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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7RsgZTGB4pMwdCpkqBLzwnM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000200008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o ou de volume no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Shiguero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Narikawa</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lucia dos Anjos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Alberto Rupp de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Mamede</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Bojikian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Unesp</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>126</fpage>
      <lpage>130</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas em modelos experimentais de sobrecarga de press&#227;o e de volume. M&#201;TODOS: Foram analisados ratos com hipertens&#227;o renovascular (HRV, n = 8), normotensos com sobrecarga de volume por f&#237;stula aortocava (FAV, n = 10) e animais controles (CONT, n = 8). Ap&#243;s quatro semanas, registrou-se a press&#227;o arterial caudal (PAS) e obtiveram-se os pesos dos ventr&#237;culos direito (PVD) e esquerdo (PVE). Em cortes histol&#243;gicos, foram medidas as &#225;reas seccionais dos mi&#243;citos (AM), a espessura da parede do VE (E), o di&#226;metro da cavidade (DVE), a rela&#231;&#227;o E/DVE, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno (CVF). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas pela ANOVA e teste de Tukey para n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. RESULTADOS: A PAS (mmHg) foi maior no grupo HRV (HRV = 187 &#177; 22; CONT = 125 &#177; 10; FAV = 122 &#177; 6, p &lt; 0,05). A hipertrofia do VE foi observada nos grupos HRV e FAV. O grupo FAV apresentou aumento significante do DVE, comparado ao CONT e HRV. As espessuras absoluta e normalizada da parede ventricular foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Houve aumento significante do CVF no grupo HRV em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONT e FAV. CONCLUS&#195;O: A sobrecarga de volume causa padr&#227;o distinto de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, quando comparada com aquela decorrente da hipertens&#227;o arterial, sugerindo que as implica&#231;&#245;es funcionais de cada padr&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o intercambi&#225;veis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>hipertens&#227;o renovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>f&#237;stula artocava</kwd>
        <kwd>col&#225;geno</kwd>
        <kwd>hipertrofia ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o ou de volume no cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Shiguero Matsubara; Silvia Narikawa; Ana Lucia dos Anjos Ferreira; Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva; Leonardo Mamede Zornoff; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp - Botucatu, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Comparar as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas em modelos experimentais de sobrecarga de press&#227;o e de volume. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram analisados ratos com hipertens&#227;o renovascular (HRV, n = 8), normotensos com sobrecarga de volume por f&#237;stula aortocava (FAV, n = 10) e animais controles (CONT, n = 8). Ap&#243;s quatro semanas, registrou-se a press&#227;o arterial caudal (PAS) e obtiveram-se os pesos dos ventr&#237;culos direito (PVD) e esquerdo (PVE). Em cortes histol&#243;gicos, foram medidas as &#225;reas seccionais dos mi&#243;citos (AM), a espessura da parede do VE (E), o di&#226;metro da cavidade (DVE), a rela&#231;&#227;o E/DVE, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno (CVF). As compara&#231;&#245;es foram feitas pela ANOVA e teste de Tukey para n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A PAS (mmHg) foi maior no grupo HRV (HRV = 187 &#177; 22; CONT = 125 &#177; 10; FAV = 122 &#177; 6, p &lt; 0,05). A hipertrofia do VE foi observada nos grupos HRV e FAV. O grupo FAV apresentou aumento significante do DVE, comparado ao CONT e HRV. As espessuras absoluta e normalizada da parede ventricular foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Houve aumento significante do CVF no grupo HRV em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONT e FAV. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A sobrecarga de volume causa padr&#227;o distinto de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, quando comparada com aquela decorrente da hipertens&#227;o arterial, sugerindo que as implica&#231;&#245;es funcionais de cada padr&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o intercambi&#225;veis.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>hipertens&#227;o renovascular, f&#237;stula artocava, col&#225;geno, hipertrofia ventricular</p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; composto, fundamentalmente, por mi&#243;citos, vasos e matriz intersticial col&#225;gena. Esses tr&#234;s compartimentos, em equil&#237;brio, contribuem para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da forma e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Altera&#231;&#245;es nas composi&#231;&#245;es desses compartimentos refletem o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica que est&#225; intimamente associado com a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Essa remodela&#231;&#227;o ocorre em resposta a est&#237;mulos desencadeados por agentes mec&#226;nicos ou humorais sobre o tecido card&#237;aco<sup>1-3</sup>. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, observa-se hipertrofia mais freq&#252;entemente associada &#224; sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica imposta por hipertens&#227;o arterial ou aumento de volume. Na sobrecarga de press&#227;o h&#225; est&#237;mulo para s&#237;ntese de sarc&#244;meros em paralelo com aumento da espessura da parede ventricular, sendo esse fen&#244;meno denominado de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica. Na sobrecarga de volume ocorre aumento de sarc&#244;meros em s&#233;rie, associado ao deslizamento de feixes de mi&#243;citos, resultando em hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica. A hipertrofia card&#237;aca, quando presente, constitui fator independente de maior morbidade e mortalidade por eventos cardiovasculares<sup>4,5</sup>. No entanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; mais estudada e est&#225; mais bem estabelecida na sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de press&#227;o, principalmente na hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, &#233; descrito que o aumento desproporcional da matriz intersticial col&#225;gena pode ocasionar disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia ventricular, bem como pela modifica&#231;&#227;o da geometria card&#237;aca<sup>7</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o crescimento n&#227;o-proporcional da densidade de vasos ocasiona diminui&#231;&#227;o da reserva coronariana, com potencial defici&#234;ncia de oxigena&#231;&#227;o e de nutrientes para o mi&#243;cito, determinando disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Assim, o aumento do col&#225;geno intersticial mioc&#225;rdico, associado ou n&#227;o a isquemia relativa, &#233; o principal eventos que promove disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, notadamente a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica observada na hipertrofia card&#237;aca<sup>1,8</sup>. As conseq&#252;&#234;ncias da hipertrofia secund&#225;ria &#224; sobrecarga de volume, contudo, s&#227;o menos estudadas. Na sobrecarga secund&#225;ria &#224; f&#237;stula arteriovenosa pesquisadores observaram a manuten&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de col&#225;geno intersticial<sup>9</sup>. Nesse modelo experimental h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica apenas quando a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca se manifesta<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerando-se os diferentes padr&#245;es de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em resposta aos diferentes est&#237;mulos de sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica, o objetivo do trabalho foi comparar as modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas em modelos de sobrecargas de volume e de press&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo experimental foi submetido &#224; aprecia&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Pesquisa Animal da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, sendo aprovado sob protocolo n&#250;mero 187/2001. </p>
    <p>Ratos machos da ra&#231;a wistar, com pesos entre 250 e 300 g, foram utilizados no estudo. Animais selecionados aleatoriamente foram anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dico (50 mg/kg, i.p.) e submetidos a laparotomia mediana, com exposi&#231;&#227;o da aorta e ramos da art&#233;ria renal. A art&#233;ria renal esquerda foi dissecada para a coloca&#231;&#227;o de um clipe de prata medindo 7 x 1 mm e abertura de 0,35 mm. O fechamento da sua por&#231;&#227;o distal garantiu a fixa&#231;&#227;o do clipe na posi&#231;&#227;o desejada e induziu isquemia renal unilateral. A seguir, a cavidade abdominal foi fechada por planos, com sutura cont&#237;nua, utilizando-se fio de algod&#227;o 10. Oito ratos sobreviventes formaram o grupo experimental com hipertens&#227;o arterial renovascular (HRV).</p>
    <p>Outros animais, de mesmo sexo e peso, tamb&#233;m selecionados aleatoriamente, foram anestesiados da forma descrita e submetidos a laparotomia mediana para a cria&#231;&#227;o da f&#237;stula aortocava infra-renal. O procedimento foi o mesmo descrito por Garcia &amp; Diebold<sup>11</sup> e constituiu na dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta abdominal e da veia cava inferior, a partir da art&#233;ria renal at&#233; a origem das art&#233;rias il&#237;acas. A seguir, os vasos foram oclu&#237;dos por meio de clipe vascular, logo abaixo da art&#233;ria renal, e a parede anterior da aorta foi perfurada com uma agulha calibre 16G, com 1,5 mm de di&#226;metro externo. A agulha avan&#231;ou cerca de 1 cm no interior da aorta e transfixou a parede mediana do vaso, alcan&#231;ando a veia cava, permitindo a abertura de fistula aortocava. Ap&#243;s a retirada da agulha, o orif&#237;cio da pun&#231;&#227;o original foi oclu&#237;do com uma gota de cola de cianoacrilato. Em seguida, retirou-se o clipe vascular para restabelecimento do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo, tomando-se o cuidado de verificar a pat&#234;ncia da fistula pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo arterial no interior da veia, por transpar&#234;ncia. A cavidade abdominal foi fechada com sutura cont&#237;nua, por planos, com fio de algod&#227;o 10. Dez animais sobreviventes compuseram o grupo experimental com sobrecarga de volume (FAV). </p>
