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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mRLT7sZ6Pr66gTytG3YPGZh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferentes padroniza&#231;&#245;es do teste da caminhada de seis minutos como m&#233;todo para mensura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio de idosos com e sem cardiopatia clinicamente evidente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#234;nia Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Makdisse</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia R.P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo A.T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tebexreni</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Luis R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsushita</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>198</fpage>
      <lpage>205</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico (VO2pico), no teste cardiopulmonar, com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) em idosos saud&#225;veis e com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM). M&#201;TODOS: Avaliados 30 indiv&#237;duos, idade entre 65 e 87 anos (76,03 &#177; 4,75), divididos em 2 grupos: Grupo I - 14 com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca clinicamente evidente (DCCE) Grupo II - 16 sem DCCE. Foram submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar (TCP) e a 2 tipos de TC6. As vari&#225;veis mensuradas foram: a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e respirat&#243;ria (FR), press&#227;o arterial (PA), dist&#226;ncia percorrida (DP), e a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o de BORG. RESULTADOS: O estudo mostrou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o das dist&#226;ncias percorridas, em ambas as formas do (TC6), com o VO2pico obtido no TCP, em todos idosos inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os TC6, quando aplicado com acompanhamento (TC6ac) e sem acompanhamento (TC6s), foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, com maiores valores m&#233;dios da DP, da FC e FR, e da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o no TC6ac, em ambos os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, a FC atingida ao final do esfor&#231;o, no TC6ac, foi semelhante &#224; obtida no TCP m&#225;ximo (p &lt;0,05), sugerindo que esta forma de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 estimula a um maior desempenho cardiovascular. CONCLUS&#195;O: O TC6s, por ser subm&#225;ximo, imp&#245;e uma sobrecarga cardiovascular menor do que TC6ac, sendo provavelmente mais seguro em idosos cardiopatas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Idosos</kwd>
        <kwd>teste da caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>teste cardiopulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diferentes padroniza&#231;&#245;es do teste da caminhada de seis minutos como m&#233;todo para mensura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio de idosos com e sem cardiopatia clinicamente evidente </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cl&#234;nia Oliveira Ara&#250;jo; M&#225;rcia R.P. Makdisse; Paulo A.T. Peres; Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Tebexreni; Luis R. Ramos; Andr&#233;a M. Matsushita; Ant&#244;nio C. Carvalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico (VO<sub>2pico</sub>), no teste cardiopulmonar, com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) em idosos saud&#225;veis e com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Avaliados 30 indiv&#237;duos, idade entre 65 e 87 anos (76,03 &#177; 4,75), divididos em 2 grupos: Grupo I &#150; 14 com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca clinicamente evidente (DCCE) Grupo II &#150; 16 sem DCCE. Foram submetidos ao teste cardiopulmonar (TCP) e a 2 tipos de TC6. As vari&#225;veis mensuradas foram: a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e respirat&#243;ria (FR), press&#227;o arterial (PA), dist&#226;ncia percorrida (DP), e a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o de BORG. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>O estudo mostrou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o das dist&#226;ncias percorridas, em ambas as formas do (TC6), com o VO<sub>2pico </sub>obtido no TCP, em todos idosos inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os TC6, quando aplicado com acompanhamento (TC6ac) e sem acompanhamento (TC6s), foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, com maiores valores m&#233;dios da DP, da FC e FR, e da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o no TC6ac, em ambos os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, a FC atingida ao final do esfor&#231;o, no TC6ac, foi semelhante &#224; obtida no TCP m&#225;ximo (p &lt;0,05), sugerindo que esta forma de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 estimula a um maior desempenho cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O TC6s, por ser subm&#225;ximo, imp&#245;e uma sobrecarga cardiovascular menor do que TC6ac, sendo provavelmente mais seguro em idosos cardiopatas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Idosos, teste da caminhada, teste cardiopulmonar.