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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LkvWmRtYhwDTxRyPcxLkQXf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: avalia&#231;&#227;o pelos novos marcadores de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Silva dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minuzzo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Avezum</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>191</fpage>
      <lpage>197</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar, atrav&#233;s da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos novos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca, se a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (CVE) causa les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 76 pacientes (P) submetidos a CVE eletiva de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter atrial. Medidas de creatinafosfoquinase (CPK), CKMB-atividade e dosagem de CKMB-massa (M), mioglobina e troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI) foram determinadas antes e ap&#243;s 6 e 24 horas da CVE. RESULTADOS: A CVE resultou um sucesso em 58 P (76,3%). A carga cumulativa (CC) foi de at&#233; 350 joules (J) em 36 P, de 500 a 650 J em 20 P e de 900 a 960 J em 20 P, com energia m&#233;dia aplicada de 493 J (&#177; 309). A cTnI permaneceu dentro da normalidade nos 76 P. Com o aumento da CC, ocorreu eleva&#231;&#227;o de CPK (&gt; valor de p = 0,007), CKMB-atividade (&gt; valor de p = 0,002), CKMB-M (&gt; valor de p = 0,03) e mioglobina (&gt; valor de p = 0,015). Correla&#231;&#227;o positiva foi observada entre a CC e picos de CPK (r = 0,660; p &lt; 0,001), CKMB-atividade (r = 0,429; p &lt; 0,0001), CKMB-M (r = 0,265; p = 0,02) e mioglobina (r = 0,684; p &lt; 0,0001). Correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m positiva ocorreu entre o n&#250;mero de choques e picos de CPK (r = 0,770; p &lt; 0,001), CKMB-atividade (r = 0,642; p &lt; 0,0001), CKMB-M (r = 0,430; p &lt; 0,0001) e mioglobina (r = 0,745; p &lt; 0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: A CVE n&#227;o causa les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica detect&#225;vel pela dosagem da cTnI. Eleva&#231;&#245;es de CPK, CKMB-atividade, CKMB-M e mioglobina s&#227;o decorrentes de les&#227;o do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, estando correlacionadas positivamente com a CC aplicada ou com o n&#250;mero de choques.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiovers&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>troponina I card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica e les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica: avalia&#231;&#227;o pelos novos marcadores de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Elizabete Silva dos Santos; Marcos Paulo Pereira; Luiz Minuzzo; Dalmo A. R. Moreira; Rui Ramos; &#193;lvaro Avezum; Ari Timerman; Leopoldo S. Piegas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar, atrav&#233;s da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos novos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca, se a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (CVE) causa les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados 76 pacientes (P) submetidos a CVE eletiva de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Medidas de creatinafosfoquinase (CPK), CKMB-atividade e dosagem de CKMB-massa (M), mioglobina e troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI) foram determinadas antes e ap&#243;s 6 e 24 horas da CVE. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold> A CVE resultou um sucesso em 58 P (76,3%). A carga cumulativa (CC) foi de at&#233; 350 joules (J) em 36 P, de 500 a 650 J em 20 P e de 900 a 960 J em 20 P, com energia m&#233;dia aplicada de 493 J (&#177; 309). A cTnI permaneceu dentro da normalidade nos 76 P. Com o aumento da CC, ocorreu eleva&#231;&#227;o de CPK (&gt; valor de p = 0,007), CKMB-atividade (&gt; valor de p = 0,002), CKMB-M (&gt; valor de p = 0,03) e mioglobina (&gt; valor de p = 0,015). Correla&#231;&#227;o positiva foi observada entre a CC e picos de CPK (r = 0,660; p &lt; 0,001), CKMB-atividade (r = 0,429; p &lt; 0,0001), CKMB-M (r = 0,265; p = 0,02) e mioglobina (r = 0,684; p &lt; 0,0001). Correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m positiva ocorreu entre o n&#250;mero de choques e picos de CPK (r = 0,770; p &lt; 0,001), CKMB-atividade (r = 0,642; p &lt; 0,0001), CKMB-M (r = 0,430; p &lt; 0,0001) e mioglobina (r = 0,745; p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A CVE n&#227;o causa les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica detect&#225;vel pela dosagem da cTnI. Eleva&#231;&#245;es de CPK, CKMB-atividade, CKMB-M e mioglobina s&#227;o decorrentes de les&#227;o do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, estando correlacionadas positivamente com a CC aplicada ou com o n&#250;mero de choques.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiovers&#227;o, inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca, troponina I card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Apesar de, h&#225; mais de trinta anos, a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica (CVE) ser indicada para o tratamento de taquiarritmias, ainda permanecem controv&#233;rsias se essa t&#233;cnica pode causar les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>1</sup>. Evid&#234;ncias a favor de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca causada por esse procedimento baseiam-se em pequenos estudos que mostram eleva&#231;&#245;es moderadas dos marcadores enzim&#225;ticos, como a creatinafosfoquinase (CPK) e sua isoenzima CKMB<sup>2</sup>. Estudos histol&#243;gicos posteriores confirmaram que essas eleva&#231;&#245;es poderiam ser secund&#225;rias &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>3-6</sup>. As