    <p>Oito ratos de mesma ra&#231;a, sexo e idade, n&#227;o submetidos a cirurgia, foram utilizados como controles (CONT). Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas, em grupos de dois ou tr&#234;s, e colocados em biot&#233;rio com ciclo de luz de doze horas e controle de temperatura e umidade. Os ratos receberam dieta padr&#227;o e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>. </p>
    <p>Os grupos experimentais e os controles foram estudados ap&#243;s quatro semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o. Procedeu-se &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial caudal, por meio de esfigmoman&#244;metro autom&#225;tico (<italic>Narco BioSystem</italic>, Austin, Texas, USA). A seguir, os ratos foram anestesiados com pentobarbital s&#243;dio (50 mg/kg, i.p) e submetidos a toracotomia mediana. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi retirado e os ventr&#237;culos separados e pesados.</p>
    <p>Estudo morfol&#243;gico - Sec&#231;&#245;es coronais de aproximadamente 3 mm de espessura, obtidas a 5 mm da ponta dos ventr&#237;culos, foram fixados em solu&#231;&#227;o tamponada de formol a 10%, por per&#237;odo de 48 horas, seguido de igual per&#237;odo de imers&#227;o em solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool a 70%. Ap&#243;s a fixa&#231;&#227;o, os tecidos foram inclusos em blocos de parafina. Cortes histol&#243;gicos de 4 micras foram corados em Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) ou Masson, e cortes histol&#243;gicos de 6 micras foram corados pelo Picro Sirius red, espec&#237;fico para col&#225;geno. As &#225;reas de sec&#231;&#227;o tranversa dos mi&#243;citos foram medidas nos cortes corados pela HE ou pelo Masson, empregando-se o microsc&#243;pio LEICA DM LS, acoplado a c&#226;mara de v&#237;deo e computador IBM compat&#237;vel, dotado do programa de an&#225;lise de imagens <italic>Image Pro-plus</italic> (<italic>Media Cybernetics</italic>, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Foram analisadas cinq&#252;enta a setenta c&#233;lulas por l&#226;minas. As c&#233;lulas foram selecionadas tendo-se como crit&#233;rio a sec&#231;&#227;o transversa, isto &#233;, apresentando a forma redonda, e localizadas na camada subendoc&#225;rdica da parede muscular do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD). Esse cuidado visou uniformizar, ao m&#225;ximo, o conjunto de mi&#243;citos dos diferentes grupos. As &#225;reas m&#233;dias obtidas para cada grupo foram utilizadas como indicador de tamanho celular. </p>
    <p>As l&#226;minas coradas pelo <italic>Picro Sirius red</italic> foram utilizadas para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno intersticial, por meio de videodensitometria. Imagens do tecido card&#237;aco foram capturadas e analisadas, utilizando-se o mesmo sistema descrito anteriormente. Os elementos do tecido card&#237;aco foram identificados de acordo com os n&#237;veis de cores. Assim, as fibras col&#225;genas foram visualizadas em vermelho e os mi&#243;citos em amarelo. O volume de fra&#231;&#227;o do col&#225;geno (CVF) foi calculado automaticamente e correspondeu &#224; soma das &#225;reas de col&#225;geno dividida pela soma da &#225;rea de tecido col&#225;geno e a &#225;rea do mi&#243;cito. Em m&#233;dia, foram analisados trinta campos, utilizando-se a objetiva com magnifica&#231;&#227;o de 40X. O col&#225;geno perivascular foi exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>A remodela&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara ventricular foi avaliada nas l&#226;minas coradas pelo HE, medindo-se o di&#226;metro da cavidade ventricular esquerda (DVE) de cada cora&#231;&#227;o e a espessura da parede mioc&#225;rdica (E) e calculando-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a espessura da parede e o di&#226;metro ventricular (E/DVE). </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica - As vari&#225;veis foram apresentadas como m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram efetuadas pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), seguidas de teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey. As an&#225;lises foram efetuadas por meio de pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>SigmaStat for Windows</italic>, vers&#227;o 2.03 (SPSS, San Raphel, CA, USA), admitindo-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o das vari&#225;veis estudadas est&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos pesos corporais (PC) entre os grupos estudados. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica caudal foi significativamente maior no grupo HRV, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONT e FAV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig.1</xref>). Ap&#243;s quatro semanas de sobrecarga de press&#227;o (grupo HRV) e de volume (grupo FAV), observaram-se graus semelhantes de hipertrofia do VE, avaliada pelas vari&#225;veis: peso do VE (PVE), peso do ventr&#237;culo corrigido pelo peso corporal (VE/PC) e &#225;rea transversa dos mi&#243;citos (AM-VE). No modelo de sobrecarga de volume (FAV) houve aumento do peso do ventr&#237;culo direito (PVD), peso do VD corrigido pelo peso corporal (VD/PC) e &#225;rea transversa do mi&#243;cito do VD, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos CONT e HRV. Os grupos CONT e HRV foram compar&#225;veis entre si quanto ao tamanho do VD.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0126-00008-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0126-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O grupo HRV mostrou aumento da fra&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno (CVF), quando comparado aos grupos CONT e FAV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig.2</xref>). A espessura da parede ventricular esquerda foi estatisticamente semelhante nos tr&#234;s grupos experimentais. O di&#226;metro da cavidade do VE (DVE) foi significativamente maior no grupo FAV em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos estudados. A espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (E) e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/DVE foram compar&#225;veis nos tr&#234;s grupos estudados.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0126-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria &#224; sobrecarga cr&#244;nica de volume com aquela mais estudada, associada &#224; sobrecarga de press&#227;o. </p>
