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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6qn6sMdD8YN5F8WHM7nH8PK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000100010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000100010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade sexual e cora&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Barlem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>61</fpage>
      <lpage>67</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ATUALIZA&#199;&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Atividade sexual e cora&#231;&#227;o </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ricardo Stein; Clarissa Barlem Hohmann</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os avan&#231;os na medicina t&#234;m proporcionado um incremento significativo na expectativa de vida. Em contrapartida, ocorre um aumento na preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas que acompanham o processo de envelhecimento, a qual &#233; resultante desse crescimento exponencial na popula&#231;&#227;o de idosos. As melhorias na qualidade de vida, no entanto, t&#234;m sido de tal magnitude que hoje &#233; poss&#237;vel manter-se em atividade at&#233; idade bastante avan&#231;ada, sem que preju&#237;zos org&#226;nicos tenham um grande impacto sobre a capacidade funcional. </p>
    <p>Sendo assim, sabe-se que o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o traz consigo mudan&#231;as na <italic>performance</italic> quantitativa e qualitativa da atividade sexual de homens e de mulheres, que a disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til tem sido uma queixa cada vez mais explicitada nos consult&#243;rios e cl&#237;nicas, e que o uso de f&#225;rmacos para o tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares pode produzir diversas mudan&#231;as no que diz respeito ao desempenho sexual. </p>
    <p>Dentro dessa &#243;ptica, d&#250;vidas sobre a seguran&#231;a da atividade sexual s&#227;o comuns tanto entre pacientes quanto entre os m&#233;dicos que os cuidam, e, freq&#252;entemente, s&#227;o negligenciadas nas consultas de rotina ou por ocasi&#227;o da alta hospitalar ap&#243;s algum evento ou procedimento card&#237;aco. A atividade sexual &#233; vista pela maioria dos m&#233;dicos e pacientes como "tabu" e, assim sendo, acaba estigmatizada e deixada de lado nos diferentes momentos de intera&#231;&#227;o entre profissionais e seus clientes. O paciente n&#227;o pergunta e o m&#233;dico n&#227;o responde, sendo selado um pacto velado de sil&#234;ncio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>MECANISMOS DE ERE&#199;&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para que aconte&#231;a a rela&#231;&#227;o sexual &#233; necess&#225;ria uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, neurais e metab&#243;licas. Cabe salientar que existe associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica com a ere&#231;&#227;o peniana atrav&#233;s do registro da press&#227;o peniana, press&#227;o arterial na aorta abdominal e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de ratos conscientes durante o coito<sup>1</sup>. Ali&#225;s, a ere&#231;&#227;o est&#225; intimamente ligada ao sistema cardiovascular e ocorre quando o tecido er&#233;til relaxa, permitindo aumento de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo, mecanismo controlado atrav&#233;s da modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. </p>
    <p>O p&#234;nis recebe inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica da medula toracolombar e, atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina, as c&#233;lulas musculares lisas se mant&#234;m contra&#237;das e o p&#234;nis fl&#225;cido. O sistema parassimp&#225;tico libera neuromediadores que relaxam essas c&#233;lulas, permitindo a ere&#231;&#227;o. Essa ocorre como um reflexo a um est&#237;mulo da &#225;rea genital percebido pelas fibras sensoriais e transmitido pelo nervo peniano dorsal e nervo pudendo, ativando motoneur&#244;nios pudendos, causando contra&#231;&#245;es do m&#250;sculo perineal estriado. Al&#233;m disso, barorreceptores e quimiorreceptores transmitem as informa&#231;&#245;es aferentes &#224; medula atrav&#233;s dos IX e X pares cranianos.</p>
    <p>Com o aumento da press&#227;o arterial aumentam as afer&#234;ncias transmitidas pelo nervo vago ao trato solit&#225;rio, cujos neur&#244;nios exercem influ&#234;ncia excitat&#243;ria sobre a medula caudal ventrolateral. Seus neur&#244;nios, por sua vez, inibem os da medula rostral ventrolateral, que ativam tonicamente os motoneur&#244;nios pr&#233;-ganglionares na origem da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial ocorre quando os motoneur&#244;nios da medula caudal ventrolateral inibem os da medula rostral ventrolateral, diminuindo o efluxo simp&#225;tico para os vasos sang&#252;&#237;neos.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o da atividade, sugere-se que os mesmos n&#250;cleos na medula, ponte e hipot&#225;lamo podem conter neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-motores que se projetam nos motoneur&#244;nios bulbares ou da medula espinhal, controlando uma ampla popula&#231;&#227;o de neur&#244;nios aut&#244;nomos.</p>
    <p>O &#243;xido n&#237;trico pode ter um papel no controle central da ere&#231;&#227;o e nas altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Em ratos anestesiados, a inje&#231;&#227;o de doadores de &#243;xido n&#237;trico na por&#231;&#227;o rostral do bulbo diminui a atividade do nervo renal, cujo est&#237;mulo leva &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica. J&#225; a inje&#231;&#227;o na por&#231;&#227;o caudal do bulbo leva ao aumento da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, &#233; prov&#225;vel que outros sistemas originados na medula e na ponte tamb&#233;m exer&#231;am influ&#234;ncia auton&#244;mica atrav&#233;s da libera&#231;&#227;o de serotonina, noradrenalina, adrenalina e dopamina.</p>
    <p>O c&#233;rebro tem papel principal no controle cardiovascular e er&#233;til. Acredita-se que algumas &#225;reas hipotal&#226;micas integrem e controlem as diversas vias auton&#244;micas. Sabe-se que o est&#237;mulo da &#225;rea pr&#233;-&#243;tica facilita a atividade sexual e leva ao aumento da press&#227;o intracavernosa e diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ALGUNS ASPECTOS FISIOL&#211;GICOS DA ATIVIDADE SEXUAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A atividade sexual pode ser dividida em quatro fases, que s&#227;o: excita&#231;&#227;o, plat&#244;, orgasmo e resolu&#231;&#227;o. O maior gasto energ&#233;tico durante a rela&#231;&#227;o sexual ocorre no orgasmo, momento no qual o consumo de oxig&#234;nio atinge o seu valor de pico, com retorno &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es basais dentro de aproximadamente dois a tr&#234;s minutos<sup>2</sup>. A "atividade sexual marital" &#233; freq&#252;entemente comparada a um exerc&#237;cio que produz um gasto energ&#233;tico de aproximadamente 2 a 3 METs na fase pr&#233;-org&#225;smica, e 3 a 4 METs durante o orgasmo. Entretanto, isso varia muito de indiv&#237;duo para indiv&#237;duo. Praticamente todos os estudos por n&#243;s revisados assumem como v&#225;lida a cl&#225;ssica rela&#231;&#227;o VO<sub>2</sub>/FC, em que se deduz que na atividade sexual ocorra o "<italic>steady state</italic>", o que certamente n&#227;o pode ser afirmado, especialmente quando se trata de uma atividade multifatorial como o sexo entre seres humanos. Na maior parte das ocasi&#245;es as respostas cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas na atividade sexual parecem estar mais relacionadas &#224; excita&#231;&#227;o do que ao esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico propriamente dito. Essa distin&#231;&#227;o implica particularidades importantes na forma pela qual a toler&#226;ncia cardiovascular para o sexo deveria ser efetivamente avaliada.</p>
    <p>Estudos da d&#233;cada de 1960<sup>3</sup> verifi caram as altera&#231;&#245;es no duplo produto (freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca <italic>versus</italic> press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica) durante o ato sexual conjugal em homens saud&#225;veis, e determinaram que nas posi&#231;&#245;es avaliadas (posi&#231;&#227;o do mission&#225;rio &#150; homem por cima &#150; e na posi&#231;&#227;o da mulher por cima) o esfor&#231;o durante o ato sexual corresponde &#224;quele observado em uma atividade f&#237;sica com gasto energ&#233;tico classifi cado como de baixo a moderado. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de pico atinge um valor de 114 batimentos por minuto (desvio padr&#227;o de quatorze batimentos) e a press&#227;o arterial de pico apresenta valores m&#233;dios de 163/81 mmHg, e tais respostas fi siol&#243;gicas foram mensuradas no pico do orgasmo. Bohlen e cols.<sup>4</sup> mensuraram de forma indireta o gasto energ&#233;tico em quatro diferentes modalidades sexuais, encontrando um consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico de 3,3 METs para a posi&#231;&#227;o do mission&#225;rio, tendo as demais modalidades avaliadas (mulher por cima, autoestimula&#231;&#227;o e estimula&#231;&#227;o pela parceira) apresentado gasto energ&#233;tico ainda menor (2,5, 1,8 e 1,7 METs, respectivamente). Cabe ent&#227;o ressaltar que o gasto energ&#233;tico descrito &#233; compar&#225;vel ao de muitas atividades cotidianas, como pode ser verifi cado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. No entanto, n&#227;o podemos extrapolar tais informa&#231;&#245;es, pois n&#227;o existem dados na literatura quanto ao gasto energ&#233;tico que outras modalidades sexuais possam exigir (exemplo: atividade sexual n&#227;o-conjugal, sexo oral, atividade sexual homossexual, entre outras pr&#225;ticas). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o se pode deixar de mencionar que 3 METs pode ser um esfor&#231;o consider&#225;vel para um indiv&#237;duo na terceira idade, correspondendo a um consumo de oxig&#234;nio pr&#243;ximo a 80% do VO<sub>2</sub> de pico, quando para um jovem de trinta anos tal consumo fica na ordem de 30% do m&#225;ximo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0061-00010-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Por falar em diferen&#231;as et&#225;rias, nessa &#225;rea do conhecimento devemos considerar sempre o impacto do processo natural de envelhecimento, o qual altera inclusive a fisiologia geniturin&#225;ria. Com o passar do tempo, os homens passam a ter menos ere&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas e estimula&#231;&#227;o maior &#233; necess&#225;ria para conseguir ere&#231;&#227;o completa. O per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio tamb&#233;m aumenta, mas, curiosamente, a dura&#231;&#227;o da ere&#231;&#227;o parece aumentar com a idade<sup>5</sup>. Como j&#225; considerado, ocorre aumento exponencial na preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til com o envelhecimento, afetando cerca de 30% dos homens dos quarenta aos setenta anos<sup>6,7</sup>, e 75% dos homens de oitenta anos<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os dados dispon&#237;veis sobre os diferentes aspectos relacionados &#224; fisiologia sexual em mulheres s&#227;o bastante escassos, mas n&#227;o h&#225; raz&#227;o para acreditar na exist&#234;ncia de grandes varia&#231;&#245;es entre os g&#234;neros, exceto o fato de as mulheres poderem ter m&#250;ltiplos orgasmos no mesmo intercurso sexual e pela grande preval&#234;ncia de anorgasmia, especialmente nas faixas et&#225;rias mais avan&#231;adas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>IMPACTO DAS DOEN&#199;AS CARDIOVASCULARES NA ATIVIDADE SEXUAL </bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares interferem na atividade sexual dos pacientes e na vasta maioria das vezes atua como um fator complicador. Isso tem sido observado basicamente por duas raz&#245;es principais: 1) pelo diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco e todas as implica&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas que tal "marca" acarreta, como ansiedade, medo da morte, restri&#231;&#227;o na atividade f&#237;sica; 2) a necessidade do uso de diversos f&#225;rmacos capazes de produzir efeitos adversos que prejudicam a <italic>performance </italic>sexual (especialmente pelo desencadeamento de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e/ou perda da libido).</p>
    <p>O manejo dos pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca inclui uma grande diversidade de agentes e procedimentos invasivos de variados graus. Tais procedimentos produzem diferentes n&#237;veis de restri&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica e, com ela, impactos distintos na vida sexual do indiv&#237;duo. Estima-se que, ap&#243;s um diagn&#243;stico ou procedimento card&#237;aco, cerca de 25% dos pacientes retornem &#224; vida sexual normal, apresentando as mesmas freq&#252;&#234;ncia e intensidade pr&#233;vias. Metade dos pacientes retoma a vida sexual com algum grau de diminui&#231;&#227;o em freq&#252;&#234;ncia e/ou intensidade, e os 25% restantes n&#227;o reassumem sua vida sexual<sup>8</sup>. Tais n&#250;meros representam um espectro mais funesto quando nos referimos &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Cerca de 40% dos homens em classe funcional III da New York Heart Association referem ser incapazes de ter uma vida sexual ativa<sup>5</sup>. H&#225; diversas explica&#231;&#245;es para uma atividade sexual reduzida ap&#243;s eventos cardiol&#243;gicos, dentre os quais podem ser citados medo de morte coital ou reinfarto, dispn&#233;ia, ansiedade, angina de peito, exaust&#227;o, altera&#231;&#245;es no desejo sexual, depress&#227;o, perda da libido, impot&#234;ncia, preocupa&#231;&#227;o ou ansiedade do c&#244;njuge, al&#233;m de sensa&#231;&#227;o de culpa<sup>7</sup>. </p>
    <p>Durante a atividade sexual, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e a press&#227;o arterial (PA) aumentam da mesma forma que em qualquer atividade f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica: a quest&#227;o &#233; se o grau de aumento &#233; excessivo e potencialmente perigoso. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio saber se terapia antianginosa convencional prescrita para o manejo da dor ou do desconforto no esfor&#231;o pode ter o mesmo efeito ben&#233;fico durante atividade sexual<sup>9,10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>F&#193;RMACOS PARA TRATAMENTO CARDIOVASCULAR E SUA RELA&#199;&#195;O COM O SEXO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Praticamente todas as classes de f&#225;rmacos usados no tratamento das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares podem causar altera&#231;&#245;es na atividade sexual, e um porcentual n&#227;o desprez&#237;vel dos dist&#250;rbios sexuais pode ser causado pelos agentes usados. Os f&#225;rmacos que mais comumente causam disfun&#231;&#245;es sexuais s&#227;o os anti-hipertensivos e os diur&#233;ticos<sup>7</sup>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra um apanhado geral e n&#227;o-estratificado dos dist&#250;rbios sexuais e dos agentes mais comumente implicados. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0061-00010-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Algumas medica&#231;&#245;es que s&#227;o relacionadas aos "dist&#250;rbios sexuais iatrog&#234;nicos", contudo, tamb&#233;m podem facilitar a vida sexual dos cardiopatas. O uso de betabloqueador, por exemplo, aboliu sintomas de angina em 65% dos pacientes com angina est&#225;vel que relataram dor durante a atividade sexual<sup>12</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#201; importante mencionar, no entanto, que na vasta maioria dos estudos as an&#225;lises s&#227;o realizadas sem que o paciente tenha sido testado na vig&#234;ncia de terapia antianginosa, fato esse que torna dif&#237;cil uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa nos portadores de cardiopatia que utilizam tais f&#225;rmacos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o objetivo de mensurar a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til no Brasil e em outros tr&#234;s pa&#237;ses (It&#225;lia, Jap&#227;o e Mal&#225;sia), al&#233;m de estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o com caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e com outras condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, os autores avaliaram, por meio de question&#225;rio, uma amostra de seiscentos homens com idade entre quarenta e setenta anos, em cada pa&#237;s<sup>13</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o classificada como moderada a completa ajustada para idade foi de 34% no Jap&#227;o, 22% na Mal&#225;sia, 17% na It&#225;lia e 15% no Brasil. O risco aumentado para tal disfun&#231;&#227;o aqui tamb&#233;m foi relacionado com presen&#231;a de diabetes, com doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, com sintomas do trato urin&#225;rio baixo, com tabagismo e com depress&#227;o, al&#233;m de aumentar em 10% por ano adicional de vida. Sua presen&#231;a foi inversamente associada com n&#237;vel educacional elevado e com h&#225;bito regular de se exercitar. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Inibidores da fosfodiesterase 5 (PDE5) e risco cardiovascular </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com vasos gravemente obstru&#237;dos, o fluxo mioc&#225;rdico &#233; dependente da press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o, e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o excessiva na PA pode produzir isquemia de grande magnitude e infarto. N&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que os inibidores da fosfodiesterase 5 aumentem o risco de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), embora evid&#234;ncias suficientes sugiram que h&#225; um pequeno aumento no risco relatado &#224; atividade sexual (tais f&#225;rmacos aumentariam o risco de evento por sua a&#231;&#227;o indireta, j&#225; que, ao proporcionarem a ere&#231;&#227;o, exp&#245;em o homem &#224; atividade sexual). </p>
    <p>O sildenafil &#233; um inibidor oral da fosfodiesterase que aumenta a fun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, tendo sido o precursor da classe. Para funcionar, o sildenafil requer libido preservada e estimula&#231;&#227;o sexual, associa&#231;&#227;o que resulta na libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico no corpo cavernoso do p&#234;nis, estimulando a guanilato ciclase com a forma&#231;&#227;o subseq&#252;ente de guanosina monofostato ciclica, subst&#226;ncia que leva ao relaxamento da musculatura lisa nas art&#233;rias, arter&#237;olas e sinus&#243;ides do corpo cavernoso. Dessa forma, ocorre o aumento de fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo e a ere&#231;&#227;o (na regi&#227;o urogenital a fosfodiesterase 5 &#233; a enzima mais presente). </p>
