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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n3ZMcnZXwFdJ7H37xD6JTbv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000200007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor progn&#243;stico do teste de caminhada de seis minutos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rubim</surname>
            <given-names>Val&#233;ria Siqueira Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drumond Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Cant&#237;dio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Romeo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montera</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Westerlund</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>120</fpage>
      <lpage>125</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVOS: Este estudo objetivou avaliar a utilidade do teste de caminhada de seis minutos como indicador progn&#243;stico e sua contribui&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: O teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi administrado a 179 pacientes (120 homens, 59 mulheres; idade m&#233;dia de 58,32 &#177; 12,7 anos), portadores insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas classes II e III da New York Heart Association (NYHA), com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 34,91 &#177; 12,4%. Os pacientes realizaram o teste de caminhada de seis minutos e, 4 horas depois, o teste ergom&#233;trico convencional sob o Protocolo de Naughton limitado por sintomas, e foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de dezoito meses. RESULTADOS: A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida no teste de caminhada seis minutos foi de 521,11 &#177; 76,1 metros. Durante o acompanhamento, 66 pacientes (36,9%) morreram. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos e a mortalidade (p &lt; 0,0001). O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou a dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos como o mais forte indicador independente de mortalidade (p = 0,0001). A dist&#226;ncia caminhada menor que 520 metros identificou os pacientes com maior probabilidade de &#243;bito. O n&#250;mero de equivalentes metab&#243;licos alcan&#231;ados no teste ergom&#233;trico convencional tamb&#233;m correlacionou-se significativamente com a mortalidade (p = 0,0001). CONCLUS&#195;O: O teste de caminhada de seis minutos &#233; um m&#233;todo simples, seguro e potente de avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas classes II e III da NYHA. &#201; um exame objetivo, que pode substituir o teste ergom&#233;trico convencional na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica desses pacientes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>teste de caminhada de seis minutos</kwd>
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Valor progn&#243;stico do teste de caminhada de seis minutos na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Val&#233;ria Siqueira Martins Rubim; Cant&#237;dio Drumond Neto; Jos&#233; Luiz Martins Romeo; Marcelo Westerlund Montera</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Santa Casa da Miseric&#243;rdia do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS: </bold>Este estudo objetivou avaliar a utilidade do teste de caminhada de seis minutos como indicador progn&#243;stico e sua contribui&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>O teste de caminhada de seis minutos foi administrado a 179 pacientes (120 homens, 59 mulheres; idade m&#233;dia de 58,32 &#177; 12,7 anos), portadores insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas classes II e III da New York Heart Association (NYHA), com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 34,91 &#177; 12,4%. Os pacientes realizaram o teste de caminhada de seis minutos e, 4 horas depois, o teste ergom&#233;trico convencional sob o Protocolo de Naughton limitado por sintomas, e foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de dezoito meses. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida no teste de caminhada seis minutos foi de 521,11 &#177; 76,1 metros. Durante o acompanhamento, 66 pacientes (36,9%) morreram. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos e a mortalidade (p &lt; 0,0001). O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica identificou a dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos como o mais forte indicador independente de mortalidade (p = 0,0001). A dist&#226;ncia caminhada menor que 520 metros identificou os pacientes com maior probabilidade de &#243;bito. O n&#250;mero de equivalentes metab&#243;licos alcan&#231;ados no teste ergom&#233;trico convencional tamb&#233;m correlacionou-se significativamente com a mortalidade (p = 0,0001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O teste de caminhada de seis minutos &#233; um m&#233;todo simples, seguro e potente de avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas classes II e III da NYHA. &#201; um exame objetivo, que pode substituir o teste ergom&#233;trico convencional na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica desses pacientes. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>teste de caminhada de seis minutos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, progn&#243;stico</p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um problema cada vez maior em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. No Brasil, segundo o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares (SIH) do SUS (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de), a IC foi a principal causa de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares entre as enfermidades do aparelho cardiovascular, com 418.620 mil casos em 2001<sup>1</sup>. Portanto, &#233; grande o impacto econ&#244;mico que a IC ocasiona na sociedade.</p>
    <p>O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (T6') &#233; um m&#233;todo simples, de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade, de baixo custo, que vem sendo utilizado para avaliar objetivamente grau de limita&#231;&#227;o funcional<sup>2-5</sup> e obter estratifica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas na IC <sup>6-9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em 1976, McGavin e cols.<sup>10</sup> introduziram o T6' como medida da capacidade funcional em portadores de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Recentemente, Troosters e cols.<sup>11</sup> mostraram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse teste ainda para esse fim. </p>
    <p> A partir da d&#233;cada de 1980, houve um crescimento da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do T6' na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, sobretudo na IC. No estudo SOLVD (<italic>Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction</italic>)<sup>8</sup>, a dist&#226;ncia caminhada durante seis minutos foi identificada como vari&#225;vel independente indicadora de mortalidade e de morbidade em pacientes com IC em classes funcionais II e III. </p>