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da capacidade funcional, por meio do teste cardiopulmonar (TCP), &#233; extremamente utilizada para prover avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC)<sup>1-6</sup>. No entanto, observa-se restri&#231;&#227;o a sua aplicabilidade em indiv&#237;duos idosos sem e com cardiopatia, devido ao seu alto custo, aliado a limita&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias do processo de envelhecimento<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) apresenta-se como uma op&#231;&#227;o de baixo custo e bem mais tolerado, al&#233;m de possibilitar ao paciente determinar a velocidade e a necessidade de realizar pausas, o que &#233; uma vantagem adicional em idosos <sup>9,8,10-12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O TC6 consagrado mundialmente &#233; subm&#225;ximo<sup>13,11</sup>, todavia, existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a dist&#226;ncia total percorrida e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico (VO<sub>2pico</sub>), obtido no teste cardiopulmonar <sup>14,15,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos protocolos utiliza o incentivo verbal, pois se observa um aumento significante da dist&#226;ncia percorrida<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outros autores, entretanto, mostraram que a padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 com acompanhamento do examinador ao lado do paciente, impondo o ritmo da caminhada, al&#233;m do est&#237;mulo verbal, melhora o desempenho do teste, refletido por uma maior dist&#226;ncia caminhada, quando comparado ao TC6 sem acompanhamento, em indiv&#237;duos normais e em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O primeiro objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico obtido no teste cardiopulmonar com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste da caminhada de seis minutos em idosos saud&#225;veis e com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Segundo, comparar o desempenho do teste da caminhada com e sem acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional de corte transversal, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de 98 indiv&#237;duos, com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, sendo 72 pacientes p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e 26 idosos, sem cardiopatia clinicamente evidente. Destes, 68 pacientes n&#227;o foram eleg&#237;veis, devido a patologias ortop&#233;dicas e/ou dist&#250;rbios do equil&#237;brio (n = 55) ou doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (n = 13). Foram selecionados, consecutivamente, 30 indiv&#237;duos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. A idade dos pacientes variou entre 65 e 87 anos, com m&#233;dia de 76,03 &#177; 4,75 anos. Do total, 18 idosos (60%) eram do sexo feminino e 12 (40%), do sexo masculino. Os idosos foram, prospectivamente, divididos em 2 grupos: grupo I &#150; formado de 14 idosos (8 mulheres e 6 homens), com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio confirmado e que estavam em uso de b-bloqueador, clinicamente est&#225;veis, ou seja, sem sinais ou sintomas de insufi ci&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou angina inst&#225;vel, com m&#233;dia de idade de 76,4 &#177; 5,07 anos (variando de 65 a 85 anos), provenientes do Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiogeriatria, Disciplina de Cardiologia, da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP); e grupo II &#150; formado por 16 idosos (10 mulheres e 6 homens), com m&#233;dia de idade de 75,6 &#177; 4,58 anos (de 66 a 87 anos), sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca clinicamente evidente ao exame cl&#237;nico e ao eletrocardiograma basal e de esfor&#231;o, selecionados a partir do Estudo EPIDOSO ("Epidemiologia do Idoso"), estudo longitudinal de uma popula&#231;&#227;o (idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 anos) de idosos residentes no munic&#237;pio de S&#227;o Paulo, selecionados ap&#243;s um estudo censit&#225;rio da regi&#227;o, realizado pelo Centro de Estudos do Envelhecimento da mesma institui&#231;&#227;o. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o em que foi realizada e todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento informado. Foram examinados e selecionados por uma m&#233;dica do servi&#231;o de Cardiogeriatria. O exame cl&#237;nico constou de um question&#225;rio detalhado dos diagn&#243;sticos, fatores de risco e doen&#231;as associadas, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, exame cl&#237;nico e realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma. Os grupos foram homog&#234;neos quanto a caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;fi cas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas do grupo de pacientes infartados em uso de b-bloqueador est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os testes foram realizados em laborat&#243;rio climatizado, com temperatura variando de 18&#176; a 22&#176;C e umidade relativa do ar entre 40 e 60%, de acordo com as II Diretrizes sobre teste ergom&#233;trico da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (2002)<sup>17</sup> e Consenso Nacional de Ergometria (1995)<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em ambos os grupos, aplicamos o protocolo de Weber e cols.<sup>19</sup>, em esteira ergom&#233;trica (Precor C964i-USA). Foram realizados registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em repouso, obtido na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em 3 deriva&#231;&#245;es modificadas, CM5, aVF e V2, na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica e durante o teste, utilizando o sistema computadorizado Ergo-S, Dixtal-Brasil, registrando-se, automaticamente, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o tra&#231;ado ECG ao final de cada est&#225;gio, a cada 2 minutos durante o teste at&#233; a exaust&#227;o, finalizando-se com registros a cada minuto, nas tr&#234;s fases da recupera&#231;&#227;o. Em conjunto, o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pico, foi obtido por medida direta, utilizando-se v&#225;lvula de baixa press&#227;o (Hans Rudolf-USA), conectada a analisadores de oxig&#234;nio (O<sub>2</sub>) e g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (CO<sub>2</sub>) Ametek-USA, O<sub>2 </sub>Analyser S- 3A/L e CO2 Analyser CD- 3<sup>A</sup>, interligados ao sistema Vacumed-Vista Turbofit-Vers&#227;o 320-USA, com aquisi&#231;&#245;es a cada 30 segundos, a partir do repouso.</p>
