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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CPXnDC68yFsN5wNpwJGXScp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000200010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Duplo produto elevado como preditor de aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante em pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fornitano</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Base </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>138</fpage>
      <lpage>144</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Correlacionar valores do duplo produto acima de 30.000 mmHg.bpm, com presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de coronariopatia obstrutiva importante, em pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo. M&#201;TODOS: An&#225;lise retrospectiva de 246 pacientes que haviam sido submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico no m&#225;ximo trinta dias antes de estudo cineangiocoronariogr&#225;fico, por suspeita de coronariopatia obstrutiva, dos quais 165 pacientes tinham teste ergom&#233;trico positivo. O crit&#233;rio &#250;nico para positividade foi a presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST de pelo menos 1,0 mm, de morfologia horizontal ou descendente, persistindo 0,08 seg. ap&#243;s o ponto J. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 165 pacientes, 50 (30,3%) alcan&#231;aram duplo produto &gt; 30.000 mmHg.bpm; desses, 38 (76%) eram angiograficamente normais ou tinham coronariopatia obstrutiva leve e 12 (24%) tinham coronariopatia importante. Entre os outros 115 pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, mas duplo produto &lt; 30.000 mmHg.bpm, 59 (51,3%) eram normais ou com coronariopatia obstrutiva leve, e 56 (48,7%) apresentavam coronariopatia obstrutiva importante (Odds Ratio = 0,3327 IC 95% = 0,1579 a 0,7009; P = 0,0034). CONCLUS&#195;O: Com base nos dados obtidos dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, demonstrou-se que o duplo produto elevado constituiu-se em uma vari&#225;vel importante para prever a aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva significante em indiv&#237;duos com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, podendo tornar-se ferramenta &#250;til na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>teste ergom&#233;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>duplo produto</kwd>
        <kwd>coronariopatia obstrutiva</kwd>
        <kwd>m&#233;todo disgn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Duplo produto elevado como preditor de aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante em pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luis Domingos Fornitano; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; Famerp e Hospital de Base da Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina &#150; Funfarme - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Correlacionar valores do duplo produto acima de 30.000 mmHg.bpm, com presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de coronariopatia obstrutiva importante, em pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> An&#225;lise retrospectiva de 246 pacientes que haviam sido submetidos a teste ergom&#233;trico no m&#225;ximo trinta dias antes de estudo cineangiocoronariogr&#225;fico, por suspeita de coronariopatia obstrutiva, dos quais 165 pacientes tinham teste ergom&#233;trico positivo. O crit&#233;rio &#250;nico para positividade foi a presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST de pelo menos 1,0 mm, de morfologia horizontal ou descendente, persistindo 0,08 seg. ap&#243;s o ponto J. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Dentre os 165 pacientes, 50 (30,3%) alcan&#231;aram duplo produto &gt; 30.000 mmHg.bpm; desses, 38 (76%) eram angiograficamente normais ou tinham coronariopatia obstrutiva leve e 12 (24%) tinham coronariopatia importante. Entre os outros 115 pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, mas duplo produto &lt; 30.000 mmHg.bpm, 59 (51,3%) eram normais ou com coronariopatia obstrutiva leve, e 56 (48,7%) apresentavam coronariopatia obstrutiva importante (<italic>Odds Ratio</italic> = 0,3327 IC 95% = 0,1579 a 0,7009; P = 0,0034). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Com base nos dados obtidos dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, demonstrou-se que o duplo produto elevado constituiu-se em uma vari&#225;vel importante para prever a aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva significante em indiv&#237;duos com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, podendo tornar-se ferramenta &#250;til na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> teste ergom&#233;trico, duplo produto, coronariopatia obstrutiva, m&#233;todo disgn&#243;stico</p>
    <p>Estudos correlacionando a resposta eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ao exerc&#237;cio com achados de cinecoronariografia (CINE) evidenciaram ECG anormal em at&#233; 30% dos pacientes sem nenhuma obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana demonstr&#225;vel<sup>1</sup>, com a sensibilidade do teste ergom&#233;trico variando de 50% a 72% (m&#233;dia 67%), e a especificidade de 69% a 74% (m&#233;dia 71%)<sup>2-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante, entretanto, ressaltar as limita&#231;&#245;es dessas afirma&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia de compara&#231;&#227;o &#233; a cinecoronariografia, que analisa apenas a anatomia da &#225;rvore arterial coronariana, mais precisamente a luz dos vasos coron&#225;rios e n&#227;o propriamente a repercuss&#227;o funcional das eventuais obstru&#231;&#245;es. Coronariopatia obstrutiva n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente sin&#244;nimo de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, o infradesnivelamento do segmento ST pode ou n&#227;o ser express&#227;o de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, e em hip&#243;tese alguma reflete, obrigatoriamente, as condi&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas relacionadas &#224; perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup>6</sup>. Sabe-se que os est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) podem determinar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e desencadear respostas anormais da vasculatura coronariana, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a obstrutiva. Outra dificuldade &#233; a grande diversidade das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas, nem sempre com caracter&#237;sticas superpon&#237;veis e o fato de o valor preditivo do teste de esfor&#231;o estar diretamente relacionado &#224; preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada<sup>7-9</sup>. Em indiv&#237;duos com baixa probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de doen&#231;a, um resultado positivo tem baixa acur&#225;cia preditiva, enquanto um id&#234;ntico resultado positivo em indiv&#237;duos com 50% de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste determina 88% de probabilidade p&#243;s-teste de doen&#231;a<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O duplo produto (DP), que &#233; resultante da multiplica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), tem sido considerado importante par&#226;metro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, especulando-se que valores elevados no pico do esfor&#231;o, refletindo o trabalho card&#237;aco, devam estar relacionados a boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e aus&#234;ncia de isquemia, o contr&#225;rio acontecendo no caso de valores muito baixos<sup>11-13</sup>. </p>