    <p> Foi sugerido que o tipo de esfor&#231;o, durante o T6' na IC, assemelhava-se &#224; atividade di&#225;ria<sup>12,13</sup>, podendo ser considerado um exame subm&#225;ximo<sup>14</sup>. Carreira e cols.<sup>15</sup> conclu&#237;ram que o T6' determina importante estresse hemodin&#226;mico e um elevado n&#250;mero de arritmias graves, apesar de refletir melhor as atividades cotidianas do que um teste de consumo m&#225;ximo. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal verificar se a dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6' &#233; um indicador progn&#243;stico independente de mortalidade. Analisou-se se o T6' pode ser considerado subm&#225;ximo, representativo de atividades cotidianas. Verificaram-se ainda a seguran&#231;a do m&#233;todo e a exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre a arritmia registrada no T6' e a mortalidade. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo, que consistiu na avalia&#231;&#227;o de portadores de IC pelo T6' e seguimento m&#233;dio de dezoito meses (doze a 24 meses). Os pacientes encontravam-se em tratamento ambulatorial ou internados para investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes que apresentavam IC descompensada; limita&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica por fatores diferentes de dispn&#233;ia de esfor&#231;o e fadiga, tais como claudica&#231;&#227;o intermitente, artrose e artrite de membros inferiores, doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica impedindo o aprendizado do exame, doen&#231;a orovalvular reum&#225;tica, anemia, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, qualquer estado febril ou doen&#231;a infecciosa.</p>
    <p>Cento e setenta e nove portadores de IC de diferentes etiologias foram avaliados pelo T6'. Setenta e sete pacientes encontravam-se internados, sendo submetidos aos testes no momento da pr&#233;-alta hospitalar. Noventa e seis por cento (n = 173) estavam em classe funcional II da NYHA. Apresentavam em m&#233;dia idade de 58,3 &#177; 12,73 anos, sendo 67% (n = 120) do sexo masculino. A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi de 34,91 &#177; 12,40%. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes envolvidos no estudo encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0120-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Os pacientes encontravam-se em uso de diur&#233;ticos, digoxina e agentes inibidores da enzima conversora, cujas doses foram otimizadas de acordo com os sintomas e a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Nenhum paciente encontrava-se em uso de betabloqueador. </p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi obtida por meio de ecocardiografia pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz<sup>16</sup> (aparelho marca Caris, modelo 7200/s&#233;rie 00353). Para se ter o T6' como representativo de atividade leve a moderada, tomaram-se como base os princ&#237;pios de Wasserman e cols.<sup>17</sup>, que consideram essa intensidade de esfor&#231;o at&#233; 79% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista para a idade (220-idade).</p>
    <p>Num mesmo dia, foram realizados o T6' e, 4 horas depois, o teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), sob o Protocolo de Naugthon Modelo I<sup>18</sup>, limitado por sintomas. Na v&#233;spera dos exames, o T6' foi apresentado ao paciente por meio de um pr&#233;-T6', objetivando a adapta&#231;&#227;o e o aprendizado da metodologia do teste.</p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados num percurso de 60 metros por um &#250;nico t&#233;cnico, acompanhado por um dos m&#233;dicos do Servi&#231;o. Os pacientes foram orientados a caminhar de acordo com sua toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio no per&#237;odo de seis minutos. Frases de incentivo foram proferidas durante a caminhada. O resultado final no T6' foi a medida da dist&#226;ncia total percorrida em metros durante seis minutos. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi determinada pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um freq&#252;enc&#237;metro. Aleatoriamente, 44 participantes realizaram o T6' com sistema de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ambulatorial (Holter). </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada pelo teste <italic>t </italic>de Student ou o teste de Mann-Whitney; o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia e o teste de compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas de Tukey. Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea dos fatores progn&#243;sticos sobre a mortalidade, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada e foi determinado o melhor ponto de corte (c<italic>ut-off</italic>) na curva ROC <italic>(Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve</italic>). O crit&#233;rio de determina&#231;&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica dotado foi o n&#237;vel de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi processada pelo programa estat&#237;stico <italic>SAS</italic><sup>&#174;</sup><italic>Systen</italic>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nem todos os pacientes foram capazes de completar o T6' sem parar ou interromper o exame. Quatro pacientes (2,2%) n&#227;o completaram o exame, por apresentarem angina, e 5,5% (n = 10) tiveram o teste momentaneamente interrompido por dor precordial, retornando &#224; caminhada com o al&#237;vio do quadro anginoso. Cansa&#231;o foi a queixa mais freq&#252;ente (n = 108 / 60,3%), por&#233;m dispn&#233;ia (n = 26 / 14,5%), dor e cansa&#231;o nas pernas (n = 24 / 13,4%) e tonteira (n = 7 / 3,9%) estiveram presentes. Nenhuma intercorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica a mais foi apresentada durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames. </p>
    <p>Dos 179 pacientes, 66 (36,9%) morreram no per&#237;odo do seguimento, por deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, morte s&#250;bita e de alguns casos n&#227;o se conseguiu uma informa&#231;&#227;o precisa. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> encontra-se a an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis consideradas para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica no grupo &#243;bito e n&#227;o-&#243;bito.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0120-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida no T6' pelos pacientes que morreram foi significativamente menor (487,3 x 540,9) (p &lt; 0,0001). </p>
    <p>Ao se considerar o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de METs alcan&#231;ado no TE nos dois grupos, observou-se diferen&#231;a significativa, isto &#233;, o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de METs no grupo &#243;bito &#233; menor do que no grupo n&#227;o-&#243;bito (3,3 x 5,3) (p = 0,0001). A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dos pacientes que morreram foi tamb&#233;m significativamente menor (31,3 x 37) (p = 0,002). </p>
    <p>Observou-se que a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes que morreram foi significativamente maior (p = 0,0002). Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, os &#243;bitos apresentaram-se em freq&#252;&#234;ncia significativamente maior na faixa et&#225;ria superior a sessenta anos. </p>