    <p>O teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) foi realizado em local plano, com um percurso de 25 m em linha reta, e aplicado sempre pelo mesmo examinador, ap&#243;s dois a tr&#234;s dias do teste cardiopulmonar.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a familiariza&#231;&#227;o do teste, o paciente era submetido a duas formas de padroniza&#231;&#227;o. A primeira aplicava o TC6 segundo a <italic>American Association of Cardiovascular &amp; Pulmonar Rehabilitation</italic> (ACVPR)<sup>20</sup> e o <italic>Guidelines for Six-Minute Walk Test</italic> (6MWT) do ATS<sup>21</sup>, com incentivos verbais, a cada 30 segundos A segunda padroniza&#231;&#227;o aplicava o TC6 com acompanhamento, descrito por Cavalheiro e cols.<sup>16</sup>, no qual o examinador caminhava ao lado do paciente impondo o ritmo do teste e estimulando-o verbalmente, a cada minuto, com frases de incentivo ("voc&#234; est&#225; indo muito bem", "ande o mais r&#225;pido que puder").</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;ria, press&#227;o arterial e escala de percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de Borg <sup>22</sup> foram registradas ao repouso e ao final de cada teste, por meio de freq&#252;enc&#237;metro, da marca Polar&#174; Eletro Ou, modelo fitwatch/Finl&#226;ndia, e esfigmoman&#244;metro, da marca B-D&#174; Germany, como tamb&#233;m a dist&#226;ncia percorrida (em metros). Cada teste foi repetido duas vezes, com intervalo de 30 minutos entre o teste inicial e sua primeira repeti&#231;&#227;o (Opasich e cols.)<sup>23</sup>, sendo considerado sempre o resultado do segundo exame. O per&#237;odo entre os testes era de 60 minutos ou at&#233; que as vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas retornassem aos valores basais.</p>
    <p>O software estat&#237;stico para todas essas an&#225;lises foi o <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (S.P.S.S.). Atrav&#233;s dele, aplicamos os testes de qui-quadrado e o exato de Fisher para a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis nominais. Para os dados cont&#237;nuos, foi aplicado o teste t de Student, n&#227;o pareado. </p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m foi aplicada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), com medidas repetidas para verificar se havia diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os tipos de testes de exerc&#237;cio utilizados neste estudo. O procedimento de Bonferroni foi utilizado nos casos em que o resultado da ANOVA apontou para uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do teste cardiopulmonar n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos quanto ao VO<sub>2pico</sub> e ao limiar anaer&#243;bio. Houve diferen&#231;a apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e duplo produto ao repouso e no pico de exerc&#237;cio, secund&#225;ria ao uso de b-bloqueador nos pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os testes da caminhada, tanto o com acompanhamento como no TC6 sem acompanhamento, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o evidenciaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos em estudo, por meio dos valores m&#233;dios da dist&#226;ncia percorrida [respectivamente, dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia 532,03 &#177; 62 m / 483,9 &#177; 96,65 m; (p = 0,126), D= 467,19 &#177; 60 / 413,57 &#177; 84; (p= 0,07)]. Houve diferen&#231;a apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e duplo produto ao repouso no pico de exerc&#237;cio, secund&#225;ria ao uso de b-bloqueador nos pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (p&lt;0,001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Nos idosos normais, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, entre o VO<sub>2pico</sub>, obtido no TCP, e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6, mostrou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o, tanto no teste com acompanhamento (r = 0,791; p = 0,002), como no teste sem acompanhamento (r = 0,801, p = 0,002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;ficos 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02">2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os resultados obtidos nos idosos infartados em uso de b-bloqueadores, aplicando-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson entre o VO<sub>2pico</sub>, obtido no TCP, e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6, mostraram uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o, tanto no com acompanhamento (r = 0,768; p &lt;0,01), como no sem acompanhamento (r = 0,766; p &lt;0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf03">gr&#225;ficos 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf04">4</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="grf04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre os testes da caminhada de 6 minutos, quando aplicado com o fisioterapeuta caminhando ao lado do paciente, incentivando-o verbalmente (TC6ac, com acompanhamento) e o teste apenas com o est&#237;mulo verbal (TC6s, sem acompanhamento), foi observado diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante, com maiores valores m&#233;dios da dist&#226;ncia percorrida, da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;ria, e da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o no TC6 com acompanhamento, tanto nos pacientes com IM pr&#233;vio como nos idosos sem cardiopatia clinicamente evidente. O TC6ac aumentou a m&#233;dia da dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 70,33 m, aproximadamente em 15% nos pacientes com IM pr&#233;vio, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao TC6s. Nos idosos "normais", o TC6ac melhorou o desempenho do TC6ac por meio do acr&#233;scimo m&#233;dio da dist&#226;ncia em 64,84 m, ou seja, em aproximadamente 12% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf05">gr&#225;fico 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <fig id="grf05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A busca por meios alternativos de mensura&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio visa, principalmente, diminuir os custos e facilitar aplica&#231;&#227;o destes instrumentos em grandes estudos, portanto, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Guidelines para o TC6 da ATS<sup>21</sup> n&#227;o s&#227;o destinadas a limitar o uso de protocolos alternativos para estudos cient&#237;ficos. H&#225; tamb&#233;m necessidade de se buscar adapta&#231;&#245;es destes m&#233;todos para as diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es a serem estudas, adequando-se aos objetivos propostos.