les&#245;es corresponderam a necrose localizada e foram observadas apenas quando cargas de alta energia foram utilizadas ap&#243;s choques repetidos<sup>7-10</sup>; um choque de alta energia produzia mais les&#245;es do que v&#225;rios choques com mais baixa energia<sup>7, 8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente foram desenvolvidos novos marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, com maior cardioespecificidade, como a troponina I e a T. As troponinas s&#227;o prote&#237;nas que regulam a intera&#231;&#227;o entre actina e miosina nos m&#250;sculos estriados, sendo baixa sua distribui&#231;&#227;o no citoplasma. A troponina I &#233; encontrada em 6% a 8%, e a troponina T em 2,8% a 4,1% do seu total no citoplasma. Possuem cadeias de amino&#225;cidos com seq&#252;&#234;ncia e peso molecular diferentes, conforme sua localiza&#231;&#227;o muscular. A troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI) apresenta seq&#252;&#234;ncia exclusiva de amino&#225;cidos, diferente da seq&#252;&#234;ncia de amino&#225;cidos da troponina I do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, n&#227;o sendo encontrada em nenhum outro tecido humano al&#233;m do cora&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, n&#227;o h&#225; libera&#231;&#227;o da cTnI quando ocorre les&#227;o do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. Sua dosagem permite a discrimina&#231;&#227;o da origem esquel&#233;tica ou mioc&#225;rdica das les&#245;es musculares<sup>11</sup>, bem como a detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica m&#237;nima que se observa em determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou experimentais<sup>12-14</sup>. A morte celular e a destrui&#231;&#227;o do aparato contr&#225;til induzem &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o continuada por sete a dez dias<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na segunda metade da d&#233;cada de 1990, estudos em cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, analisando marcadores de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca com maior cardioespecificidade, foram inicialmente publicados<sup>16-18</sup>. Alguns desses estudos descrevem ligeiras eleva&#231;&#245;es de troponina, tanto da cTnI<sup>17</sup> como da troponina T<sup>18 </sup>depois de repetidas cardiovers&#245;es em pacientes submetidos a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a CVE externa eletiva causa les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, baseada na evolu&#231;&#227;o dos novos marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes consecutivos encaminhados para CVE eletiva de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, de julho de 2001 a agosto de 2003, foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o no estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) no m&#234;s precedente, hist&#243;ria de les&#227;o muscular nos &#250;ltimos trinta dias, ou portadores de doen&#231;a muscular. Setenta e seis pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e, ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o de consentimento, foram documentadas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais, como antecedentes pessoais, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, sinais vitais, peso e altura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). Todos os pacientes estavam adequadamente anticoagulados (rela&#231;&#227;o normatizada internacional [RNI] acima de 2), sendo mantidos anticoagulados por pelo menos quarenta dias ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o aprovou o protocolo do estudo.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram informados sobre a t&#233;cnica do procedimento e submetidos a anestesia geral. O agente anest&#233;sico utilizado foi o tionembutal, na dose de 3 a 5 mg por quilo de peso, via endovenosa. Eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado imediatamente antes e ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As cardiovers&#245;es foram realizadas com cardioversor de corrente cont&#237;nua monof&#225;sico, p&#225;s retangulares com eixo maior de 8 cm, cobertas com gel condutor. As p&#225;s foram localizadas, uma no segundo espa&#231;o intercostal direito e a outra na linha hemiclavicular esquerda, no sexto espa&#231;o intercostal. Foram aplicados choques sincronizados com o pico da onda R, com energia que variou de 50 a 360 joules (J), sendo a carga inicial para o <italic>flutter</italic> atrial de 50 J, seguida de 100, 200, 300 ou uma segunda carga de 300 J, e para a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial a carga inicial de 100 J, seguida de 200, 300 ou 360 J. O intervalo entre os choques foi o menor poss&#237;vel, tendo-se a preocupa&#231;&#227;o para manter-se um peso de aproximadamente 10 quilos sobre as p&#225;s, bem como de n&#227;o retir&#225;-las rapidamente, ap&#243;s cada choque aplicado, a fim de n&#227;o dispersar energia. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi dividida em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a carga cumulativa (CC) aplicada: Grupo A = CC de at&#233; 350 J (36 pacientes); Grupo B = CC de 500 a 650 J (20 pacientes); Grupo C = CC de 900 a 960 J (20 pacientes). Foram comparados os resultados entre os tr&#234;s grupos, assim como a evolu&#231;&#227;o de cada grupo no tempo. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram mantidos em observa&#231;&#227;o na sala de emerg&#234;ncias por 6 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. </p>
    <p>A pun&#231;&#227;o venosa foi realizada em um dos membros superiores para coleta de sangue e an&#225;lise do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de pot&#225;ssio e do RNI. Com n&#237;veis adequados de pot&#225;ssio e RNI para a cardiovers&#227;o, decidiu-se pela realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento. Os pacientes eram ent&#227;o submetidos &#224; coleta de sangue pr&#233; e com 6 e 24 horas ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o, para medidas de CPK, CKMB-atividade, cTnI, CKMB-massa (M) e mioglobina. </p>