    <p>No modelo de sobrecarga de press&#227;o, a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi evidenciada pelos v&#225;rios indicadores analisados. Houve crescimento significativo da &#225;rea seccional dos mi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e da massa muscular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. No entanto, o aumento n&#227;o-significativo da espessura da parede e da cavidade ventricular com manuten&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o E/DVE, no grupo HRV, sugere que a hipertrofia ainda estava em desenvolvimento, sem modifica&#231;&#227;o na geometria da c&#226;mara ventricular para o padr&#227;o conc&#234;ntrico. Portanto, &#233; plaus&#237;vel supor que, nesse per&#237;odo, o aumento da p&#243;s-carga, nos animais hipertensos, n&#227;o estava totalmente compensada pela hipertrofia em desenvolvimento. Entretanto, a aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular direita, nesse grupo experimental, sugere que o crescimento celular mioc&#237;tico &#233; mais dependente do est&#237;mulo mec&#226;nico do que da a&#231;&#227;o tr&#243;fica da angiotensina. Esse resultado est&#225; em acordo com outros autores que avaliaram modelo semelhante<sup>12</sup>. Sabe-se que a isquemia renal unilateral (modelo 2 rins, 1 clip de Goldblatt) &#233; modelo experimental de hipertens&#227;o renovascular em que a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona desempenha papel essencial na g&#234;nese da hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>13</sup>, da hipertrofia e fibrose intersticial mioc&#225;rdica<sup>14</sup>, bem como da remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular<sup>15</sup>. Sharifi e cols.<sup>16</sup> observaram aumento de atividade da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina tanto no plasma como no tecido card&#237;aco de ratos com hipertens&#227;o renovascular com duas e doze semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o e conclu&#237;ram que o aumento de atividade da enzima conversora da angiotensina tecidual tem papel importante nas altera&#231;&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo nesse modelo experimental. Portanto, s&#227;o considerados relevantes tanto os efeitos mec&#226;nicos da sobrecarga press&#243;rica como os efeitos humorais da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina local e sist&#234;mico, na modula&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular</p>
    <p>A fibrose intersticial mioc&#225;rdica foi evidenciada no grupo HRV em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CONT. Esse resultado foi previamente descrito por n&#243;s<sup>8</sup> e por outros pesquisadores<sup>17,18</sup>. Esse componente da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca seria decorrente de estimula&#231;&#227;o do fibroblasto para s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno, em resposta a fatores humorais diversos<sup>17,19,20</sup> e necrose celular<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os ratos submetidos &#224; fistula aortocava apresentaram padr&#227;o de hipertrofia distinto daquele observado nos ratos hipertensos. A &#225;rea celular do mi&#243;cito, peso do ventr&#237;culo (PVD) e peso do ventr&#237;culo direito normalizado para o peso corporal (PVD/PC) do grupo FAV foram maiores que nos grupos CONT e HRV, caracterizando hipertrofia do VD secund&#225;ria &#224; sobrecarga volum&#233;trica. O estiramento diast&#243;lico do mi&#243;cito seria o principal est&#237;mulo local &#224; hipertrofia no VD. No entanto, h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de aumento de press&#227;o arterial na &#225;rvore pulmonar em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de aumento da volemia<sup>22</sup>. Assim, h&#225; que considerar que o est&#237;mulo para a hipertrofia ventricular direita, na presen&#231;a de fistula aortocava, seria multifatorial com estiramento do mi&#243;cito dependente do aumento de volemia e sobrecarga de press&#227;o na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar<sup>22</sup>. A sobrecarga volum&#233;trica, independente de estimula&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal, desencadeia maior s&#237;ntese de sarc&#244;meros. Como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, h&#225; aumento da massa ventricular e da capacidade de gerar for&#231;a. Liu e cols.<sup>22</sup>, estudando modelo semelhante, mostraram que o aumento do mi&#243;cito ocorre tanto em sua largura como em seu comprimento, o que contribui para manuten&#231;&#227;o da forma muscular. Numa fase compensada, esse crescimento proporciona a manuten&#231;&#227;o da geometria da c&#226;mara, sem dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Posteriormente, quando se esgota a capacidade do m&#250;sculo em se hipertrofiar &#233; que ocorre aumento desproporcional do raio da cavidade e evolu&#231;&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/DVE n&#227;o foi diferente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros dois grupos, sugerindo que no per&#237;odo de quatro semanas de experimento, a hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica ainda &#233; compensada. Isto &#233;, o aumento do di&#226;metro da cavidade &#233; acompanhado de crescimento proporcional da espessura da parede. Esse est&#225;gio da remodela&#231;&#227;o permite a manuten&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o parietal com preserva&#231;&#227;o do desempenho card&#237;aco, apesar da sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica. </p>
