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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">wGpmXPWDDcdmXp5yytWM6Nh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000300003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000300003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio como fator progn&#243;stico de eventos na fase intra-hospitalar e em um ano de seguimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimenta</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gun</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>170</fpage>
      <lpage>174</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Analisar o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na interna&#231;&#227;o ou durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados 274 pacientes com IAM, entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2001. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi monitorada com a dosagem de creatinina (Cr) na interna&#231;&#227;o e o valor pico durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. O clearance de creatinina (ClCr) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft &amp; Gault. Foi avaliada a morbidade e mortalidade intra-hospitalar e ap&#243;s um ano do evento. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idade foi 62,2 &#177; 13,5 anos e 73% eram do sexo masculino. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal esteve mais reduzida nos homens, em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou aumento da mortalidade intra-hospitalar relacionada com a eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis pico de Cr (OR:1,18 95% IC:1,18-2,77 p = 0,006), com o decr&#233;scimo no ClCr inicial (OR:0,96 95% IC:0,93-0,99 p = 0,025) e no ClCr pico (OR:0,96 95% IC:0,92-0,99 p = 0,023). A diferen&#231;a percentual entre o ClCr inicial e o menor ClCr atingido tamb&#233;m indicou maior mortalidade (OR:1,04 95% IC:1,00-1,07 p = 0,033). A piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal n&#227;o alterou a morbidade e mortalidade em um ano. CONCLUS&#195;O: Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na interna&#231;&#227;o, e sua deteriora&#231;&#227;o durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mostrou ser um importante marcador progn&#243;stico de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o imediata.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia renal</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio como fator progn&#243;stico de eventos na fase intra-hospitalar e em um ano de seguimento </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eduardo Pimenta; Rui Fernando Ramos; Carlos Gun; Elizabeth S. Santos; Ari Timerman; Leopoldo S. Piegas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Analisar o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na interna&#231;&#227;o ou durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram avaliados 274 pacientes com IAM, entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2001. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi monitorada com a dosagem de creatinina (Cr) na interna&#231;&#227;o e o valor pico durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. O <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina (ClCr) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft &amp; Gault. Foi avaliada a morbidade e mortalidade intra-hospitalar e ap&#243;s um ano do evento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A m&#233;dia de idade foi 62,2 &#177; 13,5 anos e 73% eram do sexo masculino. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal esteve mais reduzida nos homens, em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou aumento da mortalidade intra-hospitalar relacionada com a eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis pico de Cr (OR:1,18 95% IC:1,18-2,77 p = 0,006), com o decr&#233;scimo no ClCr inicial (OR:0,96 95% IC:0,93-0,99 p = 0,025) e no ClCr pico (OR:0,96 95% IC:0,92-0,99 p = 0,023). A diferen&#231;a percentual entre o ClCr inicial e o menor ClCr atingido tamb&#233;m indicou maior mortalidade (OR:1,04 95% IC:1,00-1,07 p = 0,033). A piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal n&#227;o alterou a morbidade e mortalidade em um ano. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal na interna&#231;&#227;o, e sua deteriora&#231;&#227;o durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, mostrou ser um importante marcador progn&#243;stico de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o imediata.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia renal, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>As s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) atualmente representam a principal causa de mortalidade nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, e o risco de eventos adversos &#233; maior em alguns subgrupos que devem ser identificados e tratados adequadamente<sup>1,2</sup>. V&#225;rios s&#227;o os marcadores progn&#243;sticos, sendo a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal um fator que aumenta o risco das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>3,4</sup>, principalmente acidente vascular cerebral<sup>5</sup> e SCA<sup>6</sup>. Sabe-se que pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica apresentam pior progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), quando comparados com indiv&#237;duos com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal<sup>7-9</sup>. Contudo, poucos trabalhos analisaram o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal leve ou moderada na evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IAM.