. Foram tamb&#233;m avaliadas a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de repouso e no limiar anaer&#243;bico. Os registros foram considerados de repouso ap&#243;s per&#237;odo de descanso de pelo menos 5 minutos, com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;vel. Um avaliador determinou a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, considerando a m&#233;dia de registros em 6 segundos.</p>
    <p>Doze indiv&#237;duos realizaram as duas etapas do estudo no laborat&#243;rio cardiopulmonar do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre e oito no Laborat&#243;rio Cardiom&#233;todo, no Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, com o mesmo m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel no primeiro e no segundo exames, o qual estava cegado para a medica&#231;&#227;o que o indiv&#237;duo usava. No Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, os testes foram realizados em esteira rolante (Imbramed, TK10200, Porto Alegre, Brasil), sendo o eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es continuamente monitorizado pelo sistema Elite (Micromed-Biotecnologia, Bras&#237;lia, Brasil). No Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, utilizou-se o mesmo tipo de esteira e o registro do eletrocardiograma foi realizado por sistema computadorizado de eletrocardiograma Cardiax (<italic>Cardiax System</italic>, Budapeste, Hungria). Utilizou-se protocolo de rampa, conforme o n&#250;mero de METS previsto para a idade<sup>8</sup>, considerando tamb&#233;m as caracter&#237;sticas individuais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica desenvolvida habitualmente, sendo ent&#227;o estabelecidas velocidade e inclina&#231;&#245;es iniciais com incrementos graduais de ambas, objetivando completar o protocolo entre 8 e 10 minutos. A mesma programa&#231;&#227;o de rampa foi repetida na segunda etapa. </p>
    <p>Os gases espirados foram analisados em sistema comercial Teem 100 - VO 2000 (<italic>Aerosport</italic>, Ann Arbor, USA), previamente validado por Novitsky e cols.<sup>9</sup> e Wideman e cols.<sup>10</sup>, e periodicamente calibrado com volumes e gases de concentra&#231;&#227;o conhecidos. As medidas foram feitas ap&#243;s haver estabiliza&#231;&#227;o dos valores iniciais, com adequado per&#237;odo de repouso e a cada 20 segundos durante o exerc&#237;cio, originando c&#225;lculos derivados, gr&#225;ficos, tabelas e curvas de ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto (V<sub>E</sub>), produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>), consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (V<sub>E</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>), equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de di&#243;xido de carbono (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>) e raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria (R). O VO<sub>2</sub> pico atingido foi considerado como consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2 </sub>pico), utilizando como crit&#233;rio de maximalidade, valores de R acima de 1,1<sup>11</sup>. O limiar anaer&#243;bico foi determinado por &#250;nico observador.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis s&#227;o descritas como de m&#233;dia + desvio-padr&#227;o e analisadas no pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS. As vari&#225;veis dos testes cardiopulmonares sob a&#231;&#227;o de placebo e cimetidina foram comparadas com o teste "<italic>t</italic>" para amostras pareadas. O tamanho da amostra inicialmente estava previsto para 13 indiv&#237;duos, c&#225;lculo baseado no estudo observacional anteriormente realizado, com um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de pelo menos 10%, com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p <bold>&lt;</bold> 0,05%. O aumento da mostra foi planejado para compensar eventuais perdas por problemas log&#237;sticos e/ou t&#233;cnicos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 24 indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos, 20 conclu&#237;ram as duas etapas previstas, tendo sido 4 exclu&#237;dos pelas seguintes raz&#245;es: 3 n&#227;o conseguiram realizar a segunda etapa do estudo, e 1 caso por haver apresentado inadequa&#231;&#227;o &#224; esteira utilizada. Os 20 indiv&#237;duos selecionados estavam igualmente distribu&#237;dos por sexo, com idade m&#233;dia de 43,4&#177;11 anos, altura m&#233;dia de 169&#177;1 cm, e &#237;ndice de massa corporal de 24,5&#177;3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Os indiv&#237;duos apresentavam eletrocardiograma normal em repouso e durante o esfor&#231;o. N&#227;o foram registrados arritmias ou dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, ou qualquer intercorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica durante e ap&#243;s os testes.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> apresenta os achados dos testes cardiopulmonares sob a a&#231;&#227;o cimetidina e placebo para os 20 indiv&#237;duos estudados. Os exames foram interrompidos por fadiga, com dura&#231;&#227;o semelhante, preenchendo crit&#233;rios para serem considerados como testes m&#225;ximos. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico foi semelhante nos exames com placebo e com cimetidina. O grupo se caracterizou por adequado desempenho f&#237;sico, sendo VO<sub>2</sub> pico, em m&#233;dia, 96&#177;16% do previsto<sup>8</sup>. O consumo de oxig&#234;nio no limiar anaer&#243;bio tamb&#233;m foi semelhante nos dois testes.