    <p>A literatura &#233; rica em estudos que utilizaram o sildenafil em diferentes subgrupos de pacientes<sup>14,15,16</sup>. Em ambiente de estudo cl&#237;nico esse agente n&#227;o causou aumento na incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares s&#233;rios ou de IAM no estudo de Morales e cols. O sildenafil tamb&#233;m foi efetivo em homens com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria estabelecida, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, em situa&#231;&#245;es em que causas org&#226;nicas n&#227;o-vasculares provocam a disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, al&#233;m de agir em situa&#231;&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til de origem psicog&#234;nica.</p>
    <p> Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca est&#225;vel e disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til o sildenafil foi bem tolerado, al&#233;m de ter sido efetivo no tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til <italic>per se</italic> nesse grupo de pacientes. Curiosamente, nesse ensaio cl&#237;nico cruzado que foi realizado em nosso pa&#237;s, tendo sido publicado no <italic>Circulation</italic> em agosto de 2002, os autores observaram um incremento na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o na freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o esfor&#231;o com o uso do sildenafil<sup>17</sup>. Teoricamente, tal achado pode sugerir que esse agente tamb&#233;m seja capaz de reduzir o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdico durante a atividade sexual. </p>
    <p>Outro f&#225;rmaco que tem se mostrado efetivo para o tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til &#233; o tadalafil, um potente inibidor seletivo da fosfodiesterase 5<sup>18</sup>. Melhora importante da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til tem sido vista em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual org&#226;nica, psicog&#234;nica ou mista. Um estudo recentemente publicado mostrou que, dos homens tratados com tadalafil, 83% relataram melhora na ere&#231;&#227;o versus 20% dos pacientes arrolados para o grupo placebo; a maior taxa de sucesso ocorreu entre quatro e 36 horas ap&#243;s o uso do tadalafil<sup>19</sup>. Homens com diabete melito t&#234;m apresentado melhora signifi cativa nos &#237;ndices de ere&#231;&#227;o com o uso desse agente, resultados esses que n&#227;o se correlacionam com o grau da disfun&#231;&#227;o<sup>20</sup>. Entretanto, similarmente aos outros inibidores da fosfodiesterase 5, o tadalafi l n&#227;o deve ser administrado em combina&#231;&#227;o com nitratos org&#226;nicos pelos riscos da intera&#231;&#227;o hipotensora entre os f&#225;rmacos<sup>21,22</sup>. &#201; digno de men&#231;&#227;o, contudo, que os inibidores da fosfodiesterase 5 ainda n&#227;o foram sistematicamente testados em pacientes com doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, angina inst&#225;vel ou de recente come&#231;o, assim como em portadores de arritmias graves.</p>
    <p>Outra op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til &#233; a coloca&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;tese peniana. O uso de tais pr&#243;teses continua sendo uma alternativa terap&#234;utica v&#225;lida e efetiva<sup>23</sup>. Embora as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es sejam baixas, &#233; importante informar ao paciente que a infec&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese &#233; o principal risco desse tipo de tratamento, ocorrendo em 3% dos casos e acarretando necessidade da retirada da pr&#243;tese, al&#233;m de tratamento com antibi&#243;ticos adequados<sup>24</sup>. Estudo recente relatou que o uso do sildenafil em pacientes com pr&#243;tese peniana mostrou satisfa&#231;&#227;o sexual significativamente maior, quando comparado somente com o implante, podendo essa associa&#231;&#227;o ser outra alternativa no tratamento desses indiv&#237;duos<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RISCOS DA ATIVIDADE SEXUAL E ESTRATIFICA&#199;&#195;O DO RISCO CARDIOVASCULAR</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos sugerem que um paciente com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca capaz de subir um ou dois lances de escada pode manter sua atividade sexual conjugal sem apresentar maior risco ou at&#233; mesmo sem apresentar sintomas card&#237;acos<sup>26</sup>. No entanto, &#233; postulado que o risco de sofrer infarto do mioc&#225;rdio durante atividade sexual &#233; tr&#234;s vezes maior que o risco em outras situa&#231;&#245;es com gasto energ&#233;tico similar<sup>27,28,29</sup>. Sendo assim, parece salutar lembrar que sintomas cardiovasculares durante o sexo raramente ocorrem em pacientes que n&#227;o t&#234;m sintomas similares durante o teste de esfor&#231;o, especialmente se o indiv&#237;duo alcan&#231;ou o equivalente a 6 METs no teste e permaneceu assintom&#225;tico e sem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de isquemia<sup>30</sup>. </p>
    <p>Podemos classificar os pacientes conforme seu quadro cl&#237;nico para estabelecer orienta&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; pr&#225;tica da atividade sexual<sup>6</sup>: a) Os <italic>pacientes de baixo risco</italic> cardiovascular s&#227;o aqueles classificados de acordo com o que segue: assintom&#225;ticos; portadores de menos de tr&#234;s fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) (excluindo g&#234;nero); aqueles com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) controlada, angina est&#225;vel classe I-II da Sociedade Canadense de Cardiologia (SCC), aqueles submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com sucesso, pacientes com IAM passado n&#227;o-complicado, portadores de doen&#231;a valvar leve, insufici&#234;cia card&#237;aca (ICC) (disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e/ou NYHA I). Esses sujeitos podem ser encorajados para recome&#231;ar a atividade sexual ou receber tratamento para disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual. b) Pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio: portadores de tr&#234;s ou mais fatores de risco para DAC (excluindo g&#234;nero), presen&#231;a de angina est&#225;vel Classe II-III da SCC, pacientes com IAM recente (ocorrido entre duas e seis semanas), portadores de disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e/ou ICC NYHA II, seq&#252;ela n&#227;o-card&#237;aca de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) e/ou doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica). Esses indiv&#237;duos devem realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica criteriosa antes de recome&#231;ar a atividade sexual. c) Pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular: presen&#231;a de angina inst&#225;vel ou refrat&#225;ria, HAS n&#227;o-controlada, ICC NYHA III-IV, IAM recente (&lt; duas semanas), arritmias de alto risco, cardiomiopatias graves, doen&#231;a valvar moderada a grave. Para esses pacientes a atividade sexual pode constituir um risco significativo, devendo-se adiar a atividade sexual at&#233; estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A libera&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista &#233; necess&#225;ria antes de se reassumir a vida sexual ativa, pois o risco pode suplantar o benef&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>SEXO VISTO COMO ATIVIDADE F&#205;SICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A atividade sexual deve ser encarada como qualquer outra atividade f&#237;sica e, portanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita durante o coito &#233;, a exemplo da morte s&#250;bita relacionada ao exerc&#237;cio, um evento raro que responde por 0,6% dos casos de morte s&#250;bita<sup>8,31</sup>. Nota-se, nesses casos, a repeti&#231;&#227;o de alguns fatores que ajudam a explicar a ocorr&#234;ncia do evento naquela situa&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. A maioria das mortes ocorreu em homens que se envolveram em rela&#231;&#245;es extraconjugais, em que as parceiras s&#227;o cerca de vinte anos mais jovens que a parceira habitual e, ap&#243;s refei&#231;&#245;es copiosas, geralmente associadas ao consumo abundante de &#225;lcool. Um estudo observacional alem&#227;o da d&#233;cada de 1990<sup>32</sup> avaliou os achados de necr&#243;psias realizadas ao longo de 27 anos, encontrando 48 casos de morte durante atividade sexual dentre as mais de 26 mil necr&#243;psias realizadas. Na maioria absoluta dos casos os homens estavam na faixa et&#225;ria dos sessenta anos e a causa principal da morte foi infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A amostra feminina foi diminuta, mas houve predomin&#226;ncia de causas cerebrovasculares como promotoras do &#243;bito. Setenta e cinco por cento dos casos ocorreram em rela&#231;&#245;es extraconjugais, a maioria delas com prostitutas jovens (mulheres com menos de trinta anos de idade).</p>