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios envolvendo grande n&#250;mero de pacientes com IAM, como o GUSTO I, GUSTO II e In TIME-2, n&#227;o avaliaram a insufici&#234;ncia renal como marcadora de morbidade e mortalidade<sup>10-12</sup>. Em 1999, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o com o objetivo de formular um escore de risco para progn&#243;stico em longo prazo identificou o aumento moderado da ur&#233;ia como marcador de mortalidade em um seguimento de dois anos<sup>13</sup>. Recentemente, o n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica na interna&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se como um dos mais importantes marcadores de mortalidade hospitalar no registro GRACE<sup>14</sup>. Nenhum estudo analisou a evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante a fase hospitalar como marcador de pior evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o como marcador progn&#243;stico na evolu&#231;&#227;o em 30 dias e no seguimento de um ano, em pacientes internados com IAM com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 313 pacientes internados consecutivamente na unidade coron&#225;ria com diagn&#243;stico de IAM com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2001. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IAM baseou-se nos crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, sendo confirmados pela presen&#231;a de dois dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios: dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana aguda, com dura&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a vinte minutos, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas compat&#237;veis com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e aparecimento de novas ondas Q patol&#243;gicas, e curva enzim&#225;tica da CKMB atividade com n&#237;veis iguais ou superiores a duas vezes o valor m&#225;ximo de refer&#234;ncia. O eletrocardiograma de interna&#231;&#227;o permitiu a diferencia&#231;&#227;o em IAM com e sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, assim como a sua localiza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados os dados demogr&#225;ficos como sexo, idade e peso. Considerou-se a presen&#231;a de diabete melito (DM) se o paciente fizesse uso pr&#233;vio de hipoglicemiantes orais, insulina ou se apresentasse glicemia de jejum durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &gt; 126 mg/dl ou &gt; 200 mg/dl a qualquer momento, sendo necess&#225;ria a repeti&#231;&#227;o do exame para confirma&#231;&#227;o. O diagn&#243;stico de dislipidemia (DLP) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) foi obtido de hist&#243;ria e/ou tratamento pr&#233;vio &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o constantes no prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico. Os antecedentes de tabagismo e IAM pr&#233;vio foram coletados com question&#225;rio m&#233;dico e dados do prontu&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o renal foi obtida pela medida dos n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica (Cr) na interna&#231;&#227;o (Cr inicial) e durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se o maior valor da Cr (Cr pico). O c&#225;lculo do <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina (ClCr) foi obtido utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft &amp; Gault:<sup>15</sup></p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Foi avaliada tamb&#233;m a evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, comparando-se a varia&#231;&#227;o porcentual entre o ClCr de interna&#231;&#227;o (ClCr inicial) e o menor ClCr (ClCr menor) obtido durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com doen&#231;a renal em processo dial&#237;tico. </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados os seguintes eventos durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o: ocorr&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (&lt; 90 mmHg), reinfarto, choque cardiog&#234;nico e &#243;bito em 30 dias. No seguimento de um ano, considerou-se como evento combinado a presen&#231;a de uma das seguintes ocorr&#234;ncias: reinfarto, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica, interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina inst&#225;vel e &#243;bito. </p>
    <p>Os dados foram obtidos com as informa&#231;&#245;es contidas no prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico, pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de rotina ou por contato telef&#244;nico no caso de pacientes sem acompanhamento na institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita em duas etapas. A primeira etapa foi a an&#225;lise univariada para testar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre cada um dos poss&#237;veis fatores de risco ou fatores protetores com &#243;bito em 30 dias e com os eventos combinados em um ano. Na an&#225;lise univariada adotou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,10 para sele&#231;&#227;o inicial de quais vari&#225;veis seriam consideradas para os modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Foram utilizados os testes exato de Fisher, t de Student e Mann-Whitney.</p>