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0206-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> apresenta os achados de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso e durante os testes cardiopulmonares sob a&#231;&#227;o de placebo e cimetidina. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nas freq&#252;&#234;ncias card&#237;acas de repouso, na intensidade do limiar anaer&#243;bico, no pico do esfor&#231;o, assim como na diferen&#231;a entre a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de pico e de repouso. Da mesma forma, a press&#227;o arterial de pico foi semelhante nas duas condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0206-00008-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta cronotr&#243;pica durante o teste de esfor&#231;o, por ergometria convencional ou teste cardiopulmonar, tem implica&#231;&#245;es no desempenho diagn&#243;stico dos exames. O valor arbitr&#225;rio de 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista vem sendo utilizado para considerar um teste ergom&#233;trico apropriado para fins de diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. No teste cardiopulmonar, o mesmo porcentual &#233; valorizado como crit&#233;rio de esfor&#231;o adequado<sup>11</sup>. Mais recentemente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta cronotr&#243;pica no teste ergom&#233;trico tem se mostrado de grande valor progn&#243;stico. Lauer e cols.<sup>1,2 </sup>acompanharam por tr&#234;s anos uma coorte de pacientes de baixo risco, para estabelecer o valor progn&#243;stico da resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao teste de esfor&#231;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos achados da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. A sobrevida do grupo no qual havia apenas defeito de perfus&#227;o na cintilografia foi similar &#224;quela do grupo que apresentava resposta cronotr&#243;pica inadequada. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica foi identificada como fator preditor independente de mortalidade<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>A resposta de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao teste de esfor&#231;o depende de v&#225;rios fatores e &#233; modulada pelo sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico<sup>12</sup>. Durante o exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico, com aumento progressivo de cargas, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aumenta linearmente mediante a retirada da influ&#234;ncia parassimp&#225;tica e do aumento da a&#231;&#227;o do sistema simp&#225;tico sobre o n&#243; sinusal<sup>13</sup>. Esse aumento &#233; proporcional &#224; carga de trabalho, sendo influenciado por outros fatores, como idade, n&#237;vel de condicionamento f&#237;sico, doen&#231;as concomitantes e envolvimento com o exame<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A histamina &#233; reconhecida como um vasodilatador contribuindo no sistema simp&#225;tico para regular a libera&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina<sup>16</sup>. Essa a&#231;&#227;o parece ser mediada por receptores H<sub>2</sub>. Esses receptores s&#227;o provavelmente pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticos, tamb&#233;m respons&#225;veis pela a&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>6</sup>. A histamina est&#225; estocada em grande quantidade no tecido card&#237;aco, particularmente no &#225;trio direito, ao redor do n&#243; sinusal, n&#243; atrioventricular e ventr&#237;culo direito. Os receptores s&#227;o distribu&#237;dos diferentemente em v&#225;rios pontos do cora&#231;&#227;o; os receptores H<sub>2</sub> predominam no &#225;trio direito, os receptores H<sub>1</sub> no &#225;trio esquerdo, e o ventr&#237;culo direito cont&#233;m ambos<sup>17</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica da histamina em v&#225;rios tecidos n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente esclarecida, por&#233;m estudos anteriores t&#234;m demonstrado que o cora&#231;&#227;o responde &#224; histamina com aumento da contratilidade e da automaticidade atrial<sup>18,19</sup>. </p>
    <p>Inibidores H<sub>2</sub>, usados amplamente h&#225; v&#225;rios anos, foram desenvolvidos para o tratamento da doen&#231;a p&#233;ptica<sup>20-23</sup>. Estudos encontrados na literatura referem efeitos da infus&#227;o intravenosa de cimetidina sobre o sistema cardiovascular em condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso. Peruginni e cols.<sup>24</sup>, em um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, demonstraram o efeito da cimetidina na varia&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, comparado-a com a administra&#231;&#227;o de placebo, em um mesmo grupo de indiv&#237;duos. Nessa amostra, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de repouso foi de 71&#177;15 bpm e, com uso de cimetidina, baixou para 63&#177;13 bpm (p &lt; 0,001). A an&#225;lise dos efeitos cardiovasculares da cimetidina em repouso sugere que esse medicamento possa tamb&#233;m atuar na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de esfor&#231;o. Patterson e Milne<sup>25</sup>, em relato de caso, sugerem que o uso de inibidores H<sub>2 </sub>possa aumentar o risco de desenvolver bloqueio atrioventricular. </p>
