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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6njpXn3kfpWyQqnjhVLS4cG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600211</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000200011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica grave sintom&#225;tica: estudo comparado da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e ecocardiografia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nigri</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spina</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme S</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parga</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>145</fpage>
      <lpage>149</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Mostrar o real valor da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos portadores de valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica sintom&#225;tica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 70 pacientes, 35 com estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) e 35 com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica (IAo), com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, que realizaram ecocardiograma (ECO) e RMC pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, volumes e &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda por meio da cinerresson&#226;ncia. RESULTADOS: Quando comparadas as vari&#225;veis do ECO e da RMC, nos grupos da EAo e da IAo n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois m&#233;todos. Quando comparadas com o tipo de sintoma, as vari&#225;veis pelo ECO e pela RMC apresentam o mesmo comportamento. CONCLUS&#195;O: A RMC apresentou concord&#226;ncia com o ECO na avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e com a cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>valvopatia a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>classe funcional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica grave sintom&#225;tica. Estudo comparado da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e ecocardiografia </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Nigri; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Fl&#225;vio Tarasoutchi; Guilherme S. Spina; Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga; Luiz Francisco &#193;vila; Roney Orismar Sampaio; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Max Grinberg</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Mostrar o real valor da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos portadores de valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica sintom&#225;tica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados 70 pacientes, 35 com estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) e 35 com insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica (IAo), com indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, que realizaram ecocardiograma (ECO) e RMC pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, volumes e &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda por meio da cinerresson&#226;ncia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Quando comparadas as vari&#225;veis do ECO e da RMC, nos grupos da EAo e da IAo n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os dois m&#233;todos. Quando comparadas com o tipo de sintoma, as vari&#225;veis pelo ECO e pela RMC apresentam o mesmo comportamento. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A RMC apresentou concord&#226;ncia com o ECO na avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e com a cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>valvopatia a&#243;rtica, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, ecocardiograma, classe funcional</p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria natural das valvopatias a&#243;rticas cr&#244;nicas, estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) e insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica (IAo) associa-se a graus de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda sem correspond&#234;ncia<sup>1-3</sup> com manifesta&#231;&#227;o de sintomas.</p>
    <p>As valvopatias a&#243;rticas cr&#244;nicas, principalmente de etiologia reum&#225;tica (prevalente em nosso pa&#237;s) com grau importante de acometimento valvar, podem ser estratificadas mediante avalia&#231;&#245;es baseadas em exames de cardioimagem<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os habituais, assim como a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ncope e de dor tor&#225;cica decorrem geralmente de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, e mais raramente de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. </p>
    <p>H&#225; car&#234;ncia de trabalhos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o clinicomorfol&#243;gica de uma valvopatia a&#243;rtica, na eventual presen&#231;a da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>7-9</sup>. Desse modo, estudos bem conduzidos ainda procuram &#237;ndices preditores por meio de m&#233;todos de cardioimagem que possam antecipar o momento cir&#250;rgico de forma mais segura. H&#225; dificuldades de homogeneizar os valores das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que s&#227;o decorrentes da multiplicidade de altera&#231;&#245;es da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Nessa linha de pesquisa, a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pode estar acompanhada de uma mudan&#231;a no comportamento cl&#237;nico, o que nos alerta para o momento ideal para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico. </p>
    <p>Desse modo, em pacientes com valvopatias graves, pode ser &#250;til a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pela RMC, pois trata-se de um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico que vem se firmando nos &#250;ltimos anos como um dos principais exames complementares n&#227;o-invasivos em cardiologia. Dentre as suas principais vantagens, destacam-se a excelente defini&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica entre os tecidos, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional na aus&#234;ncia de radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante e contraste n&#227;o-nefrot&#243;xico (Gadol&#237;nio).</p>