    <p>A segunda etapa consistiu na sele&#231;&#227;o de dois modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, sendo um para a vari&#225;vel dependente &#243;bito em 30 dias e o outro para vari&#225;vel dependente desfecho combinado em um ano.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De um total de 313 pacientes internados com IAM no referido per&#237;odo, foram exclu&#237;dos 21 pacientes pela aus&#234;ncia de dados suficientes para o estudo, quinze com eleva&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea eletiva, dois pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica dial&#237;tica pr&#233;via, e um com ponte mioc&#225;rdica. Foram analisados ent&#227;o 274 pacientes com a m&#233;dia de idade de 62,2 &#177; 13,5 anos, sendo 200 (73%) do sexo masculino. Em 35 (12,8%) pacientes dosou-se somente a Cr inicial. A maioria dos pacientes (&gt; 95%) foi submetida a estudo cinecoronariogr&#225;fico, e a &#250;nica medida foi a hidrata&#231;&#227;o parenteral pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-procedimento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal entre os pacientes submetidos ou n&#227;o a cinecoronariografia.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 6,93% (n = 19) e a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos combinados em um ano foi de 29,0% (n = 74). N&#227;o houve perda no seguimento dos pacientes em 30 dias e em um ano. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes do sexo masculino apresentaram melhor fun&#231;&#227;o renal tanto na interna&#231;&#227;o como durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>), sendo a m&#233;dia de idade dos homens 62,5 anos, e a das mulheres 66,0 anos. O antecedente de HAS correlacionou-se com pior fun&#231;&#227;o renal tanto na interna&#231;&#227;o quanto durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes tabagistas apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis de ClCr inicial e ClCr menor; contudo, a presen&#231;a de DM n&#227;o alterou a fun&#231;&#227;o renal de forma significante (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos 19 pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito em 30 dias foi significantemente maior (70,95 &#177; 2,38 x 62,64 &#177; 0,85, p = 0,007), e 16 (84,2%) eram do sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com HAS, DM, DLP, tabagismo e IAM pr&#233;vio. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o do IAM, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os infartos de parede anterior e inferior. Dentre os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito em 30 dias, 36,8% (p = 0,002) deles apresentaram hipotens&#227;o, e 63,2% (p &lt; 0,001) choque cardiog&#234;nico no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o renal na interna&#231;&#227;o mostrou-se reduzida nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito em 30 dias, com n&#237;veis de maiores de Cr inicial e menores de ClCr inicial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). Da mesma forma, esses pacientes evolu&#237;ram com piora significante da fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do <italic>clearance</italic>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica empregando as vari&#225;veis classificadas na an&#225;lise univariada mostrou o valor protetor do ClCr menor e o risco do choque cardiog&#234;nico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. 4</xref>), demonstrando menor mortalidade quanto maior o ClCr menor (OR = 0,97, IC 95% 0,94-0,99, p = 0,036).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada os pacientes do sexo masculino e os tabagistas foram menos prevalentes entre os que apresentaram evento combinado em um ano de evolu&#231;&#227;o, quando comparados com os livres de eventos (64,9% x 75,1%; p = 0,065 e 27,0% x 41,4%; p = 0,031).</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis de an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o renal n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;a significante na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos combinados em um ano da evolu&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise univariada. Dessa forma, n&#227;o foi estudada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica de tais fatores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria aparecem tamb&#233;m como marcadores de pior fun&#231;&#227;o renal. O sexo masculino e os antecedentes de HAS, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, IAM pr&#233;vio e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica est&#227;o relacionados em in&#250;meros estudos com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal<sup>16-21</sup>. Da mesma forma, a literatura &#233; concordante em mostrar que pacientes tabagistas apresentam melhor fun&#231;&#227;o renal quando comparados com os n&#227;o-tabagistas, por&#233;m sem explica&#231;&#245;es plaus&#237;veis<sup>16-21</sup>. Nosso estudo n&#227;o apontou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o renal nos pacientes portadores de DM, provavelmente pelo fato de a amostra de pacientes com DM ser pequena em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. </p>