    <p>O Consenso Nacional de Ergometria faz refer&#234;ncia a esse par&#226;metro como um &#237;ndice n&#227;o-invasivo que melhor reflete com consumo de oxig&#234;nio mioc&#225;rdico (MVO<sub>2</sub>), e que a import&#226;ncia de sua determina&#231;&#227;o reside na avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica e dos esquemas terap&#234;uticos protetores para a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nas Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Teste Ergom&#233;trico<sup>15</sup>, o duplo produto elevado &#233; citado como uma indica&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE em associa&#231;&#227;o a outros m&#233;todos, como a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, em grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o B<sub>1</sub> (recomend&#225;vel; com evid&#234;ncia muito boa). No texto n&#227;o se encontra uma refer&#234;ncia clara sobre o motivo da indica&#231;&#227;o, mas &#233; conhecido o fato do DP elevado, por determinar excessivo consumo de O<sub>2</sub> mioc&#225;rdico, associar-se a resultados falso-positivos para a resposta do segmento ST no TE, por insufici&#234;ncia coronariana relativa. </p>
    <p>J&#225; foram utilizados outros m&#233;todos visando tentar melhorar o valor preditivo diagn&#243;stico de DAC, correlacionando dados do TE com cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com Thallium, associada ao ecocardiograma de esfor&#231;o ou a outros procedimentos como Holter e radiograma de t&#243;rax, ventriculografia por radionucl&#237;deo, fluoroscopia, aumento da atividade pulmonar do Thallium e vetorcardiograma<sup>16-23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m j&#225; foram desenvolvidos escores correlacionando-se achados do TE com dados de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, visando predizer a presen&#231;a, a extens&#227;o e o progn&#243;stico da DAC. Nesse sentido, Kansal e cols.<sup>24</sup>, estudando 608 pacientes com queixa de angina, correlacionaram os achados do TE em 351 deles, em an&#225;lise multivariada, propondo um escore de pontos para melhorar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de DAC. Em homens, as vari&#225;veis de signific&#226;ncia foram: 1) FC m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada menor que 80% da FC m&#225;xima prevista; 2) depress&#227;o do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> a 1,0 mm; 3) idade <underline>&gt;</underline> a 55 anos; e 4) tempo de exerc&#237;cio na esteira &lt; 8 minutos. Em mulheres, a FC m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada &lt; 90% e tempo de exerc&#237;cio &lt; 6 minutos foram significantes. Verificou-se que a redu&#231;&#227;o da FC m&#225;xima teve a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com DAC, seguida das modifica&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST, por&#233;m outras vari&#225;veis como a configura&#231;&#227;o e a magnitude da depress&#227;o do segmento ST, o DP &lt; 30.000 mmHg.bpm em homens, angina e tempo de exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m tiveram relev&#226;ncia na interpreta&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Mark e cols.<sup>25</sup> desenvolveram estudo com base em dados como dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio em associa&#231;&#227;o com quantifica&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o do segmento ST e na presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de angina (escore de Duke), identificando, assim, os pacientes com baixo, moderado e alto risco de eventos coronarianos e a sobreviv&#234;ncia em quatro anos. Conclu&#237;ram que o escore proposto era de valor para ajudar na decis&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o da cinecoronariografia. </p>
    <p>Morise e cols.<sup>26</sup> desenvolveram um escore de pontos para estimar a probabilidade de DAC em pacientes com suspeita da doen&#231;a, considerando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas como sexo, idade, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de dor tor&#225;cica, situa&#231;&#227;o hormonal, diabete melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo, hiperlipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar e &#237;ndice de massa corporal, selecionados de uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ECG normal que procuraram o hospital para se submeterem a TE, e que posteriormente realizaram CINE. Nesse estudo, os autores ressaltaram a dificuldade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, de escores propostos anteriormente por outros autores, e ainda a forma arbitr&#225;ria com que, na maioria das vezes, os pacientes s&#227;o classificados como de baixa, intermedi&#225;ria e alta probabilidade de DAC. </p>
    <p>Faris e cols.<sup>27</sup> estudaram a import&#226;ncia dos fatores de risco coronarianos e achados do TE como preditores de DAC significante em mulheres com angina inst&#225;vel, ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico. Entre outras conclus&#245;es, os achados de baixa capacidade f&#237;sica em associa&#231;&#227;o a baixo incremento do DP permaneceram como os &#250;nicos par&#226;metros do TE considerados como significantes preditores de DAC angiograficamente documentada. </p>
    <p>Raxwal e cols.<sup>28</sup> publicaram estudo tamb&#233;m objetivando o desenvolvimento de um novo escore de pontos, baseando-se em vari&#225;veis da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e par&#226;metros encontrados no TE, como &#237;ndice de angina e quantifica&#231;&#227;o das anormalidades do segmento ST. Os autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a na PAS m&#225;xima entre os dois grupos, com e sem DAC. Embora se notem diferen&#231;as de valores do DP alcan&#231;ado entre os pacientes com e sem DAC, os autores n&#227;o fazem refer&#234;ncia acerca da signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica desses achados. De qualquer modo, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#250;meros apresentados, no grupo com coron&#225;rias normais na popula&#231;&#227;o utilizada para a valida&#231;&#227;o do escore nota-se que o DP foi maior quando comparado ao encontrado entre os pacientes com DAC, inclusive atingindo valores acima de 30.000 mmHg.bpm, o que refor&#231;a a id&#233;ia de que o DP elevado pressup&#245;e menor probabilidade de DAC, mesmo em presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST. </p>
    <p>O estudo de Ho e cols.<sup>29</sup> teve como objetivo determinar se achados de ECG de repouso normal ou com discretas altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST ou onda T poderiam influenciar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes submetidos a investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva de DAC. O escore foi calculado atribuindo-se 1 ponto para cada uma das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas: sexo masculino, hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, angina do peito t&#237;pica, diabete melito, uso de insulina, e a cada d&#233;cada de vida ap&#243;s os quarenta anos. Conclu&#237;ram pela validade do escore em ajudar a determinar o progn&#243;stico em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, com DAC suspeita ou conhecida e ECG normal ou com discretas altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST e onda T. </p>