    <p>As medidas de CPK foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico enzim&#225;tico automatizado no equipamento Hitachi 912<sup>&#174;</sup> da Roche Diagnostics e a CKMB-atividade pelo m&#233;todo cin&#233;tico imunoenzim&#225;tico no mesmo equipamento e da mesma empresa. O valor de refer&#234;ncia da CPK &#233; de at&#233; 80 U/L e para CKMB-atividade foram considerados valores at&#233; 10 U/L. As dosagens de CKMB-M, mioglobina e cTnI foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia automatizada no equipamento IMMULITE<sup>&#174;</sup> da DPC MedLab. Os valores de refer&#234;ncia s&#227;o de at&#233; 70 ng/ml para mioglobina, at&#233; 4,5 ng/ml para CKMB-M e at&#233; 1,0 ng/ml para cTnI. O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intra-ensaio para as medidas de CPK e CKMB-atividade &#233; inferior a 2,5%, e para as dosagens pela metodologia de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia os valores n&#227;o excedem 6%.</p>
    <p>M&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o foram calculados para descrever vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas, seguida de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas das m&#233;dias, foi realizada para determinar a evolu&#231;&#227;o de cada marcador no tempo, nos diferentes grupos de carga cumulativa (SAS Software). A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre carga cumulativa e cada marcador; e a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre n&#250;mero de choques e cada marcador.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 76 pacientes estudados, 58 apresentavam fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (76,3%) e 18 <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (23,7%). Cinq&#252;enta e um pacientes (67,1%) eram do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 58 anos (&#177;11). A doen&#231;a de base era: miocardiopatia em 21 pacientes (27,6%), valvopatia em 28 (36,6%) e insufici&#234;ncia coronariana em 8 (10,5%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>). A dura&#231;&#227;o da arritmia foi maior que seis meses em 57 pacientes (88,1%).</p>
    <p>Um m&#225;ximo de cinco choques foi preconizado para cada paciente, com m&#233;dia de 2,68 choques (&#177;1,1). A carga m&#233;dia aplicada foi de 493 J (&#177;309). Cinq&#252;enta e oito pacientes (76,3%) foram cardiovertidos com sucesso, n&#227;o havendo complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento ou altera&#231;&#245;es (din&#226;micas) do segmento ST ou da onda T ao eletrocardiograma p&#243;s CVE. Todos receberam alta hospitalar 6 horas ap&#243;s a CVE com retorno em 24 horas para coleta de sangue.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis dos marcadores, antes da CVE, nos diferentes grupos de carga cumulativa. Houve, apenas, uma tend&#234;ncia para valores maiores de CPK, antes da CVE, no grupo C em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo A (p = 0,053) ou B (p = 0,05). O mesmo ocorreu com a mioglobina entre os grupos A e C (p = 0,058) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As medidas dos marcadores nos tr&#234;s tempos analisados (antes, 6 e 24 horas) foram realizadas para: cTnI em 73 pacientes (96%), CPK em 69 (90,8%), CKMB-atividade em 72 (94,7%), CKMB-M e mioglobina em 70 (92,1%). </p>
    <p>A troponina I card&#237;aca permaneceu indetect&#225;vel (&lt; 0,5 ng/ml) em 74 pacientes (97,4%) a qualquer tempo. Um paciente do Grupo B apresentou valor de 0,5 ng/ml e 0,52 ng/ml, respectivamente, com 6 e 24 horas ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o. Outro paciente do Grupo C apresentou valor de 0,64 ng/ml com 6 horas, por&#233;m, indetect&#225;vel com 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a">fig. 1a</xref>)</p>
    <fig id="fig1a">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ocorreu aumento significativo de CPK na sexta hora ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o entre os grupos A e B (valor m&#233;dio no grupo B &gt; A; p &lt; 0,001) e entre os grupos A e C (valor m&#233;dio no grupo C &gt; A; p &lt; 0,0001). Aumento significativo tamb&#233;m foi observado com 24 horas entre os tr&#234;s grupos de carga cumulativa (valor m&#233;dio do grupo B &gt; A [p &lt; 0,0001]; valor m&#233;dio do grupo C &gt; A [p &lt; 0,0001]; valor m&#233;dio do grupo C &gt; B [p = 0,007]). Analisando separadamente cada grupo de carga cumulativa no tempo, ocorreu aumento significativo de CPK com 6 e 24 horas nos grupos B (p &lt; 0,0001) e C (p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b">fig. 1b</xref>); o que n&#227;o ocorreu para os pacientes do grupo A (menor valor de p = 0,2). Importante correla&#231;&#227;o foi observada entre o pico de CPK e a carga cumulativa aplicada (r = 0,660; p &lt; 0,001) ou n&#250;mero de choques (r = 0,770; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <fig id="fig1b">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Aumento significativo de CKMB-atividade foi observado com 6 e 24 horas, entre os grupos A e B (valor m&#233;dio de B &gt; A; p = 0,002) e com 24 horas entre os grupos A e C (valor m&#233;dio de C &gt; A; p &lt; 0,0001). Analisando-se a evolu&#231;&#227;o de cada grupo de carga cumulativa no tempo, os pacientes dos grupos B e C apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o bastante significativa, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-cardiovers&#227;o (p &lt; 0,0001); o que n&#227;o foi observado nos pacientes do grupo A (menor valor de p = 0,3) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1c">fig. 1c</xref>). Correla&#231;&#227;o positiva foi encontrada entre o pico de CKMB-atividade e a carga cumulativa aplicada (r = 0,429; p &lt; 