    <p>Assim, procuramos conciliar os dados cl&#237;nicos com a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) e o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ECO), m&#233;todo complementar de suma import&#226;ncia, utilizado no rastreamento da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda nas valvopatias a&#243;rticas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>OBJETIVO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliar o real comportamento da RMC na an&#225;lise dos portadores de valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica sintom&#225;tica<sup>10</sup>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados, de forma prospectiva, setenta pacientes (35 com EAo e 35 com IAo) sintom&#225;ticos no Ambulat&#243;rio da Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Valvopatias do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP), no per&#237;odo de maio de 2001 a julho de 2003. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 46,6 &#177; 12,4 anos, com predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino em 54 casos, e 75% dos pacientes com etiologia reum&#225;tica, seguida de valva bivalvular e degenerativa.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios considerados para inclus&#227;o de pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica grave e indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foram: sintomas cl&#237;nicos, como angina de peito aos esfor&#231;os, s&#237;ncope e dispn&#233;ia aos m&#233;dios e m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os (dispn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica noturna, ortopn&#233;ia) com gradiente entre ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e aorta acima de 50 mmHg pelo cateterismo e &gt; 70 mmHg pelo ECO para EAo<sup>11</sup>. Na IAo, foi definido conforme os crit&#233;rios modificados de Spagnuolo e cols.<sup>12</sup> que eram: &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico &gt; 0,50; presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda pelo eletrocardiograma; press&#227;o de pulso <underline>&gt;</underline> 80 mmHg; press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 mmHg; e pelo ECO, no qual um desses crit&#233;rios foi suficiente para inclus&#227;o no grupo da IAo.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o adotados neste estudo foram: pacientes com idade inferior a 18 anos e acima de 65 anos; valvopatia mitral concomitante; cirurgia valvar pr&#233;via; doen&#231;as associadas (diabete melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia); e outras cardiopatias (aortopatias, coronariopatias, miocardiopatias).</p>
    <p>Este projeto foi analisado e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos deram consentimento por escrito, ap&#243;s explica&#231;&#227;o do estudo e do m&#233;todo utilizado.</p>
    <p>Cronograma do estudo - Foram anotados, particularmente, os dados sobre ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas capitais, tais como angina de peito, s&#237;ncope e dispn&#233;ia aos m&#233;dios e m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os (dispn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica noturna, ortopn&#233;ia), durante anamnese cl&#237;nica, e, posteriormente, foram agendados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames diagn&#243;sticos como eletrocardiogramas, radiografias de t&#243;rax, ECO, RMC e cateterismo card&#237;aco<sup>11-13</sup>. O exame do ECO foi realizado primeiro em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RMC. </p>
    <p>Ecocardiograma - As interpreta&#231;&#245;es obedeceram &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes realizaram ECO com avalia&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, volumes finais diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, &#237;ndice de massa ventricular<sup>14,15</sup>, sendo a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda calculada pela t&#233;cnica de Teichholz <sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca - A RMC realizada objetivou avaliar volumes, fun&#231;&#227;o e &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (volume diast&#243;lico final - VDF, volume sist&#243;lico final - VSF, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o - FE e &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo - IMVE) pela cinerresson&#226;ncia com t&#233;cnica de FIESTA (<italic>Fast Imaging Employing Steady-State Acquisition</italic>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> mostra em um corte de eixo longo de RMC em IAo, a dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e um grande fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo pela aorta. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref>, um corte de eixo curto em EAo mostra o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hipertrofiado com o ventr&#237;culo direito pequeno. A primeira seq&#252;&#234;ncia de pulso, a cinerresson&#226;ncia com t&#233;cnica de FIESTA<sup>17</sup>, foi utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global (volumes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o)<sup>18</sup>. Os c&#225;lculos de IMVE, VDF, VSF e FE foram obtidos pela detec&#231;&#227;o dos contornos do epic&#225;rdio e endoc&#225;rdio de cortes cont&#237;guos, do eixo curto ao final da di&#225;stole e final da s&#237;stole, das imagens de cinerresson&#226;ncia, por meio do m&#233;todo de Simpson<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>ESTUDO ESTAT&#205;STICO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise descritiva - Para as vari&#225;veis da RMC e ECO foi realizado o c&#225;lculo de m&#233;dias e desvio-padr&#227;o. </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise comparativa - Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos de FE entre ECO e RMC foi utilizada a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia a um fator com as compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas realizadas por meio do teste de Bonferroni<sup>21</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para a obten&#231;&#227;o de um valor de corte para a FE em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi utilizado o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Para o estudo da correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FE e manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi utilizado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para todas as vari&#225;veis calculadas foi utilizada a unidade de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p = 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estenose a&#243;rtica - A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis entre os dois m&#233;todos RMC e ECO no grupo da EAo est&#225; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no c&#225;lculo das vari&#225;veis entre RMC e ECO no grupo da EAo.