    <p>Morise e cols.<sup>30</sup> desenvolveram outro escore de pontos, agora para uma popula&#231;&#227;o de mulheres, baseando-se em caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas como idade, sintomas, diabete, tabagismo e n&#237;vel hormonal s&#233;rico, em associa&#231;&#227;o com vari&#225;veis do TE como a depress&#227;o de ST, FC atingida no exerc&#237;cio e &#237;ndice de angina. Assim, dentre os par&#226;metros avaliados do TE, quanto maior o n&#237;vel de FC atingida, menor o n&#250;mero de pontos atribu&#237;do a essa vari&#225;vel, e, portanto, menor o risco quando ajustadas as outras vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>V&#225;rios desses m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos descritos s&#227;o onerosos e freq&#252;entemente n&#227;o-dispon&#237;veis. Os escores s&#227;o indubitavelmente &#250;teis, mas alguns, em raz&#227;o da complexidade ou por necessitarem de computadores ou calculadoras, s&#227;o de dif&#237;cil execu&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica di&#225;ria. O teste ergom&#233;trico, por&#233;m, &#233; realizado em curto espa&#231;o de tempo, &#233; de baixo custo e inclui-se entre os procedimentos n&#227;o-invasivos que oferecem elevado valor preditivo<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar valores do duplo produto (acima de 30.000 mmHg.bpm) com a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante &#224; cinecoronariografia, em pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, com a hip&#243;tese de trabalho de que valores elevados indicariam aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia significante. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 246 pacientes, n&#227;o-selecionados, com idades variando de 28 a 79 anos (m&#233;dia 58,7 &#177; 9,4 anos; mediana 59 anos), sendo 125 (50,8%) do sexo masculino, sem DAC pr&#233;via conhecida (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ou angioplastia transluminal coronariana). Todos haviam sido submetidos a estudo cineangiocoronariogr&#225;fico por suspeita de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva e tinham realizado teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) em esteiras rolantes marcas Inbramed, modelos KT 4000, KT 10200 e Imbrasport standard, h&#225; menos de trinta dias do estudo angiogr&#225;fico. Foram utilizados os protocolos de Bruce, Ellestad e Kattus, optando-se por um deles de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-teste. As medidas de freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial e os tra&#231;ados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram obtidos no repouso, no final de cada est&#225;gio do esfor&#231;o e nos minutos 1, 2, 4 e 6 da recupera&#231;&#227;o, em monitores de sinais marcas TEB (Apex 1000, Apex 2000 e Micromed), monitorando-se continuamente as deriva&#231;&#245;es CM5, D2M e V2M. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida utilizando-se esfigmoman&#244;metros aner&#243;ides marca Tycos, calibrados periodicamente segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Todos os testes ergom&#233;tricos foram revistos pelo mesmo observador, tendo sido utilizado como &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de positividade a presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST de pelo menos 1,0 mm, de morfologia horizontal ou descendente, persistindo 0,08 seg. ap&#243;s o ponto J. </p>
    <p>Esse crit&#233;rio isolado de positividade foi utilizado retrospectivamente, somente para realiza&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, pelo fato de ser o mais facilmente avali&#225;vel e menos propenso a interpreta&#231;&#245;es subjetivas, uma vez que, na indica&#231;&#227;o original do exame angiogr&#225;fico, o m&#233;dico cl&#237;nico solicitante pode ter-se valido tamb&#233;m de outros crit&#233;rios, tais como dor, arritmia ou ainda dados complementares de cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica. Os estudos cinecoronariogr&#225;ficos foram realizados pelas t&#233;cnicas de Sones ou de Judkins, em equipamento de imagem digital, e revistos para fins deste estudo por um &#250;nico hemodinamicista, sendo classificados como positivos no caso da exist&#234;ncia de um ou mais ramos principais com doen&#231;a obstrutiva comprometendo 50% ou mais do di&#226;metro do vaso. Adotou-se esse crit&#233;rio pelo fato de j&#225; corresponder a 75% de perda da &#225;rea luminal do vaso e, portanto, com redu&#231;&#227;o aceita como suficiente para produ&#231;&#227;o de isquemia. Assim, obstru&#231;&#245;es inferiores a 50% do di&#226;metro do vaso foram classificadas como doen&#231;a obstrutiva leve, e acima desse valor, em pelo menos um ramo coron&#225;rio principal, como doen&#231;a obstrutiva coronariana importante.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve preocupa&#231;&#227;o, no presente estudo, com a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos agentes eventualmente em uso, uma vez que, como j&#225; mencionado, &#233; uma avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva, e com outros crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos, de testes ergom&#233;tricos que j&#225; haviam sido realizados e nos quais as medidas recomendadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; suspens&#227;o de medicamentos com potencial de falseamento diagn&#243;stico haviam sido tomadas, seguindo o protocolo habitual. </p>
    <p>O grupo total de 246 pacientes foi utilizado para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra, por&#233;m, para a finalidade espec&#237;fica do presente estudo, foram analisados apenas os 165 com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio j&#225; informado. Esses 165 pacientes com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo A (estudo), composto de cinq&#252;enta pacientes (30,3%) com DP acima de 30.000 mmHg.bpm e idade variando de 36 a 72 anos com m&#233;dia de 59,2 &#177; 7,4 anos (mediana 60 anos), sendo 54,0% do sexo masculino; Grupo B com 115 pacientes (60,6%) com DP igual ou menor que 30.000 mmHg.bpm e idade variando de 28 a 79 anos com m&#233;dia de 59,0 &#177; 9,8 anos (mediana 59,5 anos), sendo 53,0% do sexo masculino (P &gt; 0,05 para compara&#231;&#227;o de idades e sexo, entre os dois grupos). </p>
    <p>O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, parecer n&#250;mero 037/2004.</p>
    <p>Os dados foram analisados com o aux&#237;lio do teste exato de Fisher e c&#225;lculo da <italic>odds ratio</italic> com intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%, al&#233;m de determina&#231;&#245;es de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e <italic>likelihood ratio</italic> positiva do teste ergom&#233;trico. Considerou-se significante o valor de P <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo A, o DP variou de 30.200 a 43.200 mmHg.bpm, com m&#233;dia de 34.502 &#177; 3.572 mmHg.bpm (mediana 34.090 mmHg.bpm). Nesse grupo, doze pacientes (24%) tinham coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante e 38 (76%) eram normais ou com coronariopatia obstrutiva leve. </p>
    <p>No grupo B, o DP variou de 12.480 a 29.760 mmHg.bpm com m&#233;dia de 23.455 &#177; 4.230 mmHg.bpm (mediana de 24.600 mmHg.bpm). Nesse Grupo, 56 pacientes (48,7%) tinham coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante e 59 (51,3%) eram normais ou com coronariopatia obstrutiva leve.</p>