    <p>A matriz intersticial col&#225;gena tamb&#233;m &#233; objeto de estudo da remodela&#231;&#227;o na sobrecarga de volume secund&#225;ria &#224; fistula artocava. Sabe-se que a quantidade de col&#225;geno intersticial &#233; dependente da intera&#231;&#227;o entre o processo de s&#237;ntese e de degrada&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na. A sobrecarga press&#243;rica e o est&#237;mulo humoral da angiotensina II s&#227;o os principais agentes estimuladores para a s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno, enquanto o estiramento muscular imposto pela sobrecarga de volume favorece a sua degrada&#231;&#227;o<sup>24</sup>, num processo provavelmente envolvendo a degranula&#231;&#227;o de mast&#243;citos<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da f&#237;stula aortocava, as metaloproteases s&#227;o rapidamente ativadas e mant&#234;m-se significantemente elevadas nos cinco dias subseq&#252;entes, e retornam &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es basais em quatorze dias<sup>25</sup>. Concomitantemente ao aumento da atividade das metaloproteases, h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o significante da matriz intersticial col&#225;gena<sup>24</sup>. Em nosso estudo, observou-se a manuten&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de col&#225;geno intersticial no grupo FAV, sugerindo que no per&#237;odo de quatro semanas houve equil&#237;brio entre degrada&#231;&#227;o e s&#237;ntese da matriz intersticial. A implica&#231;&#227;o mais relevante dessas observa&#231;&#245;es &#233; que os resultados da literatura mostrando associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular n&#227;o se aplicam, necessariamente, ao padr&#227;o de hipertrofia por sobrecarga de volume. </p>
    <p>Os nossos resultados mostram que a sobrecarga de press&#227;o ou de volume causam padr&#245;es distintos de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sugerindo que as suas implica&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular n&#227;o s&#227;o intercambi&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>AGRADECIMENTOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos &#224; Fapesp o suporte financeiro Proc n.01/03459-7.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Shiguero Matsubara </p>
        <p> Rua Carlos Guadagnini, 1308 </p>
        <p> 18610-120 &#150; Botucatu, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lsmatsu@cardiol.br">lsmatsu@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 30/09/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 18/05/05</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial remodeling in chronic pressure or volume overload in the rat heart</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiac structural changes in experimental pressure and volume overload models. METHODS: The study analysis included renovascular hypertensive rats (RVH, n=8), normotensive rats with volume overload caused by an aortocaval fistula (ACF, n=10) and control rats (CONT, n=8). After four weeks, tail cuff blood pressure (SBP) was recorded. Rats were killed, the hearts were excised and the right and left ventricles (RV&amp;LV) were weighed (RVW&amp;LVW). Using histological sections, myocyte cross sectional areas (MA). LV wall thickness (LVWT) LV cavity diameter (LVD), normalized LVWT (LVWT/LVD) and collagen volume fraction (CVF) were measured. The comparisons were made using the ANOVA and Tukey test for a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Tail cuff blood pressure (mmHg) was higher in the RVH group (RVH = 187 &#177; 22; CONT = 125 &#177; 10; ACF = 122 &#177; 6, p&lt;0.05). LV hypertrophy was observed in the RVH and ACF groups. The ACF group presented a significant increase in size of LVD, compared to CONT and RVH. The absolute and normalized ventricular wall thickness were similar among the groups. The RVH group presented a significant increase in CVF compared to CONT group and ACF group. CONCLUSION: Cardiac remodeling patterns following volume or pressure overload are distinct, suggesting that their implications on ventricular dysfunction are not interchangeable.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Renovascular hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>aortocaval fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>collagen</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular hypertrophy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Myocardial remodeling in chronic pressure or volume overload in the rat heart</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Shiguero Matsubara; Silvia Narikawa; Ana Lucia dos Anjos Ferreira; Sergio Alberto Rupp de Paiva; Leonardo Mamede Zornoff; Beatriz Bojikian Matsubara</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp - Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To compare cardiac structural changes in experimental pressure and volume overload models.