    <p>Esses dados experimentais, assim como achados pr&#233;vios de um estudo observacional<sup>7</sup>, desenvolvido em nosso laborat&#243;rio, sugeriam um potencial efeito da cimetidina na resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio, capaz mesmo de alterar o valor progn&#243;stico e diagn&#243;stico do teste de esfor&#231;o. No presente estudo, observamos que, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, com adequado desempenho f&#237;sico, n&#227;o parece haver diferen&#231;a na resposta hemodin&#226;mica ao esfor&#231;o com o uso de cimetidina em doses regulares de manuten&#231;&#227;o, durante sete dias. A resposta cronotr&#243;pica apresenta &#237;ndices semelhantes, independentemente do uso da cimetidina, a qual possivelmente n&#227;o interfere no resultado do exame. Nossos achados est&#227;o de acordo com outros estudos que avaliaram os efeitos da cimetidina nas respostas ao exerc&#237;cio. Saltissi e cols.<sup>26</sup>, em estudo duplo-cego, com 19 indiv&#237;duos, incluindo cardiopatas com arritmia ventricular freq&#252;ente, em uso de medicamentos como diur&#233;ticos e dimenidrato, avaliaram o efeito dos inibidores H<sub>2</sub> no teste ergom&#233;trico convencional. Os autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a significativa na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima ao esfor&#231;o, por&#233;m a presen&#231;a de extra-s&#237;stoles ventriculares em 15 dos 19 indiv&#237;duos prejudicou a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do estudo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com sua marcada variabilidade espont&#226;nea, em presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular, fica comprometida. Da mesma forma, Hughes e cols.<sup>27</sup>, em ensaio cl&#237;nico, compararam os efeitos de cimetidina, ranitidina e placebo em 19 pessoas com idade entre 28 e 51 anos, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos sobre o sistema cardiovascular dos inbidores H<sub>2</sub>, considerando que freq&#252;entemente h&#225; dificuldade no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de doen&#231;as p&#233;pticas e cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. O estudo n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a entre os efeitos das medica&#231;&#245;es quando comparadas entre si e na compara&#231;&#227;o com placebo, no grupo estudado. Daniel Hilleman e cols.<sup>28</sup> avaliaram os efeitos da terap&#234;utica oral, durante sete dias, com cimetidina, famotidina e ranitidina, comparando essas drogas com placebo. O objetivo foi observar a a&#231;&#227;o dos inibidores H<sub>2</sub> sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e sobre a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, em um grupo de 15 homens saud&#225;veis, com idade media de 26&#177;3 anos. Os autores conclu&#237;ram n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a significativa na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico entre os exames realizados com medicamentos quando comparado ao placebo. &#201; importante salientar que em nenhum desses estudos supracitados o desfecho principal relacionava-se &#224; an&#225;lise da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fato esse que distingue nosso experimento dos demais.</p>
    <p>O estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, pois foi realizado em indiv&#237;duos normais, com adequado &#237;ndice de massa corporal, com boa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, conforme a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (VO<sub>2</sub> pico de aproximadamente 35 ml/Kg/min, para m&#233;dia de idade de 43 anos), sem doen&#231;a p&#233;ptica, sem obesidade ou qualquer comorbidade (com doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou diabetes mellitus). Nessas pessoas, os mecanismos de ajustes fisiol&#243;gicos, em presen&#231;a de sistema auton&#244;mico &#237;ntegro, poderiam dificultar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de efeitos menores sobre o bloqueio da a&#231;&#227;o da histamina. </p>
    <p>Novos estudos ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para adequado esclarecimento, como o efeito em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes mellitus, em que h&#225; significante concord&#226;ncia entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios do sistema auton&#244;mico e a presen&#231;a de <italic>Helicobater pylori</italic><sup>29</sup>. </p>
    <p>A administra&#231;&#227;o de cimetidina, por sete dias, n&#227;o altera a resposta cronotr&#243;pica ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>11. Wassermann K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Casaburi R, Whipp BJ. Principals of exercise testing and interpretation, including pathophysiolgy and clinical application. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 1999.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jorge Pinto Ribeiro </p>
        <p> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </p>
        <p> Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 </p>