    <p>De um modo geral, considera-se que o risco de sofrer um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio tendo como gatilho a atividade sexual tamb&#233;m seja baixo. Cerca de 3% dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio referem atividade sexual duas horas antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas, mas apenas em 0,9% dos casos a atividade sexual p&#244;de ser pontuada como fator desencadeante. O risco relativo de ocorrer um infarto duas horas ap&#243;s rela&#231;&#227;o sexual &#233; de 2,5, n&#227;o importando se o indiv&#237;duo tem ou n&#227;o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Esse risco &#233; significativamente menor naqueles indiv&#237;duos que realizam atividade f&#237;sica de forma regular e cr&#244;nica<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estabelecida, o coito, quando comparado com a atividade f&#237;sica vigorosa e com resposta emocional intensa, acaba por representar um pequeno risco de desencadeamento de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, comparado com METs de atividades di&#225;rias, a demanda corporal total de oxig&#234;nio e o aumento na demanda mioc&#225;rdica de oxig&#234;nio durante a atividade sexual s&#227;o modestas e a dura&#231;&#227;o do aumento &#233; breve (a atividade sexual vigorosa pode aumentar o gasto de energia para 5 a 6 METs). </p>
    <p>Pacientes com angina est&#225;vel, que est&#227;o em vig&#234;ncia de um tratamento &#243;timo para sua condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, parecem n&#227;o ter um aumento significativo no risco cardiovascular durante a atividade sexual. No entanto, porcentual n&#227;o-desprez&#237;vel desses indiv&#237;duos ir&#225; apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, assim como pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til freq&#252;entemente ter&#227;o um ou mais fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. &#201; importante lembrar que a disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til atinge a mesma faixa et&#225;ria que a angina de peito e, por sua vez, &#233; por si s&#243; um fator de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (al&#233;m de ser mais comum na presen&#231;a de diabetes, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e HAS). Por sua vez, pacientes revascularizados por meio de angioplastia/<italic>stent</italic> ou por cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), que tinham diagn&#243;stico de angina est&#225;vel e que no momento estejam assintom&#225;ticos, n&#227;o apresentam um risco aumentado para eventos card&#237;acos durante a atividade sexual. N&#227;o conseguimos informa&#231;&#245;es na literatura a respeito de rela&#231;&#245;es homossexuais, mas relacionamentos homossexuais de longo tempo n&#227;o devem, teoricamente, receber conselho diferente.</p>
    <p>Pacientes classificados como de baixo risco em atividades di&#225;rias normais t&#234;m um risco para evento card&#237;aco de um em um milh&#227;o por hora. Tal risco dobra durante a atividade sexual, aumentando para dois por um milh&#227;o por hora (e esse risco somente &#233; dobrado no per&#237;odo de duas horas ap&#243;s o sexo). Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana n&#227;o-selecionada e a maioria dos pacientes p&#243;s-IAM t&#234;m risco dez vezes maior no sexo (o que corresponde a vinte chances em um milh&#227;o por hora). </p>
    <p>Aqui cabe uma considera&#231;&#227;o importante. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular e em bases cr&#244;nicas aliado a modifica&#231;&#245;es agressivas nos fatores de risco pode proporcionar uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no risco de morte ou evento coital, fato esse que se assemelha ao impacto dessas mesmas medidas higi&#234;nico-diet&#233;ticas sobre o risco no dia a dia desses cardiopatas. </p>
    <p>O tratamento atual do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio torna mandat&#243;ria a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular do paciente pr&#233;-alta. Sendo assim, &#233; desej&#225;vel que todos os pacientes realizem alguma estratifica&#231;&#227;o (invasiva ou n&#227;o-invasiva), mesmo que seja mediante um teste de exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo (ergometria ou ergoespirometria). Tal teste visa atingir um consumo de oxig&#234;nio similar ao que o paciente vir&#225; a desempenhar em suas atividades f&#237;sicas usuais. </p>
    <p>Como anteriormente citado, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia induzida demonstrada durante teste ergom&#233;trico subm&#225;ximo e isquemia durante atividade sexual j&#225; foi testada em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel<sup>30</sup>. Todos os pacientes que apresentaram isquemia sintom&#225;tica ou silenciosa, verificada por depress&#227;o de segmento ST em Holter de 24 horas, tamb&#233;m o fizeram durante teste ergom&#233;trico, demonstrando o excelente valor preditivo negativo do teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
    <p>O exerc&#237;cio regular parece ter um efeito protetor significativo. Por isso, acredita-se que os m&#233;dicos devam refor&#231;ar a participa&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC conhecida em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, seja ela supervisionada ou at&#233; mesmo n&#227;o-supervisionada. O exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico tem o potencial de promover uma diminui&#231;&#227;o no trabalho card&#237;aco necess&#225;rio durante a atividade sexual e tamb&#233;m de reduzir o risco de atividade que desencadeie IAM. Claro que no contexto generalista dessas orienta&#231;&#245;es sempre ocorrer&#227;o exce&#231;&#245;es. Lembramos que os pacientes com risco maior de IAM s&#227;o aqueles que devem realizar uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica completa antes da recomenda&#231;&#227;o para pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, e nessa situa&#231;&#227;o se inclui a atividade sexual. Em um porcentual desses pacientes, um simples teste de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio pode ajudar os m&#233;dicos a avaliar a seguran&#231;a card&#237;aca potencial para sexo e individualizar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de acordo com o caso.</p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o existam dados espec&#237;ficos sobre hor&#225;rio da rela&#231;&#227;o sexual e risco para eventos cardiovasculares, por analogia e levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o que j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido na literatura internacional em rela&#231;&#227;o ao hor&#225;rio do exerc&#237;cio no qual o cardiopata realiza sua atividade f&#237;sica (o maior risco &#233; n&#227;o se exercitar; exerc&#237;cio regular &#233; salutar, pela manh&#227;, &#224; tarde ou &#224; noite), acredita-se que no cardiopata est&#225;vel ativo n&#227;o haja risco aumentado, independentemente do hor&#225;rio em que a rela&#231;&#227;o sexual ocorra.</p>
    <p>Por fim, quanto maior for a regularidade no n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica do indiv&#237;duo e, presumivelmente, do seu condicionamento aer&#243;bico, menor ser&#225; a probabilidade que o coito seja um fator predisponente para algum evento cardiovascular. Incremento no condicionamento f&#237;sico tem sido associado com menor freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e volume sist&#243;lico, assim como tal aspecto atua positivamente sobre outros par&#226;metros cardiovasculares, metab&#243;licos e auton&#244;micos, independentemente do n&#237;vel subm&#225;ximo de exerc&#237;cio ao qual o sujeito seja exposto. Assim sendo, tanto o cardiopata quanto o n&#227;o-cardiopata bem condicionado apresentam um fator protetor para o desencadeamento de eventos de uma forma geral, al&#233;m de provavelmente estarem mais protegidos do potencial gatilho para IAM e outras s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias que a atividade sexual possa induzir. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>"ACONSELHAMENTO SEXUAL" </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes devem receber orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre atividade sexual da mesma forma que recebem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre retorno ao trabalho e sobre como devem se engajar em programas de exerc&#237;cio. O c&#244;njuge deve ser informado sobre a situa&#231;&#227;o do companheiro(a) na m&#225;xima extens&#227;o desse aconselhamento poss&#237;vel. Algumas recomenda&#231;&#245;es devem ser dadas sobre como diminuir o esfor&#231;o despendido nas rela&#231;&#245;es sexuais. Deve-se evitar manter atividade sexual ap&#243;s as refei&#231;&#245;es, ap&#243;s consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool ou em temperaturas extremas, bem como em per&#237;odos de fadiga pronunciada<sup>7</sup>. No primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s uma cirurgia card&#237;aca, deve-se evitar o peso do corpo do parceiro(a) sobre a cicatriz cir&#250;rgica. Os sintomas card&#237;acos que surgem durante a atividade sexual s&#227;o, na maioria das vezes, relacionados &#224; taquicardia, sendo o controle da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no exerc&#237;cio chave fundamental para o sucesso da terapia<sup>7</sup>. O uso de nitratos antes da rela&#231;&#227;o sexual &#233; &#250;til no controle dos sintomas e no al&#237;vio do medo de uma <italic>performance</italic> sexual prejudicada por angina<sup>33</sup>. </p>
    <p>Por fim, deve-se ressaltar que o uso de nitrato &#233; formalmente contra-indicado nos pacientes que usam sildenafil, vardenafil ou outros agentes que inibem a fosfodiesterase 5 e que s&#227;o utilizados no tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til em raz&#227;o da rea&#231;&#227;o hipotensiva potencialmente letal<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>REFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Rampin O, Giuliano F. Central control of the cardiovascular and erection systems: Possible mechanisms and interactions. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 19F-22F.</p>