0,0001) ou o n&#250;mero de choques (r = 0,642; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <fig id="fig1c">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Dentre os marcadores que se alteraram ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o, a CKMB-M apresentou menor expressividade, havendo eleva&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos A e B, tendo valor m&#233;dio de B &gt; A com 6 (p = 0,03) e 24 horas (p = 0,02) e entre os grupos A e C com 24 horas, com valor m&#233;dio de C &gt; A (p = 0,01). A evolu&#231;&#227;o de cada grupo de carga cumulativa no tempo mostrou aumento significativo de CKMB-M para os pacientes do grupo B, entre os tempos pr&#233;-cardiovers&#227;o e 6 ou 24 horas (p = 0,001), e entre 6 e 24 horas (p = 0,02). O mesmo aconteceu para os pacientes do grupo C (p &lt; 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1d">fig 1d</xref>). Correla&#231;&#227;o menos expressiva, por&#233;m, ainda significativa, ocorreu entre o pico de CKMB-M e carga cumulativa aplicada (r = 0,265; p = 0,02) ou n&#250;mero de choques (r = 0,430; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <fig id="fig1d">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>De forma semelhante &#224; CPK, a mioglobina apresentou valores de pico bastante elevados ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o. Na sexta hora observou-se aumento importante da mioglobina com o aumento da carga cumulativa (p &lt; 0,0001), ocorrendo os valores de pico em todos os grupos, nesse tempo. Com 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento os n&#237;veis da mioglobina se mantiveram ainda elevados com o aumento da carga cumulativa (p &lt; 0,001 entre os grupos A e B ou C [valor m&#233;dio de B ou C &gt; A]; p = 0,015 entre os grupos B e C [valor m&#233;dio de C &gt; B]) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1e">fig.1e</xref>). Importante correla&#231;&#227;o ocorreu entre o pico de mioglobina e a carga cumulativa aplicada (r = 0,684; p &lt; 0,0001) ou o n&#250;mero de choques (r = 0,745; p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
    <fig id="fig1e">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Analisando a correla&#231;&#227;o de todos os marcadores com a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o desta com os picos de CPK (r = 0,261; p = 0,024) e de mioglobina (r = 0,300; p = 0,009).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostra que, baseado na dosagem da cTnI, um indicador altamente espec&#237;fico de inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca, n&#227;o h&#225; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica detect&#225;vel ap&#243;s CVE, mesmo quando utilizadas cargas cumulativas elevadas. </p>
    <p>Em estudos anteriores, eleva&#231;&#245;es de CPK e CKMB foram encontradas ap&#243;s CVE externa, em uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, variando de 9,3% a 50%<sup>19</sup>. Em raz&#227;o da falta de especificidade biol&#243;gica desses marcadores, nenhuma conclus&#227;o poderia ser tomada quanto &#224; origem da libera&#231;&#227;o dessas enzimas. Baseada em resultados de estudos experimentais, na d&#233;cada de 1970, a hip&#243;tese da origem card&#237;aca para a eleva&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores recebeu apoio por mostrar necrose localizada ap&#243;s choques repetidos com alta energia. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de choques de corrente cont&#237;nua pode causar dano revers&#237;vel de estruturas subcelulares implicadas na fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa e originar uma libera&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas do m&#250;sculo estriado como a CPK, CKMB e mioglobina<sup>20,21</sup>. Esses marcadores, por&#233;m, falham em revelar les&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas m&#237;nimas, especialmente se ocorre, simultaneamente, les&#227;o do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico<sup>20, 22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, 57 pacientes (75%) apresentaram n&#237;veis de CPK acima do limite da normalidade, em pelo menos um dos tempos ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o. Eleva&#231;&#227;o da CKMB-atividade ocorreu em 39 desses pacientes (51,3%), n&#227;o havendo valores anormais de CKMB-atividade em pacientes com n&#237;veis normais de CPK. A CKMB-M apresentou n&#237;veis acima do normal em menor propor&#231;&#227;o (32 pacientes [42,1%]). De forma semelhante &#224; CPK, um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes evoluiu com valores de mioglobina acima do limite de refer&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com medidas repetidas e compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas das m&#233;dias demonstrou um aumento proporcional com o tempo em todos os marcadores, culminando com o pico de CPK na 24&#170; hora e de mioglobina na sexta hora. Correla&#231;&#227;o importante foi observada entre o pico de cada marcador e a carga cumulativa aplicada ou o n&#250;mero de choques, sendo essas correla&#231;&#245;es mais significativas para CPK e mioglobina. </p>
    <p>Medidas de CPK e CKMB-atividade e dosagem de CKMB-M e mioglobina se elevam em grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a CVE; sendo atribu&#237;da &#224; les&#227;o do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico da parede tor&#225;cica a causa para libera&#231;&#227;o dessas enzimas. Esse fato j&#225; foi demonstrado em estudos histopatol&#243;gicos e por meio de t&#233;cnicas de imagem com capta&#231;&#227;o de radionucl&#237;deos<sup>20,23</sup>. A libera&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores est&#225; diretamente relacionada com a carga cumulativa aplicada ou com o n&#250;mero de choques. </p>