    <p>Outras vari&#225;veis do estudo foram correlacionadas com o desfecho cl&#237;nico do paciente. A presen&#231;a do bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) (n = 12 / 42,85%) n&#227;o demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a mortalidade (p = 0,47). A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (n = 14 / 42,42%) n&#227;o interferiu significativamente (p = 0,43) com o desfecho cl&#237;nico. N&#227;o se demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (p = 0,73) entre as etiologias isqu&#234;mica (n = 24 / 42,10%), hipertensiva (n = 11 / 34,37), idiop&#225;tica (n = 19 / 42,22%) e o &#243;bito. Observou-se que a insufici&#234;ncia mitral esteve presente significativamente (p = 0,008) nos pacientes que morreram (n = 52 / 43,69%). Ao se correlacionar juntamente a aus&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia e insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve (n = 32 / 26,66%) com insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada e grave (n = 34 / 57,62%), ficou demonstrado que no grupo &#243;bito houve propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior (p &lt; 0,0001) de insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada/grave. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica ficou comprometida quando se considerou a classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional, j&#225; que havia pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes na classe III (n = 6 / 3,4%).</p>
    <p>A caminhada do T6' foi uma atividade intensa para 65% (n = 43) dos pacientes que tiveram o &#243;bito como desfecho cl&#237;nico (p = 0,033). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s arritmias registradas pelo Holter durante o T6', a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica ficou prejudicada quando se considerou o desfecho cl&#237;nico. As arritmias induzidas pelo esfor&#231;o no TE, quando analisadas do ponto de vista geral, n&#227;o tiveram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o &#243;bito (p = 0,32). Mesmo quando consideradas as arritmias mais complexas, essa correla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o existiu (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0120-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea dos fatores progn&#243;sticos sobre a mortalidade. Os fatores considerados para a regress&#227;o foram: idade, sexo, origem do paciente, dist&#226;ncia no T6', n&#250;mero de METs, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia mitral e arritmias gerais e espec&#237;ficas no TE. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> fornece os par&#226;metros do modelo selecionado pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, no n&#237;vel de 5%, para cada fator progn&#243;stico significativo. Analisando simultaneamente os fatores, observou-se que a dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6', a insufici&#234;ncia mitral, a idade e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram significativas para predizer mortalidade, nessa ordem de capacidade explicativa, e que a maior probabilidade de &#243;bito esteve relacionada &#224; menor dist&#226;ncia percorrida no T6', &#224; maior gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, &#224; idade mais avan&#231;ada e &#224; menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Segundo a curva ROC, observou-se que o melhor ponto de corte para a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no T6' foi de 520 metros; para a idade foi de 58 anos, e para a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi de 35%. Isso significa que um paciente com dist&#226;ncia percorrida abaixo de 520 metros, ou a idade acima ou igual a 58 anos, ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o abaixo de 35%, tem maior probabilidade de &#243;bito.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6' esteve ausente quando relacionada &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,27; r = 0,082). </p>
    <p>Ao correlacionar o aparecimento de arritmias no T6' e no TE, 86,4% (n = 38) e 84,4% (n = 151) dos pacientes apresentaram dist&#250;rbio do ritmo card&#237;aco, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Noventa e oito pacientes (54,7%) atingiram freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca superior a 79% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista durante a caminhada no T6', enquanto 81 pacientes (45,3%) n&#227;o atingiram esse limite. </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia da dist&#226;ncia caminhada no pr&#233;-T6' (486,8 &#177; 85,2 metros) realizado na v&#233;spera dos exames mostrou ser significativamente menor (p = 0,0001) do que a m&#233;dia da dist&#226;ncia do T6' propriamente dito (521,1&#177; 76,1 metros).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo SOLVD<sup>8 </sup>foi o primeiro a demonstrar, em 898 portadores de IC nas classes funcionais II e III, uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6' e a mortalidade. Controv&#233;rsias existem na literatura sobre esse valor progn&#243;stico. Opasich e cols.<sup>5</sup>, ao estudarem 315 pacientes com IC moderada e grave, relataram que a dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6' n&#227;o proporciona informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica que possa complementar ou substituir o VO<sub>2</sub>, ou cl&#225;ssica gradua&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dada pela classe funcional. Por&#233;m, apesar dos autores terem realizado dois T6' para cada paciente, um deles sendo um pr&#233;-T6', a t&#233;cnica do incentivo n&#227;o foi realizada. Portanto, existe a possibilidade de esses resultados terem sido influenciados pela falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes durante a caminhada, j&#225; que os pacientes n&#227;o se aproximaram do limiar anaer&#243;bio.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo observou que dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6' foi um forte marcador progn&#243;stico para mortalidade nos portadores de IC (p &lt; 0,0001). As quatro vari&#225;veis selecionadas pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, isto &#233;, a dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6', a insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada/grave, a idade e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o explicaram aproximadamente 80% dos &#243;bitos, como demonstrado atrav&#233;s do valor da estat&#237;stica C do modelo (0,796). Foi observado que a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no T6' (p &lt; 0,0001) e o n&#250;mero de METs alcan&#231;ado no TE (p = 0,0001) est&#227;o fortemente relacionados ao se considerar o &#243;bito. Por isso, apenas a dist&#226;ncia do T6' foi inclu&#237;da no subconjunto do modelo proposto, uma vez que ambas as vari&#225;veis conteriam aproximadamente a mesma informa&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A curva ROC determinou o melhor ponto de corte para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas selecionadas pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, e ficou claro que a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no T6' pode determinar e participar junto a outros par&#226;metros na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos pacientes com IC. A m&#233;dia da dist&#226;ncia caminhada mais elevada do que a relatada na literatura foi atribu&#237;da ao fato de a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada ter apresentado menor gravidade (maioria em CF II) e de o exame ter sido realizado sob incentivo verbal (teste estimulado). Recentemente, Rostagno e cols.