</p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica - A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis entre os dois m&#233;todos RMC e ECO no grupo da IAo est&#225; mostrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Da mesma maneira que no grupo da EAo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa das vari&#225;veis entre RMC e ECO no grupo da IAo.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis da RMC e ECO comparadas com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas na EAo est&#227;o nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">4</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Apenas a vari&#225;vel da FE pelo ECO/RMC apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no grupo da EAo.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis da RMC e ECO comparadas com a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na IAo est&#227;o nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">6</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis pela RMC e ECO apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na IAo, diferentemente do grupo da EAo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica representada por EAo e IAo, estas apresentam hist&#243;rias naturais diferentes mas com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e diagn&#243;sticos semelhantes.</p>
    <p>Trata-se de um trabalho pioneiro no qual comparamos as vantagens da RMC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECO quando estudadas vari&#225;veis habituais no rastreamento de uma valvopatia a&#243;rtica grave, al&#233;m de car&#234;ncias na literatura de trabalhos que avaliam a intera&#231;&#227;o desses m&#233;todos com a cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>Quando utilizamos os dois m&#233;todos de imagem de diagn&#243;stico RMC e ECO para o c&#225;lculo das vari&#225;veis, eles n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos cl&#237;nicos &#150; EAo e IAo. Moriuchi e cols.<sup>23</sup> estudaram 55 pacientes hipertensos com avalia&#231;&#227;o dos volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais e massa ventricular esquerda pela RMC e ECO sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa, o que revelou semelhan&#231;a com os nossos dados, que n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as na avalia&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis. Da mesma maneira, Shelton e cols.<sup>24</sup> compararam o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda de pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica entre esses dois m&#233;todos de imagem e n&#227;o encontraram vantagem na an&#225;lise dos m&#233;todos RMC e ECO (0,6 <italic>versus</italic> 0,8, respectivamente). </p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m de modo semelhante aos nossos resultados, ao analisar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na IAo, Pflugfelder e cols.<sup>25</sup> mostraram que n&#227;o houve superioridade na an&#225;lise de ambos os m&#233;todos. Por&#233;m, quando analisadas as vari&#225;veis entre os m&#233;todos com a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, foi not&#243;ria a import&#226;ncia deles para diagnosticar de forma mais exata as vari&#225;veis com a cl&#237;nica no grupo da IAo<sup>26</sup>. Isso pode ser correlacionado com maior dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular e, conseq&#252;entemente, maior desadapta&#231;&#227;o ventricular no grupo da IAo. Berko e cols.<sup>27</sup>, mostraram a contribui&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de imagem valorizando o ECO no diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico da valvopatia a&#243;rtica, principalmente relacionado aos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de corre&#231;&#227;o de valva a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>Da mesma maneira, Baxley e cols.<sup>28</sup> mostraram de forma qualitativa e quantitativa o valor da RMC nos valvopatas a&#243;rticos, quantificando seus sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e o estado da pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica ap&#243;s cirurgia. Portanto, em conformidade com nossos resultados e a literatura, a RMC &#233; t&#227;o eficiente quanto o ECO ao fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es qualitativas e quantitativas nas valvopatias a&#243;rticas, e mostrou-se superior quando usa a planimetria para o c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea valvar<sup>24,25</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a RMC pode ser um m&#233;todo de imagem alternativo, quando o ECO n&#227;o exibir de forma clara os c&#225;lculos das vari&#225;veis por limita&#231;&#245;es de janela visual.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas pelo ECO e RMC em ambos os grupos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcelo Nigri </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcelonigri@uol.com.br">marcelonigri@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 19/10/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 9/08/05</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Symptomatic severe chronic aortic valve disease: a comparative study of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To show the real value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) in the evaluation of patients with symptomatic chronic aortic valve disease. METHODS: Seventy patients - 35 with aortic stenosis (AoS) and 35 with aortic regurgitation (AoR) with surgical indication, who underwent preoperative echocardiogram (ECHO) and CMRI to assess ventricular function, volumes, and left ventricular mass index using cine magnetic resonance imaging, were studied. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was observed between the AoS and AoR groups when ECHO and CMRI variables were compared. When compared with the type of symptom, ECHO and CMRI variables showed the same pattern. CONCLUSION: CMRI data were in agreement with ECHO data regarding the assessment of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction, and with the clinical presentation of patients with chronic aortic valve disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>chronic aortic valve disease</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>functional class</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Symptomatic severe chronic aortic valve disease. A comparative study of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo Nigri; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte; Fl&#225;vio Tarasoutchi; Guilherme S. Spina; Jos&#233; Rodrigues Parga; Luiz Francisco &#193;vila; Roney Orismar Sampaio; Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini Ramires; Max Grinberg</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To show the real value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) in the evaluation of patients with symptomatic chronic aortic valve disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Seventy patients &#150; 35 with aortic stenosis (AoS) and 35 with aortic regurgitation (AoR) with surgical indication, who underwent preoperative echocardiogram (ECHO) and CMRI to assess ventricular function, volumes, and left ventricular mass index using cine magnetic resonance imaging, were studied.