    <p>Comparando-se a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia entre a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica com choques bif&#225;sicos ou monof&#225;sicos na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, observou-se que o choque bif&#225;sico &#233; mais eficiente<sup>24-26</sup>, podendo causar menos dano mioc&#225;rdico e no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, possivelmente em decorr&#234;ncia de menor energia deliberada<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>A informa&#231;&#227;o mais importante do nosso estudo &#233; o fato de n&#227;o ocorrer eleva&#231;&#227;o da cTnI ap&#243;s a cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica eletiva com cardioversor monof&#225;sico, mesmo com choques de alta energia. </p>
    <p>Apesar de ser utilizado neste estudo um marcador bioqu&#237;mico com elevada especificidade para inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca<sup>27</sup>, hipoteticamente poder&#237;amos argumentar a possibilidade de que a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, causada pela CVE, n&#227;o seja detect&#225;vel pela dosagem da cTnI. Essa hip&#243;tese receberia apoio se fosse comprovada necrose mioc&#225;rdica, em CVE, por meio de t&#233;cnicas complementares mais espec&#237;ficas, como a determinada por estudos histopatol&#243;gicos ou pela resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica<sup>28, 29</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#192;s srtas. Val&#233;ria Troncoso Baltar e Camila Sarteschi do Laborat&#243;rio de Epidemiologia e Estat&#237;stica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, respons&#225;veis pelos c&#225;lculos e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Ao Dr. Carlos Eduardo dos Santos Ferreira e &#224; Biom&#233;dica N&#237;vea Aparecida C. Salvarani pelas determina&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Elizabete Silva dos Santos </p>
        <p> Rua das Rosas, 126/32 </p>
        <p> 04048-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="elizabetessantos@cardiol.br">elizabetessantos@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 07/12/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 04/05/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Electrical cardioversion and myocardial injury: evaluation by new cardiac injury markers</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Evaluate, based on the evolution of new biochemical markers of cardiac damage, if electrical cardioversion (ECV) causes myocardial injury. METHODS: Seventy-six patients (P) submitted to elective ECV for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were evaluated. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), CK-MB activity, CK-MB mass, myoglobin and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured before, and 6 and 24 hours after ECV. RESULTS: ECV was successful in 58 P (76.3%). Cumulative energy (CE) was up to 350 joules (J) in 36 P, from 500 to 650 J in 20 P and from 900 to 960 J in 20 P; the mean energy delivered being 493 J (&#177; 309). The levels of cTnI remained within normal limits in all 76 P. The increase of cumulative energy led to an elevation of CPK levels (&gt; p value = 0.007), CK-MB activity (&gt; p value = 0.002), CK-MB mass (&gt; p value = 0.03), and myoglobin (&gt; p value = 0.015). A positive correlation between the cumulative energy and CPK peaks was observed (r = 0.660; p &lt; 0.001), CK-MB activity (r = 0.429; p &lt; 0.0001), CK-MB mass (r = 0.265; p = 0.02), and myoglobin (r = 0.684; p &lt; 0.0001), as well as between the number of shocks and the CPK peaks (r = 0.770; p &lt; 0.001), CK-MB activity (r = 0.642; p &lt; 0.0001), CK-MB mass (r = 0.430; p &lt; 0,0001), and myoglobin (r = 0.745; p &lt; 0.0001). CONCLUSION: ECV does not cause myocardial injury detectable by cTnI measurement. Elevations of CPK, CK-MB activity, CK-MB mass and myoglobin result from skeletal muscle injury and are positively correlated with the CE delivered or with the number of shocks.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardioversion</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial injury</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac troponin I.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Electrical cardioversion and myocardial injury: evaluation by new cardiac injury markers </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Elizabete Silva dos Santos; Marcos Paulo Pereira; Luiz Minuzzo; Dalmo A. R. Moreira; Rui Ramos; &#193;lvaro Avezum; Ari Timerman; Leopoldo Piegas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Evaluate, based on the evolution of new biochemical markers of cardiac damage, if electrical cardioversion (ECV) causes myocardial injury.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Seventy-six patients (P) submitted to elective ECV for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter were evaluated. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), CK-MB activity, CK-MB mass, myoglobin and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) were measured before, and 6 and 24 hours after ECV.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>ECV was successful in 58 P (76.3%). Cumulative energy (CE) was up to 350 joules (J) in 36 P, from 500 to 650 J in 20 P and from 900 to 960 J in 20 P; the mean energy delivered being 493 J (&#177; 309). The levels of cTnI remained within normal limits in all 76 P. The increase of cumulative energy led to an elevation of CPK levels (&gt; p value = 0.007), CK-MB activity (&gt; p value = 0.002), CK-MB mass (&gt; p value = 0.03), and myoglobin (&gt; p value = 0.015). A positive correlation between the cumulative energy and CPK peaks was observed (r = 0.660; p &lt; 0.001), CK-MB activity (r = 0.429; p &lt; 0.0001), CK-MB mass (r = 0.265; p = 0.02), and myoglobin (r = 0.684; p &lt; 0.0001), as well as between the number of shocks and the CPK peaks (r = 0.770; p &lt; 0.001), CK-MB activity (r = 0.642; p &lt; 0.0001), CK-MB mass (r = 0.430; p &lt; 0,0001), and myoglobin (r = 0.745; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>ECV does not cause myocardial injury detectable by cTnI measurement. Elevations of CPK, CK-MB activity, CK-MB mass and myoglobin result from skeletal muscle injury and are positively correlated with the CE delivered or with the number of shocks.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Cardioversion, myocardial injury, cardiac troponin I.</p>