    <p>Verificou-se que a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes com DAC foi significativamente menor entre aqueles com TE+ associado a um DP &gt; 30.000 mmHg.bpm, quando comparados &#224;queles com TE +, mas com DP <underline>&lt;</underline> 30.000 mmHg.bpm (Teste exato de Fisher; P = 0,0034; <italic>Odds Ratio </italic>0,3327 (IC95% 0,1579 a 0,7009) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. 1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0138-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>No grupo total de pacientes (n = 246), a sensibilidade foi de 0,8095 (IC95% 0,7096 a 0,8872); a especificidade foi de 0,4012 (IC95% 0,3248 a 0,4812); valor preditivo positivo 0,4121 (IC95% 0,3360 a 0,4909) e o valor preditivo negativo 0,8025 (IC95% 0,6992 a 0,8827); a <italic>likelihood ratio</italic> positiva nesse grupo total foi de 1,352. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das freq&#252;&#234;ncias de pacientes de acordo com o resultado do teste ergom&#233;trico e a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana de grau importante encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0138-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Refazendo-se <italic>a posteriori</italic> esses c&#225;lculos, considerando os pacientes do grupo A (DP&gt; 30.000 mmHg.bpm) como testes negativos, foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: sensibilidade 0,6667 (IC95% 0,5559 a 0,7657); especificidade 0,6358 (IC95% 0,5574 a 0,7097); valor preditivo positivo 0,4870 (IC95% 0,3930 a 0,5820); valor preditivo negativo 0,7863 (IC95% 0,7058 a 0,8533; a <italic>likelihood ratio</italic> positiva passou para 1,831 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0138-00010-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A despeito do grande n&#250;mero de testes utilizados para o diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico de pacientes com suspeita de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, o teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira permanece como o mais f&#225;cil e usado para esse prop&#243;sito<sup>25</sup>. Procurou-se, no presente estudo, utilizar um indicador objetivo e de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o para a valida&#231;&#227;o de testes ergom&#233;tricos positivos. A proposta foi a de empregar o Duplo Produto M&#225;ximo acima de 30.000 mmHg.bpm como limite de corte na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de testes verdadeiramente positivos (DP &lt; 30.000) em oposi&#231;&#227;o a testes falsamente positivos (DP &gt; 30.000). </p>
    <p>Realmente, pela an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi poss&#237;vel comprovar que no grupo de pacientes com testes positivos, mas com duplo produto acima de 30.000 mmHg.bpm, o risco da exist&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva significante em pelo menos um ramo principal foi significantemente menor que quando o teste era positivo mas com duplo produto baixo. Al&#233;m disso, considerando-se os TE+ com DP &gt; 30.000 como testes negativos, conseguiu-se melhor valor da <italic>likelihood ratio</italic> positiva, o que significa maior acur&#225;cia do teste. Isso ressaltou o valor dessa vari&#225;vel em separar indiv&#237;duos com e sem DAC significante em presen&#231;a de um TE positivo.</p>
    <p>Em metan&#225;lise publicada em 1989 por Detrano e cols.<sup>2</sup>, nos trabalhos em que o DP &#233; citado, os valores variaram de 16.300 mmHg.bpm a 28.000 mmHg.bpm (m&#233;dia de 22.430&#177;3.789 mmHg.bpm), com sensibilidade e especificidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o de qualquer grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria &gt; 50%, variando, respectivamente, de 0,46 a 0,90 (P = 0,04) e 0,37 a 0,93 (P = 0,93). </p>
    <p>Sabe-se que o TE n&#227;o altera significativamente a taxa de diagn&#243;stico em pacientes de baixo ou alto risco para DAC, sendo mais bem indicado em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio. A popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo constituiu-se de dois grupos em que o n&#250;mero de pacientes foi semelhante em rela&#231;&#227;o a sexo e idade (Grupo A com mediana de sessenta anos, sendo 54% do sexo masculino, e B com mediana de 59,5 anos, e 53% do sexo masculino), justamente a popula&#231;&#227;o para a qual o TE tem seu melhor valor preditivo. </p>
    <p>Currie e cols., em 1983<sup>20</sup>, associando os resultados do TE com a ventriculografia por radionucl&#237;deo durante o exerc&#237;cio, adicionaram valor preditivo positivo para DAC, mas isso n&#227;o foi conseguido utilizando-se quaisquer dos testes isoladamente. De fato, entre os pacientes sem coronariopatia, o DP medido foi de 31.900 &#177; 6.200 mmHg.bpm, e nos outros 65 pacientes com DAC significante, o DP alcan&#231;ou 26.300 &#177; 7.200mmHg (p &lt; 0,001). Comparando com os resultados do presente estudo, constatamos que o DP encontrado nos pacientes livres de les&#245;es coronarianas significantes foi maior em rela&#231;&#227;o aos portadores de les&#245;es angiograficamente importantes. </p>
    <p>Hung e cols.<sup>21</sup>, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o do sexo masculino, estudada por meio de m&#250;ltiplos testes n&#227;o-invasivos, encontraram pacientes com coron&#225;rias normais cujo DP foi de 33.600 &#177; 5.500 mmHg.bpm; com DAC de um vaso o DP foi de 28.600 &#177; 7.300mmHg.bpm e com DAC de m&#250;ltiplos vasos foi 23.600 &#177; 7.000 mmHg.bpm. Note-se a tend&#234;ncia a um valor de DP mais elevado em indiv&#237;duos normais angiograficamente. </p>
    <p>Berman e cols.<sup>32</sup> obtiveram &#234;xito em conseguir aumentar o valor preditivo de um TE negativo para aus&#234;ncia de DAC, quando o DP encontrado foi maior que 30.000 mmHg.bpm. No presente estudo, ao considerarmos um TE + com DP &gt; 30.000 como negativo, obtivemos uma redu&#231;&#227;o do valor preditivo negativo de 0.8025 (IC95% 06992 a 0.8827) para 0.7858 (IC95% 0.7058 a 0.8533), por&#233;m houve um incremento da <italic>likelihood ratio</italic> positiva para 1.831, mostrando uma melhora na acur&#225;cia do teste. O fato de Berman e cols.<sup>32</sup> terem aumentado o valor preditivo negativo do TE negativo para aus&#234;ncia de DAC deve-se provavelmente &#224; raz&#227;o da menor probabilidade de se encontrar doen&#231;a significante em testes sem altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST (normais), ou ainda pela diversidade das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; preval&#234;ncia de DAC.</p>
    <p>Chaitman e cols.<sup>33</sup>, correlacionando o TE utilizando um sistema de m&#250;ltiplas deriva&#231;&#245;es e as respostas hemodin&#226;micas frente ao esfor&#231;o para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC, encontraram o DP no momento do aparecimento da isquemia eletrocardiogr&#225;fica como um par&#226;metro &#250;til para predizer a doen&#231;a. Naquele estudo, somente 2/21 (10%) dos pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana triarterial foram capazes de atingir duplo produto maior que 25.000 mmHg.bpm no momento em que o teste se tornou positivo. Esses achados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DP s&#227;o concordantes com os encontrados por Hsu e cols.<sup>34</sup>, em que o DP no momento do aparecimento da isquemia eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ajudou a diferenciar pacientes com DAC daqueles com s&#237;ndrome X, uma vez que nesse grupo o DP m&#233;dio foi de 21.115 &#177; 5.250 mmHg.bpm, enquanto nos coronariopatas obstrutivos foi 18.444 &#177; 4.375 mmHg.bpm (P &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>No estudo de Wasir e cols.