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study analysis included renovascular hypertensive rats (RVH, n=8), normotensive rats with volume overload caused by an aortocaval fistula (ACF, n=10) and control rats (CONT, n=8). After four weeks, tail cuff blood pressure (SBP) was recorded. Rats were killed, the hearts were excised and the right and left ventricles (RV&amp;LV) were weighed (RVW&amp;LVW). Using histological sections, myocyte cross sectional areas (MA). LV wall thickness (LVWT) LV cavity diameter (LVD), normalized LVWT (LVWT/LVD) and collagen volume fraction (CVF) were measured. The comparisons were made using the ANOVA and Tukey test for a significance level of 5%.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Tail cuff blood pressure (mmHg) was higher in the RVH group (RVH = 187 &#177; 22; CONT = 125 &#177; 10; ACF = 122 &#177; 6, p&lt;0.05). LV hypertrophy was observed in the RVH and ACF groups. The ACF group presented a significant increase in size of LVD, compared to CONT and RVH. The absolute and normalized ventricular wall thickness were similar among the groups. The RVH group presented a significant increase in CVF compared to CONT group and ACF group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Cardiac remodeling patterns following volume or pressure overload are distinct, suggesting that their implications on ventricular dysfunction are not interchangeable.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Renovascular hypertension, aortocaval fistula, collagen, ventricular hypertrophy</p>
      <p>Myocardium is comprised of myocytes, vessels and collagen interstitial matrix. The equilibrium of these three compartments maintain cardiac form and function. Composition changes of these compartments reflect the process of myocardial remodeling that is closely related to cardiac dysfunction. The remodeling occurs in response to stimuli caused by mechanical or humoral agents on cardiac tissue<sup>1-3</sup>. In clinical practice, hypertrophy is more commonly seen in association with hemodynamic overload imposed by hypertension or volume overload. In the case of pressure overload, there is a synthesis of sarcomeres in parallel which increases the ventricle wall thickness resulting in concentric hypertrophy. In the case of volume overload, there is an increase of sarcomeres in series, associated with the slippage of myocyte bundles, resulting in eccentric hypertrophy. The presence of cardiac hypertrophy is an independent factor of higher morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular events<sup>4,5</sup>. However, this association has been studied extensively and is well established in chronic pressure overload, secondary to systemic hypertension<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The description given for this condition is that the disproportional increase of the collagen interstitial matrix as well as the ventricular geometry change would reduce ventricular compliance leading to myocardial dysfunction<sup>7</sup>. Additionally, the slower growth of vessel density reduces the coronary reserve, potentially leading to myocyte oxygen and nutrient deficiencies causing further ventricular dysfunction. Therefore, the increased myocardial interstitial collagen in LV hypertrophy which may or may not be associated with relative ischemia, is the main cause of myocardial dysfunction, particularly diastolic dysfunction<sup>1,8</sup>. However, very few studies has been conducted regarding to the consequences of hypertrophy secondary to volume overload. It has been demonstrated that rats with arteriovenous fistula present unchanged interstitial collagen concentration<sup>9</sup>. In this experimental model, myocardial fibrosis is only described in conjunction with overt heart failure<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering the distinct cardiac remodeling patterns resulting from different hemodynamic overloads, the objective of the study was to compare cardiac structural modifications in volume and pressure overload in rats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The experimental protocol was submitted to the institution&#146;s Animal Research Ethics Committee for evaluation and was approved by protocol number 187/2001.</p>
      <p>Male Wister rats weighing 250 to 300 grams were used in the study. Randomly selected animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and submitted to a median laparotomy exposing the aorta and renal artery branches. The left renal artery was dissected to place a 7 x 1 mm silver clip with a 0.35 mm opening. The distal portion was closed ensuring that the clip was fixed in the desired position in order to induce unilateral renal ischemia. Next, the abdominal cavity was closed in layers with continuous sutures. Eight rats were used for the experimental group with renovascular hypertension (RVH).</p>
      <p>The sex-and-age matched rats were also randomly selected and anesthetized as described above and submitted to a median laparotomy to create an infra-renal aortocaval fistula (ACF group). The procedure described by Garcia &amp; Diebold<sup>11</sup> was used and consisted of the dissection of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava from the renal artery to the origin of the iliac arteries. Next, the vessels were obstructed using a vascular clip placed just below the renal artery and the anterior wall of the aorta was punctured with a 1.5 mm external diameter, 16 gauge needle. The needle was advanced approximately 1 cm into the aorta and, passing through the median vessel wall into the vena cava, creating a aortocaval fistula. After withdrawal of the needle, the puncture orifice was sealed with a drop of cyanoacrylate glue. Next, the vascular clip was removed to reestablish blood flow, taking care to verify fistula patency through visualization, by transparency, of the blood flow into the vena cava. The abdominal cavity was closed in layers using continuous sutures.</p>