    <p>2. Skinner JS. Sexual relation. In: Pollock ML SD, ed. Heart Disease and rehabilitation, 1995: 367-78.</p>
    <p>3. Nemec ED, Mansfield L, Kennedy JW. Heart rate and blood pressure responses during sexual activity in normal males. Am Heart J 1964; 92: 274-7.</p>
    <p>4. Bohlen JG, Held JP, Sanderson O, Patterson PR. Heart rate, rate-pressure product, and oxygen uptake during four sexual activities. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 1745-8.</p>
    <p>5. Taylor HA. Sexual Activity and the Cardiovascular Patient: Guidelines. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 6N-10N.</p>
    <p>6. DeBusk R, Goldstein I, Jackson G, et al. Management of sexual dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease: Recommendations of the Princeton Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 175-181.</p>
    <p>7. Rerkpattanapipat P, Stanek MS, Kotler MN. Sex and the heart: what is the role of the cardiologist? Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 201-8.</p>
    <p>8. Thorson AI. Sexual activity and the cardiac patient. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2003; 12: 38-40. </p>
    <p>9. DeBusk R. Evaluating the cardiovascular tolerance for sex. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 51F-56F. </p>
    <p>10. Stein RA. Cardiovascular response to sexual activity. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 27F-29F.</p>
    <p>11. Cheitlin MD. Sexual activity and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92 (suppl): 3M-8M.</p>
    <p>12. Jackson G. Sexual intercourse and stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 35F-37F.</p>
    <p>13. Nicolosi et al. Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction in four countries: cross- national study of the prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction. Urology 2003; 61 (1): 201-6.</p>
    <p>14. Conti CR, Pepine CJ Sweeney M. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in the treatment of erectile disfunction in patients with ischemic heart disease Am J Cardiol 1999; (suppl): 29C-34C.</p>
    <p>15. Kloner RA, Brown M, The Sildenafil Study Group. Safety of sildenafil citrate in men with erectile disfunction taking multiple antihypertensive agents. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12: 37A. </p>
    <p>16. Kloner R. Cardiovascular Risk and sildenafil. Am J Cardiol 2000; (suppl): 57F-61F.</p>
    <p>17. Bocchi et al. Sildenafil effects on exercise, neurohormonal activation, and erectile dysfunction in congestive heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study followed by a prospective treatment for erectile dysfunction. Circulation 2002; 106 (9): 1097-103. </p>
    <p>18. Brock GB. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of integrated analyses. J Urol 2002 Oct; 168 (4 Pt 1): 1332-6.</p>
    <p>19. Seftel AD. The efficacy and safety of tadalafil in United States and Puerto Rican men with erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2004 Aug 172 (2):652-7.</p>
    <p>20. Padma-Nathan H. Efficacy and tolerability of tadalafil, a novel phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, in treatment of erectile dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2003 Nov 6;92 (9A): 19M-25M.</p>
    <p>21. Kloner RA. Cardiovascular effects of tadalafil. Am J Cardiol 2003 Nov 6; 92 (9A): 37M-46M. </p>
    <p>22. Kloner RA. Time course of the interaction between tadalafil and nitrates. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 Nov 19; 42 (10): 1855-60.</p>
    <p>23. Rodriguez Faba O. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with penile protesis. Our experience. Actas Urol Esp 2004 Sep; 28 (8): 575-80.</p>
    <p>24. Schoepen Y. Penile prostheses and infection. Prog Urol 2002 Jun; 12 (3): 377-83.</p>
    <p>25. Mulhall JP. The impact of sildenafil citrate on sexual satisfaction profiles in men with a penile prosthesis in situ. BJU Int 2004 Jan; 93 (1): 97-9.</p>
    <p>26. Stein RA. The effect of exercise training on heart rate during coitus in post myocardial infarction patient. Circulation 1977; 55: 738-40. </p>
    <p>27. Muller JE, Mitlleman MA, Maclure M, et al. Triggering myocardial infarction by sexual activity. Low absolute risk and prevention by regular physical exertion. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 275: 1405-9. </p>
    <p>28. Muller J. MD. Triggering of cardiac events by sexual activity: Findings from a case-crossover analysis. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 14F-18F.</p>
    <p>29. Cremers B, Kjellstrom B, S&#252;dkamp M, B&#246;hn M. Hemodynamic monitoring during sexual intercourse and physical exercise in a patient with chronic heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med 2002; 112: 428-30.</p>
    <p>30. Drory Y, Shapira I, Fisman EZ, Pines A. Myocardial ischemia during sexual activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 835- 7.</p>
    <p>31. Ueno M. The so-called coition death. Jpn J Leg Med 1963; 17: 333-40.</p>
    <p>32. Parzeller M, Raschka C, Bratzke H. Sudden cardiovascular death in correlation with sexual activity - results of a medicolegal postmortem study from 1972-1998. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 610-6.</p>
    <p>33. Stanek MS. Cardiovascular disease. In: Farber M, ed. Human sexuality: psychosexual effects of disease. New York: Macmillan, 1985: 231-9.</p>
    <p>34. Jackson G. Sexual intercourse and stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 35F-37F.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ricardo Stein </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Caetano 20/302 </p>
        <p> Petr&#243;polis - 90470-260 - Porto Alegre-RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="otavioberwanger@yahoo.com.br">otavioberwanger@yahoo.com.br</email> ou </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rstein@cardiol.br">rstein@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 19/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 18/05/05</p>
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      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Update</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Sexual activity and heart</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>UPDATE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Sexual activity and heart </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ricardo Stein; Clarissa Barlem Hohmann</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>INTRODUCTION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Advances in medicine have been improving life expectancy significantly. On the other hand, there is a rising prevalence of chronic disease common to the aging process owing to the exponential growth of the elderly population. Improvements in quality of life, however, have been such that today one can remain active until a very advanced age, without organic impairments that have a major impact on functional capacity. </p>
      <p>It is known that aging brings about changes in quantitative and qualitative sexual performance of both men and women, that erectile dysfunction has been a growing complaint in doctors&#146; offices and clinics, and that medications used to treat cardiovascular diseases may affect sexual performance. </p>
      <p>In view of this, doubts about the safety of sexual activity are common among patients and physicians alike and are often neglected in routine visits or upon hospital discharge following a cardiac event or procedure. Considered a "taboo" by most physicians and patients, sexual activity ultimately becomes stigmatized and is put aside by professionals and their clients. The patient does not ask and the doctor does not answer, and an unspoken pact of silence is made.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>MECHANISMS OF ERECTION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For sexual intercourse to occur, a series of cardiovascular, neural, and metabolic changes must take place. It should be emphasized that an association exists between increased heart rate, systemic blood pressure, and penile erection, determined by measurement of penile pressure, blood pressure at the abdominal aorta and heart rate during coitus in conscious rats<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>Incidentally, erection is closely related to the cardiovascular system and occurs when the erectile tissue relaxes, increasing blood flow, a mechanism controlled by the autonomic nervous system modulation. </p>
      <p>The penis derives its sympathetic nerve supply from the thoracolumbar spinal cord and, through noradrenaline release, smooth muscle cells are kept contracted and the penis, flaccid. The parasympathetic nervous system releases neuromediators that maintain these cells relaxed, allowing erection to occur. Penile erection is a reflex response to a stimulus from the genital region perceived by sensory fibers and conveyed by the dorsal nerve of the penis and the pudendal nerve, activating pudendal motoneurons and thereby causing the perineal striated muscles to contract. In addition, baroreceptors and chemoreceptors convey afferent information to the medulla through the IX and X cranial nerves.</p>