      <p>Even though electrical cardioversion (ECV) has been indicated for the treatment of tachyarrhythmia for over 30 years, it is still controversial whether this technique can cause myocardial injury<sup>1</sup>. Evidence pointing to myocardial injury induced by this procedure is based on small studies that demonstrate moderate elevations of enzyme markers like creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and its isoenzyme CK-MB<sup>2</sup>. Histological studies conducted later confirmed that these elevations may be secondary to the myocardial injury<sup>3-6</sup>. The injuries corresponded to localized necrosis and were observed only when high-energy shocks were applied after the delivery of repeated shocks<sup>7-10</sup>. A high-energy shock resulted in a higher number of injuries than several lower-energy shocks<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>New markers of myocardial injury with a higher degree of cardiospecificity, such as troponins I and T, were developed recently. Troponins are proteins that regulate the actin-myosin interaction in the striated muscles, and a small percentage of troponins is free in the cytoplasm. Approximately 6% to 8% of troponin I and 2.8% to 4.1% of troponin T are found in the cytoplasm. The aminoacid sequence and molecular weight of both troponins differ, according to where they are found in the muscle. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) has a unique aminoacid sequence, different from that of the skeletal troponin I, and it is not found in any human tissue other than the heart. Thus, no release of cTnI occurs in case of damage to skeletal muscle. Its measurement enables to discriminate between the myocardial or skeletal origin of muscle injuries<sup>11</sup>, as well as the detection of even minimal injury observed in some clinical conditions or experimental situations<sup>12-14</sup>. Cell death and destruction of contractile apparatus induce a continuous release of cardiac troponin I for a period of seven to ten days<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>In the second half of the 90&#146;s, studies about electrical cardioversion aiming to assess cardiac injury markers with a higher degree of cardiospecificity were first published<sup>16-18</sup>. Some of them described slight elevations of troponin, both cTnI<sup>17</sup> and troponin T<sup>18</sup>, after repeated cardioversions in patients who had undergone electrophysiological study. </p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether elective external ECV causes myocardial injury, based on the evolution of these biochemical markers of cardiac injury. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Consecutive patients referred to elective ECV for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, from July 2001 to August 2003, were considered eligible for inclusion in the study. Patients with acute coronary syndrome or who had undergone myocardial revascularization (surgical or percutaneous) in the previous month, had muscle disease or history of muscle injury in the last thirty days were excluded. Seventy-six patients were enrolled in the study, and after informed consent was obtained, baseline characteristics such as past history, current medications, vital signs, weight and height were documented (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab 1</xref>). All patients were appropriately anticoagulated (international normalized ratio [INR] above 2) and maintained anticoagulated for at least forty days after the procedure.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p>Patients were informed about the technique used in the procedure and submitted to general anesthesia with intravenous Thionembutal (3 to 5 mg/kg). A 12-lead electrocardiogram was obtained immediately before and after cardioversion.</p>
      <p>Cardioversions were performed using a direct-current, monophasic cardioverter and rectangular pads of 8 cm long in its longer axis coated with conductive gel. One pad was placed on the right second intercostal space and the other at the level of left hemiclavicular line on the sixth intercostal space. Shocks synchronized to the R-wave peak were delivered, the energy ranging from 50 to 360 joules (J), starting at 50 J for the atrial flutter and followed by 100, 200, 300 J or a second energy discharge of 300 J, and starting at 100 J for the atrial fibrillation, followed by 200, 300 or 360 J. The interval between shocks was the shortest possible, bearing always in mind the need to keep approximately 10-kg weight over the pads, as well as not to withdraw them too fast after each shock delivered to prevent energy dispersion. The population studied was divided into three groups, according to the cumulative energy (CE) delivered. Group A = CE up to 350 J (36 patients); Group B = CE from 500 to 650 J (20 patients); Group C = CE from 900 to 960 J (20 patients). The results among the three groups were compared, as well as the evolution of each group over time. </p>
      <p>All patients were kept under observation in the emergency unit for six hours after the procedure. </p>
      <p>Venipuncture was performed in one of the upper extremities for blood sampling and measurement of serum potassium and INR value. As serum potassium and INR levels were found to be adequate for cardioversion, the decision was taken to perform the procedure. The patients thus underwent blood sampling before and at 6 and 24 hours after cardioversion, for CPK, CK-MB activity, cTnI, CK-MB mass and myoglobin measurements. </p>
