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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GbtQb33zcvL65NGwQHYrv3y</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000200004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O uso do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kern</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santanna</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>97</fpage>
      <lpage>104</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade do Bal&#227;o Intra-A&#243;rtico (BIAo) profil&#225;tico em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) eletiva, para prevenir o infarto trans ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e para reduzir a mortalidade intra-hospitalar nos pacientes com baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. M&#201;TODOS: Em modelo de estudo de coorte, foram analisados 239 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inferior ou igual a 40%, submetidos &#224; CRM eletiva com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), no per&#237;odo compreendido entre mar&#231;o de 1995 a fevereiro de 2001. RESULTADOS: Destes, 58 pacientes receberam BIAo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e os demais foram operados sem assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria (grupo controle). Os dois grupos de pacientes tinham caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes quanto a fatores associados aos desfechos em quest&#227;o. Ocorreram 5 (8,6%) &#243;bitos no grupo com BIAo e 21 (11,6%), no grupo controle (diferen&#231;a n&#227;o-signif&#237;cativa). Ocorreram 2 (3,4%) infartos no grupo com BIAo e 28 (15,5%), no grupo controle BIAo (p &lt; 0,05), risco relativo de 0,22 com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 0,05 a 0,85. CONCLUS&#195;O: O BIAo, em uso pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, pode reduzir de forma significativa o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) trans ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;da, sem incremento de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Nesta mesma situa&#231;&#227;o, o BIAo n&#227;o diminui de forma significativa a mortalidade. Estudos randomizados devem ser conduzidos para se ter conclus&#245;es mais precisas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O uso do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Kern; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Santanna</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a efetividade do Bal&#227;o Intra-A&#243;rtico (BIAo) profil&#225;tico em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) eletiva, para prevenir o infarto trans ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e para reduzir a mortalidade intra-hospitalar nos pacientes com baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Em modelo de estudo de coorte, foram analisados 239 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inferior ou igual a 40%, submetidos &#224; CRM eletiva com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), no per&#237;odo compreendido entre mar&#231;o de 1995 a fevereiro de 2001. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Destes, 58 pacientes receberam BIAo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e os demais foram operados sem assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria (grupo controle). Os dois grupos de pacientes tinham caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes quanto a fatores associados aos desfechos em quest&#227;o. Ocorreram 5 (8,6%) &#243;bitos no grupo com BIAo e 21 (11,6%), no grupo controle (diferen&#231;a n&#227;o-signif&#237;cativa). Ocorreram 2 (3,4%) infartos no grupo com BIAo e 28 (15,5%), no grupo controle BIAo (p &lt; 0,05), risco relativo de 0,22 com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 0,05 a 0,85. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold> O BIAo, em uso pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, pode reduzir de forma significativa o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) trans ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;da, sem incremento de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Nesta mesma situa&#231;&#227;o, o BIAo n&#227;o diminui de forma significativa a mortalidade. Estudos randomizados devem ser conduzidos para se ter conclus&#245;es mais precisas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>Melhorias na assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, em especial, na &#225;rea da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, com aprimoramento do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e da cardiologia intervencionista, resultaram em um aumento na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em alto risco que necessitam de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM)<sup>1-3</sup>. A estenose de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, a reinterven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria cir&#250;rgica, a angina inst&#225;vel e a baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram identificadas, em estudos anteriores, como fatores de risco para pior progn&#243;stico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>4,5</sup>. Entretanto, os pacientes com reduzida fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda est&#227;o entre aqueles que mais se beneficiam, em longo prazo, do tratamento cir&#250;rgico<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>A significativa mudan&#231;a no padr&#227;o de pacientes, que se submetem &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com emprego de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, implicou em um sens&#237;vel aumento no custo do procedimento, bem como, um relativo aumento na mortalidade<sup>7-10</sup>. Tornou-se necess&#225;rio instituir medidas para neutralizar fatores de risco, capazes de atingir resultados aceit&#225;veis e a custos razo&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>A contrapulsac&#227;o, oferecida pelo bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIAo), produz efeitos hemodin&#226;micos que beneficiam o rendimento card&#237;aco de forma significativa. Esses efeitos s&#227;o devidos ao aumento da oferta de oxig&#234;nio ao mioc&#225;rdio e conseq&#252;ente melhora da perfus&#227;o diast&#243;lica, bem como pela redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de oxig&#234;nio, devida &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na p&#243;s-carga ventricular esquerda<sup>11</sup>. Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de etiologia isqu&#234;mica apresentam importante redu&#231;&#227;o na reserva energ&#233;tica mioc&#225;rdica, sendo beneficiados pelo bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico pela redistribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo ao mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico<sup>12</sup>. Essa melhora no fluxo coron&#225;rio, mesmo que por reduzido per&#237;odo de tratamento, pode produzir uma maior reserva energ&#233;tica para o per&#237;odo de isquemia transoperat&#243;ria, resultando em melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica ap&#243;s circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Tamb&#233;m propicia redu&#231;&#227;o no trabalho card&#237;aco, oferecendo suporte circulat&#243;rio cont&#237;nuo durante e ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar se o implante do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica eletiva, em pacientes est&#225;veis clinicamente, com m&#225; fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, pode oferecer uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade e morbidade perioperat&#243;ria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos e analisados, de forma prospectiva, atrav&#233;s de abertura de protocolo de estudo, 239 pacientes com cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica severa, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, caracterizada por fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo igual ou inferior a 40% pela ventriculograf&#237;a radioisot&#243;pica de repouso, com hem&#225;cias marcadas com tecn&#233;cio, indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em car&#225;ter eletivo e, consecutivamente, operados no Hospital S&#227;o Lucas/Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, no per&#237;odo compreendido entre mar&#231;o de 1995 a fevereiro de 2001. Foram exclu&#237;dos da casu&#237;stica os pacientes com evento coron&#225;rio recente (menos de 10 dias), com valvopatia cir&#250;rgica associada, com contra-indica&#231;&#245;es absolutas para uso de BIAo, com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria ou com indica&#231;&#227;o formal de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria pelo bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</p>