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, os grupos foram homog&#234;neos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade e ao sexo. Houve predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino em ambos os grupos (m&#233;dia 60%), &#224; semelhan&#231;a dos dados da literatura que demonstram maior percentual de mulheres nos grupos et&#225;rios mais avan&#231;ados <sup>24,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foram encontrados, em nosso estudo, n&#237;veis similares de VO<sub>2pico</sub> e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ao pico do esfor&#231;o diferentes, obtido no TCP, nos dois grupos de pacientes. Isto ocorreu devido ao fato dos idosos infartados (grupo 1) apresentarem uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia ao repouso de 57,5 &#177; 5,76 batimento/minuto, gra&#231;as ao uso prolongado de b-bloqueadores e em doses suficientes para alcan&#231;ar a FC recomendada pelos Guidelines Brasileiro e Americano para o tratamento dos pacientes com DAC, sugerindo que idosos infartados, compensados clinicamente em uso de b-bloqueadores, podem apresentar valores de VO<sub>2pico </sub>pr&#243;ximos aos de idosos sem cardiopatia evidente. Este resultado tamb&#233;m foi observado por meio do teste da caminhada de seis minutos, que demonstrou desempenho f&#237;sico semelhante entre os grupos em an&#225;lise, atrav&#233;s da mensura&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia total percorrida durante o teste. </p>
    <p>O nosso estudo mostrou uma significante e forte correla&#231;&#227;o das dist&#226;ncias percorridas, em ambas as formas de padroniza&#231;&#245;es, do TC6 com o VO<sub>2pico</sub>, obtido no TCP, em todos idosos inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. A literatura tamb&#233;m tem demonstrado que h&#225; uma moderada &#224; forte correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida em 6 minutos e o VO<sub>2pico</sub>, obtido por meio do TCP, em pacientes com ICC <sup>8,11,13,14,26,,27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os TC6, tanto com acompanhamento como sem acompanhamento, foram bem tolerados, por todos os idosos deste estudo, sem a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de pausas ou interromp&#234;-los por sintomas. O teste cardiopulmonar tamb&#233;m foi bem tolerado, sendo interrompido em dois pacientes idosos, com IM pr&#233;vio, por apresentarem resposta isqu&#234;mica, manifestada apenas atrav&#233;s de altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. Portanto, como n&#227;o temos estudo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TC6, devemos seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es descritas no Guidelines para TC6 em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s indica&#231;&#245;es como &#224;s contra-indica&#231;&#245;es, e os fatores de interrup&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a de sintomas. Assim como realiz&#225;-lo em ambiente hospitalar com o mesmo suporte de emerg&#234;ncia necess&#225;rio para o TCP <sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Embora o teste cardiopulmonar, em bicicleta ou esteira ergom&#233;trica, seja o mais preciso meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho f&#237;sico, ele n&#227;o &#233; compat&#237;vel a todos os indiv&#237;duos idosos. Peeters &amp; Mets demonstraram que 22% dos pacientes idosos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva foram incapazes de concluir o teste ergom&#233;trico, por causa da velocidade da esteira e conseq&#252;ente sensa&#231;&#227;o de cair, no entanto, todos pacientes foram capazes de completar o TC6. </p>
    <p>O teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) &#233; dependente de motiva&#231;&#227;o, aprendizado e esfor&#231;o. Guyatt e cols. demonstraram que o TC6, realizado com encorajamento verbal, est&#225; associado a um aumento significativo da dist&#226;ncia percorrida. Por&#233;m, na padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 com acompanhamento, aplicamos n&#227;o s&#243; o encorajamento proposto por Guyatt e cols., mas associamos a presen&#231;a de um fisioterapeuta ao lado do paciente, impondo a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo, seguindo o protocolo de Cavalheiro e cols.<sup>16</sup>, o que refletiu em uma maior dist&#226;ncia caminhada, assim como de todas as outras vari&#225;veis avaliadas, quando comparado ao TC6 sem acompanhamento. </p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, no TC6 sem acompanhamento, o n&#237;vel de esfor&#231;o foi subm&#225;ximo em ambos os grupos de idosos analisados, como o que se encontra na literatura <sup>21,13,11</sup>. No entanto, a padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 com acompanhamento mostrou que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, atingida ao final do esfor&#231;o, foi semelhante &#224; obtida no teste cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo (p &lt;0,05), sugerindo que esta forma de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 estimula a um maior desempenho cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo demonstraram tamb&#233;m que a t&#233;cnica do TC6 com acompanhamento de um examinador levou os idosos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio a atingir, ao final do teste, n&#237;veis de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (de at&#233; 95% da FC obtida no TCP) superiores ao obtido nos idosos sem cardiopatia clinicamente evidente (at&#233; 87% da FC obtida no TCP). Este fato pode ser explicado, provavelmente porque no indiv&#237;duo coronariano n&#227;o somente o volume sist&#243;lico &#233; menor que o normal, como