    <p>Pacientes em processo dial&#237;tico ap&#243;s IAM apresentam maior mortalidade em seguimentos realizados de 30 dias at&#233; 27 meses<sup>16-18</sup>. McCullough e cols., ao analisar 817 pacientes com IAM, demonstraram que os n&#227;o-dial&#237;ticos com ClCr &lt; 47 ml/min na interna&#231;&#227;o apresentaram pior evolu&#231;&#227;o intra-hospitalar em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos como fal&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, arritmias ventriculares, reinfarto e &#243;bito, quando comparados com os pacientes em di&#225;lise<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Explica&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis para a pior evolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o IAM em pacientes com deteriora&#231;&#227;o leve a moderada da fun&#231;&#227;o renal sugerem que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o aumento do estresse oxidativo e n&#237;veis elevados de homociste&#237;na est&#227;o presentes precocemente na doen&#231;a renal<sup>22</sup>. </p>
    <p>O tratamento das SCA nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal deve ser mais bem observado, colocando &#224; sua disposi&#231;&#227;o as melhores op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas dispon&#237;veis. Estudos pr&#233;vios analisaram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos reconhecidos em melhorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-IAM, como betabloqueadores, agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios, estatinas, inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, trombol&#237;ticos e angioplastia nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal. Comprovou-se que pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal deteriorada recebem tratamento otimizado com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia, quando comparados &#224;queles com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal<sup>4,16,20, 23,24</sup>. </p>
    <p>No registro GRACE o aumento de 1 mg/dl na Cr inicial aumentou o risco para &#243;bito intra-hospitalar em 1,2 vez<sup>14</sup>. Esse aumento nos n&#237;veis de Cr apresentou maior valor progn&#243;stico do que os n&#237;veis de enzimas card&#237;acas na interna&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que na atualidade observa-se maior import&#226;ncia aos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, colocando a fun&#231;&#227;o renal em segundo plano. </p>
    <p>Em outra publica&#231;&#227;o do registro GRACE, demonstrou-se maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar nos pacientes com ClCr inicial diminu&#237;do moderada ou gravemente, utilizando a classifica&#231;&#227;o adaptada das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>National and Kidney Foundation</italic><sup>25</sup>. Pacientes com ClCr inicial estimado entre 30-60 ml/min apresentaram mortalidade duas vezes maior e os pacientes com ClCr inicial <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 ml/min mortalidade quatro vezes maior do que pacientes com ClCr &gt; 60 ml/min<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os trabalhos dispon&#237;veis na literatura utilizaram apenas a fun&#231;&#227;o renal na interna&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o analisando a sua evolu&#231;&#227;o no decorrer da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Em nossa amostra, pacientes com melhores n&#237;veis de ClCr no decorrer da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o apresentaram menor mortalidade em 30 dias, com redu&#231;&#227;o de 3% na mortalidade para cada unidade aumentada no ClCr menor. Do mesmo modo, a piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com &#243;bito em 30 dias pode estar correlacionada com a maior ocorr&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM com supradesnivelamento em parede anterior, fato esse que conota maior gravidade, demonstrando a import&#226;ncia da evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>Assim, uma maior aten&#231;&#227;o em monitorizar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, bem como afastar ou corrigir poss&#237;veis fatores que promovam a queda da filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, como desidrata&#231;&#227;o e uso de subst&#226;ncias nefrot&#243;xicas, podem resultar em diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com IAM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda do IAM apareceu como importante marcador de mortalidade em 30 dias. Esse dado sugere que a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o adequada da fun&#231;&#227;o renal com a an&#225;lise seriada de Cr e o c&#225;lculo do ClCr podem ser relevantes no tratamento de pacientes com IAM para diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e mortalidade em curto prazo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Eduardo Pimenta </p>
        <p> Rua das Cam&#233;lias, 357 </p>
        <p> 04048-060 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="espimenta@cardiol.br">espimenta@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 21/10/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 22/08/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Renal function outcome in acute myocardial infarction as a prognostic factor of in-hospital events and at one-year follow-up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To analyze the role of renal dysfunction at admission or during hospitalization in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-four patients with AMI were assessed between January 2000 and December 2001. Renal function was monitored by serum creatinine (Cr) measurement at admission and peak level during hospitalization. Creatinine clearance (CrCl) was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula. In-hospital and one-year morbidity and mortality