    <p>Dos pacientes, 88 (36,8%) eram de sexo feminino e 151 (63,2%), masculinos, e suas idades variavam entre 40 e 81 anos, com m&#233;dia de 61 &#177; 9 anos. A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, conforme ventriculograf&#237;a radioisot&#243;pica, era de 31 &#177; 6%, oscilando entre 18% e 40%.</p>
    <p>Embora a reduzida fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda represente indica&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na Institui&#231;&#227;o, o implante do dispositivo n&#227;o p&#244;de ser realizado em todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, sendo configurados dois grupos:</p>
    <p>Grupo controle - Compreendendo 181 pacientes (75,7%) que n&#227;o implantaram bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico por indisponibilidade ou pela presen&#231;a de contra-indica&#231;&#227;o relativa, como doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, enxerto a&#243;rtico ou il&#237;aco-femoral, regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica moderada, taquiarritmias com freq&#252;&#234;ncia ventricular superior a 160 batimentos por minuto e contra-indica&#231;&#227;o a heparina ou outro anticoagulante intravenoso.</p>
    <p>Grupo BIAo - Composto por 58 pacientes (24,2%) que receberam implante de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, entre 2 e 24 horas antecedentes ao momento de pin&#231;amento da aorta em cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes est&#227;o expressas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0097-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Instala&#231;&#227;o e retirada do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico </italic>- O bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico foi rotineiramente instalado em uma das salas do laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica do hospital. Foram utilizados cateteres-bal&#227;o, obedecendo &#224; numera&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o, condicionada aos dados antropom&#233;tricos individuais. Em todos os pacientes, foi feita pun&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da art&#233;ria femoral, utilizando inser&#231;&#227;o de bainha arterial de 10F e posicionamento do cateter-bal&#227;o por radioscopia. Ap&#243;s instala&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, os pacientes foram anticoagulados com heparina e conduzidos &#224; Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo (UTI), aguardando in&#237;cio da cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O equipamento de contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o era <italic>Datascope</italic>&#174;, ajustado apropriadamente por cl&#237;nicos da equipe de cirurgia.</p>
    <p>O dispositivo foi mantido no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por at&#233; 48 horas, e sua retirada obedeceu a crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos de estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p><italic>Cuidados perioperat&#243;rios </italic>- Todos os pacientes foram avaliados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio por exames laboratoriais, estudo hemodin&#226;mico (cinecoronariografia e ventriculograf&#237;a esquerda), eletrocardiograma e ventriculograf&#237;a mioc&#225;rdica radioisot&#243;pica, o que permitiu aferir a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica foi efetuada mediante esternotomia mediana, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea hipot&#233;rmica (32&#176;C), preserva&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por infus&#227;o de cardioplegia cristal&#243;ide hipot&#233;rmica St. Thomas II (4&#176;C) e implante de enxertos de safena e/ou da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os pacientes receberam cuidados de rotina.</p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis </italic>- Para correla&#231;&#227;o com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, al&#233;m de sexo, idade e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, as seguintes caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias foram selecionadas: 1) angina inst&#225;vel: relato de mais de 2 epis&#243;dios de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica em repouso, na vig&#234;ncia de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico oral, h&#225; mais de quarenta e oito horas da inclus&#227;o no protocolo de pesquisa; 2) revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via: hist&#243;ria de cirurgia coron&#225;ria; 3) infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio: hist&#243;ria de infarto, onda Q patol&#243;gica no eletrocardiograma ou ventriculografia com &#225;rea hipocin&#233;tica compat&#237;vel; 4) Les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda: obstru&#231;&#227;o superior a 60%, identificada na cinecoronariografia. Foram ainda consideradas suas caracter&#237;sticas cir&#250;rgicas quanto &#224; an&#225;lise da evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria: 5) dura&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea superior a 90 minutos; 6) implante de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna;7) revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incompleta: quando n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar implante de enxerto de veia safena ou de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna em art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria com les&#227;o considerada pass&#237;vel de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pela cinecoronariografia.</p>
    <p><italic>Desfechos </italic>- Os eventos capazes de comprometer a evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foram considerados como desfechos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios, conforme grau de import&#226;ncia e repercuss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Desfechos prim&#225;rios foram: 1) &#243;bito intra-hospitalar: morte que ocorreu no intra ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato, considerado per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, independente da causa. 2) lnfarto do mioc&#225;rdio trans ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio: infarto que ocorreu, presumivelmente, no per&#237;odo ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica e at&#233; a alta da Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo, obedecendo aos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de surgimento de nova onda Q patol&#243;gica ou de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo no eletrocardiograma, e creatinofosfoquinase mb (CPKmb) s&#233;rica superior a 50 mg/dl ou CPKmb superior a 80 mg/dl, na aus&#234;ncia de nova onda Q ou de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os desfechos considerados secund&#225;rios foram: 1) baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, caracterizado por sinais cl&#237;nicos e/ou laboratoriais de reduzida perfus&#227;o tecidual, tais como redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio inferior a 400, em 24 horas, aumento do lactato s&#233;rico acima de 3 mg/dl, pH arterial inferior a 7<sub>T</sub>28 com bicarbonato de s&#243;dio inferior a 20 mEq/1. 2) uso de vasopressor por per&#237;odo superior a 24 horas, desde admiss&#227;o na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo. 3) Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica mediante intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal por tempo superior a 24 horas, desde a admiss&#227;o na Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo. 4) Insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, tendo como crit&#233;rio a eleva&#231;&#227;o, no 2&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, da creatinina s&#233;rica, em valor superior a 50% do controle pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. 5) Complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, como as atribu&#237;veis ao bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, que necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica para restabelecer o fluxo de sangue ou que implicaram em diminui&#231;&#227;o funcional permanente do membro, utilizado para inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter-bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Este estudo de coorte n&#227;o determinou implica&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas ou incremento de risco para os pacientes participantes. O fato de apenas parte dos pacientes, com indica&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico por reduzida fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ter recebido o tratamento, conforme rotina da institui&#231;&#227;o onde se realizou o estudo, n&#227;o decorreu da vontade dos pesquisadores ou dos m&#233;dicos que realizaram interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, mas, sim, da disponibilidade moment&#226;nea. O projeto de pesquisa foi analisado pelas comiss&#245;es de &#233;tica em pesquisa das institui&#231;&#245;es onde se desenvolveu o trabalho, que autorizaram a realiza&#231;&#227;o do mesmo.</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas foram transcritas em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia, sendo que os dados quantitativos s&#227;o descritos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o, enquanto que as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas em freq&#252;&#234;ncia percentual. O processamento de dados foi feito com aux&#237;lio do programa SPSS (vers&#227;o 11.0).</p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos foi realizada pelo teste t de Student, para vari&#225;veis quantitativas e pelo teste qui-quadrado, para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Nas situa&#231;&#245;es de baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia, foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizado o risco relativo, com seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    <p>Para ajustar o efeito de importantes fatores de risco na rela&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e a ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos considerados, utilizamos o modelo de regress&#227;o de azares proporcionais de Cox.</p>
    <p>Foi considerado como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia um alfa de 5%, sendo ainda indicados n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia maiores.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quanto a diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes distribu&#237;dos nos dois grupos, observou-se que o sexo masculino predominou no grupo controle (69,9%), diferente do grupo tratado (43,1%, p &lt; 0,001). Quanto &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia, foi observado valor superior para o grupo controle, se comparado ao grupo tratado (respectivamente, 32 &#177; 6% vs 29 &#177; 6%, p &lt; 0,01). J&#225; o percentual de pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o igual ou inferior a 30 %, foi significativamente inferior no grupo controle que no grupo que implantou bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (respectivamente, 39,7% vs 63,8%; p &lt; 0,01). Quanto &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta, foi observada em 6,6% dos pacientes do grupo controle, mas n&#227;o ocorreu em nenhum paciente inclu&#237;do no grupo tratado com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (0,0%; p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>Nas demais vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p>Ocorreram 26 &#243;bitos, correspondendo a uma mortalidade global de 10,9%. No grupo controle foi registrado 21 &#243;bitos (11,7% de mortalidade), enquanto que, no grupo BIAo, ocorreram 5 &#243;bitos (8,6% de mortalidade). A redu&#231;&#227;o percentual de 30% na mortalidade, relativa ao tratamento com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, n&#227;o se mostrou significativa, conforme indica <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0097-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0097-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ocorreu em 30 pacientes (18,9%). Quando se consideram os grupos avaliados, 28 pacientes (15,5%) do grupo controle sofreram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, enquanto que no grupo com BIAo, apenas 2 pacientes (3,4%), uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,05). O risco relativo de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, para os pacientes que implantaram bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, foi de 0,22 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, com valor de 0,05 - 0,85).</p>
    <p>Para uma maior certeza entre a rela&#231;&#227;o uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e redu&#231;&#227;o de risco de infarto de mioc&#225;rdio perioperat&#243;rio, foi realizada an&#225;lise multivariada com regress&#227;o de Cox, controlando-se as vari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea superior a 90 minutos e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio incompleta, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, angina inst&#225;vel e les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda. Conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, foi observado que, ap&#243;s ajuste destas vari&#225;veis, o efeito protetor do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico permaneceu significativo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea maior que 90 minutos mostrou-se associada ao desfecho infarto do mioc&#225;rdio trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em nossa amostra. As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o tiveram rela&#231;&#227;o com este desfecho. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas na ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos secund&#225;rios, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, uso prolongado de drogas vasopressoras e na ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares nos dois grupos estudados, conforme expresso na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0097-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os estudos anteriores de identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de mau progn&#243;stico operat&#243;rio em CRM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) indicaram que s&#227;o relevantes: les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, angina inst&#225;vel, CRM pr&#233;via e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A mudan&#231;a no perfil dos pacientes candidatos &#224; CRM se caracterizou, principalmente, pela maior propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>2</sup>. Em nosso estudo, t&#237;nhamos como objetivo avaliar se os efeitos hemodin&#226;micos ben&#233;ficos do BIAo permaneciam como fator protetor para CRM, quando considerada apenas a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda reduzida como fator de risco.</p>
    <p>Utilizamos a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, medida pela ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica de repouso, como crit&#233;rio para definir disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e, portanto, alto risco para os desfechos em quest&#227;o. Estudos multic&#234;ntricos anteriores<sup>14</sup> identificaram a fal&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda como sendo o principal fator de risco para morte s&#250;bita e novos eventos coron&#225;rios, em pacientes isqu&#234;micos. Na grande maioria dos estudos revisados, o crit&#233;rio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o esteve presente na defini&#231;&#227;o de alto risco operat&#243;rio. Associado a isso, podemos afirmar que a maioria dos demais crit&#233;rios mencionados exerce influ&#234;ncia, de uma maneira ou de outra, no desempenho contr&#225;til mioc&#225;rdico. Utilizamos 40% de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o como medida de corte para caracterizar alto risco, por ser o valor mais freq&#252;entemente utilizado nos estudos revisados.</p>