a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) &#233; mais elevada durante o exerc&#237;cio, ou seja, o volume sist&#243;lico diminui acentuadamente em exerc&#237;cio que requerem mais de 60 &#150; 70% do VO2m&#225;x, podendo atingir uma FC superior a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis para intensidade de esfor&#231;o semelhante <sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ambas as formas de padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 n&#227;o podem determinar diretamente o consumo de oxig&#234;nio, nem quantificar de maneira precisa os fatores de limita&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o com defini&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos dos diferentes sistemas envolvidos. Portanto, tanto as indica&#231;&#245;es como as contra-indica&#231;&#245;es e os fatores de interrup&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a de sintomas devem ser seguidos de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es descritas no Guidelines para TC6. Como o TC6 n&#227;o pode ser isento de risco, deve ser realizado em ambiente hospitalar com o mesmo suporte de emerg&#234;ncia necess&#225;rio para o TCP <sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>A padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 aceita mundialmente &#233; v&#225;lida e confi&#225;vel, tanto em paciente card&#237;acos<sup>29 </sup>como tamb&#233;m em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<sup>30</sup>. No entanto, devido ao tamanho da amostra do nosso estudo, n&#227;o podemos afirmar o mesmo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TC6 com acompanhamento. Mas, de acordo com os nossos resultados, observamos que a aplica&#231;&#227;o do TC6 com acompanhamento seria mais &#250;til que o TC6 sem acompanhamento quando o objetivo fosse analisar a capacidade f&#237;sica, pois este m&#233;todo refletiria em um desempenho cardiovascular mais pr&#243;ximo do m&#225;ximo.</p>
    <p>Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar, principalmente, a seguran&#231;a da padroniza&#231;&#227;o do TC6 com acompanhamento em idosos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio. O TC6 adotado mundialmente, por ser subm&#225;ximo, imp&#245;e uma sobrecarga cardiovascular menor, sendo, provavelmente, mais seguro em idosos cardiopatas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Cl&#234;nia Oliveira Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> Rua Deputado &#193;lvaro Gaud&#234;ncio, 460/501 </p>
        <p> 58100-700 - Campina Grande, PB </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="clenia.araujo@terra.com.br">clenia.araujo@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 07/12/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 30/03/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Different patterns for the 6-minute walk test as a test to measure exercise ability in elderly with and without clinically evident cardiopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the correlation between peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), from cardiopulmonary test with the distance covered in the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in healthy elderly and with myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Thirty individuals were studied, with age range 65 - 87 years (76, 03&#177; 4,75), divided into 2 groups: Group I - 14 with clinically evident coronary heart disease (CHD) and Group II - 16 without clinically evident CHD. They were submitted to cardiopulmonary test (CPT) and 2 types of 6MWT, standard test 6MWTs. Variables measure at rest and exertion were heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), distance covered (DC), and Borg&#8217;s rate subjective perceived exertion (RPE). RESULTS: The study showed significant, strong correlation between distances covered for both 6MWT, and (VO2peak) obtained from cardiopulmonary test (CPT) for all elderly included in the study. When comparing the 6MWT with physiotherapist support (6MWTphy) and without support (6MWTw), statistically significant difference was observed, with higher average values of the DC, of the RH and RR and Borg&#8217;s RPE in the 6MWTphy, both of the groups. Addtionally, the RH reached at final the exertion in 6MWTphy was similar to that obtained in CPT (p&lt;0,05) suggesting that the 6MWT stimulates higher cardiovascular performance. CONCLUSION: 6MWTw, adopted a worldwide, by being submaximal imposes lower cardiovascular overburden as compared to 6MWTphy and is probably safer for elderly who are cardiopaths.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Elderly</kwd>
        <kwd>walk test</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopulmonary test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Different patterns for the 6-minute walk test as a test to measure exercise ability in elderly with and without clinically evident cardiopathy </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cl&#234;nia Oliveira Ara&#250;jo; M&#225;rcia R.P. Makdisse; Paulo A.T. Peres; Ant&#244;nio S&#233;rgio Tebexreni; Luis R. Ramos; Andr&#233;a M. Matsushita; Ant&#244;nio C. Carvalho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES: </bold>Evaluate the correlation between peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2peak</sub>), from cardiopulmonary test with the distance covered in the six-minute walk test (6MWT) in healthy elderly and with myocardial infarction (MI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> Thirty individuals were studied, with age range 65 &#150; 87 years (76, 03&#177; 4,75), divided into 2 groups: Group I &#150; 14 with clinically evident coronary heart disease (CHD) and Group II &#150; 16 without clinically evident CHD. They were submitted to cardiopulmonary test (CPT) and 2 types of 6MWT, standard test 6MWTs. Variables measure at rest and exertion were heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), distance covered (DC), and Borg&#146;s rate subjective perceived exertion (RPE).