<sup>19</sup> encontraram resultados semelhantes ao comparar o T6' na IC com outros m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, outros fatores apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o desfecho cl&#237;nico dos pacientes com IC. A toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o, medida pelo n&#250;mero de METs alcan&#231;ado no TE, cursou com uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa pr&#243;xima &#224;quela observada no T6' (p = 0,0001 x p<italic> &lt;</italic>0,0001). Essa informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia, pois o T6' &#233; mais simples, de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade, baixo custo e de maior aceitabilidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TE. At&#233; o momento, nenhum outro pr&#233;vio estudo confrontou esses dois m&#233;todos quanto ao desfecho cl&#237;nico dos pacientes com IC.</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo est&#225; entre os mais fortes indicadores de mortalidade na IC<sup>20-22</sup>. O valor progn&#243;stico da dist&#226;ncia caminhada do T6' independe da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e de outros potenciais par&#226;metros progn&#243;sticos, segundo Haass e cols.<sup>23</sup>. Observou-se no presente estudo que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#233; um bom indicador progn&#243;stico para mortalidade (p = 0,031), por&#233;m de peso menos significante do que a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no T6' (p = 0,0001), a insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada/grave (p = 0,0001) e a idade (p = 0,02), como foi observado ap&#243;s ajuste do modelo. </p>
    <p>Considerando-se a classe funcional da NYHA e a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, verificou-se que o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes na classe III (n = 6) impediu verificar o poder discriminativo do T6' entre as classes funcionais II e III. </p>
    <p>No grupo &#243;bito (n = 66) houve um n&#250;mero (n = 43 - 65%) significativamente maior de pacientes com freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca superior a 79% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima (p = 0,03). Isso implica dizer que os pacientes com pior progn&#243;stico t&#234;m o T6' como uma atividade intensa, segundo Wasserman e cols.<sup>17</sup>. Roul e cols.<sup>6</sup> observaram que pacientes com pior progn&#243;stico t&#234;m seu n&#237;vel de atividade di&#225;ria relativamente pr&#243;xima &#224; sua capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio. </p>
    <p>Zugck e cols.<sup>24</sup> conferiram que o poder progn&#243;stico da dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6' na IC &#233; similar ao pico do VO<sub>2</sub> da ergoespirometria. O pico do VO<sub>2 </sub>&#233; uma importante e estabelecida vari&#225;vel progn&#243;stica adquirida pela ergoespirometria, que &#233; um m&#233;todo que exige pessoas bem treinadas principalmente em sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o. Quando a avalia&#231;&#227;o seriada &#233; realizada, o custo se eleva ainda mais, colocando a ergoespirometria fora de nossa realidade. Diante do exposto, n&#227;o &#233; qualquer institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de do pa&#237;s que tem condi&#231;&#245;es de realizar a ergoespirometria. O T6' de longe n&#227;o substitui as informa&#231;&#245;es que a ergoespirometria nos fornece na IC, por&#233;m torna-se de import&#226;ncia onde a an&#225;lise dos gases respirat&#243;rios &#233; impratic&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, a literatura vem mostrando diversos marcadores progn&#243;sticos na IC. Em nosso meio, Silva<sup>25</sup>, em sua disserta&#231;&#227;o, observou o valor progn&#243;stico da prote&#237;na C reativa como preditor independente de sobrevida em pacientes com IC descompensada. Em recente publica&#231;&#227;o, De Groote e cols.<sup>26</sup> demonstraram que em pacientes com IC est&#225;vel os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (BNP) e o VO<sub>2 </sub>m&#225;ximo fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es independentes na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de risco. Apesar dos recentes indicadores laboratoriais progn&#243;sticos descritos para IC, a dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6' &#233; um marcador de baixo custo e de f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o e aplicabilidade.</p>
    <p>Faggiano e cols.<sup>27 </sup>observaram que o esfor&#231;o da caminhada freq&#252;entemente requer a contribui&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo anaer&#243;bico (trabalho acima do limiar anaer&#243;bico). Em 73% dos pacientes, o trabalho f&#237;sico durante o T6' alcan&#231;ou o limiar anaer&#243;bico com quociente respirat&#243;rio superior ou igual a 1. Isto &#233;, nesses pacientes, o T6' mostrou ser um teste m&#225;ximo. Apesar de todos os testes da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada terem sido realizados em um &#250;nico hospital, numa &#250;nica pista, sob uma mesma metodologia (T6'estimulado) e sob orienta&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico t&#233;cnico, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada n&#227;o definiu o n&#237;vel de intensidade que a caminhada do T6' representa para essa popula&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O aprendizado do T6' foi fundamental para os resultados. Quando se compararam a m&#233;dia da dist&#226;ncia caminhada no pr&#233;-T6' com a do T6', observou-se que houve aumento significativo na m&#233;dia da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no T6'(p = 0,0001). Esse melhor desempenho no exame propriamente dito foi atribu&#237;do ao pr&#233;vio conhecimento conferido na v&#233;spera do T6', que reduz o estresse psicol&#243;gico de se realizar qualquer exame. Dessa forma, essa an&#225;lise conferiu a import&#226;ncia do aprendizado do exame antes da sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. Em recente estudo<sup>28</sup>, evidenciou-se a import&#226;ncia do aprendizado no T6' em cinq&#252;enta pacientes saud&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; metodologia do T6', essa varia em cada estudo, respondendo, pelo menos em parte, pelas diverg&#234;ncias de resultados encontrados na literatura. H&#225; necessidade de uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o da metodologia do T6' e deve-se ter o cuidado na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de estudos em que essa estandardiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o aparece de forma clara. A padroniza&#231;&#227;o da metodologia &#233; essencial para que haja reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