    <p>Conforme descrito por Antman<sup>12</sup>, o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, ocorre em 5 a 15% das cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. An&#225;lises de autopsias indicam que a maioria dos enxertos realizados estava patente, de modo que o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico do infarto perioperat&#243;rio parece estar relacionado com a despropor&#231;&#227;o entre oferta e consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio, e n&#227;o com oclus&#227;o das pontes de safena. Isto referenda a id&#233;ia de que pode haver benef&#237;cio de BIAo profil&#225;tico em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>De acordo com nossa revis&#227;o da literatura, inicialmente em 1992, com Georgeson e cols.<sup>15</sup>, e, principalmente, a partir dos trabalhos de Christenson e cols. <sup>16</sup>, o uso profil&#225;tico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico foi-se demonstrando como de grande valia para a preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, em grupos selecionados de pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em 1976, Cooper e cols.<sup>17</sup>, em estudo de s&#233;rie de casos, j&#225; relatavam que o uso profil&#225;tico do bal&#227;o em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, na presen&#231;a de les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, era uma estrat&#233;gia segura, sem incremento de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Os resultados cir&#250;rgicos foram adequados e compar&#225;veis &#224;queles obtidos em cirurgias de menor risco.</p>
    <p>Georgeson e cols.<sup>15</sup>, em pequeno trabalho de revis&#227;o, concluiu que h&#225; benef&#237;cio no uso do bal&#227;o em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia n&#227;o-card&#237;aca, quando os pacientes est&#227;o em classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco aumentado (Goldman classe IV).</p>
    <p>Em revis&#227;o de 27 anos de uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, realizado pelo <italic>Massachusetts General Hospital, </italic>a mortalidade dos pacientes que receberam bal&#227;o no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi de 13,6%, enquanto que a mortalidade dos pacientes que receberam o bal&#227;o no trans ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio fora de, aproximadamente, 35%<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O uso do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio come&#231;ou a se consolidar como m&#233;todo de prote&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para pacientes de risco aumentado, em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a partir dos estudos de Jan T. Christenson, publicados inicialmente em 1997, produzindo uma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de trabalhos cient&#237;ficos nesta &#225;rea at&#233; recente publica&#231;&#227;o em 2002<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A s&#233;rie de artigos produzida pela equipe do <italic>Hospital Columbia de Ia Tour</italic>, liderada por Christenson, serviu de inspira&#231;&#227;o para nosso estudo. Esses estudos conclu&#237;ram que o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, em pacientes de alto risco, diminui a chance de morte e infarto, reduz o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e &#233; custo-efetivo.</p>
    <p>Definiram, tamb&#233;m, como sendo os principais fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia, angina inst&#225;vel, reopera&#231;&#227;o e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o diminu&#237;da, e que, na presen&#231;a de dois destes fatores, j&#225; haveria indica&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico profil&#225;tico<sup>20</sup>. Essa s&#233;rie de estudos apontou que o tempo ideal para instala&#231;&#227;o do equipamento no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio seria entre 24 e 2 horas antecedentes &#224; cirurgia<sup>21</sup>. Demonstrou, tamb&#233;m, que empregar o bal&#227;o no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio diminui a necessidade de suporte hemodin&#226;mico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio j&#225; &#233; indicativo de mau progn&#243;stico<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados da equipe de Christenson foram t&#227;o contundentes que, em carta ao editor da revista Anais de Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica (2001), houve uma discuss&#227;o a cerca do car&#225;ter &#233;tico de se realizar novos estudos randomizados com grupo controle, face aos grandes benef&#237;cios, j&#225; estabelecidos, do bal&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para grupo selecionado de pacientes<sup>23</sup>. Entretanto, &#233; importante perceber que grande parte das amostras nos estudos de Chritenson era composta de pacientes inst&#225;veis, diferente do que ocorreu em nosso estudo, onde a totalidade dos pacientes apresentava-se est&#225;vel clinicamente.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do nosso estudo apontaram para uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade de 30% nos pacientes tratados com BIAo, comparados com os pacientes do grupo controle. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Indicaram tamb&#233;m para uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o de risco para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, na ordem de 78%, estatisticamente significativa, com risco relativo para infarto de 0,22. Ap&#243;s ajuste dos resultados para as vari&#225;veis de interesse, com uso de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox, a redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo se manteve de forma importante e com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Apesar de ter havido uma heterogeneidade entre os dois grupos de pacientes, as diferen&#231;as na amostra indicavam para uma tend&#234;ncia de pacientes mais graves no grupo com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, n&#227;o havendo, portanto, o vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o nos resultados obtidos.</p>
    <p>Para a correta an&#225;lise de nossos resultados, identificamos vari&#225;veis que, em estudos anteriores, estiveram relacionadas com os desfechos em quest&#227;o, principalmente com infarto trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, como tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea aumentado<sup>24,25</sup>, les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda<sup>26-28</sup> e CRM incompleta<sup>29</sup>, somadas a vari&#225;veis j&#225; consagradas como fatores da maior risco: idade, angina inst&#225;vel e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via. Estas vari&#225;veis foram controladas na an&#225;lise multivariada, assim como a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, expressa pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea aumentado (tempo de CEC igual ou superior a 90 min) entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Por&#233;m, essa vari&#225;vel esteve associada, de forma significativa, a uma maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em concord&#226;ncia com achados de estudos anteriores.</p>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incompleta esteve distribu&#237;da, diferentemente, nos dois grupos de pacientes. Todos os casos de CRM incompleta ocorreram no grupo sem bal&#227;o. Igualmente, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o desta vari&#225;vel com o desfecho em quest&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises das freq&#252;&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e uso prolongado de drogas vasoativas, no grupo tratado com BIAo e no grupo controle, foram estabelecidas como desfechos secund&#225;rios, por estarem relacionadas, de alguma maneira, com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>A isquemia de membros inferiores, relacionada com o s&#237;tio de inser&#231;&#227;o, e a plaquetopenia s&#227;o as complica&#231;&#245;es mais freq&#252;entemente encontradas com o uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico<sup>30</sup>. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o relacionadas, principalmente, com o di&#226;metro do cateter-bal&#227;o, com o tempo de uso da contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o, com per&#237;odos prolongados de hipotens&#227;o e com a presen&#231;a de vasculopatia pr&#233;via. Na literatura<sup>31</sup>, &#233; mencionada uma incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, que pode atingir a ordem de at&#233; 20%. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es podem ser minimizadas se forem utilizados cateteres menores que 9,5F, ao passo que a plaquetopenia est&#225; relacionada, diretamente, com o tempo de uso da contrapulsa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Frente a pacientes com vasculopatia e com indica&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, deve-se avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o risco e o benef&#237;cio do m&#233;todo, pois tal situa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; fortemente associada a complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares posteriores.</p>