      <p>CPK measurements were determined by the automated kinetic enzymatic method using a Hitachi 912<sup>&#174;</sup> analyzer manufactured by Roche Diagnostics, and CK-MB activity was determined by the kinetic enzyme immunoassay method using the same device. The reference value for CPK is up to 80 U/L; and for CK-MB activity values up to 10 U/L were considered. CK-MB mass, myoglobin and cTnI were measured using the automated chemiluminescence method with IMMULITE<sup>&#174;</sup> analyzer manufactured by DPC MedLab. Reference values are up to 70 ng/mL for myoglobin, up to 4.5 ng/mL for CK-MB mass, and up to 1.0 ng/mL for cTnI. The intra-assay coefficient of variation for CPK and CK-MB activity measurements is lower than 2.5%, and for the measurements using the chemiluminescence method the values do not exceed 6%.</p>
      <p>Means and standard deviations were calculated to describe continuous variables. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements, followed by multiple comparisons of means, was performed to determine the evolution of each marker over time in the different groups of cumulative energy (SAS Software). The relationship between cumulative energy and each marker was estimated by Person&#146;s correlation, and the relationship between the number of shocks and each marker was estimated by Spearman&#146; correlation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 76 patients studied, 58 had atrial fibrillation (76.3%) and 18 had atrial flutter (23.7%). Fifty-one patients (67.1%) were male, mean age of 58 years (&#177;11). The underlying disease was cardiomyopathy in 21 patients (27.6%), valve disease in 28 (36.6%) and coronary artery disease in 8 (10.5%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tab. 1</xref>). In 67 patients (88.1%) the duration of arrhythmia exceeded six months.</p>
      <p>A maximum of five shocks was determined for each patient, mean of 2.68 shocks (&#177;1.1). The mean shock energy delivered was 493 J (&#177;309). Fifty-eight patients (76.3%) were successfully cardioverted, with no complications related to the procedure and no ST-segment or T-wave changes (dynamics) on electrocardiogram after ECV. All patients were discharged six hours after ECV and asked to return 24 hours later for blood sampling.</p>
      <p>There was no significant difference regarding marker levels before ECV in the different groups of cumulative energy. Only one trend for higher CPK values was detected before ECV in group C as compared to group A (p = 0.053) or B (p = 0.05). The same occurred with myoglobin between groups A and C (p = 0.058) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The measurements of the biochemical markers at the three times (before, and at 6 and 24 hours after the procedure) were performed for cTnI in 73 patients (96%), CPK in 69 (90.8%), CK-MB activity in 72 (94.7%), CK-MB mass and myoglobin in 70 (92.1%). </p>
      <p>Cardiac troponin I remained undetectable (&lt; 0.5 ng/mL) in 74 patients (97.4%) at all times. One patient in Group B showed values of 0.5 ng/mL and 0.52 ng/mL, respectively, at 6 and 24 hours after cardioversion. Another one in Group C showed value of 0.64 ng/mL 6 hours after the procedure, but undetectable after 24 hours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1a-body2">fig. 1a</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1a-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Six hours after cardioversion, a significant increase in CPK level was observed between groups A and B (mean value in group B &gt; A; p &lt; 0.001) and between groups A and C (mean value in group C &gt; A; p &lt; 0.0001). A significant increase was also observed after 24 hours between the three groups of cumulative energy (mean value in group B &gt; A [p &lt; 0.0001], mean value in group C &gt; A [p &lt; 0.0001], mean value in group C &gt; B [p = 0.007]). The analysis of each cumulative energy group over time demonstrated that there was a significant increase in CPK at 6 and 24 hours after the procedure in groups B (p &lt; 0.0001) e C (p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1b-body2">fig. 1b</xref>); which did not occur in group A (lowest p value = 0.2). An important correlation was found between CPK peak and the cumulative energy delivered (r = 0.660; p &lt; 0.001) or the number of shocks (r = 0.770; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <fig id="fig1b-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A significant increase in CK-MB activity six and 24 hours after cardioversion was observed between groups A and B (mean value in group B &gt; A; p = 0.002) and 24 hours after cardioversion between groups A and C (mean value in group C &gt; A; p &lt; 0.0001). The analysis of the evolution of each cumulative energy group over time showed that patients in groups B and C had a rather significant increase as compared to the precardioversion levels (p &lt; 0.0001), which was not observed in group A (lowest p value = 0.3) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1c-body2">fig. 1c</xref>). A positive correlation was found between CK-MB activity peak and the cumulative energy delivered (r = 0.429; p &lt; 0.0001) or the number of shocks (r = 0.642; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <fig id="fig1c-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Among the markers that changed after cardioversion, CK-MB mass had lower expressivity, with increase between groups A and B, mean value of B &gt; A at six hours (p = 0.03) and 24 hours (p = 0.02) and between groups A and C at 24 hours, with mean value of C &gt; A (p = 0.01). The evolution of each cumulative energy group over time showed significant increase in CK-MB mass for patients in group B, between precardioversion times and at 6 or 24 hours postcardioversion (p = 0.001) and between