      <p>As blood pressure increases, afferent information conveyed through the vagus nerve to the solitary tract also increases, the neurons of which have an excitatory effect on the caudal ventrolateral medulla. Their neurons, in turn, inhibit those of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, which tonically activate preganglionic motoneurons at the origin of vasoconstriction. A decrease in blood pressure occurs when motoneurons from the caudal ventrolateral medulla inhibits those of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, reducing sympathetic outflow to blood vessels.</p>
      <p>As far as activity regulation is concerned, it has been suggested that the same nuclei located at the medulla, pons, and hypothalamus may contain premotor neurons projecting to bulbar motoneurons or from the spinal cord that control a wide population of autonomic neurons. </p>
      <p>Nitric oxide (NO) may play a role in the central control of erection and in cardiovascular changes. Injection of nitric oxide donors into the rostral medulla of anesthetized rats attenuates renal nerve activity and thereby lowers systolic blood pressure. Injection into the caudal ventrolateral medulla, however, raises the systolic pressure. </p>
      <p>In addition to nitric oxide, other systems originating in the medulla and pons are likely to have an autonomic influence through serotonina, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine release.</p>
      <p>The brain has a key role in cardiovascular and erectile control. Some hypothalamic areas are thought to integrate and control the many autonomic pathways. It is known that stimulation of the preoptical area facilitates sexual activity, increases intracavernous pressure and decreases blood pressure. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sexual activity can be divided into four phases, namely: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Maximal energy expenditure during sexual intercourse occurs at orgasm, when oxygen uptake reaches its peak, returning to baseline levels within about two or three minutes.<sup>2</sup> "Marital sexual activity" is often compared to exercise involving energy expenditure of approximately 2 to 3 METs during the preorgasmic phase and 3 and 4 METs during orgasm. However, this varies widely among individuals. Virtually all studies we reviewed take for granted the classic relationship VO<sub>2</sub>/HR, in which a "steady state" is thought to occur during sexual intercourse, something that cannot be confi rmed, especially in a multifactorial activity such as sex between human beings. Most times, metabolic and cardiovascular responses during sexual activity seem to be more related to arousal than to the physical exertion itself. This distinction involves important aspects in the way cardiovascular tolerance for sex should be effectively evaluated.</p>
      <p> Studies performed in the 1960s<sup>3</sup> examined changes in double-product (heart rate <italic>versus</italic> systolic blood pressure) during marital sexual intercourse in healthy men and determined that, in the positions evaluated (the missionary position - man-on-top - and the womanon- top position), exertion during sexual intercourse corresponds to that posed by a physical activity involving mild-to-moderate energy expenditure. At the peak of orgasm, mean maximal heart rate was 114 bpm (standard deviation of 14 beats), and mean maximal blood pressure, 163/81 mmHg. Bohlen et al<sup>4</sup> indirectly measured energy expenditure in four different sexual modalities and found a peak oxygen uptake of 3.3 METs for the missionary position; the other modalities evaluated (woman-on-top, self-stimulation, and partner stimulation) showed even lower expenditures (2.5, 1.8 and 1.7 METs, respectively). It is worth noting that this energy expenditure is comparable to that of many daily activities, as showed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>. Nevertheless, this information cannot be extrapolated, because there are no data in literature on energy expenditure required by other sexual modalities (e.g, extramarital sexual activity, oral sex, homosexual activity, among others). Additionally, it must be mentioned that 3 METs can represent considerable effort for the elderly, corresponding to an oxygen uptake nearly 80% of VO<sub>2</sub> max, whereas in a thirty-year-old man this uptake is around 30% of VO<sub>2</sub> max.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0061-00010-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In further regard to age group, the impact of the natural aging process should always be taken into account, since it also changes genitourinary physiology. Over time, men experience fewer spontaneous erections and need more stimulation to get a full erection. The refractory period also lengthens, but, curiously enough, erection seems to last longer with age<sup>5</sup>. As already stated, prevalence of erectile dysfunction increases exponentially with advancing age, affecting approximately 30% of men between 40 and 70 years <sup>6,7</sup> and 75% of octogenarians<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Available data on different aspects related to female sexual physiology are very scant, but there is no reason to believe there are great variations between genders, except that women can experience multiple orgasms during the same sexual intercourse and also the great prevalence of anorgasmia, particularly in the most advanced age groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>IMPACT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES ON SEXUAL ACTIVITY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases affect patients&#146; sexual activity, and most often represent a complicating factor. Basically, this may be attributed to two primary reasons: 1) diagnosis of a heart condition and all the psychological implications that such "branding" incurs, such as anxiety, fear of death, and restricted physical activity; 2) the need to use several drugs capable of producing adverse effects that compromise sexual performance (especially by triggering erectile dysfunction and/or loss of libido).</p>
      <p>Management of cardiac patients includes a large array of agents and procedures that are invasive in varying degrees. These procedures produce different levels of restriction to physical activity and, with it, different impact on sexual life. Following a cardiac diagnosis or procedure, it has been estimated that about 25% of the patients resume their normal sexual activity, with the previous frequency and intensity. Half of the patients return to their sexual activity at a reduced level concerning frequency and/or intensity, and the other 25% do not resume any sexual activity at all.<sup>8</sup> Such numbers represent a grimmer spectrum regarding cardiac failure. Approximately 40% of the men in New York Heart Association functional class III say they are unable to be sexually active<sup>5</sup>. There are several explanations for reduced sexual activity following cardiac events, among them are fear of coital death or reinfarction, dyspnea, anxiety, angina pectoris, exhaustion, changes in sexual desire, depression, loss of libido, impotence, partner&#146;s anxiety or concern, and feeling of guilt<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>During sexual activity, HR and BP increase as in any other aerobic physical activity. The question is whether this increase is exaggerated and potentially dangerous. Moreover, it is necessary to know if conventional antianginal therapy prescribed for the management of pain or discomfort at exertion may have the same beneficial effect during sexual activity<sup>9,10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DRUGS USED FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITION AND ITS RELATION TO SEX</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Virtually all classes of drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases can affect sexual activity, and a not negligible percentage of sexual disorders may be caused by the agents used. Antihypertensive and diuretic medications are the most common causes of drug-induced sexual disorders<sup>7</sup>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref> shows a non-stratified overview of sexual disorders and agents most frequently used. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0061-00010-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Yet, some medications linked to "iatrogenic sexual disorders" may also facilitate the sexual life of cardiac patients. The use of beta-blockers, for example, has abolished angina symptoms in 65% of patients with stable angina who reported pain during sexual activity<sup>12</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is important to say, however, that in the great majority of studies the analyses are performed without the patient being tested during antianginal therapy, and so it is difficult to make a more accurate evaluation in cardiac patients using these medications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Erectile dysfunction </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aiming at measuring erectile dysfunction prevalence in Brazil and three other countries (Italy, Japan, and Malaysia), in addition to studying its association with demographic characteristics and other medical conditions, through use of a questionnaire the authors assessed a sample of six hundred men, age 40 to 70, in each country<sup>13</sup>. Prevalence of age-adjusted dysfunction classified as moderate-to-complete was 34% in Japan, 22% in Malaysia, 17% in Italy, and 15% in Brazil. Higher risk for erectile dysfunction was also related with diabetes, heart diseases, lower urinary tract symptoms, smoking, and depression, in addition to an increase of 10% per additional year of age. Its presence was inversely associated with high level of education and irregular patterns in exercising. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5) and cardiovascular risk </bold>