    <p>Em nossa amostra, as complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares montaram a 2,51%, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Nosso crit&#233;rio para considerar como complica&#231;&#227;o vascular foi o da necessidade de medida cir&#250;rgica para restabelecimento da perfus&#227;o do membro afetado. N&#227;o houve casos de necessidade de amputa&#231;&#227;o em nenhum dos grupos de pacientes. Comparando com a literatura, no mesmo estudo de coorte de Merharwal, com 911 pacientes, foi encontrada uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia de 5,9% de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, sendo que, nesse estudo, foram utilizados crit&#233;rios bastante semelhantes aos nossos.</p>
    <p>Frente a esses resultados, algumas perguntas suscitaram nossa aten&#231;&#227;o: se utiliz&#225;ssemos apenas o crit&#233;rio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o em cirurgia eletiva para definir alto risco, os efeitos protetores do bal&#227;o permaneceriam? Os resultados obtidos na Europa seriam reprodut&#237;veis em nosso meio?</p>
    <p>Como vimos em nosso estudo, houve uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o no risco de infarto trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, mas n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade de forma significativa. Talvez, se os crit&#233;rios de risco fossem mais r&#237;gidos, o efeito protetor do bal&#227;o dar-se-ia de forma mais marcante, em termos de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Entretanto, a importante redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de infartos obtido, muito provavelmente, deve repercutir, favoravelmente, em termos de mortalidade p&#243;s-hospitalar<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Diante desses resultados, cabe questionar se &#233; poss&#237;vel flexibilizar a indica&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, usando apenas o crit&#233;rio fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, quando se pretende prevenir desfechos semelhantes &#224;queles pesquisados por Christenson. Para tanto, seriam necess&#225;rios novos estudos randomizados, os quais, conforme abordado anteriormente, necessitariam de importante an&#225;lise &#233;tica.</p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo de coorte permitem inferir que o emprego do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica eletiva, em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior ou igual a 40%, pode reduzir, de forma significativa, o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio trans e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sem incremento de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Nesta mesma situa&#231;&#227;o, o emprego do bal&#227;o n&#227;o modifica, de forma significativa, a mortalidade intra-hospitalar, bem como n&#227;o reduz, de forma significativa, a necessidade de uso de drogas vasoativas, as freq&#252;&#234;ncias de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada e de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda. Deve-se considerar que conclus&#245;es feitas a partir de modelos de estudo de coorte s&#227;o indicativas de uma tend&#234;ncia. Para se estabelecer como rotina o uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico nesta situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos randomizados.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcelo Kern </p>
        <p> IC/FUC &#150; Unidade de Pesquisa </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370 </p>
        <p> 90620-001 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 18/03/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 30/03/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The use of preoperative intra-aortic balloon in myocardial revascularization surgery associated to severe ventricular dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic intra-aortic balloon (IAB) in elective myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS), to prevent trans or post-operative infarction and reduce intra-hospital mortality in patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction. METHODS: Using a cohort study model, 239 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction &lt;40%, submitted to elective MRS with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) were evaluated from March 1995 to February 2001. RESULTS: Of these, 58 patients received preoperative IAB and the remainder underwent surgery without circulatory assistance (control group). The two groups of patients had similar characteristics regarding factors associated to the pertaining outcomes. There were five demises (8.6%) in the group with IAB and 21 (11.6%) in the control group (non-significant difference). There were 2 (3.4%) infarctions in the IAB group and 28 (15.5%) in the control group (p&lt; 0.05), relative risk of 0.22 with an interval of confidence of 95% from 0.05 to 0.85 CONCLUSION: The use of pre-operative IAB can significantly reduce the risk of trans or post-operative acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with decreased systolic function, without increasing vascular complications. In this same situation, the IAB does not significantly decrease mortality. Randomized studies are necessary to establish more precise conclusions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>intra-aortic balloon</kwd>
        <kwd>ventricular dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of preoperative intra-aortic balloon in myocardial revascularization surgery associated to severe ventricular dysfunction </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo Kern; Jo&#227;o Ricardo M. Santanna</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic intra-aortic balloon (IAB) in elective myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS), to prevent trans or post-operative infarction and reduce intra-hospital mortality in patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD:</bold> Using a cohort study model, 239 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline>40%, submitted to elective MRS with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) were evaluated from March 1995 to February 2001.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of these, 58 patients received preoperative IAB and the remainder underwent surgery without circulatory assistance (control group). The two groups of patients had similar characteristics regarding factors associated to the pertaining outcomes. There were five demises (8.6%) in the group with IAB and 21 (11.6%) in the control group (non-significant difference). There were 2 (3.4%) infarctions in the IAB group and 28 (15.5%) in the control group (p&lt; 0.05), relative risk of 0.22 with an interval of confidence of 95% from 0.05 to 0.85.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The use of pre-operative IAB can significantly reduce the risk of trans or post-operative acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with decreased systolic function, without increasing vascular complications. In this same situation, the IAB does not significantly decrease mortality. Randomized studies are necessary to establish more precise conclusions. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> intra-aortic balloon, ventricular dysfunction, myocardial revascularization</p>