        <p> 90035-007 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jpribeiro@cpovo.net">jpribeiro@cpovo.net</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 30/12/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/04/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of cimetidine on chronotropic response to cardiopulmonary exercise t esting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the administration of cimetidine will modify the chronotropic response to exercise testing through a random clinical trial. METHODS: The study selected 24 eligible healthy subjects, ages between 20 and 68 years, not athletes, who agreed to undergo cardiopulmonary exercise testing after the administration of placebo and 400 mg of cimetidine twice a day for one week. The tests were performed on a treadmill using a ramp protocol and direct analysis of the expired gases. Peak, resting and anaerobic threshold heart rate were recorded. RESULTS: The twenty subjects studied were equally distributed across sex with mean (&#177; SD) age 43 &#177; 11 years. Tests on placebo and on cimetidine presented similar duration (578 &#177; 90 sec vs 603 &#177; 131 sec) and similar peak oxygen uptake (35 &#177; 8 ml/kg.min vs 35 &#177; 8 ml/kg.min). Cimetidine administration had no significant effect on resting heart rate (75 &#177; 10 bpm vs 74 &#177; 8 bpm), heart rate at peak exercise (176 &#177; 12 bpm vs 176 &#177; 11 bpm), and on the difference between the peak and the resting heart rates - delta HR (101 &#177; 14 bpm vs 101 &#177; 13 bpm). CONCLUSION: The administration of cimetidine for 7 days has no significant effect on the chronotropic response to exercise testing.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chronotropic response</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopulmonary exercise testing</kwd>
        <kwd>cimetidine</kwd>
        <kwd>H1 and H2 receptors</kwd>
        <kwd>histamine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Effects of cimetidine on chronotropic response to cardiopulmonary exercise testing </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gicela Risso Rocha; Ricardo Stein; M&#225;rcio R. Guimar&#227;es; Jorge Pinto Ribeiro</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cl&#237;nica Cardiom&#233;todo, Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre -UFRGS - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To test the hypothesis that the administration of cimetidine will modify the chronotropic response to exercise testing through a random clinical trial.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study selected 24 eligible healthy subjects, ages between 20 and 68 years, not athletes, who agreed to undergo cardiopulmonary exercise testing after the administration of placebo and 400 mg of cimetidine twice a day for one week. The tests were performed on a treadmill using a ramp protocol and direct analysis of the expired gases. Peak, resting and anaerobic threshold heart rate were recorded.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The twenty subjects studied were equally distributed across sex with mean (&#177; SD) age 43 &#177; 11 years. Tests on placebo and on cimetidine presented similar duration (578 &#177; 90 sec vs 603 &#177; 131 sec) and similar peak oxygen uptake (35 &#177; 8 ml/kg.min vs 35 &#177; 8 ml/kg.min). Cimetidine administration had no significant effect on resting heart rate (75 &#177; 10 bpm vs 74 &#177; 8 bpm), heart rate at peak exercise (176 &#177; 12 bpm vs 176 &#177; 11 bpm), and on the difference between the peak and the resting heart rates &#150; delta HR (101 &#177; 14 bpm vs 101 &#177; 13 bpm).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The administration of cimetidine for 7 days has no significant effect on the chronotropic response to exercise testing.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Chronotropic response, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, cimetidine, H<sub>1</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> receptors, histamine.</p>
      <p>The fact that the heart rate is a key element in ergometric exercise testing has been acknowledged in medical literature for over 40 years. One of the aims when beginning an exercise testing program is to reach the maximum predicted heart rate so that greater sensitivity in the detection of ischemia is achieved. The assessment of the chronotropic response to exercise testing also has prognostic implications<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Chronotropic incompetence (CI), the attenuated heart rate (HR) response to exercise, may be blamed for the loss of accuracy in non-invasive tests such as exercise testing and perfusion scintigraphy. CI is also considered to be a coronary disease marker with implications for prognosis. As some studies have demonstrated, the survival of individuals seems to be closely connected with their ability to reach their age-predicted heart rate, an important and independent mortality predictor<sup>1,2</sup>. Therefore, it is clinically important to know which drugs used in medical practice may interfere with the heart rate during exercise testing.</p>