      </p>
      <p>In patients with severely obstructed vessels, myocardial flow depends on perfusion pressure, and a sharp decrease in BP may produce major ischemia and infarction. There is no evidence that phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors improve the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), although enough evidence suggests a slight increase associated with sexual activity (these drugs would indirectly raise the risk of events, because by allowing erection they expose men to sexual activity). </p>
      <p>Sildenafil is an oral phosphodiesterase inhibitor that enhances erectile function and was the precursor of its class. Sildenafil requires preserved libido and sexual stimulation to be effective, an association that results in nitric oxide release into the corpus cavernosum of the penis, stimulating guanylate cyclase and the subsequent formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, a substance that promotes smooth muscle relaxation in the arteries, arterioles, and sinusoids of the corpus cavernosum. This increases blood supply and causes erection (phosphodiesterase-5 is the predominant enzyme in the urogenital region). </p>
      <p>Literature abounds with studies using sildenafi l in different subgroups of patients<sup>14,15,16</sup>. In the study by Morales et al, this agent did not increase the incidence of major cardiovascular events or AMI in a clinical trial setting. Sildenafi l has also been shown to be effective in men with established coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, and erectile dysfunction of nonvascular etiology, as well as psychogenic erectile dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Sildenafil was well tolerated in patients with stable heart failure and erectile dysfunction, in addition to being effective in the management of erectile dysfunction <italic>per se</italic> in this group of patients. Curiously enough, in a crossover clinical trial performed in our country and published in Circulation on August 2002, sildenafil improved exercise capacity and reduced heart rate during exercise<sup>17</sup>. Theoretically, this finding suggests that this agent may decrease myocardial oxygen consumption during sexual activity. </p>
      <p>Another drug that has been proven effective in the management of erectile dysfunction is tadalafil, a potent, selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor<sup>8</sup>. Major improvements have been observed in patients with organic, psychogenic, or mixed sexual dysfunction. In a recently published study, 83% of the men treated with tadalafil reported improved erections compared with 20% of the patients in the placebo group; success rate occurred mostly between 4 and 36 hours following the use of tadalafil<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Men with diabetes mellitus have shown significant improvement in erection rate with tadalafil, irrespective of the degree of dysfunction<sup>20</sup>. Nevertheless, similar to other phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, tadalafil should not be administered in combination with organic nitrates, because of the potential hypotensive interaction between these agents<sup>21,22</sup>. Of note, however, is that phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors have not been consistently tested in patients with cerebrovascular disease and unstable angina or angina of recent onset, nor in patients with severe arrhythmias. </p>
      <p>Another treatment option for erectile dysfunction is the use of a penile prosthesis. These prostheses still are a valid and effective therapeutic alternative<sup>23</sup>. Although complications rates are low, the patient must be informed that penile prosthesis infection is the primary risk of this type of treatment, occurring in 3% of cases and requiring both device removal and appropriate antibiotic therapy<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>A recent study reported that the use of sildenafil in patients with penile prosthesis significantly increased sexual satisfaction when compared with the implant alone; hence this association may be another alternative for these individuals<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SEXUAL ACTIVITY RISKS AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK STRATIFICATION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Studies suggest that a heart disease patient that can climb one or two flights of stairs can keep his marital sexual life without running further risk or even experiencing cardiac symptoms<sup>26</sup>. Yet, it has been postulated that the risk of having a myocardial infarction during sexual activity is three times greater than in other situations involving similar energy expenditure<sup>27,28,29</sup>. Therefore, it is important to bear in mind that cardiovascular symptoms during sex rarely occur in patients who had no similar symptoms during exercise stress testing, especially if they achieved an equivalent of 6 METs and remained asymptomatic and with no electrocardiographic changes indicative of ischemia. </p>
      <p>In order to establish guidelines for sexual activity practice, patients can be classified according to their clinical condition<sup>6</sup>: a) <italic>Patients at low risk</italic> for cardiovascular disease are those classified as follows: asymptomatics, with less than three risk factors for CAD (excluding gender), controlled hypertension, class I or II stable angina according to the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS), successful coronary revascularization, history of uncomplicated AMI, mild valvular disease, CHF (LV dysfunction and or NYHA I). These patients can be encouraged to resume sexual activity or receive treatment for sexual dysfunction. B) <italic>Patients at intermediate risk:</italic> at least three risk factors for CHD (excluding gender), class II or III stable angina according to CCS, recent AMI (&gt; 2 weeks and &lt; 6 weeks), LV dysfunction and/or NYHA class II CHF, noncardiac sequel from atherosclerotic disease (AVC and/or peripheral vascular disease). These patients should undergo a thorough cardiac evaluation before resuming sexual activity. C) <italic>Patients at high cardiovascular risk</italic>: presence of unstable or refractory angina, uncontrolled hypertension, NYHA class III-IV CHF, recent AMI (&lt;2 weeks); high-risk arrhythmias, severe cardiomyopathies, moderate-to-severe valvular disease. For these patients sexual activity should be delayed until they are stabilized for their heart condition, since it poses a significant risk. They must get the cardiologist&#146;s clearance before resuming sexual life, because risk may outweigh benefit.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SEX AS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sexual activity should be viewed as any other physical activity and, therefore, coital death, as well as exercise-related death, is a rare event that accounts for 0.6 of all cases of all sudden death<sup>8,31</sup>. In these cases, some common factors are noted that help explain this specific event. Most deaths occurred among men involved in extramarital relationship, with partners about 20 years younger than their customary partner and after excessive eating, usually associated with excessive drinking. A German observational study conducted during the 1990s<sup>32</sup> evaluated findings in more than 26 thousand autopsy studies performed over 27 years and found 48 cases of death during sexual activity. The overwhelming majority were men in the 60 to 66 age group, and myocardial infarction was the main cause of death. The female sample was extremely small, and death was predominantly caused by cerebrovascular events. Seventy-five per cent of the men died during extramarital relationship, mostly with young prostitutes (women younger than 30).</p>
      <p>Overall, the risk of myocardial infarction triggered by sexual activity is also thought to be low. Approximately 3% of the patients with acute myocardial infarction report sexual activity in the two hours preceding the onset of symptoms, but in only 0.9% of the cases sexual activity may be considered as a triggering factor. The relative risk of myocardial infarction occurring in the 2 hours following sexual intercourse is 2.5, whether or not the individual has a history of heart disease. This risk is significantly lower in individuals who are regularly engaged in physical activities<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In patients with established coronary artery disease, coitus, when compared to vigorous physical activity and intense emotional response, represents low risk for precipitating myocardial infarction. Moreover, compared with METs from daily activities, total body oxygen demand and increased myocardial oxygen demand during sexual activity are modest and brief (vigorous sexual activity can increase energy expenditure from 5 to 6 METs). </p>