      <p>Improvements in medical assistance, especially in the ischemic cardiopathy area, with the development of pharmacological treatment and interventionist cardiology, resulted in an increased number of high-risk patients that need myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS)<sup>1-3</sup>. The stenosis of the left coronary trunk, surgical coronary reintervention, unstable angina and low ejection fraction of the left ventricle have been identified in previous studies, as risk factors for the worst post-operative prognosis<sup>4,5</sup>. However, patients with decreased left ventricle ejection fraction are among those that can benefit the most, in time, from the surgical treatment<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>The significant change in the type of patient who is submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery with extracorporeal circulation resulted in a considerable increase of the cost of the procedure, as well as in a relative increase of mortality<sup>7-10</sup>. It became necessary to institute measures to neutralize risk factors capable to attaining acceptable results at reasonable costs. </p>
      <p>The intra-aortic balloon (IAB) counterpulsation produces hemodynamic effects that significantly benefit the cardiac outcome. These effects are due to the increase of oxygen flow to the myocardium and consequent improvement of diastolic perfusion, as well as by the reduction in oxygen consumption due to the decreased left ventricular post-load<sup>11</sup>. Patients with systolic dysfunction of ischemic etiology present an important reduction in the myocardial energetic reserve, and can benefit from the use of the intra-aortic balloon through the redistribution of blood flow to the ischemic myocardium<sup>12</sup>. This improvement in coronary flow, even for a reduced treatment period, can result in a higher energetic reserve for the transoperative ischemia period, resulting in improved hemodynamic recovery after extracorporeal circulation. It also reduces cardiac load, offering continuing circulatory support during and after surgery. </p>
      <p>This study aims at verifying whether the preoperative use of intra-aortic balloon during elective myocardial revascularization surgery in clinically stable patients with poor left ventricular function can result in the reduction of perioperative mortality and morbidity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We prospectively evaluated 239 patients by means of a study protocol; all patients presented severe ischemic cardiopathy, left ventricular dysfunction, characterized by left ventricular ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% defined by radioisotopic ventriculography at rest, with technetium-labeled red blood cells, indication of elective myocardial revascularization surgery and consecutively underwent surgery at <italic>Hospital S&#227;o Lucas/Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</italic>, from March 1995 to February 2001. Patients with recent coronary event (less than 10 days before), associated surgical valvopathy, absolute contraindication for the use of IAB, preoperative hemodynamic instability or formal indication for circulatory assistance by intra-aortic balloon were excluded from the study. Of the patients, 88 (36.8%) were females and 151 (63.2%) were males, with age ranging between 40 and 81 years, with mean of 61 &#177; 9 years. Mean ejection fraction, according to the radioisotopic ventriculography, was 31 &#177; 6%, ranging from 18% to 40%. </p>
      <p>Although a decreased left ventricular ejection fraction represents an indication for the use of intra-aortic balloon in the pre-operative period of the revascularization surgery at the institution, the device implantation could not be accomplished for all patients included in the study, which resulted in patients being divided in two study groups: </p>
      <p>Control group: included 181 patients (75.7%) who did not receive an intra-aortic balloon due to the device unavailability or the presence of a relative contraindication, such as peripheral vascular disease, aortic or iliac-femoral graft, moderate aortic regurgitation, tachyarrhythmia with ventricular frequency over 160 bpm, and contraindication to heparin or other intravenous anticoagulant drug. </p>
      <p>IAB group: consisted of 58 patients (24.2%) who received an implant of intra-aortic balloon pump, between 2 and 24 hours before the moment of aortic clamping during cardiac surgery. </p>
      <p>The patients&#146; demographic characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref></p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0097-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><italic>Implant and removal of the intra-aortic balloon</italic> - The intra-aortic balloon was routinely implanted in one of the rooms at the hemodynamic laboratory of the hospital. Balloon-catheters were utilized, following the standard categorization, according to the individual anthropometrical data. </p>
      <p>All patients underwent a percutaneous puncture of the femoral artery, with the insertion of a 10F arterial sheath and positioning of a balloon-catheter by radioscopy. After the implant of the intra-aortic balloon, the patients were anticoagulated with heparin and taken to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), to await the myocardial revascularization surgery start. The counterpulsation equipment utilized was Datascope, adequately adjusted by the clinical staff of the surgical team.</p>
      <p>The device was kept during the post-operative period for up to 48 hs, and its removal followed the clinical criteria of hemodynamic stability. </p>
      <p><italic>Perioperative Care</italic> &#150; All patients were evaluated at the pre-operative period through laboratory findings, hemodynamic study (coronary arteriography and left ventriculography), electrocardiogram and radioisotopic myocardial ventriculography, which allowed the assessment of the left ventricular function. </p>
      <p>The surgical myocardial revascularization was carried out through median sternotomy, hypothermic extracorporeal circulation (32&#186;C), myocardial preservation by infusion of hypothermic crystalloid cardioplegic St Thomas II solution (4&#186;C) and coronary bypass and/or internal thoracic artery implantation. </p>
      <p>After surgery, the patients received routine care.</p>
      <p><italic>Variables</italic> &#150; For correlation with patients&#146; evolution, in addition to gender, age and left ventricular ejection fraction, the following pre-operative characteristics were selected: 1) unstable angina; report of more than 2 episodes of typical thoracic pain at rest, during oral pharmacological treatment, for more than 48 hs since the inclusion in the research protocol; 2) previous myocardial revascularization: history of coronary surgery; 3) previous myocardial infarction: history of infarction; pathological Q wave at electrocardiogram or ventriculography with compatible hypokinetic area; 4) left coronary trunk lesion: obstruction &gt; 60%, identified at coronary arteriography. Surgical characteristics were also considered regarding the analysis of post-surgical evolution: 5) time of extracorporeal circulation &gt; 90 min; 6) internal thoracic artery implantation; 7) incomplete myocardial revascularization: when the coronary bypass or internal thoracic artery implantation was not possible in a coronary artery with a lesion considered appropriate for revascularization by coronary arteriography. </p>
      <p><italic>Outcomes</italic> &#150; The events capable of interfering with the post-operative evolution were considered as primary and secondary events, according to the degree of importance and consequence. </p>
      <p>Primary outcomes were: 1) intra-hospital demise, which happened at the intra or immediate post-operative period, considered the hospital stay period, regardless of its cause; 2) myocardial infarction at the trans or post-operative period: infarction that occurred presumably during the period encompassing from the anesthetic induction to the hospital release from the ICU, following the diagnostic criteria of the occurrence of a new pathological Q wave or the left bundle branch block at the electrocardiogram, and serum creatine phosphokinase mb (CPKmb) &gt; 50 mg/dl or CPKmb &gt; 80 mg/dl in the absence of a new Q wave or left bundle branch block<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>The outcomes considered as secondary ones were: 1) low cardiac output, characterized by clinical or laboratory signs of reduced tissue perfusion, such as decreased urine output &lt; 400 within 24 hs, increase of serum lactate &gt; 3 mg/dl, arterial pH &lt; 7.28 with sodium bicarbonate &lt; 20 mEq/l;. 2) use of vasopressor for a period &gt; 24 hs, from the admission at the ICU; 3) mechanical ventilation by orotracheal intubation for period of time &gt; 24 hs, from the admission at the ICU; 4) acute renal failure, having as criterion the elevation of serum creatine on the 2<sup>nd</sup> post-operative day to a value &gt; 50% of the pre-operative control; 5) vascular complications, such as the ones attributable to the intra-aortic balloon, which needed surgical intervention in order to re-establish blood flow or that implicated in a permanent functional decrease of the limb, used for the insertion of the balloon-catheter. </p>