<sup>35</sup>, tanto em an&#225;lise univariada quanto multivariada do TE, o DP no pico do esfor&#231;o teve forte poder discriminante entre pacientes com les&#245;es multiarteriais e o grupo com les&#227;o de um vaso ou aqueles com coron&#225;rias normais. Naquele trabalho, nenhum dos pacientes com les&#245;es de dois ou tr&#234;s vasos foi capaz de atingir o DP de 30.000 mmHg.bpm. No presente estudo, dos cinq&#252;enta pacientes com DP &gt; 30.000 mmHg.bpm, em doze foram encontradas les&#245;es coronarianas de 1,2 ou tr&#234;s vasos, indistintamente. Isso pode ter se dado pelo fato de que a cinecoronariografia analisa a anatomia da &#225;rvore arterial coronariana, e, assim, les&#245;es anatomicamente consideradas como importantes podem n&#227;o determinar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica extensa, mantendo-se a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#243;xima do normal. Da mesma forma, les&#245;es coronarianas tidas como "n&#227;o-significantes" &#224; cinecoronariografia podem se mostrar importantes &#224; luz do ultra-som intracoronariano, acarretando extensa isquemia e comprometendo gravemente a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Faris e cols.<sup>27</sup> observa-se que, entre outras vari&#225;veis, o DP no pico do exerc&#237;cio e a varia&#231;&#227;o do DP (delta FC x PAS) foram menores em pacientes com DAC significante que naqueles sem DAC significante. Esses achados s&#227;o concordantes com os nossos resultados no sentido de que na maioria dos indiv&#237;duos com DP elevado de nossa casu&#237;stica n&#227;o foram encontradas les&#245;es coronarianas significantes, pressupondo-se melhor fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante o exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>Na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica di&#225;ria, a decis&#227;o de encaminhar um paciente para a cineangiocoronariografia &#233; complexa e freq&#252;entemente depende da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica relacionada ao progn&#243;stico e do desejo do m&#233;dico ou do paciente em confirmar ou afastar o diagn&#243;stico de DAC<sup>25</sup>. Dessa forma, como j&#225; citado anteriormente, v&#225;rios autores propuseram m&#233;todos que incorporam vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de repouso e esfor&#231;o, dados derivados de outros exames como cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter, ecocardiograma de esfor&#231;o e radiograma de t&#243;rax. Assim surgiram os j&#225; citados escores progn&#243;sticos<sup>24-30 </sup>que fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es indubitavelmente &#250;teis na decis&#227;o sobre a conduta diante de um paciente com suspeita de doen&#231;a coronariana. Ocorre que muitos deles s&#227;o de dif&#237;cil execu&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria, seja pela complexidade ou por necessitarem de an&#225;lise por computador ou calculadoras seja por utilizarem procedimentos caros e, por assim dizer, inconceb&#237;veis &#224; realidade de nosso pa&#237;s, prejudicando a rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade.</p>
    <p>Diante desses fatos, acreditamos que nosso estudo, por incorporar vari&#225;veis facilmente obtidas no teste de esfor&#231;o, revelou-se um m&#233;todo de valor na investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>Com base nos dados obtidos dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, demonstrou-se que o duplo produto acima de 30.000 mmHg.bpm constituiu-se em uma vari&#225;vel importante para prever a aus&#234;ncia de coronariopatia obstrutiva significante em indiv&#237;duos com teste ergom&#233;trico positivo, podendo tornar-se ferramenta &#250;til na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Moacir Fernandes de Godoy </p>
        <p> Rua Garabed Karabashian, 570 </p>
        <p> 15070-600 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="moacirgodoy@cardiol.br">moacirgodoy@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 15/10/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/06/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Increased rate-pressure product as predictor for the absence of significant obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with positive exercise test</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To correlate values of rate-pressure product (RPP) above 30,000 mmHg.bpm with or without significant obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with positive exercise test. METHODS: A retrospective analysus of 246 patients that had been submitted to Exercise Treadmill Test (ETT) up to 30 days before coronary angiography on suspicion of obstructive disease. The 165 patients in which the ETT was positive were analyzed considering as positive the presence of horizontal or descending depression of the ST segment for at least 1 mm, 0.08 seconds after J point. RESULTS: Among the 165 appraised patients, 50 (30.3%) reached RPP &gt; 30,000 mmHg.bpm, of which 38 (76%) had normal coronary vessel angiography or low degree obstructive coronary artery disease and 12 (24%) had significant. Among the remaining 115 appraised patients with positive ETT and RPP &lt; 30,000 mmHg.bpm, 59 (51.3%) were normal or with low significance obstructive coronary artery disease, and 56 (48.7%) had significant disease. (Odds Ratio = 0.3327 CI 95% = 0.1579 to 0.7009; P=0.0034). CONCLUSION: Based on data collected in the present investigation, it has been demonstrated that RPP above 30,000 mmHg.bpm stands as a relevant variable to predict the absence of significant obstructive coronariopathy in individuals with positive ET and as a useful tool in making clinical decisions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>exercise test</kwd>
        <kwd>rate-pressure product</kwd>
        <kwd>obstructive coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>diagnostic methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Increased rate-pressure product as predictor for the absence of significant obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with positive exercise test</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luis Domingos Fornitano; Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; Famerp, e Hospital de Base da Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina &#150; Funfarme - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To correlate values of rate-pressure product (RPP) above 30,000 mmHg.bpm with or without significant obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with positive exercise test.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A retrospective analysus of 246 patients that had been submitted to Exercise Treadmill Test (ETT) up to 30 days before coronary angiography on suspicion of obstructive disease. The 165 patients in which the ETT was positive were analyzed considering as positive the presence of horizontal or descending depression of the ST segment for at least 1 mm, 0.08 seconds after J point.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Among the 165 appraised patients, 50 (30.3%) reached RPP 30,000 mmHg.bpm, of which 38 (76%) had normal coronary vessel angiography or low degree obstructive coronary artery disease and 12 (24%) had significant. Among the remaining 115 appraised patients with positive ETT and RPP 30,000 mmHg.bpm, 59 (51.3%) were normal or with low significance obstructive coronary artery disease, and 56 (48.7%) had significant disease. (Odds Ratio = 0.3327 CI 95% = 0.1579 to 0.7009; P=0.0034).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Based on data collected in the present investigation, it has been demonstrated that RPP above 30,000 mmHg.bpm stands as a relevant variable to predict the absence of significant obstructive coronariopathy in individuals with positive ET and as a useful tool in making clinical decisions. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> exercise test, rate-pressure product, obstructive coronary artery disease, diagnostic methods</p>