were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean age of the population studied was 62.2 &#177; 13.5, and 73% of the patients were male. Renal function was more reduced in male patients and in those with systemic arterial hypertension and prior CABG. Multivariate analysis showed higher hospital mortality rates associated with increased peak serum Cr levels (OR: 1.18 95% CI:1.18-2.77 p = 0.006), decreased baseline CrCl (OR:0.96 95% CI:0.93-0.99 p = 0.025) and peak CrCl (OR:0.96 95% CI:0.92-0.99 p = 0.023). Percent difference between baseline CrCl and the lowest CrCl obtained during hospitalization also indicated higher mortality rates (OR: 1.04 95% CI: 1.00-1.07 p = 0.033). No change was observed in the one-year morbidity and mortality from worsening of renal function. CONCLUSION: Renal dysfunction at admission and its deterioration during hospitalization have proved to be a major prognostic marker for immediate poor outcome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute myocardial infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>renal insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Renal function outcome in acute myocardial infarction as a prognostic factor of in-hospital events and at one-year follow-up </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Eduardo Pimenta; Rui Fernando Ramos; Carlos Gun; Elizabeth S. Santos; Ari Timerman; Leopoldo S. Piegas</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To analyze the role of renal dysfunction at admission or during hospitalization in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Two hundred and seventy-four patients with AMI were assessed between January 2000 and December 2001. Renal function was monitored by serum creatinine (Cr) measurement at admission and peak level during hospitalization. Creatinine clearance (CrCl) was estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault formula. In-hospital and one-year morbidity and mortality were evaluated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mean age of the population studied was 62.2 &#177; 13.5, and 73% of the patients were male. Renal function was more reduced in male patients and in those with systemic arterial hypertension and prior CABG. Multivariate analysis showed higher hospital mortality rates associated with increased peak serum Cr levels (OR: 1.18 95% CI:1.18-2.77 p = 0.006), decreased baseline CrCl (OR:0.96 95% CI:0.93-0.99 p = 0.025) and peak CrCl (OR:0.96 95% CI:0.92-0.99 p = 0.023). Percent difference between baseline CrCl and the lowest CrCl obtained during hospitalization also indicated higher mortality rates (OR: 1.04 95% CI: 1.00-1.07 p = 0.033). No change was observed in the one-year morbidity and mortality from worsening of renal function.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Renal dysfunction at admission and its deterioration during hospitalization have proved to be a major prognostic marker for immediate poor outcome.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>Acute myocardial infarction, renal insufficiency, cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Currently, acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are the leading cause of mortality in developed countries, and the risk of adverse events is greater in some subgroups that should be identified and properly treated.<sup>1,2 </sup>There are several prognostic markers, and renal function deterioration increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases,<sup>3,4</sup> particularly stroke<sup>5</sup> and ACS.<sup>6</sup> Chronic renal failure patients undergoing dialysis are known to have worse prognosis following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than individuals with normal renal function.<sup>7-9</sup> Few papers, however, have analyzed the role of mild or moderate renal dysfunction in the outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>Previous studies such as GUSTO I, GUSTO II, and In TIME-2, involving a large number of AMI patients, failed to evaluate renal failure as marker of morbidity and mortality.<sup>10-12</sup> In 1999, an investigation aimed at formulating a risk score for long-term prognosis identified moderate increase in urea levels as the mortality marker in a two-year follow-up.<sup>13</sup> Recently, serum creatinine level at admission has proved to be one of the most important markers of hospital mortality in the GRACE registry.<sup>14</sup> No other study analyzed renal function clinical course during hospitalization as marker for worse outcome.</p>
      <p>This study was intended to evaluate renal function at admission and its clinical course during hospitalization as prognostic marker for 30-day outcome and at one-year follow-up in patients with ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Study population: Three hundred and thirteen patients consecutively admitted to the coronary care unit with a diagnosis of AMI with and without ST-segment elevation between January 2000 and December 2000 were retrospectively evaluated.</p>
      <p>Diagnostic criteria: Diagnosis of AMI was based on the World Health Organization criteria and confirmed by the presence of two or three of the following features: chest pain typical of acute coronary insufficiency lasting for at least twenty minutes, electrocardiographic changes consistent with myocardial ischemia and the development of new pathologic Q waves, serial CK-MB levels equal to or greater than twice the upper reference limit. Electrocardiograms performed on admission allowed distinguishing between AMI with and without ST-segment elevation, as well as its location. </p>