      <p>Histamine has several effects on cardiac performance, mediated by H<sub>1</sub> and H<sub>2 </sub>receptors<sup>3,4</sup>. The latter are responsible for the positive chronotropic effect of histamine and are found mainly in the right atrium and around the sinus node<sup>5</sup>. H<sub>2</sub> receptor inhibitors such as ranitidine and cimetidine, widely used in medical practice since the 1970s, have been linked with cases of brachycardia and atrioventricular conduction disturbances <sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Preliminary data from a recent observation study<sup>7</sup>, where normal ergometric tests of 158 subjects not using any drugs and of 46 individuals who took ranitidine or cimetidine were reviewed, shows that the group taking no medication reached higher heart rates, with a mean (&#177; standard deviation) of 98 &#177; 5 % of the maximum age-predicted heart rate when compared with 92 &#177; 12 % of the maximum age-predicted heart rate (p &lt; 0.05) of the second group. In a study of 47 subjects taking no medication and 24 subjects on medication, paired according to sex, age and functional capacity, revealed that those who took no medication showed higher maximum heart rates (99 &#177; 4% of the age-predicted value vs. 94 &#177; 6% of the age-predicted value; p &lt; 0.05). This observation study combined with data from experimental resting studies suggest that individuals who use H<sub>2 </sub>blockers may show lower maximum heart rates during ergometric testing. Therefore, this randomized trial was conducted to test the hypothesis that the administration of cimetidine may modify the chronotropic response to exercise testing.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study selected 24 eligible healthy subjects, ages between 20 and 68 years, not athletes, who agreed to undergo cardiopulmonary exercise testing after the administration of placebo and 400 mg cimetidine twice a day for one week. Prior to beginning, all were informed of the effects of this drug, the risks and the discomfort involved in the study and granted their written informed consent. The study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Exclusion criteria were: evidence of ischemic changes during the test, interruption in the use of the drug or use of any other drug which could affect the chronometric response during the tests.</p>
      <p>A double-blind random cross-over study was carried out with 12 subjects, who were given a placebo in the first phase of the test while twelve others started with cimetidine. This was done to eliminate a potential source of confusion as the subjects could show a better performance in the second treadmill test because of the "learning effect". Each subject took either 400 mg cimetidine or a placebo pill twice a day for a week. There was a ten-day interval between the end of the first phase and the beginning of the second phase of the test. The main outcome of this study was the maximum HR reached expressed in absolute figures and as a percentage of the maximum age-predicted HR according to the formula: 220-age. The resting and anaerobic threshold HRs were also determined. The registers were considered of rest after a pause of at least 5 minutes, with stable heart frequency. An avalluator determined the heart frequency, considering the average of the registers in 6 seconds. </p>
      <p>Twelve subjects underwent the two phases of the study at the Cardiopulmonary Laboratory of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre and eight others at the Cardiom&#233;todo Laboratory of the Hospital Ernesto Dornelles under the supervision of the same physician in both tests. This physician was not aware of which drug the patients were taking. At the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, the tests were run on a treadmill (Imbramed, TK10200, Porto Alegre, Brazil), and the 12-derivative ECG was permanently monitored using the Elite System (Micromed-Biotecnologia, Bras&#237;lia, Brazil). At the Hospital Ernesto Dornelles, the same type of treadmill was used and the ECG was recorded using a Cardiax automated ECG system (Cardiax Systems, Budapest, Hungary). A ramp protocol was used according to the METS number predicted for each age<sup>8</sup> and also taking into consideration the characteristics of each individual in relation to their routine physical activities. After that, initial speed and inclination were established and these were gradually increased in order to complete the protocol between 8 and 10 minutes. The same ramp program was repeated in the second phase of the study. </p>
      <p>The expired gases were analyzed in the Teem 100 - VO 2000 system (Aerosport, Ann Arbor, USA), prevalidated by Novitsky et al<sup>9</sup> and Wideman<sup>10</sup>. And periodically calibrated with volumes and gases of known concentrations. The readings were made after the stabilization of initial values, with an appropriate interval of rest and then every 20 seconds during the exercise. This yielded derived calculations, graphs, tables and minute ventilation (V<sub>E</sub>), carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>), oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>), heart rate (HR), ventillatory equivalent for oxygen (V<sub>E</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>), ventillatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>) and respiratory exchange ratio (R) curve. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> reached was used as the maximum oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>max), using as a reference criterion R values above 1.1<sup>11</sup>. The ventillatory anaerobic threshold and the compensation point were determined by a single observer after the criteria of Wassereman <italic>et al</italic> <sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>The variables represent the mean values and their corresponding standard deviations and are analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. The cardiopulmonary tests variables under the effect of the placebo and cimetidine were compared with the "t" test for paired samples. The initial sample size was to be 13 according to the observation study previously carried out to yield a statistical power of 80% and detect a difference in heart rates of at least 10% with a significance level of p <bold>&lt;</bold> 0.05. The larger sample size was planned to compensate possible loses caused by technical difficulties.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 24 subjects included in the study, 20 finished the two phases as planned and four had to be excluded: three were not able to complete the second phase of the study as arranged and one was not able to use the treadmill selected in the study. The 20 subjects then selected were equally distributed in two groups according to sex, with average age 43.4 &#177; 11 years, average height 169 &#177; 1cm and average body mass index 24.5 &#177; 3 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Their ECG was normal at rest and during exercise. No arrhythmia or conduction disorders were recorded. </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the findings of cardiopulmonary tests under the effect of cimetidine and placebo for the 20 subjects studied. The exams were interrupted by fatigue and has similar length after fulfilling the criteria to be considered as maximum tests. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> was similar in the placebo and cimetidine test. The group was characterized by satisfatory physical condition, and peak VO<sub>2</sub> peak fell within 96% of the predicted value, on average. The ATVO<sub>2</sub> was similar in both tests.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0206-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> presents the findings of heart rate at rest and during cardiopulmonary tests under the effect of placebo and cimetidine. There was no significant difference in resting heart rate, anaerobic threshold intensity, peak exercise, nor in the difference between peak and resting heart rate. Similarly, the peak arterial blood pressure was similar in both conditions. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0206-00008-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The assessment of the chronotropic response during exercise testing, through conventional ergometry or cardiopulmonary tests has implications to the diagnostic performance of exams. The arbitrary value of 85% of the maximum age-predicted heart rate has been used to validate the suitability of ergometric tests for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. In cardiopulmonary testing, the same percentage is used as a criterion of suitable exercise<sup>11</sup>. More recently, the assessment of the chronotropic response to ergometric testing has shown great prognostic value. Lauer et al<sup>1,2</sup> followed a cohort of low-risk patients for three years to establish the prognostic value of chronotropic response to exercise testing in contrast with the findings of myocardial scintigraphy. The survival rate of the group showing only perfusion defects in scintigraphy was similar to that of the group with unsuitable chronotropic response. In the multivariance analysis, chronotropic incompetence was identified as an important independent mortality predictor<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The response of heart rate to exercise testing depends on several factors and is modulated by the autonomic nervous system<sup>12</sup>. During dynamic exercise with gradual load increase, the heart rate increases linearly through the removal of parasympathetic influence and the increased action of the sympathetic system on the sinus node<sup>13 </sup>and is influenced by several factors such as age, workload, physical conditioning, existing disease and commitment to the examination<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Histamine is a known vasodilator and in the sympathetic system it has a regulatory effect on noradrenaline release<sup>16</sup>. The inhibition seems to be mediated by H<sub>2</sub> receptors. These receptors, which are most likely presynaptic, are also responsible for myocardial action<sup>6</sup>. Large amounts of histamine are stored in the heart tissue, particularly in the right atrium, around the sinus node, the atrioventricular node and the right ventricle. Receptors are distributed in different ways around different areas of the heart, with H<sub>2</sub> receptors prevalent in the right atrium, H<sub>1</sub> receptors in the left atrium and the right ventricle showing both<sup>17</sup>. The physiologic function of histamine in several tissues is not fully known but previous studies have shown that the heart responds to histamine by increasing atrial contractility and automicity<sup>18, 19</sup>.</p>