      <p>Studies correlating electrocardiographic response to exercise with cinecoronariography (Cine) findings have evidenced normal ECG in up to 30% of patients reporting no evident coronary obstruction<sup>1</sup>, with exercise test (ET) sensitivity ranging from 50% to 72% (average 67%), and specificity ranging from 69% to 74% (average 71%)<sup>2-5 </sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important to point out the limitation to such statements, though, since the gold standard for comparion is cinecoronariography &#150; which analyzes coronary artery tree anatomy only, more precisely coronary vessels lumen, rather than the very functional repercussion of obstructions that may occur. Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is not necessarily a synonym for ischemic heart disease; on the other hand, ST-segment depression may or may not express myocardial ischemia, and under no circunstance does it necessarily reflect the anatomic condition related to myocardial perfusion<sup>6</sup>. Initial stages of CAD may determine endothelial dysfunction and trigger abnormal responses from coronary vasculature, even if obstructive disease is not present. Another difficulty is the wide variety of populations studied, not always with superposable characteristics, and the fact that the predictive power of this test is directly related to prevalence in the population studied<sup>7-9</sup>. In individuals with low pre-test disease probability, a positive result has low predictive accuracy, whereas the same positive results in individuals with 50% pre-test probability will determine 88% of post-test disease probability<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Rate-pressure product (RPP), which results from multiplying systolic blood pressure (SBP) by heart rate (HR), has been recognized as a relevant parameter in evaluating ventricular function. It has been speculated that high values at peak exertion &#150; thus reflecting cardiac work &#150; are most likely related to good ventricular function and no ischemia condition. The opposite has been reported for very low levels<sup>11-13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Ergometric National Consensus refers that parameter as the best non-invasive index for myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO<sub>2</sub>); the Consensus also refers that its relevance lies in the evaluation of chest pain and of protective therapeutic regimens for myocardial ischemia<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the Exercise Test Guidelines issued by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>15</sup>, high RPP level is referred to as an indication for ET, in association to other methods such as Myocardial Perfusion Cintilography, B<sub>1</sub> recommendation level (recommended; with very good evidence). There is no clear reference to the reason for such indication, although high RPP is known to be associated to false-positive results for the response to ST segment in the ET &#150; due to relative coronary failure - since it demands high consumption of myocardial O<sub>2</sub>. </p>
      <p>Other methods have been used to try and improve predictive diagnostic value of coronary artery disease. Those methods correlate ET data with myocardial cintilography with Thallium, associated to stress echocardiogram or to other procedures such as Holter and thoracic radiogram, radionuclide ventriculography, fluoroscopy, Thallium and vectorcardiogram increased pulmonary activity<sup>16-23</sup>. </p>
      <p>Scores have also been developed to correlate ET findings to clinical history in order to predict CAD condition, extension, and prognostics. To that purpose, Kansal et al<sup>24</sup>, while studying 608 patients with angina complaints, correlated ET findings in 351 of them through multivariate analysis and proposing a point score to improve CAD diagnosis accuracy. In males, significance variables were: 1) Maximum HR reported was below 80% of expected HR level; 2) depression of ST segment <underline> &gt;</underline> a 1.0mm; 3) age <underline> &gt;</underline> 55 years old; and 4) time exercising on treadmill &lt; 8 minutes. In females, maximum HR reported was &lt; 90% and exercise time &lt; 6 minutes were significant. Maximum HR reduction showed to have the best correlation with CAD, followed by changes in ST segment. However, other variables &#150; such as configuration and magnitude of ST segment depression, RPP &lt; 30,000 mmHg.bpm in males, angina, and exercise time &#150; also showed to be relevant for interpretation. Mark et al<sup>25</sup> conducted a study based on data such as the duration of exercise in association with ST segment depression quantification and the presence or not of angina (Duke Score), therefore identifying patients under low, moderate, or high risk for coronary events, as well as 4-year survival period. They have concluded that the score proposed was valuable in helping decision making on whether to indicate cinecoronariography or not. Morise et al<sup>26</sup> have developed a point score to estimate the probability of CAD in patients with disease suspicion. He considered variables such as gender, age, chest pain condition or not, hormone status, DM, hypertension, smoking habits, hyperlipidemia, family history, and BMI. Variables were selected from a population of normal ECG patients who had been to the hospital for ET, but were submitted to cine. In that study, the authors pointed out the difficulty in using &#150; in clinical practice &#150; the scores as previously proposed by other authors; they also stressed the arbitrary patients are most commonly ranked as under low, intermediate or high probability for CAD. Faris et al<sup>27</sup> have studied the relevance of coronary risk factors and ET finding as significant predictors for CAD in unstable angina females after clinical condition is stabilized. Among other conclusions, the findings on low physical performance in association with low increment RPP have been kept as the only ET parameters shown to be significant predictors of angiographically documented CAD. Raxwal et al<sup>28</sup> have published a study also focusing the development of a new point score, based on clinical history variables and parameters identified in the ET, such as angina severity and quantification of segment ST abnormalities. No difference was reported by the authors for maximum SBP between the 2 groups &#150; with or without CAD. Although RPP differences were found among patients with and without CAD, the authors have not referred to the statistical significance of those findings. In any case, as for the figures presented, the group with normal coronaries in the population used for score validation showed that RPP was higher when compared to that found in CAD patients, reaching values above 30,000 mmHg.bpm, which emphasized the idea that high RPP presupposes lower probability for CAD, even if changes in the ST segment are present. Ho et al<sup>29</sup>, in their purpose to determine whether findings in normal ECG at rest or reporting discreet changes in ST segment or T wave could influence the prognostics of patients submitted to non-invasive investigation of CAD, have calculated a 1 point score for each of the following clinical conditions: Male sex, myocardial infarction history, typical chest angina, DM, insulin use, and every live decade after turning 40. Conclusion fell on score relevance in helping determine prognosis in symptomatic patients &#150; with established or suspicious CAD and normal ECG, or with discreet changes in ST segment and T wave. Morise et al<sup>30</sup> have developed another point score, this time for a population of females, and based on clinical characteristics including age, symptoms, diabetes, smoking habits and serum hormone level in association with ET variables such as depression of ST, HR reached at exercise and angina severity. So, among ET parameters under evaluation, the higher HR level, the lower the number of points to that variable, and therefore, the lower the risk when the other variables are adjusted. </p>