    <p>Quando se analisou o potencial arritmog&#234;nico do T6' e do TE na popula&#231;&#227;o em quest&#227;o, os dois m&#233;todos mostraram-se com potencial elevado de induzir arritmias (86,4% e 84,4%, respectivamente). Portanto, as arritmias podem comprometer a seguran&#231;a dos dois m&#233;todos, sobretudo com a do T6', j&#225; que o paciente n&#227;o disp&#245;e de uma monitoriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cont&#237;nua<sup>15</sup>. Segundo o estudo SOLVD<sup>8</sup>, n&#227;o foi registrada nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o nos 833 T6' realizados. Apesar do grande n&#250;mero de arritmias detectadas durante o T6' no presente estudo, nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o foi registrada. Considerando-se os 281 T6' sem complica&#231;&#245;es que foram realizados nos 179 pacientes (102 exames foram desprezados porque representavam j&#225; um segundo exame do mesmo paciente), e tamb&#233;m os 179 pr&#233;-T6' realizados, completaram-se 460 exames livres de intercorr&#234;ncias. Nenhuma intercorr&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica foi registrada no per&#237;odo de at&#233; cinco horas ap&#243;s os testes. Portanto, pode-se dizer que o T6' &#233; um m&#233;todo seguro na avalia&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na IC, o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda vem sendo relacionado como o principal determinante do progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a. Este estudo demonstrou que a dist&#226;ncia caminhada no T6' prediz a mortalidade de forma potente e independente.</p>
    <p>De acordo com a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o T6' n&#227;o pode ser considerado um m&#233;todo representativo das atividades cotidianas, mas &#233; uma atividade intensa para os pacientes com pior progn&#243;stico. Apesar de o T6' induzir freq&#252;entes arritmias complexas, o exame mostrou-se seguro na avalia&#231;&#227;o desse grupo de pacientes. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel correlacionar as arritmias do T6' com a mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Considerando, entretanto, que o estudo realizado foi em portadores de IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, novas investiga&#231;&#245;es ser&#227;o necess&#225;rias para avalia&#231;&#227;o de portadores de IC com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada pelo T6'.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Val&#233;ria Siqueira Martins Rubim </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Celestino, 172/201 </p>
        <p> 24020-091 &#150; Niter&#243;i, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vmartins@cardiol.br">vmartins@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 25/08/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/06/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of the six-minute walk test in heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the true usefulness of the Six-Minute Walk Test as a prognostic indicator and its contribution to clinical practice with heart failure patients. METHODS: In order to investigate the actual value of the Six-Minute Walk Test as an objective measure of mortality probability in patients with heart failure, the test was applied to 179 stable patients (120 men and 59 women, mean age 58.32 &#177; 12.7 years, with NYHA class II and III heart failure and an ejection fraction (LVEF) of 34.91 &#177; 12.4%). Patients were instructed to walk for 6 minutes and then, four hours later, underwent a conventional exercise stress test (as per Naughton Protocol). Patients were followed for an average of eighteen months. RESULTS: The average distance walked was 521.11 &#177; 76.1 meters. During the follow-up period, 66 patients (36.9%) died. There was a significant correlation between the distance walked during the test and mortality (p &lt; 0.0001). The logistic regression model identified the distance walked during the test as the most important independent predictor of mortality (p = 0.0001). A distance shorter than 520 meters identified the patients with an increased probability of death. There was a significant correlation between the number of metabolic equivalents (METs) measured during the conventional exercise stress testing and mortality rate (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The Six-Minute Walk test is a simple, safe and powerful method to assess the prognosis of patients with NYHA class II and III heart failure. It is an objective examination that may replace the conventional ergometric test for the prognostic evaluation of these patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Six-Minute Walk test</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prognostic value of the six-minute walk test in heart failure</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Val&#233;ria Siqueira Martins Rubim; Cant&#237;dio Drumond Neto; Jos&#233; Luiz Martins Romeo; Marcelo Westerlund Montera</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Santa Casa da Miseric&#243;rdia do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study aimed to assess the true usefulness of the Six-Minute Walk Test as a prognostic indicator and its contribution to clinical practice with heart failure patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In order to investigate the actual value of the Six-Minute Walk Test as an objective measure of mortality probability in patients with heart failure, the test was applied to 179 stable patients (120 men and 59 women, mean age 58.32 &#177; 12.7 years, with NYHA class II and III heart failure and an ejection fraction (LVEF) of 34.91 &#177; 12.4%). Patients were instructed to walk for 6 minutes and then, four hours later, underwent a conventional exercise stress test (as per Naughton Protocol). Patients were followed for an average of eighteen months.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The average distance walked was 521.11 &#177; 76.1 meters. During the follow-up period, 66 patients (36.9%) died. There was a significant correlation between the distance walked during the test and mortality (p &lt; 0.0001). The logistic regression model identified the distance walked during the test as the most important independent predictor of mortality (p = 0.0001). A distance shorter than 520 meters identified the patients with an increased probability of death. There was a significant correlation between the number of metabolic equivalents (METs) measured during the conventional exercise stress testing and mortality rate (p = 0.0001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The Six-Minute Walk test is a simple, safe and powerful method to assess the prognosis of patients with NYHA class II and III heart failure. It is an objective examination that may replace the conventional ergometric test for the prognostic evaluation of these patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> Six-Minute Walk test, heart failure, prognosis</p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) constitutes an ever increasing public health problem. In Brazil, according to the <italic>Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares</italic> (<italic>SIH)</italic> of the <italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) </italic>(Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System &#150; SIH/SUS), among cardiovascular diseases HF was the leading cause of medical admissions to hospitals with 418,620 cases in 2001<sup>1</sup>. Consequently, HF has an enormous economic impact on society. </p>