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The study showed significant, strong correlation between distances covered for both 6MWT, and (VO<sub>2peak</sub>) obtained from cardiopulmonary test (CPT) for all elderly included in the study. When comparing the 6MWT with physiotherapist support (6MWTphy) and without support (6MWTw), statistically significant difference was observed, with higher average values of the DC, of the RH and RR and Borg&#146;s RPE in the 6MWTphy, both of the groups. Addtionally, the RH reached at final the exertion in 6MWTphy was similar to that obtained in CPT (p&lt;0,05) suggesting that the 6MWT stimulates higher cardiovascular performance.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>6MWTw, adopted a worldwide, by being submaximal imposes lower cardiovascular overburden as compared to 6MWTphy and is probably safer for elderly who are cardiopaths. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Elderly, walk test, cardiopulmonary test.</p>
      <p>Functional ability analysis through cardiopulmonary test (CPT) is widely used for prognostic and therapeutic evaluation of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) <sup>1-6</sup>. However, its applicability poses restriction to elderly without and with cardiopathy, due to high cost, associated to ageing process inherent limitations<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is a low cost, better tolerated choice option, in addition to allowing patients to determine the speed and the need for pauses, which stands as an additonal advantage for the elderly<sup>9,8,10-12</sup>. </p>
      <p>The submaximal<sup>13,11</sup> 6MWT is the renowned worldwide; however, there is a linear correlation between total distance covered and peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2peak</sub>) obtained through cardiopulmonary test<sup>14,15,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Most protocols use verbal stimulus, when significant increase of distance covered<sup>12</sup> can be observed.</p>
      <p>Other authors, however, have shown that the pattern using 6MWT with support by examiner side by side with patient, giving pace to their walk in addition to verbal stimulus, improves test performance, which is shown by the distance covered when compared to 6MWT with no physiotherapist in normal individuals and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.<sup>16</sup></p>
      <p>The primary objective in the present study was to evaluate the correlation between peak oxygen consumption obtained from cardiopulmonary test, and the distance covered in the 6-minute walk test in healthy elderly with myocardial infarction (MI). Secondly, compare walk test performance with and without monitoring.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional, observational study, to investigate 98 individuals who are 65 years old or older: 72 were post myocardial infarction patients, and 26 were elderly patients with no clinically evident cardiopathy. From those, sixty-eight (68) patients were not eligible, due to orthopedic pathologies and/or balance disorders (n = 55), or chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) (n = 13). Thirty (30) individuals who fulfilled inclusion criteria were selected consecutively. Patients&#146; age ranged from 65 to 87 years of age, with mean at 76.03 &#177; 4.75. From the total, 18 elderly (60%) were females, and 12 (40%), males. The elderly were prospectively divided into 2 groups: Group I &#150; made up of 14 elderly patients (8 females and 6 males), with confirmed myocardial infarction, on b-blockers, clinically stable, which means to say, with no signs or symptoms of heart failure or unstable angina, with mean age 76.4 &#177; 5.07 years (age range 65-85 years old), from the Cardiogeriatrics Outpatient Unit, Department of Cardiology, at the S&#227;o Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP); and Group II &#150; made up of 16 elderly patients (10 females and 6 males), with mean age 75.6 &#177; 4.58 years (age range 66-87 years old),with no clinically evident CHD at clinical exam, and electrocardiogram at baseline and on exertion, screened from the EPIDOSO Study (Epidemiology of the Elderly &#150; Epidemiologia do Idoso), a longitudinal study, with a population of elderly patients (age <underline>&gt;</underline> 65 ), all S&#227;o Paulo residents, after a regional census study carried out by the Ageing Study Center (Centro de Estudos do Envelhecimento) at the same institution. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the University hospital it was carried out. All participants signed the informed consent. Patients were examined and screened by a physician at the Cardiogeriatrics Service. Clinical examination included a detailed questionnaire of diagnoses, risk factors and conditions associated, medications being used, clinical exam and ECG. The groups showed to be homogeneous in regard to clinical and demographical characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). The characteristics shown by the group of infarcted patients on b-blockers can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Tests were carried out in a climatized laboratory, with temperature ranging from18&#176; to 22 &#176;C, and humidity between 40 and 60%, in compliance with II Guidelines on ergonometric test by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (2002)<sup>17</sup> and the National Ergonometry Consensus (1995)<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>In both groups, the protocol by Weber and collaborators<sup>19</sup> was applied on the ergometric treadmill (Precor C964i-USA). Twelve-lead electrocardiographic records (ECG) were taken at rest and in supine position, and in modified 3-lead ECG positions - CM5, VF and V2 &#150; as well as in orthostic position. During the test, through the use of computerized Ergo-S, Dixtal-Brasil and automatic recording of HR and ECG line at the end of each stage every 2 minutes during the course of test up to exhaustion, ending with recording every minute in the three recovery phases was carried out. In combination, peak oxygen consumption was obtained by a low pressure valve (Hans Rudolf-USA), connected to oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and carbonic gas (CO<sub>2</sub>) analyzers - Ametek-USA, O<sub>2 </sub>Analyser S- 3A/L and CO2 Analyser CD- 3<sup>A</sup>, interconnected to the Vacumed-Vista Turbofit system - Version 320-USA, with acquisitions every 30 seconds from resting position.</p>