      <p>Many of those diagnostic methods described are costly and usually not available. Scores are unquestionably useful; however, either for compliance reasons or because they require the use of computers or calculators, their use in daily cardiological practice is not easy. The ET, though, requires short time, is low cost, and is among the non-invasive procedures with high predictive value<sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of the present study was to correlate RPP values (above 30,000 mmHg.bpm) with or without significant obstructive coronary artery disease at cinecoronariography in patients with positive ET, based on the hypothesis that high values would signal lack of significant coronariopathy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Two hundred, forty-six non-screened patients were included in the study. Age range was 28-79 years of age (mean 58.7&#177;9.4; median 59); 125 (50.8%) were males, with no previously diagnosed CAD (myocardial infarction, myocardial revascularization surgery, or transluminal coronary angioplasty). All had been submitted to cineangiocoronariographic study on the suspicioun of obstructive coronary disease, and to ET in Inbramed (models KT 4000, KT 10200) and standard Imbrasport treadmills less than 30 days before angiographic study. Bruce, Ellestad and Kattus protocols were used, and choice followed pre-test assessment. Heart rate (HR), blood pressures, and electrocardiographic traces measures were obtained at rest, at the end of each stress stage, and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 minutes at recovery, through TEC monitors (Apex 1000, Apex 2000 and Micromed) under continuous follow-up of CM5, D2M and V2M leads. Blood pressure was measured by Tycos aneroid sphygmomanometers, periodically gauged following manufacturer&#146;s recommendations. All ET were reviewed by the same observer. This one single criterion for positive results was used retrospectively for the purpose of the present study only, due to the fact it is the easiest to be evaluated and the least prone to subjective interpretation, since in original indication for angiographic exam the clinician requiring it may also have resorted to other criteria, such as pain, arrhythmia, or complementary data on myocardial cintilography. Sones&#146;s or Judkins&#146;s techniques were used for the cinecoronariographic studies. Digital image equipment were reviewed for the purpose of the present study by the same hemodynamicist. One or more major bundle-branchs with obstructive disease and 50% or higher impairment of vessel diameter was considered positive. The criterion was adopted based on the approximate loss of vessel lumen area - 75% - with reduction understood as having reached the parameters for ischemia. Therefore, lower than 50% obstructions of vessel diameter were classified as mild obstructive disease; higher than 50% - in at least one coronary bundle-branch &#150; significant obstructive coronary disease.</p>
      <p>The present study did not focus the characterization of drugs currently being used, since as mentioned earlier, this is a restrospective study including other diagnostic criteria for ET that had been previously carried out, and for which recommended actions regarding the discontinuation of drugs with potential for false diagnosis had already been taken in compliance with regular protocol. </p>
      <p>The group of 246 patients as a whole was used for sample characterization. However, for the specific purpose of the present study, only the 165 patients with positive ET were analyzed following the criterion mentioned earlier. The 165 patients with positive ET were divided into 2 groups: Group A (study), made up of 50 patients (30.3%) with RPP above 30,000 mmHg.bpm and age range 36-72 years of age (mean 59.2&#177;7.4, median 60), 54.0% of them males; Group B, made up of 115 patients (60.6%) with RPP at or lower than 30,000 mmHg.bpm and age range 28-79 years of age (mean 59.0&#177;9.8, median 59.5), 53.0% of them males (P&gt;0.05 for age and gender comparison between the groups). </p>
      <p>Study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto School of medicine, opinion number 037/2004.</p>
      <p>Data analysis was carried out by Fisher exact test and Odds Ratio calculation with Confidence Interval 95%, in addition to ET Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value, and Positive Likelihood Ratio. P <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In Group A, RPP ranged from 30,200 to 43,200 mmHg.bpm, mean at 34,502&#177;3,572 mmHg.bpm (median 34,090 mmHg.bpm). In that group, 12 patients (24%) reported significant obstructive coronary artery disease and 38 (76%) were normal or reported mild obstructive coronariopathy. </p>
      <p>In Group B, RPP ranged from 12,480 to 29,760 mmHg.bpm, mean at 23,455&#177;4,230 mmHg.bpm (median 24,600 mmHg.bpm). In that group, 56 patients (48.7%) reported significant obstructive coronary artery disease and 59 (51.3%) were normal or reported mild obstructive coronariopathy.</p>
      <p>It was found that the incidence of patients with CAD was significantly lower among those with ET+ associated to a RPP &gt; 30,000 mmHg.bpm when compared to those with ET+, but reporting RPP <underline>&lt;</underline> 30,000 mmHg.bpm (Fisher exact test; P= 0.0034; Odds Ratio 0.3327 (IC95% 0.1579 a 0.7009). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref></p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0138-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>From all patients (n=246), Sensitivity was 0.8095 (CI 95% 0.7096 to 0.8872); Specificity was 0.4012 (CI95% 0.3248 to 0.4812); Positive Predictive Value was 0.4121 (CI95% 0.3360 to 0.4909) and Negative Predictive Value was 0.8025 (CI95% 0.6992 to 0.8827); and Positive Likelihood Ratio was 1.352. Incidence of patients following ET and significant coronary artery disease or not can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0138-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>At later data recalculation, considering patients in Groups A (RPP&gt; 30,000 mmHg.bpm) as negative tests, the following results were obtained: Sensitivity 0.6667 (CI95% 0.5559 to 0.7657); Specificity 0.6358 (CI95% 0.5574 to 0.7097); Positive Predictive Value 0.4870 (CI95% 0.3930 to 0.5820); Negative Predictive Value 0.7863 (CI95% 0.7058 to 0.8533; Positive Likelihood Ratio changed to 1.831 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table 3</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0138-00010-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the wide number of tests used for diagnosis and prognosis of patients with suspicion of coronary artery disease, the ET on treadmill is still the easiest and most widely used for that purpose<sup>25</sup>. The present study tried to use an objective, easily obtainable indicator to validate positive ET. The proposal was to use maximum RPP above 30,000 mmHg.bpm as the cutting point to characterize the truly positive tests (RPP&lt;30,000) as opposed to false positives (RPP&gt;30,000). </p>