      <p>The six-minute walk test (T6&#146;) is a simple, easily applied and inexpensive method to objectively assess the level of functional capacity<sup>2-5</sup> and obtain prognostic stratifications in HF<sup>6-9</sup>. </p>
      <p>In 1976, McGavin et al<sup>10</sup> introduced the T6' test as a tool to determine the functional capacity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Recently, Troosters et al<sup>11</sup> corroborated its role in this disease. </p>
      <p> Since 1980, the T6&#146; test has been utilized more and more in clinical practice, especially in HF. In the SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) study<sup>8 </sup>the distance walked during the six-minute walk test was recognized as an independent variable indicating mortality and morbidity in patients with class II and III heart failure. </p>
      <p>The type of exertion put forth during T6' in HF has been considered similar to that of daily activities<sup>12,13</sup>, i.e., the six-minute walk is a submaximal <sup>14</sup> exercise test. Carreira et al<sup>15 </sup>concluded that T6' identifies significant hemodynamic stress and a large number of severe arrhythmias, in spite of being a better reflection of daily activities than a maximal oxygen uptake test. </p>
      <p>The main objective of this study has been to determine if the distance walked during T6' is an independent prognostic indicator of mortality. An analysis was also made of whether or not T6' can be considered a submaximal test representative of daily activities. The safety of the method, as well as a potential association between the arrhythmias recorded during the test and mortality, were also assessed. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study prospectively analyzed HF patients who underwent the T6' test and were followed for an average of eighteen months (twelve to twenty-four months). Patients were being treated in the outpatient clinic setting or were hospitalized for diagnostic investigation. </p>
      <p>Patients excluded from the study were those with decompensated HF, limitation of physical activity due to factors other than exertional dyspnea and fatigue such as intermittent claudication, lower limb arthrosis and arthritis, psychiatric diseases that could keep the patients from understanding the methodology of the examination, rheumatic <italic>orovalvular</italic> disease (valve disease secondary to oral foci of infection), anemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and any febrile condition or infectious disease. </p>
      <p>One hundred seventy-nine patients with HF of different etiologies were evaluated by means of the T6'. Seventy-seven patients were hospital in-patients who underwent the test a short time before hospital discharge. Ninety-six percent (n = 173) were identified as NYHA functional class II. Patients&#146; mean age was 58.3 &#177; 12.73 years, and 67% (n = 120) of them were men. The mean ejection fraction was 34.91% &#177; 12.40%. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> displays the clinical characteristics of the patients enrolled in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0120-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Patients were being medicated with diuretics, digoxin and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, with doses adjusted according to their symptoms and renal function. None of them was using beta blockers. </p>
      <p>The ejection fraction was obtained by echocardiography using the Teichholz<sup>16</sup> method (Caris equipment<italic>, </italic>model 7200/serial number 00353). In order to get T6&#146; results representative of mild-to-moderate activities, the test was based on the principles of Wasserman et al<sup>17</sup>, which consider this exertional intensity as representing up to 79% of the predicted maximal heart frequency for the patient&#146;s age (220-age).</p>
      <p>On the same day, patients underwent the T6&#146; test and, four hours later, the conventional exercise stress test as per the symptom-limited Naughton protocol<sup>18</sup>. On the day before the tests, patients were introduced to the T6' by means of a &#145;preparatory&#146; T6&#146; test, so that they could become familiar with the methodology and adapt to it. </p>
      <p>The examinations were performed on a 60-meter course under the supervision of one single technician, accompanied by one of the department&#146;s physicians. Patients were instructed to walk at their own pace according to their tolerance to exercise for six minutes. Encouraging comments were made during the test. The T6&#146; final result was the total distance in meters covered in six minutes. Heart rate was measured using a heart rate meter. Forty-four participants were randomly allocated to the T6' test and were Holter-monitored. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Student&#146;s <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney test, chi-square test, Fischer&#146;s exact test, Pearson&#146;s correlation coefficient, variance analysis and Tukey&#146;s multiple comparisons procedure. The logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the simultaneous influence of prognostic factors on mortality, and the optimum cut-off value was obtained through the use of a ROC curve (<italic>Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve</italic>). The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. Statistical analysis was performed with the <italic>SAS</italic><sup>&#174;</sup><italic>Systen</italic> software. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Not all patients were able to complete the T6&#146; test without stopping or interrupting it. Four patients (2.2%) did not complete the examination due to angina, and 5.5% (n = 10) needed to have the test interrupted for a short while due to precordial pain, resuming the walk as the angina was relieved. Fatigue was the most common complaint (n = 108 / 60.3%); however, dyspnea (n = 26 / 14.5%), leg pain and fatigue (n = 24 / 13.4%), and dizziness (n = 7 / 3.9%) were also reported. No other clinical event was registered during the course of the examinations. </p>
      <p>Of the 179 patients, 66 (36.9%) died during the follow-up period. Deaths were due to deterioration of the myocardial function or to unknown reasons (there was/were eve case(s) of sudden death). <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the descriptive analysis of the variables considered for the prognostic evaluation of the death and non-death groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0120-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The average distance covered by patients who died was significantly shorter (487.3 m x 540.9 m) (p &lt; 0.0001). </p>