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No statistically significant difference was observed between the AoS and AoR groups when ECHO and CMRI variables were compared. When compared with the type of symptom, ECHO and CMRI variables showed the same pattern.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> CMRI data were in agreement with ECHO data regarding the assessment of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction, and with the clinical presentation of patients with chronic aortic valve disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> chronic aortic valve disease, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiogram, functional class</p>
      <p>The natural history of chronic aortic valve diseases &#150; aortic stenosis (AoS), and aortic regurgitation (AoR) is associated with degrees of left ventricular remodeling that do not correspond<sup>1-3</sup> to clinical manifestations.</p>
      <p>Chronic aortic valve diseases, mainly of rheumatic etiology (which is prevalent in Brazil), with a significant valve involvement may be stratified according to assessments based on cardiac imaging tests<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dyspnea on ordinary exertion as a manifestation of heart failure, as well as the presence of chest pain and syncope, generally result from left ventricular dysfunction, and less frequently from myocardial dysfunction. </p>
      <p>Studies evaluating the clinical and morphological progression of aortic valve disease in the occasional presence of left ventricular dysfunction are lacking<sup>7-9</sup>. Thus, well-conducted studies still seek for predictive indexes using cardiac imaging methods that could bring forward the timing for surgery with increased safety. It is difficult to homogenize values of echocardiographic measurements due to the multiplicity of changes in ventricular remodeling. In this line of research, the left ventricular remodeling may be followed by an alteration in the clinical manifestation, which would warn us of the optimal timing for surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>Thus, in patients with severe valvular heart diseases, the assessment of ventricular function using CMRI may be useful, because this is a diagnostic method that has become one of the main non-invasive supplementary tests in Cardiology in the past few years. Among its main advantages, we can point out the excellent anatomical resolution between the tissues, the acquisition of a three-dimensional rebuilding without using ionizing radiation, and non-nephrotoxic contrast medium (Gadolinium). </p>
      <p>Thus, we attempted to associate clinical data with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) and transthroracic echocardiogram (ECHO), a supplementary method of the utmost importance used to track the assessment of left ventricular function in aortic valve diseases. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>OBJECTIVE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To assess the alterations in CMRI in the analysis of patients with symptomatic chronic aortic valve disease<sup>10</sup> in comparison with echocardiographic parameters. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seventy symptomatic patients (35 with AoS and 35 with AoR) from the Outpatient Clinic of the Medical Unit of Valvular Heart Diseases of the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> (InCor/HC-FMUSP) were prospectively studied from May, 2001 to July, 2003. The mean age was 46.6 &#177; 12.4 years with predominance of males in 54 cases, and 75% of the patients with valvular heart disease of rheumatic etiology, followed by bicuspid and degenerative valve. </p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria for patients with severe chronic aortic valve disease and surgical indication were: clinical symptoms such as angina pectoris on exertion, syncope and dyspnea on moderate and mild exertion (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea) with a gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta above 50 mmHg by catheterization, and &gt; 70 mmHg by ECHO, for AoS<sup>11</sup>. For AoR, the inclusion criteria were defined according to Spagnuolo et al<sup>12</sup> as modified criteria, namely: cardiothoracic index &gt; 0.50, presence of left ventricular hypertrophy as assessed by electrocardiogram, pulse pressure <underline> &gt;</underline> 80 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure <underline>&lt;</underline> 60 mmHg as assessed by ECHO, in that one single criterion was enough to admit the patient in the AoR group.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria used in this study were: patients under eighteen and above 65 years of age; concurrent mitral valve disease; previous heart valve surgery; comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia); and other heart diseases (aorta diseases, coronary artery diseases, myocardial diseases). </p>
      <p>This project was analyzed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</italic> All patients admitted in the study gave their written consent after obtaining information about the study and the method used. </p>
      <p>Study schedule - Data on the occurrence of key symptoms such as angina pectoris, syncope and dyspnea on moderate and mild exertion (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea) were particularly recorded during the clinical history taking. Patients were then scheduled for diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms, chest radiographs, ECHO, CMRI, and cardiac catheterization<sup>11-13</sup>. ECHO was performed prior to CMRI.</p>