      <p>Finally eight Wistar rats of the same sex and age as described before were kept-without surgery procedures and were used as controls (CONT). The animals were housed in cages in groups of two or three and placed in a vivarium with a twelve hour light cycle, temperature and humidity controls. The rats received a standard diet and water <italic>ad libitum</italic>. The experimental groups and the controls were studied after four weeks of evolution. Tail cuff blood pressure (SBP) was taken using an automatic sphygmomanometer (Narco BioSystem, Austin, Texas, USA). Next, the rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and submitted to a median thoracotomy. The heart was removed and the ventricles were separated and weighed.</p>
      <p>Morphological Study &#150; Coronal sections, approximately 3 mm thick, taken 5 mm from the tip of the ventricles were fixed in a 10% tamponed formaldehyde solution for 48 hours followed by immersion in a 70% alcohol solution for 48 hours. After fixation, the tissues were embedded in paraffin. Four micron thick histological sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) or Masson, and 6 micron thick histological sections were stained with Picro Sirius red, specific for collagen. The myocyte cross sectional areas (MA) were measured in the sections stained by HE or Masson, using a LEICA DM LS microscope connected to a video camera and IBM compatible computer, equipped with the image analysis program Image Pro-plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Fifty to seventy cells were analyzed per slide. The selected cells presented a circular shape and were located in the subendocardium layer of the ventricles walls. This care was taken in order to have the best uniformity in the myocyte shape among the groups. The average cross sectional areas obtained for each group were used as an indicator of cell hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>The slides stained with Picro Sirius red were used to quantify the interstitial collagen volume fraction using video densitometry. Images of the cardiac tissue were taken and analyezed using the system described above. The elements of the cardiac tissue were identified according to color level. Therefore, the collagen fibers were visualized in red and the myocytes in yellow. The collagen volume fraction (CVF) was calculated automatically and corresponded to the sum of the collagen areas divided by the sum of the collagen tissue and myocyte areas. On average, thirty fields were analyzed using a lens with magnification of 40X. Perivascular collagen was excluded from the analysis.</p>
      <p>Remodeling of the ventricular chamber was evaluated using the slides stained with HE, measuring the left ventricular internal diameter (LVS) and the myocardial wall thickness (LVWT) and calculating the ratio wall thickness and ventricular diameter (LVWT/LVD).</p>
      <p>Statistical analysis &#150; The variables were presented as mean &#177; stardard deviation (SD) and comparison between the groups were made by analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by multiple comparison Tukey test. The analyses were made using the statistical package SigmaStat for Windows, version 2.03 (SPSS, San Raphael, CA, USA), and a 5% significance level was accepted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Tail cuff blood pressure was significantly higher in the RVH group compared to CONT and ACF groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). The morphometric data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. After four weeks left ventricular weight, LVW corrected to body weight and myocyte cross sectional area were similar in RVH and ACF groups, indicating similar degree of LV hypertrophy. In the volume overload model (ACF) there was an increase in the right ventricle weight, RVW corrected by body weight and right ventricle myocyte cross sectional area compared to the CONT and RVH groups.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0126-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0126-00008-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>RVH group showed an increased collagen volume fraction when compared to CONT and ACF groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>). LV wall thickness was statistically similar among the experimental groups. LV cavity diameter was significantly larger in the ACF group in relation to the other two groups. Left ventricular wall thickness and normalized wall thickness cavity diameter (LVWT/LVD) were comparable among the groups.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0126-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The objective of the present study was to compare cardiac remodeling secondary to either chronic volume or pressure overload. </p>