      <p>This cohort study did not determine ethical implications or risk increase for the patients who participated in it. The fact that only part of the patients who had an indication for intra-aortic balloon due to reduced left ventricular fraction actually received the treatment, according to the routine of the institution where the study was carried out, did not depend on the decision of the researchers or the doctors who performed the therapeutic interventions, but on the moment&#146;s availability. The research project was analyzed by the Review Boards of the institutions where the study was carried out, and they approved the study.</p>
      <p>The data collected were transcribed to contingency tables, with the quantitative data being shown as mean&#177;standard deviation (SD), whereas the categorical variables are presented as percentages. Data processing was carried out by the SPSS software (release 11.0). </p>
      <p>Group comparison was carried out by Student&#146;s T test, for quantitative variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables.</p>
      <p>For low frequency situations, Fisher exact test was used. To evaluate the power of association, the relative risk was used, with its respective confidence interval of 95%.</p>
      <p>In order to adjust the effect of important risk factors in the relation between the use of intra-aortic balloon and the occurrence of considered outcomes, Cox proportional-hazards regression model was utilized. </p>
      <p>An alpha of 5% was considered as level of significance, with higher significance levels being indicated. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the significant differences in the characteristics of the patients distributed between the two groups, we observed a predominance of the male gender in the control group (69.9%), differently from the study group (43.1%, p&lt; 0.001). As for the mean ejection fraction, a higher value was observed for control group, when compared to the study group (32 &#177; 6% vs 29 &#177; 6%, p &lt; 0.01, respectively). Regarding the percentage of patients with an ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 30%, it was significantly lower in the control group, when compared to the group that received the intra-aortic balloon (39.7% vs 63.8%; p &lt; 0.01, respectively). Regarding the incomplete revascularization, it was observed in 6.6% of the patients in the control group, but it did not occur in any of the patients treated with intra-aortic balloon (0.0%, p&lt; 0.05). </p>
      <p>Concerning the remaining variables, there were no significant differences between the two groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. </p>
      <p>There were 26 demises, which correspond to a global mortality of 10.9%. There were 21 demises in the control group (mortality of 11.7%) and 5 in the IAB group (8.6% of mortality). The 30% reduction in mortality related to the treatment with IAB was not significant, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0097-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0097-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) occurred in 30 patients (18.9%). When the groups are considered, 28 patients (15.5%) from the control group suffered an AMI, whereas only 2 patients from the study group (3.4%) had the same complication, which is a statistically significant difference (p&lt; 0.05). The relative risk of myocardial infarction in a revascularization surgery was 0.22 for patients who received the intra-aortic balloon in the pre-operative period (confidence interval of 95%, with a value ranging from 0.05 to 0.85).</p>
      <p>For a higher degree of confidence concerning the relation between the use of intra-aortic balloon and decrease of perioperative infarction risk, a multivariate analysis with Cox regression was carried out, controlling the following variables: age, gender, left ventricle ejection fraction, time of extra-corporeal circulation &gt; 90 min and incomplete myocardial revascularization, previous myocardial revascularization surgery, unstable angina and left coronary trunk lesion. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, the protective effect of the intra-aortic balloon remained significant, after the variables were adjusted (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). </p>
      <p>The variable extracorporeal circulation &gt; 90 min showed to be associated to trans and post-operative myocardial infarction outcome in our sample. The remaining variables did not correlate to such outcome. </p>
      <p>No significant differences were observed regarding the occurrence of secondary outcomes such as prolonged mechanical ventilation, acute renal failure, low cardiac output, prolonged vasopressor drug use, and in the occurrence of vascular complications in the two groups studied, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-02-0097-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Previous studies that identified poor operative prognosis factors in MRS with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) indicated that the following factors are relevant: left coronary trunk lesion, unstable angina, previous MRS and systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. The profile change in patients who were candidate to MRS was mainly characterized by a larger proportion of individuals with ventricular dysfunction<sup>2</sup>. In our study, we aimed at evaluating whether the beneficial hemodynamic effects of the IAB persisted as a protective factor for the MRS, when taking into account only the reduced ventricular function as a risk factor.</p>
      <p>We used the left ventricle ejection fraction, measured by radioisotopic ventriculography at rest, as a criterion to define ventricular dysfunction, and therefore, high risk for the concerning outcomes. Previous multicentric studies<sup>14</sup> identified left ventricular failure as the main risk factor for sudden death and new coronary events in ischemic patients. In most of the reviewed studies, the criterion of ejection fraction was present at the definition of high operative risk. Associated to that, one can affirm that most of the remaining criteria mentioned somehow influence the myocardial contractile performance. </p>
      <p>We considered 40% of the ejection fraction as the cut-off level to characterize high risk, as it was the most often used value in the reviewed studies. </p>
      <p>As described by Antman<sup>12</sup>, trans and post-operative myocardial infarctions occur in 5 to 15% of MRS. Autopsy analyses indicate that most of the grafts performed were patent, so the physiopathological mechanism of the perioperative infarction seems to be related to the disproportion between oxygen offer and demand by the myocardium, and not to the occlusion of the bypass grafts. This supports the idea that the prophylactic IAB can be beneficial in MRS. </p>
      <p>According to our literature review, starting in 1992 with Georgeson and cols.<sup>15</sup> and mainly from the studies by Christenson and cols.<sup>16</sup>, the pre-operative prophylactic use of the IAB has shown to be important to prevent trans and post-operative complications in selected groups of patients. </p>
      <p>In 1976, Cooper and cols.<sup>17</sup>, in a case series, reported that the prophylactic use of the balloon in revascularization surgery in the presence of left coronary trunk lesion was a safe strategy, with no increment of vascular complications. The surgical results were adequate and comparable to those obtained in lower risk surgeries. </p>
      <p>Georgeson and cols.<sup>15</sup>, in a small review study, concluded that the pre-operative use of the balloon in non-cardiac surgery was benefical, when the patients were classified as having higher risk (Goldman class IV).</p>