      <p>Echocardiogram - Echocardiograms were interpreted according to recommendations of the American Association of Echocardiography. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent ECHO and ventricular function, left ventricular end-diastolic (EDV) and systolic (ESV) volumes, and ventricular mass index (LVMI)<sup>14,15</sup>. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was calculated using the Teichholz method<sup>16</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging - CMRI was performed to assess volumes, function and left ventricular mass index (EDV, ESV, EF, and LVMI) using cine magnetic resonance with the FIESTA technique (Fast Imaging Employing Steady-state Acquisition). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows left ventricular dilation and intense blood flow through the aorta in a CMRI long-axis section of AoR. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> &#150; a short-axis section of AoS &#150; shows a hypertrophic left ventricle with a small right ventricle. The first pulse sequence &#150; the cine magnetic resonance with the FIESTA technique<sup>17</sup>, was used to assess the global ventricular function (volumes and ejection fraction)<sup>18</sup>. LVMI, EDV, ESV, and EF were calculated by detecting epicardial and endocardial borders in contiguous short-axis sections at the end-diastole and end-systole of cine magnetic resonance images using the Simpson&#146;s rule<sup>19-20</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>STATISTICAL ANALYSIS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Descriptive analysis - The calculation of means and standard deviation was performed for CMRI and ECHO variables.</p>
      <p>Comparative analysis - The one-factor analysis of variance was used for comparisons of EF groups between ECHO and CMRI, and Bonferroni correction<sup>21 </sup>was used for multiple comparisons.</p>
      <p>The logistic regression model was used to obtain a cut-off point for EF in relation to the clinical presentation.</p>
      <p>Pearson&#146;s correlation coefficient was used to study the correlation between EF and the clinical manifestation<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>For all variables calculated, the level of statistical significance of p = 0.05 was used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparison between CMRI and ECHO</p>
      <p>Aortic stenosis - The comparison of variables between the two methods &#150; CMRI and ECHO in the AoS group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No difference was observed in the calculation of variables between CMRI and ECHO in the AoS group.</p>
      <p>Aortic regurgitation - The comparison of variables between CMRI and ECHO in the AoR group is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Similarly to the AoS group, no significant statistical difference of variables between the CMRI and ECHO was observed in the AoR group.</p>
      <p>Analysis between CMRI and ECHO variables and clinical manifestations in AoS and AoR - The comparison between CMRI and ECHO variables and clinical manifestations in AoS is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Only the EF variable in ECHO/CMRI showed a statistical significance in the AoS group. </p>
      <p>The comparison between CMRI and ECHO variables and clinical manifestations in AoR is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">6</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0145-00011-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>All CMRI and ECHO variables showed a statistical significance in AoR, unlike in the AoS group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aortic valve diseases represented by AoS and AoR have different natural histories, though with similar clinical manifestations and diagnoses.</p>
      <p>This is a pioneering study in which the advantages of CMRI in relation to ECHO were compared by studying the variables generally used to track a severe aortic valve disease. In addition, the literature lacks studies evaluating the interaction of these methods with the clinical presentation. </p>
      <p>When the two diagnostic imaging methods &#150; CMRI and ECHO &#150; were used to calculate the variables, no differences between the clinical groups &#150; AoS and AoR &#150; were observed. Moriuchi et al<sup>23</sup> studied 55 hypertensive patients by assessing end systolic and diastolic volumes, and left ventricular mass using CMRI and ECHO. No statistically significant differences were observed, which was similar to the data obtained in our study. Likewise, Shelton et al<sup>24</sup> compared the left ventricular mass index of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy between these two imaging methods and did not find any advantages in the analysis of CRMI and ECHO (0.6 versus 0.8, respectively).</p>
      <p>Also similar to our results, when analyzing the ejection fraction in AoR, Pflugfelder et al<sup>25</sup> showed that no superiority was observed in the analysis of both methods. However, when the variables of the methods were analyzed with the clinical manifestations, the importance of the methods was remarkable in diagnosing the variables with the clinical presentation more precisely in the AoR group<sup>26</sup>. This can be correlated with a more intense ventricular dilation and, consequently, with a more intense ventricular maladaptation in the AoR group. Berko et al<sup>27 </sup>showed the contribution of imaging methods, emphasizing the ECHO in the diagnosis and prognosis of aortic valve disease, mainly related to patients with heart failure in the pre and postoperative of aortic valve surgery. </p>
      <p>Likewise, Baxley et al<sup>28</sup> showed, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the value of CMRI in patients with aortic valve disease, quantifying their heart failure symptoms and the status of the aortic valve prosthesis following surgery. Therefore, according to our results and the literature, CMRI is as efficient as ECHO in providing qualitative and quantitative information in aortic valve diseases, and proved superior when planimetry is used to calculate the valve area<sup>24,25</sup>. Additionally, CMRI may be an alternative imaging method when ECHO is unable to clearly show the variable calculations due to limitations of the visual window. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, no statistically significant difference was found between the variables analyzed by ECHO and CMRI in both clinical groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcelo Nigri</p>
          <p> InCor</p>
          <p> Av. Dr En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo &#150; SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="marcelonigri@uol.com.br">marcelonigri@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 10/19/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/09/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