      <p>H<sub>2 </sub>inhibitors have been used for several years and were first developed to treat peptic disease<sup>20-22</sup>. The cimetidine was the third H<sub>2</sub> receptor antagonist developed by Black and colleagues, with the first two drugs - burimamide and metiamide &#150; being ineffective. Changes to the lateral chain achieved adequate oral absorption and suppression of gastric secretion for a period of 24 hours<sup>23</sup>. Literature studies describe the effects of IV infusion of cimetidine on the cardiovascular system at rest. Perugini et al<sup>24</sup> in a random clinical trial demonstrated the effect of cimetidine on heart rate variation when compared to a placebo in the same group of subjects. The average resting heart rate in the groups under study was 71 &#177;15 bpm. After administration of cimetidine, it fell to 63 &#177; 13 bpm. (p&lt;0.001). The analysis of the cardiovascular effects of cimetidine in a resting individual suggests that this drug may also affect the heart rate during exercise. Patterson and Milne<sup>25</sup>, in a case report, suggest that the use of H<sub>2 </sub>inhibitors may increase the risk of atrioventricular block. </p>
      <p>These experimental data, combined with our previous findings from an observation study<sup>7</sup>, suggested that the cimetidine would have a potential effect on the chronotropic response to exercise, which could alter the prognostic and diagnostic value of exercise testing. In the present study, it was observed that in normal subjects, with appropriate physical performance, there seems to be no difference in the hemodynamic response to exercise with the use of cimetidine in regular maintenance doses for a period of 7 days. The chronotropic response is unchanged after the administration of the drug, which possibly does not interfere on the exam results. These findings are in agreement with the study that assessed the effect of cimetidine on the response to exercise. Saltissi et al<sup>26</sup>, in a double-blind study involving 19 subjects including cardiopaths with frequent ventricular arrhythmia who used drugs such as diuretics and dimenidrate, assessed the effect of H<sub>2</sub> inhibitors on conventional ergometric testing. No significant difference was found in their maximum heart rate during exercise. However, the occurrence of ventricular extrasystoles in 15 of 19 subjects made assessment difficult. The assessment of heart rate, with its marked spontaneous oscillations, is adversely affected in the presence of ventricular arrhythmia. </p>
      <p>The same way, Hughes et al compared, in a clinical assay, the effects of cimetidine, ranitidine and placebo in 19 individuals between the ages of 28 and 51 years old, with the purpose of evaluating the effects of H<sub>2</sub> receptor inhibitors over the cardiovascular system, considering that frequently it is diffi cult to do differential diagnose of peptic diseases and coronary disease. The study did not show any differences between the effects of the medicines when compared to each other and to the placebo, in the studied group. Daniel Hilleman et al evaluated the effects of the oral therapeutic, for 7 days, with cimetidine, famotidine and ranitidine, comparing those medicines to the placebo. The purpose was watching the action of the H<sub>2</sub> receptor inhibitors over the left ventricular function and over the exercise hability, in a group of 15 healthy men, at the average age of 26 &#177; 3 years old. The authors concluded that there were no meaningfull differences in the ventricular function and in the aerobic exercise hability, between the tests made with medicines when compared to the placebo. It is important to stress that in none of these mencioned studies the main purpose was related to the analisis of the heart rate frequence, and that fact differs our experiment from the others.</p>
      <p> The study presents limitations, because it was made on normal individuals, with proper body mass index and good physical performance, according to the American Heart Association (VO<sub>2</sub> max. of around 35 ml/Kg/min, for the average age of 43), without dyspepsia, obesity or any other co-morbid (like, for instance, cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus). On these people, the physiological ajust mechanism, in the presence of an autonomic system without abnormality, could make the evalluation of minor effects over the block of th hystamin action harder. New studies will be needed for proper enlightments, like, for instance, the effect over individuals with diabetes mellitus, in wich there is a meaningfull coincidence between autonomic system disorders and the presence of Helicobater pylori<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the administration of cimetidine for seven days does not change the chronotropic response to exercise testing.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>11. Wassermann K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Casaburi R, Whipp BJ. Principals of exercise testing and interpretation, including pathophysiolgy and clinical application. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 1999.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Jorge Pinto Ribeiro</p>
          <p> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</p>
          <p> Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350</p>
          <p> 90035-007 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jpribeiro@cpovo.net">jpribeiro@cpovo.net</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 12/30/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/29/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