      <p>In a 27-year review of the use of IAB, carried out at the Massachusetts General Hospital, mortality among patients who received pre-operative IAB at the myocardial revascularization surgery was 13.6%, whereas the mortality of patients who received trans or post-operative IAB was approximately 35%<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p>The use of pre-operative IAB started to consolidate as a myocardial protection method for patients with increased risk in MRS as of the studies by Jan T. Christenson, initially published in 1997, producing a sequence of scientific work in this area until the recent publication in 2002<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The series of articles produced by the team at Hospital Columbia de Ia Tour, led by Christenson, was the inspiration for our study. These studies concluded that the pre-operative use of the intra-aortic balloon in high-risk patients decreased the chance of infarction and death, reduced the hospital stay duration and was cost-effective. </p>
      <p>They also defined, as the main risk factors for post-operative complications, left coronary trunk lesion, urgent surgery, unstable angina, reoperation and decreased ejection fraction, and that in the presence of two of these factors, the use of prophylactic IAB would be indicated<sup>20</sup>. </p>
      <p>This study series showed the ideal time for pre-operative device implanting was between 24 and 2 hours before the surgery<sup>21</sup>. It also demonstrated that the use of pre-operative IAB reduced the need for post-operative hemodynamic support and that the post-operative use of the balloon is an indication of poor prognosis<sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>The results obtained by Christenson and cols were so remarkable that, in a letter to the Editor of the Annals of Thoracic Surgery Journal (2001) there was a discussion regarding the ethical aspect of conducting further randomized studies with a control group, considering the known great benefits of the pre-operative use of IAB for a selected group of patients<sup>23</sup>. However, it is noteworthy that a large number of patients from the samples studied by Christenson consisted of unstable patients, differently from our study, where all patients were clinically stable.</p>
      <p>The results of our study point to a 30% decrease in mortality among patients treated with IAB, compared to patients from the control group. There was, however, no statistically significant difference. They also showed an important decrease in the risk of trans and post-operative myocardial infarction, of around 78%, which is statistically significant, with a relative risk for infarction of 0.22. After adjusting the results for the variables of interest, with the use of Cox multivariate regression, the reduction of the relative risk remained important and statistically significant.</p>
      <p>Although there was heterogeneity between the two groups of patients, the differences in the sample indicated a tendency for more severe patients in the group with IAB, thus excluding the confusion bias in the results obtained. </p>
      <p>For the correct analysis of our results, we identified variables, which in previous studies were related to the concerning outcomes, mainly trans and post-operative infarction, such as increased time of extracorporeal circulation<sup>24,25</sup>, left coronary trunk lesion<sup>26-28</sup>, and incomplete MRS<sup>29</sup>, in addition to variables already established as higher risk factors: age, unstable angina, and previous myocardial revascularization. These variables were controlled at the multivariate analysis, as well as the severity of the left ventricular dysfunction, expressed by the left ventricular ejection fraction. </p>
      <p>There was no difference in the distribution of the increased extracorporeal circulation time variable (time of ECC <underline> &gt;</underline> 90 min) between the two groups of patients. However, this variable was significantly associated to a higher frequency of trans and post-operative acute myocardial infarction, in accordance to previous studies. </p>
      <p>The incomplete myocardial revascularization variable was unevenly distributed between the groups of patients. All incomplete MRS cases occurred in the group without IAB. Likewise, there was no association between this variable with the concerning outcome. </p>
      <p>The frequency analysis of the variables: prolonged mechanical ventilation, acute renal failure, low cardiac output and prolonged use of vasoactive drugs in the group treated with IAB and the control group, were established as secondary outcomes, for being somewhat related to the left ventricular function. </p>
      <p>The ischemia of lower limbs, related to the insertion site, and thrombocytopenia are the most frequent complications observed with the use of IAB<sup>30</sup>. These complications are mainly related to the diameter of the balloon-catheter, the time of counterpulsation use, prolonged hypotension periods and the presence of previous vasculopathy. An incidence of up to 20% of vascular complications with the use of IAB is mentioned in the literature<sup>31</sup>. These complications can be minimized if catheters &lt; 9.5 F are used, while thrombocytopenia is directly related to the time of counterpulsation use. </p>
      <p>Regarding patients with vasculopathy and indication of IAB, the relation between the risks and the benefits of method must be assessed, as this situation is strongly associated to posterior vascular complications.</p>
      <p>In our sample, vascular complications reached 2.51%, with no significant difference between the two groups of patients. The criterion used for vascular complication was the need for surgical measures to re-establish perfusion in the affected limb. Amputation was not necessary in any of the two groups of patients. Compared with the literature, in the same cohort study by Merharval with 911 patients, a frequency of 5.9% of vascular complications was observed using criteria that were very similar to ours. </p>
      <p>Considering such results, some questions called our attention: if we used only the criterion of ejection fraction in elective surgery to define high risk, would the protective effects of the IAB remain? Would the results obtained in Europe be reproducible in our country? </p>
      <p>As we observed on our study, there was a significant reduction in trans and post-operative infarction risk, but there was no significant reduction in mortality. Perhaps, if the risk criteria were stricter, the protective effects of the balloon would be more relevant, regarding intra-hospital death. However, the important reduction in the number of infarctions should probably reflect positively on the intra-hospital mortality<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>In face of these results, one must question whether it is possible to be flexible regarding the indication IAB use, using only the ejection fraction criterion, when one intends to prevent outcomes similar to those researched by Christenson. In order to do so, further randomized studies would be necessary, which, as mentioned previously, would need ethical analysis.</p>
      <p>The results of this cohort study allow us to conclude that the use of pre-operative IAB in elective MRS in patients with ejection fraction <underline>&lt;</underline> 40% can significantly reduce the risk of trans and post-operative AMI without increasing vascular complications. </p>
      <p>In this same situation, the use of the IAB does not significantly decrease intra-hospital mortality, as well as the need for vasoactive drugs, low cardiac output frequencies, prolonged mechanical ventilation time and occurrence of acute renal failure. One must consider the fact that conclusions drawn from cohort studies are indicative of a tendency. In order to establish the routine use of intra-aortic balloon in this situation, further randomized studies must be carried out.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcelo Kern</p>
          <p> IC/FUC &#150; Unidade de Pesquisa</p>
          <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370</p>
          <p> 90620-001 &#150; Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br">santana.pesquisa@cardiologia.org.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 03/18/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/30/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
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