      <p>The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) was carried out on flat floor, being 25 meters on straight line, and always applied by the same examiner two or three days following cardiopulmonary test.</p>
      <p>After being acquainted with the test, patients were submitted to two standard techniques. The first one applied the 6MWT according to the <italic>American Association of Cardiovascular &amp; Pulmonar Rehabilitation</italic> (ACVPR)<sup>20</sup>, and the <italic>Guidelines for Six-Minute Walk Test</italic> (6MWT) by the ATS<sup>21</sup>, with verbal stimulation every 30 seconds. The second standard technique conducted the 6MWT with monitoring, as described by Cavalheiro et al<sup>16</sup>, when the examiner would walk along, lead the pace and verbally stimulate patients every minute with incentive tag lines ("you&#146;re doing great", "walk as fast as you can").</p>
      <p>Heart rate and respiratory rate, blood pressure and Borg&#146;s<sup>22</sup> PRE were recorded at rest and at the end of each test through a frequency meter - Polar&#174; Eletro or Fitwatch/Finland; and a sphygmomanometer - B-D&#174; Germany, as well as distance covered (in meters). Every test was repeated twice, with 30-minute intervals between the first test and first repetition (Opasich and collaborators)<sup>23</sup>. The second test was always the one to be recorded. Tests were carried out 60 minutes apart, or until physiological variables returned to baseline.</p>
      <p>Statistical software for all the analyses was <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (S.P.S.S.). Through that software, chi-square tests and Fisher exact test were applied for the purpose of comparison of nominal variables. For continuous data, non-paired Student t test was applied. </p>
      <p>Variance analysis (ANOVA) was also applied with repeat measures to investigate statistically significant differences between the types of exercise used in the study. Bonferroni procedures was used for the cases where the ANOVA result pointed out some statitically significant difference.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Results from the cardiopulmonary test did not show statistically significant difference between the groups as far as VO<sub>2peak </sub>or anaerobic threshold. The only difference shown referred to heart rate and double product at rest, and exercise peak, secondary to the use of b-blocker in patients with previous myocardial infarction (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Neither the 6-minute wallk tests with physiotherapist support (6MWTphy) nor without support (6MWTw) showed statistically significant difference in the groups under study based on mean values of distance covered [respectively, mean distance 532.03 &#177; 62 m / 483.9 &#177; 96.65 m; (p = 0.126), D= 467.19 &#177; 60 / 413.57 &#177; 84; (p= 0.07)]. Difference was shown only in regard to heart rate and double product at rest at exercise peak, secondaty to the use of b-blocker in patients with previous myocardial infarction (p&lt;0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In normal elderly patients, Pearson correlation coefficient between VO<sub>2peak</sub>, obtained from CPT, and the distance covered in the 6MWT was shown to be strongly correlated, both for the test with monitoring (r = 0.791; p = 0.002), and in the test without monitoring (r = 0.801, p = 0.002) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Results obtained from infarcted elderly patients on b-blockers by applying Peasron correlation coefficient from CPT, and the distance covered in the 6MWT, were shown to be strongly correlated, both for the test with monitoring (r = 0.768; p&lt; 0.01), and the test without monitoring (r = 0.766, p&lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>When comparing the 6-minute walk tests with physiotherapist support (6MWTphy) and verbal stimulation along with patient, and without support (6MWTw), and the test with verbal stimulation only (6MWTw) statistically significant difference was osbserved, with higher mean values of distance covered, of HR and RR, and of RPE in the 6MWT with physiotherapist support, both for patients reporting previous MI and for the elderly without clinically evident CHD. The 6MWTphy increased average distance covered by 70.33m, approximately 15% for patients with previous MI as compared to 6MWTw. In "normal" elderly patients, 6MWTphy improved performance of 6MTWphy by increasing average distance covered by 64.84 m, which means to say, approximately 12% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0198-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The search for alternative means to measure exercise capabilities has the major purpose of cutting costs and making easier use of those tools in extensive studies. Therefore, Guidelines recommendations for the ATS<sup>21</sup> 6MWT are not designed to limit the use of alternative protocols in scientific studies. There is also the need to search for method adaptation for the different populations to be studied, for objectives to be properly addressed as proposed.</p>
      <p>The groups were homogeneous in regard to age and gender in the present study. Females predominated in both groups (60% in average), similarly to data made available by literature, showing higher percentage of women in later age groups. <sup>24,25</sup></p>