      <p>When considering the average number of METs reached in the ET (ergometric test) by both groups, a significant difference was noticed, i.e., the mean number of METs in the death group is smaller than in the non-death group (3.3 x 5.3) (p = 0.0001). The mean ejection fraction of patients who died was also significantly smaller (31.3 x 37) (p = 0.002). </p>
      <p>The mean age of patients who died was significantly higher (p = 0.0002). The death rate was significantly higher in the group over sixty years of age. </p>
      <p>Other study variables correlated with the patient&#146;s clinical outcome. The presence of LBB (n = 12 / 42.85%) did not significantly correlate with mortality (p = 0.47). Atrial fibrillation (n = 14 / 42.42%) did not significantly interfere with the clinical outcome (p = 0.43). No significant correlation was observed (p = 0.73) between ischemic (n = 24 / 42.10%), hypertensive (n = 11 / 34.37), and idiopathic etiologies (n = 19 / 42.22%) and death. Mitral insufficiency was predominant (p = 0.008) among those patients who died (n = 52 / 43.69%). The combined correlation between the absent-to-mild mitral insufficiency (n = 32 / 26.66%) and moderate-to-severe mitral insufficiency (n = 34 / 57.62%) showed that patients in the death group had a significantly higher rate of moderate-to-severe mitral insufficiency. The statistical analysis was hindered when the functional classification was taken into consideration because of the small number of class III patients (n = 6 / 3.4%). </p>
      <p>The T6&#146; walking exertion was considered intense by 65% (n = 43) of the patients who died (p = 0.033). Regarding the Holter-recorded arrhythmias, the statistical analysis was hindered with respect to the clinical outcome. Overall, the exertion-induced arrhythmias that occurred during the ET were not significantly associated with death (p = 0.32). Even when more complex arrhythmias were considered, this connection did not exist.</p>
      <p>A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the simultaneous influence of prognostic factors on mortality. Factors considered for the regression analysis were: age, gender, patient origin (outpatient / inpatient), distance covered during the T6' test, number of METs, ejection fraction, mitral insufficiency, as well as general and specific arrhythmias during the ergometric test. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> displays the parameters of the model selected by the logistic regression method, with a significance level set at 5% for each significant prognostic factor. When analyzed simultaneously, it was noted that the distance walked during the T6', mitral insufficiency, age and ejection fraction factors were significant enough to predict mortality, in this order, and that the highest probability of death was related to the shortest distance covered during the T6&#146; test, greatest mitral insufficiency severity, the most advanced age and the smallest ejection fraction. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0120-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>According to the ROC curve, the optimum cut-off value for the distance walked was 520 meters, for age it was 58 years, and for the ejection fraction, 35%. This means that a patient who walked a distance shorter than 520 meters, was 58 years of age or older, or who has an ejection fraction below 35% has a higher probability of death. </p>
      <p>No association between the distance covered during the T6&#146; test and the ejection fraction was observed (p = 0.27; r = 0.082). </p>
      <p>When arrhythmias occurring during the T6&#146; and ET tests were correlated, 86.4% (n = 38) and 84.4% (n = 151) of the patients showed cardiac rhythm disturbances, respectively. </p>
      <p>Ninety-eight patients (54.7%) reached a heart rate higher than 79% of the maximum heart rate predicted for the T6&#146; walk test, whereas 81 patients (45.3%) failed to reach this limit. </p>
      <p>The average distance walked during the preparatory T6&#146; test (486.8 &#177; 85.2) which took place the day before the examination was significantly shorter (p = 0.0001) than the average distance covered during the T6&#146; itself (521.1 &#177; 76.1 meters).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>SOLVD8<sup>7 </sup>was the first study to demonstrate, in a group of 898 patients with class II and class III HF, a strong connection between the distance walked during the T6&#146; test and mortality. Medical literature shows that this prognostic value is controversial. In a study with 315 moderate and severe HF patients, Opasich et al<sup>5</sup> reported that the distance walked during the T6' test does not provide prognostic information that can complement or replace VO<sub>2 </sub>(oxygen consumption) or the classic clinical functional class grading system. However, despite the fact that patients in this study had undergone two T6&#146; tests each, one of which the preparatory T6&#146; test, the encouraging remarks technique was not used. Therefore, such results may have been influenced by the lack of encouragement to patients during the walking exercise, since they did not approach their anaerobic threshold. </p>
      <p>The present study showed that the distance walked during the T6&#146; test was a reliable prognostic indicator of mortality for HF patients (p &lt; 0.0001). The four variables selected for the logistic regression model, i.e., distance covered during the test, moderate-to-severe mitral insufficiency, age and ejection fraction, accounted for approximately 80% of the deaths, as shown by the model C-statistic value (0.796). When death is considered, it was noted that the distance walked (p &lt; 0.0001) and the number of METs reached in the ergometric test (p = 0.0001) are strongly related. For this reason, the distance walked during the T6&#146; test was the only variable included in the subset of the proposed model, as both variables would provide approximately the same information. </p>
      <p>The ROC curve determined the optimum cut-off value for the numerical variables selected by the logistic regression method, and it was clear that the distance covered during the T6&#146; can determine and participate with other parameters in the prognostic stratification of HF patients. The average distance walked, which was greater than that reported in medical literature, was attributed to the fact that the condition of the population studied was less severe (most of the patients were HF II) and the group of patients received verbal encouragement during the examination (T6&#146; test with encouragement). Recently, Rostagno et al<sup>19</sup> reported similar results when comparing T6&#146; in HF with other methods used to assess functional capacity. </p>
      <p>In this study, other factors showed a significant association with the clinical outcome of HF patients. Exertion tolerance, measured by the number of METs reached in the ET, showed a significant association similar to that observed during the T6&#146; test (p = 0.0001 x p &lt; 0.0001). This information is of utmost importance, since T6&#146; is a simpler test, is easily applied, is inexpensive and has greater acceptance compared to the ET test. Up until now, no other study has compared these two methods as to the clinical outcome of HF patients.</p>