      <p>Demographic data such as gender, age, and body weight were assessed. The presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) was considered if the patient was previously on oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin or showed fasting plasma glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL or <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL at any time during hospitalization, making repeat testing necessary. Diagnosis of dyslipidemia (DLP) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was obtained from past history and/or treatment prior to admission and recorded in the medical chart. History of smoking and previous AMI was taken through a medical questionnaire and data from the medical chart.</p>
      <p>Renal function assessment: Renal function was assessed by serum creatinine (Cr) measurement at admission (baseline Cr) and during hospitalization. During hospital stay, the highest Cr value was used (peak Cr). Creatinine clearance (CrCl) was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation.<sup>15</sup></p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Renal function outcome was also evaluated, comparing the coefficient of variation between CrCl at admission (baseline CrCl) and the lowest CrCl (lowest CrCl) obtained during hospitalization. </p>
      <p>Renal disease patients undergoing dialysis were excluded. </p>
      <p>Outcomes during hospitalization and after discharge</p>
      <p>The following events were assessed during hospital stay: systolic hypotension (&lt; 90 mm Hg), reinfarction, cardiogenic shock, and death within thirty days. During the one-year follow-up, the presence of one of the following was considered a combined event: reinfarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), readmission for unstable angina, and death. </p>
      <p>Data were obtained from information included in the medical chart, routine clinical evaluation, or phone calls to patients with no follow-up at the institution.</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis involved two steps. As the first step, univariate analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between every potential risk factor or protective factor and death within thirty days and combined events within a year. A statistical significance level of 0.10 was set for the first selection of variables that would be considered for logistic regression models. Fisher&#146;s exact test, Student&#146;s t test and Mann-Whitney test were used.</p>
      <p>As the second step, two logistic regression models were selected, one for the dependent variable 30-day mortality and the other for the dependent variable one-year combined events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Out of 313 patients admitted with AMI during the study period, 21 were excluded because of inadequate data, 15 with cardiac enzyme elevation following elective percutaneous coronary intervention, 2 with previous chronic renal failure on dialysis, and 1 with myocardial bypass. Two hundred and seventy-four patients, mean age 62.2 &#177; 13.5, were analyzed, 200 (73%) of them were male. In 35 (12.8%) patients, only baseline Cr was measured. Most patients (&gt; 95%) underwent coronary angiography, and only parenteral hydration was provided before and after the procedure. No difference was found in worsening of renal function among patients who underwent coronary angiography or not.</p>
      <p>Thirty-day mortality was 6.93% (n = 19), and one-year combined events was 29.0% (n = 74). No patient was lost to follow-up in thirty days nor in a year. </p>
      <p>Male patients showed better renal function both at admission and during hospital stay (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>); mean age for men was 62.5 and for women, 66.0. History of systemic arterial hypertension was correlated with worse renal function at admission and also during hospital stay. Smokers were found to have higher levels of CrCl at baseline as well as higher levels of the lowest CrCl obtained during hospitalization; however, no significant change in renal function was observed in the presence of diabetes mellitus (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Mean age of the 19 patients who died within thirty days was significantly higher (70.95 &#177; 2.38 vs. 62.64 &#177; 0.85, p = 0.007), and 16 (84.2%) were male (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). No significant difference was observed regarding patients with SAH, DM, DLP, smoking status, and previous AMI. As far as AMI location is concerned, no difference was found between anterior and inferior wall myocardial infarction. Among patients who died within thirty days, 36.8% (p = 0.002) had hypotension and 63.2% (p &lt; 0,001) had cardiogenic shock during hospitalization.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Renal function at admission was reduced in patients that died within thirty days, with higher levels of baseline Cr and lower levels of baseline CrCl (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). In addition, these patients experienced a significant decline in renal function during their hospital stay. No significant difference however was found in creatinine variation percentage.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The logistic regression model using those variables classified in the univariate analysis showed that higher levels of the lowest CrCl obtained during hospitalization have protective value against cardiogenic shock (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>), demonstrating that the greater the lowest level of CrCl the lower the mortality rate (OR = 0.97, IC 95% 0.94-0.99, p = 0.036).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-03-0170-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In the univariate analysis, male patients and smokers were less prevalent among those who had combined event within a year when compared with event-free patients (64.9% vs. 75.1%; p = 0.065 e 27.0% vs. 41.4%; p = 0.031).</p>