      <p>In the pressure overload model, all indices showed left ventricular hypertrophy. The LV weight and myocyte sectional area grew significantly in relation to the control group. The maintenance of normalized wall thickness suggests that the hypertrophy was still developing and had not yet modified the ventricular chamber geometry to the concentric pattern. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that in this period, the increased afterload in the hypertensive animals was not totally compensated by the developing hypertrophy. Nevertheless, the absence of right ventricle hypertrophy, in this experimental group, suggests that the myocyte cellular growth is more dependent on mechanical stimulus than on the trophic effects of neurohormonal activation. This results is agreement with other authors that evaluated similar models<sup>12</sup>. It is known that unilateral renal ischemia (Goldblatt - 2 kidney, 1 clip model) is the experimental model of renovascular hypertension where the activation of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is the leading factor in the genesis of hypertension<sup>13</sup>, hypertrophy and myocardial interstitial fibrosis<sup>14</sup>, as well as vascular remodeling<sup>15</sup>. Sharifi et al<sup>16</sup> observed increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity both in the plasma and cardiac tissue of rats with renovascular hipertension, with two and twelve weeks of evolution, and concluded that the increased angiotensin-converting enzyme tissue activity has an important role in the alterations of the target organ in this experimental model. Therefore, both the mechanical effects of pressure overload and the humoral effects of the activation of the local and systemic renin-angiotensin system are relevant in the modulation of the ventricular remodeling.</p>
      <p>Myocardial interstitial fibrosis was observed in the RVH group in accordance with previous results from our laboratory<sup>8</sup> and other researchers<sup>17,18</sup>. This component of cardiac remodeling would be the result of both humoral fibroblast stimulation leading increased collagen synthesis<sup>17,19,20</sup> and cellular necrosis<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>The rats submitted to the aortocaval fistula presented a distinct hypertrophy pattern in comparison with hypertensive rats. The myocyte cellular area, ventricular weight and right ventricular weight normalized to body weight were higher than in CONT and RVH groups indicating combined right and left ventricular hypertrophy. Diastolic myocyte distension would be the main mechanical stimulus for right ventricle hypertrophy. However, the role of pulmonary hypertension caused by increased volume should not be discharged<sup>22</sup>. Therefore, it must be considered that the stimulus for right ventricular hypertrophy in aortocaval fistula could be multifactorial, that is volume and pressure overload on pulmonary circulation<sup>22</sup>. Liu et al<sup>22</sup> studying a similar model, showed that the myocyte increases both in width and length which helps maintain the muscular form. During the compensated phase, this growth contributes to the maintenance of the chamber geometry without ventricular dilation. Afterwards, when the capacity of the muscle to be hypertrophied is exhausted, the cavity radius increases disproportionally and leads to heart failure<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study the LVWT/LVD ratio was preserved, which suggests that in the four week of the experiment, eccentric hypertrophy was still compensated. This stage of the remodeling allows the maintenance of wall tension and preservation of cardiac performance despite the hemodynamic overload.</p>
      <p>The collagen interstitial matrix is also a factor to be studied in the remodeling process of volume overload secondary to aortocaval fistula. It is known that the quantity of interstitial collagen is dependent on the interaction between the synthesis process and protein degradation. Pressure overload and the angiotensin II humoral stimulus are the main stimulating agents for collagen synthesis while muscular distension caused by volume overload contributes to its degradation<sup>24</sup>, in a process that probably involves collagenase activation due to mastocyte degranulation<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>After performing the aortocaval fistula the metalloproteases are rapidly activated and remain significantly elevated during the following five days, returning to basal conditions in fourteen days<sup>25</sup>. Concurrent with the increase of metalloprotease activity, there is a significant reduction in the collagen interstitial matrix<sup>24</sup>. In this study, it was observed that the ACF group maintained the amount of interstitial collagen, suggesting an equilibrium between degradation and interstitial matrix synthesis after four week. The most relevant implication of these observations in that the results of medical literature that show a direct relationship between myocardial hypertrophy and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality do not necessarily apply to the hypertrophy pattern caused by volume overload.</p>
      <p>Our results show that pressure or volume overloads cause distinct patterns of cardiac remodeling suggesting that their implications on ventricular dysfunction are not interchangeable.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank Fapesp for the financial support (Proc. n.01/03459-7).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Shiguero Matsubara</p>
          <p> Rua Carlos Guadagnini, 1308</p>
          <p> 18610-120 &#150; Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="lsmatsu@cardiol.br">lsmatsu@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 09/30/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 05/18/05</p>
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