six and 24 hours (p = 0.02). The same occurred in group C (p &lt; 0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1d-body2">fig 1d</xref>). A less expressive yet still significant correlation was found between CK-MB mass peak and cumulative energy delivered (r = 0.265; p = 0.02) or number of shocks (r = 0.430; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <fig id="fig1d-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Similarly to CPK, myoglobin showed rather elevated peak values after cardioversion. Six hours postcardioversion, there was a relevant increase in myoglobin upon an increase in cumulative energy (p &lt; 0.0001), and peak values were observed in all groups at this time. Twenty-four hours after the procedure, myoglobin levels remained elevated with the increase in cumulative energy (p &lt; 0.001 between groups A and B or C [mean value of B or C &gt; A]; p = 0.015 between groups B and C [mean value of C &gt; B]) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1e-body2">fig.1e</xref>). An important correlation was found between myoglobin peak and the cumulative energy delivered (r = 0.684; p &lt; 0.0001) or number of shocks (r = 0.745; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <fig id="fig1e-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0191-00006-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Analyzing the correlation of all markers with body surface, a correlation of the latter was observed with CPK peaks (r = 0.261; p = 0.024) and myoglobin (r = 0.300; p = 0.009).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study shows that, based on cTnI measurement, a highly specific marker of myocardial injury, no myocardial injury is detected after ECV, even when elevated cumulative energy is used. </p>
      <p>In previous studies, CPK and CK-MB elevations were found in a large proportion of patients after external ECV, ranging from 9.3% to 50%<sup>19</sup>. Due to the lack of biological specificity of these markers, no conclusion could be reached about what may have caused the release of these enzymes. Based on results from experimental studies conducted during the 70&#146;s, the hypothesis of a cardiac origin for the elevation of these markers was supported because of the localized necrosis observed after repeated high-energy shocks. The delivery of direct-current shocks may cause reversible damages to subcellular structures involved in the oxidative phosphorylation and trigger a release of striated muscle proteins, such as CPK, CK-MB and myoglobin<sup>20,21</sup>. These markers, however, fail to reveal minor myocardial injuries, especially when a skeletal muscle injury takes place simultaneously<sup>20, 22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, 57 patients (75%) displayed CPK levels above normal limits in at least one of the times after cardioversion. Thirty-nine patients (51.3%) had elevation of CK-MB activity, whereas no abnormal values of this marker were observed in patients with normal levels of CPK. The percentage of CK-MB mass above normal levels was lower (32 patients [42.1%]). Similarly to CPK, myoglobin values rose to values above the reference limits for many patients. </p>
      <p>The analysis of variance with repeated measurements and multiple comparisons of means showed a proportional increase over time in all markers, culminating with the peak of CPK at 24 hours and myoglobin at the 6 hours. An important correlation was found between the peak of each marker and the cumulative energy delivered or the number of shocks, and these correlations were more significant for CPK and myoglobin. </p>
      <p>A large number of patients who undergo ECV have CPK, CK-MB activity, CK-MB mass, and myoglobin elevation, and the skeletal muscle injury in the chest wall is thought to cause the release of these enzymes. This fact has already been demonstrated in histopathological studies and radionuclide imaging<sup>20,23</sup>. The release of these cardiac markers is directly related to the cumulative energy delivered or to the number of shocks. </p>
      <p>The comparison of both safety and efficacy of electrical cardioversion using monophasic versus biphasic shocks for atrial fibrillation showed that biphasic shock is superior<sup>24-26</sup> and that it may cause less damage to the myocardium and skeletal muscle, possibly because of the lower energy delivered<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>The most relevant information derived from our study is the lack of cTnI elevation after elective electrical cardioversion using a monophasic cardioverter, even with high-energy shocks. </p>
      <p>Although a highly specific biochemical marker of myocardial injury was used in this study<sup>27</sup>, in thesis, we could argue that the possibility exists that the myocardial injury caused by ECV is not detected by cTnI measurement. This hypothesis would gain credence if myocardial necrosis were detected in ECV by more specific complementary techniques, such as the one determined by histopathological studies or nuclear magnetic resonance<sup>28, 29</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To Val&#233;ria Troncoso Baltar and Camila Sarteschi from the Laborat&#243;rio de Epidemiologia e Estat&#237;stica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, who performed all statistical analyses and calculations. To Carlos Eduardo dos Santos Ferreira, MD, and N&#237;vea Aparecida C. Salvaroni, biomedical, for the laboratory tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Elizabete Silva dos Santos</p>
          <p> Rua das Rosas, 126/32</p>
          <p> 04048-000 &#150; Mirand&#243;polis, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="elizabetessantos@cardiol.br">elizabetessantos@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 12/07/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 05/04/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