      <p>In addition, renal function variables showed no significant difference with respect to combined event incidence within a year. Therefore, logistic regression of these factors was not studied.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Risk factors for developing coronary artery disease also appear as markers of poor renal function. Male gender and history of SAH, congestive heart failure, previous AMI, and myocardial revascularization are associated with renal dysfunction in several studies.<sup>16-21</sup> Likewise, data from literature consistently demonstrate that smokers have better renal function than non-smokers, but with no plausible explanations.<sup>16-21</sup> Our study showed no significant decline in renal function in DM patients, probably because the sample of patients with DM was small compared to other populations studied. </p>
      <p>Patients undergoing dialysis after AMI have higher mortality rates in follow-ups ranging from 30 days to 27 months.<sup>16-18</sup> McCullough <italic>et al</italic>. analyzed 817 patients with AMI and demonstrated that non-dialysis patients with CrCl &lt; 47 mL/min at admission had worse in-hospital outcomes with regard to events such as left ventricular failure, ventricular arrhythmias, reinfarction and death, when compared to dialysis patients.<sup>17</sup></p>
      <p>Possible explanations for worse outcomes following AMI in patients with mild-to-moderate renal function deterioration suggest that endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and high levels of homocysteine are early seen in renal disease.<sup>22</sup></p>
      <p>Management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients with renal dysfunction should be better observed, offering them the best therapeutic options available. Previous studies analyzed the usefulness of treatments known to improve patient outcome after AMI, such as beta-blockers, antiplatelet agents, statins, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, thrombolytics, and angioplasty in renal dysfunction patients. It has been proved that patients with deteriorated renal function receive optimal treatment less frequently than those with normal renal function.<sup>4,16,20, 23,24</sup></p>
      <p>In the GRACE registry, an increase of 1 mg/dL in baseline Cr was associated with a 1.2-fold increase in hospital death risk.<sup>14 </sup>This elevation in Cr levels has been shown to have higher prognostic value than cardiac enzyme levels at admission, since at present markers of myocardial necrosis are given more importance than renal function. </p>
      <p>In another GRACE registry publication, using the adapted classification of the National and Kidney Foundation recommendations, in-hospital mortality was greater among patients with moderately or severely decreased baseline CrCl.<sup>25</sup> Patients with baseline CrCl between 30-60 mL/min had a two-fold higher mortality rate, and patients with baseline CrCl <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mL/min, a four-fold higher mortality rate than patients with CrCl &gt; 60 mL/min<sup>21</sup>. </p>
      <p>Papers available in the literature used only renal function at admission, failing to analyze its outcome during hospitalization. In our sample, patients with improved CrCl levels during hospitalization had lower 30-day mortality, with a decline of 3% in mortality for every one-unit increase in the lower CrCl. In like manner, worsening of renal function in patients who progressed to death within thirty days may be related to greater incidence of cardiogenic shock; however, no difference was found regarding incidence of anterior wall AMI with ST-segment elevation, a fact that denotes higher severity, demonstrating the important role of renal function outcome in acute myocardial infarction. </p>
      <p>Thus, careful renal function monitoring, as well as elimination or correction of factors that decrease glomerular filtration rate during hospitalization, such as dehydration and use of nephrotoxic substances, may reduce morbidity and mortality in AMI patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Renal function deterioration during hospitalization in the acute phase of myocardial infarction was found to be a major marker of 30-day mortality. This suggests that proper monitoring of renal function with serial serum Cr measurement and CrCl calculation may be relevant in the treatment of patients with AMI to reduce short-term morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Eduardo Pimenta</p>
          <p> Rua das Cam&#233;lias, 357</p>
          <p> 04048-060 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="espimenta@cardiol.br">espimenta@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 11/21/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/22/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