      <p>Indeed, statistical analysis allowed evidence to show that in the positive test patient group &#150; although RPP was above 30,000 mmHg.bpm &#150; the risk for significant obstructive coronariopathy in at least one major bundle-branch was significantly lower when the test was positive, but RPP was low. Additionally, considering ET+ with RPP&gt;30,000 as negative, Positive Likelihood ratio was improved, which means higher test accuracy. Such data emphasize the value of that variable in separating individuals with and without significant CAD when ET is positive.</p>
      <p>In a meta-analysis published in 1989 by Detrano et al<sup>2</sup> &#150; where RPP is mentioned &#150; values varied from 16,300 mmHg.bpm to 28,000 mmHg.bpm (mean 22.430&#177;3.789 mmHg.bpm) with sensitivity and specificity for the detection of any degree of coronary obstruction &gt; 50%, with respective ranges between 0.46 and 0.90 (P= 0.04) and 0.37 and 0.93 (P=0.93). </p>
      <p>ET is known not to significantly change diagnosis level in low or high risk patients for CAD; it is actually most effectively indicated for intermediate risk patients. The present study population was divided into 2 groups, with similar number of patients for gender and age (Group A &#150; median 60 years of age, 54% males; Group B &#150; median 59.5 years of age, 53% males) &#150; the very population ET stands for best predictive value. </p>
      <p>While associating ET results with those of radionuclide ventriculography during exercise in 1983<sup>20</sup>, Currie et al em, added a positive predictive value for CAD, although that was not obtained by the use of any of the tests isolatedly. In fact, among patients reporting no coronariopathy condition, RPP was 31,900&#177;6,200 mmHg.bpm, while for all remaining 65 patients with significant CAD, RPP reached 26,300&#177;7,200mmHg (p&lt;0.001). When comparing with results from the present study, the authors have confirmed that the RPP found in patients who were free of significant coronary injury was higher as compared to those reporting significant injuries at angiography. </p>
      <p>In a male population studied through the use of multiple, non-invasive tests, Hung et al<sup>21</sup> found patients with normal coronaries and whose RPP was 33,600&#177;5,500 mmHg.bpm; reporting one-vessel CAD, RPP was 28,600&#177;7,300mmHg.bpm; and multiple-vessel CAD, 23,600&#177;7,000 mmHg.bpm. The tendency fowars higher RPP in angiographically normal individuals is to be pointed out. </p>
      <p>Berman et al<sup>32</sup> were successful in managing to increase ET negative predictive value for the absence of CAD when RPP was higher than 30,000mmHg.bpm. In the present study, while considering ET+ with RPP&gt;30,000 as negative, we have obtained a 0.8025 reduction in the negative predictive value (CI95% 0.6992 to 0.8827) for 0.7858 (CI95% 0.7058 to 0.8533). However, Positive Likelihood Ratio was increased to 1,831, thus showing improvement in test accuracy. The fact that Berman et al<sup>32</sup> have increased negative predictive value of negative ET for the absence of CAD is most likely due to the lower probability of detecting significant disease in tests with no ST segment changes (normal), or else, to the variety of populations under study for CAD prevalence.</p>
      <p>While correlating ET using a multiple lead system and hemodynamic response on exertion for CAD diagnosis, Chaitman et al<sup>33</sup> have found RPP at the point ischemia was detected electrocardiographically as a useful predictive parameter for the disease. In that study, only 2/21 (10%) of patients with three-vessel coronary disease were able to reach RPP higher than 25,000 mmHg.bpm at the moment the test turned positive. Such findings related to RPP agree with those found by Hsu et al<sup>34</sup>, where RPP helped differentiate CAD patients from those with X Syndrome at the time ischemia was electrocardiographically detected, since in this group mean RPP was 21,115&#177;5,250 mmHg.bpm whereas in the obstructive coronariopaths it was 18,444&#177;4,375 mmHg.bpm (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p>In the study by Wasir et al<sup>35</sup>, using both univariate and multivariate ET analysis, peak exertion RPP was highly discriminating among patients reporting multiarterial injuries and the group with one-vessel injury, or those with normal coronary arteries. In that paper, none of the patients with 2 or 3-vessel injuries succeeded in reaching a 30,000mmHg.bpm RPP. In the present study, out of the 50 patients with RPP&gt;30,000mmHg.bpm, 12 reported coronary injury &#150; 1,2, or 3-vessel, indistinctively. That could be due to the fact that cinecoronariography analyzes the anatomy of coronary artery tree: therefore, injuries considered anatomically significant may not determine extensive myocardial ischemia, with ventricular function kept close to normal. Likewise, coronary injuries considered "non-significant" at cinecoronariography may prove to be significant at intracoronary ultrasound, resulting in extensive ischemia and severely impairment of myocardial contractility.</p>
      <p>In the study by Faris et al<sup>27</sup> onw can see &#150; among other variables &#150; that RPP at exercise peak and RPP variation (delta HR x SBP) were lower in patients with significant CAD as compared to those with without significant CAD. Such findings agree with our results in the sense that in most individuals with increased RPP in our population no significant coronary injury was found, thus presupposing better ventricular function during exercise. </p>
      <p>In daily medical practice, the decision to refer a patient to cineangiocoronariography is complex, and frequently depends on clinical evaluation in association with prognosis and physician&#146;s or patient&#146;s option to confirm or rule out CAD diagnosis<sup>25</sup>. Therefore, as mentioned earlier, different authors have proposed methods that incorporate clinical variables, electrocardiographic variables at rest and on exertion, data collected from other exams &#150; such as perfusion myocardial cintilography, Holter monitoring, echocardiogram on exertion and thoracic radiogram. Prognostic scores were then made available, as mentioned earlier<sup>24-30 </sup>to provide unquestionably useful information on decision making about how to proceed when a patient reports coronary disease suspicion. What happens is that many of those scores are hard to put into use in daily clinical practice, either due to compliance reasons, to the requirement of computer or calculator analysis, or costly procedures. Which is to say, because they are not compatible with domestic Brazilian scenario, as well as for their cost-effectiveness ratio.</p>
      <p>In the light of such scenario, we do believe our study &#150; which invorporates easily obtainable variables at exertion test - has been made available as an invaluable method for non-invasive investigation of coronary artery disease. </p>
      <p>Based on data collected in the present investigation, it has been demonstrated that RPP above 30,000 mmHg.bpm stands as a relevant variable to predict the absence of significant obstructive coronariopathy in individuals with positive ET and as a useful tool in making clinical decisions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Moacir Fernandes de Godoy</p>
          <p> Rua Garabed Karabashian, 570</p>
          <p> 15070-600 - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="moacirgodoy@cardiol.br">moacirgodoy@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 10/15/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/08/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
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