      <p>The left ventricle ejection fraction is one of the strongest indicators of mortality in HF <sup>20-22</sup>. According to Haass et al<sup>23</sup>, the prognostic value of the distance walked during the T6&#146; does not depend on the ejection fraction and other potential prognostic parameters. In this study we observed that the ejection fraction is a good prognostic indicator of mortality (p = 0.031), although less significant than the distance walked during the T6&#146; test (p = 0.0001), the moderate-to-severe mitral insufficiency (p = 0.0001) and the patient&#146;s age (p = 0.0001) as observed after the model adjustment. </p>
      <p>Taking into consideration the NYHA functional class and the clinical evolution of patients, it was noted that the small number of class III patients (n = 6) did not allow a verification of the discriminative power of the T6&#146; test between functional classes II and III. </p>
      <p>In the death group (n = 66), there was a significantly greater number (n = 43-65%) of patients with a heart rate higher than 79% of the maximal heart rate (p = 0.03). This means that for patients with the worst prognoses, according to Wasserman et al<sup>17</sup>, T6&#146; represents an intense activity. Roul et al<sup>6</sup> observed that patients with the worst prognoses have a daily activity level relatively close to their maximum exertion tolerance. </p>
      <p>Zugck et al<sup>24</sup> verified that the prognostic power of the distance walked during the T6&#146; test in HF is similar to the VO<sub>2</sub> peak in ergospirometry. VO<sub>2 </sub>peak is an important and established prognostic variable determined by ergospirometry; a method that should only be performed by experienced professionals especially for its interpretation. When serial evaluations are performed, costs increase even more, placing ergospirometry out of our reach. In light of this, ergospirometry is not a technique that just any healthcare institution in the country can afford to perform. The T6' test can in no way substitute for the information provided by ergospirometry in HF, but it is an important method in those cases where the analysis of respiratory gases is not feasible. </p>
      <p>Lately, medical literature has reported on several prognostic indicators in HF. In our country, Silva<sup>25</sup> reported in his thesis on the prognostic value of CRP as an independent predictor of survival for patients with decompensated HF. In a recent publication, De Groote et al<sup>26</sup> demonstrated that for patients with stable HF, type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) plasma levels and maximal VO<sub>2 </sub>provide independent information for prognostic risk stratification. Despite recent laboratory prognostic indicators described for HF, the distance walked in the T6&#146; test remains a low cost indicator that is easy to perform and apply. </p>
      <p>Faggiano et al<sup>27 </sup>observed that the walking exercise exertion frequently demands a contribution from anaerobic metabolism (exertional effort above the anaerobic threshold). For 73% of the patients, physical exertion during the T6&#146; reached the anaerobic threshold with a respiratory quotient greater than or equal to 1. That is, in these patients, T6&#146; proved to be the maximal exertion test to be applied. Despite all tests on the population analyzed having been performed in one single hospital, on one single course, and according to the same methodology (T6&#146; test with encouragement) and under the supervision of only one technician, the maximum heart rate reached did not define the level of intensity that the T6&#146; walking represents for this population. </p>
      <p>Patient familiarity with the T6' test was fundamental for the results. The comparison between the average distance walked during the preparatory T6&#146; with that of the T6&#146; itself, showed a significant increase in the average distance walked in the T6&#146; test (p = 0.0001). This better performance during the test itself was attributed to the information the patient acquired about the test the day before, reducing the usual psychological stress of undergoing an examination. Therefore, this analysis confirmed the importance of patient familiarity with the test before undergoing it. In a recent study <sup>28</sup>, the importance of this familiarity with the T6' test was evident in fifty healthy patients. </p>
      <p>The T6' methodology adopted varies from one study to another accounting for, at least in part, the divergences in results found in medical literature. T6&#146; methodology should be standardized, and careful interpretation is necessary in studies where such standardization is not clearly defined. The methodology standardization is essential for the reproduction of results.</p>
      <p>When the arrhythmogenic potential of the T6&#146; and ET tests was analyzed for the population studied, both methods showed a high tendency to induce arrhythmias (86.4% and 84.4%, respectively). Therefore, arrhythmias may compromise the safety of both methods, mainly that of the T6&#146; test as the patient is not under continuous cardiac monitoring <sup>15</sup>. According to the SOLVD<sup>8</sup> study, no complications were recorded for the 833 T6&#146; tests performed. Despite the great number of arrhythmias detected during the T6&#146; test in the present study, there was no complication recorded. A total of 460 examinations were carried out without any adverse events: 281 T6&#146; tests performed in 179 patients (102 examinations were disregarded since they were the second test done by the same patient), 179 preparatory T6&#146; tests performed. No clinical complication was recorded within the five-hour period following the tests. Therefore, it can be said that T6' is a safe method for assessing these patients. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The degree of left ventricle dysfunction has been considered the main determinant of prognosis for HF. This study demonstrated that the distance walked during the T6&#146; test is a highly reliable and independent predictor of mortality.</p>
      <p>Depending on the heart rate, T6' cannot be considered a method representative of daily activities; nevertheless, it is an intense exertional activity for those patients with the worst prognosis. Despite the fact that T6' induces frequent complex arrhythmias, the test proved to be safe in evaluating this group of patients. It was not possible to correlate arrhythmias induced by the T6&#146; test with mortality. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, considering that the study was performed with left ventricle dysfunction HF patients, further investigations will be necessary to assess HF patients whose systolic function was preserved during the test.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Val&#233;ria Siqueira Martins Rubim</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Celestino, 172/201</p>
          <p> 24020-091 &#150; Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="vmartins@cardiol.br">vmartins@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 08/25/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/01/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