      <p>Based on CPT data in both groups of patients, the present study also found similar levels of VO<sub>2peak, </sub>and different HR peak exertion levels. That was due to the fact that infarcted elderly patients (Group 1) reported HR at 57.5 &#177; 5.76 beats/ minute at rest thanks to prolonged use of b-blockers at such doses as to reach HR levels as recommended by the Brazilian and the American Guidelines for the treatment of CHD, thus suggesting that infarcted elderly that are clinically compensated by the use of b-blockers may report VO<sub>2peak </sub>values close to those of elderly patients without evident cardiopathy. Such result was also observed in the 6-minute walk test, which showed similar physical performance in the two groups under analysis when total distance covered was measured during the test. </p>
      <p>The present study showed significant, strong correlation between distances covered for both six-minute walk test standards (6MWT), for VO2peak, obtained from cardiopulmonary test (CPT), and for all elderly individuals included in the study. Reports in the literature have also shown there is moderate to strong linear correlation between the distance covered in 6 minutes and the VO<sub>2peak</sub> obtained from the CPT in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).<sup>8,11,13,14,26,,27</sup></p>
      <p>Both 6MWT &#150; with monitoring and without monitoring &#150; were well tolerated by all elderly patients participating in the study, with no need for pauses or interruptions due to symptoms. The cardiopulmonary test was also well tolerated. It was interrupted by two elderly patients with previous MI, since they had presented schemic response only through electrocardiographic changes. Therefore, as electrocardiographic is not part of the 6MWT, recommendations from the Guidelines must be followed in regard to 6MWT indications and contra-indications, as well as interruption factors if symptoms are presented. It should also be carried out in a hospital environment, with the same emergency support as required for CPT. <sup>21</sup></p>
      <p>Although the cardiopulmonary test &#150; whether on the bicycle or on the ergometric treadmill &#150; is the most accurate physical performance evaluation tool, it is not compatible to all elderly individuals. Peeters &amp; Mets have demonstrated that 22% of all elderly patients with congestive heart failure were not able to finish the ergometric test due to treadmill speed and feeling of unstableness. All patients were able to finish the 6MWT, though. </p>
      <p>The 6-minute walk test (6MWT) is dependent on motivation, learning, and diligence. Guyatt and collaborators have demonstrated that 6MWT with verbal stimulation is associated to significant increase of distance covered. However, when 6MWT is carried out with the support pattern, not only the stimulus as proposed by Guyatt and collaborators was applied, but the presence of a physiotherapist was included along with patient, to give pace to their walk, in addition to following the protocol by Cavalheiro and collaborators<sup>16</sup>, which resulted in longer distance covered, as well as all other variables assessed when compared to the 6MWT with no support. </p>
      <p>In the present study, effort level was submaximal in all groups of elderly patients under analysis for the 6MWT with no support, as found in the literature<sup>21,13,11</sup>. However, the 6MWT pattern with monitoring showed that heart rate (HR) reached at final exertion was similar to that obtained in maximum cardiopulmonary test (p&lt;0.05), thus suggesting that 6MWT pattern stimulates higher cardiovascular performance.</p>
      <p>Results from the present study have also shown that the 6MWT with an examiner monitoring the technique being used led elderly patients with previous myocardial infarction to reach &#150; at test end &#150; heart rate levels (up to 95% of HR from CPT) higher than those reported by elderly patients with no clinically evident cardiopathy (up to 87% of HR from CPT). That may be explained by the fact that in CHD individuals systolic volume is lower than normal, and HR is higher during exercise. That means to say that systolic volume decreases significantly while under exercise requiring over 60 &#150; 70% of VO<sub>2max</sub>, with the possibility of reaching HR higher than healthy individuals for similar effort level.<sup>28</sup></p>
      <p>Neither of the 6MWT patterns can directly define oxygen consumption or accurately quantify constraint factors on exertion by defining the different pathophysiologic mechanisms of different systems involved. Therefore, both indications and contra-indications, and interruption factors when symptoms are present must be followed as set forth in the Guidelines recommendations in regard to 6MWT. Since 6MWT cannot be risk-free, it is to be carried out in hospital environment with the same emergency support required for CPT. </p>
      <p>6MWT patterns are valid and reliable, and accepted worldwide, both for heart condition patients<sup>29 </sup>as well as for healthy individuals.<sup>30</sup> However, due to sample size in the present study, the same cannot be said about 6MWT with monitoring. Our results did show, though, that the 6MWT with monitoring would be more useful if compared to 6MWT with no monitoring if the purpose is to evaluate physical capacity, since this method would reflect closest to maximal cardiovascular performance.</p>
      <p>Additional studies are necessary to particularly determine the safety of 6MWT with monitoring for the elderly patients with previous myocardial infarction. Since 6MWT - adopted worldwide - is submaximal, it imposes lower cardiovascular overburden as compared to 6MWTphy and is probably safer for elderly who are cardiopaths.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Cl&#234;nia Oliveira Ara&#250;jo</p>
          <p> Rua Deputado &#193;lvaro Gaud&#234;ncio, 460/501</p>
          <p> 58100-700 - Campina Grande, PB - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="clenia.araujo@terra.com.br">clenia.araujo@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 12/07/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/30/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