      <p>Patients with stable angina under optimal treatment seem not to show significant increase in cardiovascular risk during sex. However, a not neligible percentage of these individuals will experience erectile dysfunction, just as patients with erectile dysfunction will likewise often have one or more coronary artery disease risk factors. Of importance is that erectile dysfunction affects the same age group as angina pectoris and in itself is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (in addition to being more common in the presence of diabetes, heart disease and hypertension). On the other hand, patients revascularized by angioplasty/stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with diagnosis of stable angina but asymptomatic at the moment of sex do not have increased risk for cardiac events during sexual activity. No data was found in literature about homosexual relationships, yet, in theory, long-term homosexual relationships should not be counseled otherwise.</p>
      <p>The risk of cardiac event in patients classified as at low-risk in normal daily activities is one in a million per hour. This risk doubles during sexual activity, increasing to two in a million per hour (and this risk only doubles within the two hours following sex). Patients with nonselected coronary artery disease and most post-AMI patients have a ten-fold risk during sex (which corresponds to 20 chances per million per hour). </p>
      <p>A relevant point must be considered here. The implementation of a regular, consistent physical exercise program together with aggressive changes in risk factors may yield a significant reduction in death risk or coital event, similar to the impact of these same nutritional-hygienic measures on the daily risk of these cardiac patients. </p>
      <p>According to the current management of myocardial infarction, a pre-hospital discharge evaluation of cardiovascular risk is mandatory. It is therefore desirable that all patients undergo some risk stratification (invasive or noninvasive), even if it is by means of a submaximal exercise test (ergometry or ergospirometry). This test is intended to reach an oxygen uptake similar to the one the patient will reach during his usual physical activities. </p>
      <p>As mentioned previously, the correlation between induced ischemia demonstrated during submaximal exercise stress test and sexual activity has already been tested in patients with stable angina<sup>30</sup>. All patients that had symptomatic or silent ischemia, shown by ST-segment depression on 24-hour holter monitoring, experienced the same symptoms during exercise stress test, demonstrating the excellent negative predictive value of this propedeutic method.</p>
      <p>Regular exercising seems to have a significant protective effect. Therefore, physicians should encourage the patient&#146;s participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs, either supervised or unsupervised. Aerobic exercise reduces both the cardiac work required during sexual activity and the risk of myocardial infarction triggered by sexual activity. Of course, in the generalistic context of these orientations there will always be exceptions. It must be remembered that patients at higher risk for AMI should undergo thorough cardiac evaluation before engaging in physical activity practices, including sexual activity. For some of these patients, a mere exercise tolerance test may help doctors to evaluate cardiac safety of sexual activity and tailor recommendations according to the case.</p>
      <p>Although no specific data are available on clock time of sexual intercourse and risk for cardiovascular events, by analogy and taking into account what has been published in the literature concerning the time of the day when the cardiac patient performs his physical activity (the higher risk is lack of exercise; regular exercise is beneficial in the morning, in the afternoon or at night), it is believed that the stable, active cardiac patient is not at higher risk, no matter when sexual intercourse occurs.</p>
      <p>Finally, the more regular the individual&#146;s physical activity, and therefore his aerobic conditioning, the less likely coitus will represent a predisposing factor for a cardiovascular event. Improved physical fitness has been associated with lower heart rate and systolic volume, as well as with a beneficial effect on other cardiovascular parameters, regardless of the submaximal level of exercise to which the individual is exposed. Thus, both cardiac and noncardiac individuals who are physically fit show a protective factor for events in general, in addition to being more protected from potential AMI and other coronary syndromes that may be triggered by sexual activity. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>"SEXUAL COUNSELING"</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients must be oriented on sexual activity just as they are instructed on return to work and participation in exercise programs. The spouse should be informed as much as possible on the partner&#146;s condition. Recommendations should include how to reduce energy expenditure during sexual intercourse. Sexual activity should be avoided after meals, after excessive alcohol intake or in extreme temperatures, as well as at times of marked fatigue<sup>7</sup>. Within the first month following heart surgery, the partner&#146;s body weight should be avoided on the surgical scar. Cardiac symptoms during sexual activity are, most frequently, related to tachycardia, and heart rate control during exercise is critical to the treatment&#146;s success<sup>7</sup>. The use of nitrates before sexual intercourse is useful to control symptoms and reduce fear of the sexual performance being compromised by angina<sup>33</sup>. </p>
      <p>Finally, it must be emphasized that the use of nitrate is formally contraindicated in patients under sildenafil, vardenafil or other phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, because of the potentially fatal hypotensive reaction<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aqui cabe uma considera&#231;&#227;o importante. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular e em bases cr&#244;nicas aliado a modifica&#231;&#245;es agressivas nos fatores de risco pode proporcionar uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no risco de morte ou evento coital, fato esse que se assemelha ao impacto dessas mesmas medidas higi&#234;nico-diet&#233;ticas sobre o risco no dia a dia desses cardiopatas. </p>
      <p>1. Rampin O, Giuliano F. Central control of the cardiovascular and erection systems: Possible mechanisms and interactions. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 19F-22F.</p>
      <p>2. Skinner JS. Sexual relation. In: Pollock ML SD, ed. Heart Disease and rehabilitation, 1995: 367-78.</p>
      <p>3. Nemec ED, Mansfield L, Kennedy JW. Heart rate and blood pressure responses during sexual activity in normal males. Am Heart J 1964; 92: 274-7.</p>
      <p>4. Bohlen JG, Held JP, Sanderson O, Patterson PR. Heart rate, rate-pressure product, and oxygen uptake during four sexual activities. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 1745-8.</p>
      <p>5. Taylor HA. Sexual Activity and the Cardiovascular Patient: Guidelines. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 6N-10N.</p>
      <p>6. DeBusk R, Goldstein I, Jackson G, et al. Management of sexual dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease: Recommendations of the Princeton Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 175-181.</p>
      <p>7. Rerkpattanapipat P, Stanek MS, Kotler MN. Sex and the heart: what is the role of the cardiologist? Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 201-8.</p>
      <p>8. Thorson AI. Sexual activity and the cardiac patient. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2003; 12: 38-40. </p>
      <p>9. DeBusk R. Evaluating the cardiovascular tolerance for sex. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 51F-56F. </p>
      <p>10. Stein RA. Cardiovascular response to sexual activity. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 27F-29F.</p>
      <p>11. Cheitlin MD. Sexual activity and cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 2003; 92 (suppl): 3M-8M.</p>
      <p>12. Jackson G. Sexual intercourse and stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 35F-37F.</p>
      <p>13. Nicolosi et al. Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction in four countries: cross- national study of the prevalence and correlates of erectile dysfunction. Urology 2003; 61 (1): 201-6.</p>
      <p>14. Conti CR, Pepine CJ Sweeney M. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in the treatment of erectile disfunction in patients with ischemic heart disease Am J Cardiol 1999; (suppl): 29C-34C.</p>
      <p>15. Kloner RA, Brown M, The Sildenafil Study Group. Safety of sildenafil citrate in men with erectile disfunction taking multiple antihypertensive agents. Am J Hypertens 1999; 12: 37A. </p>
      <p>16. Kloner R. Cardiovascular Risk and sildenafil. Am J Cardiol 2000; (suppl): 57F-61F.</p>
      <p>17. Bocchi et al. Sildenafil effects on exercise, neurohormonal activation, and erectile dysfunction in congestive heart failure: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study followed by a prospective treatment for erectile dysfunction. Circulation 2002; 106 (9): 1097-103. </p>
      <p>18. Brock GB. Efficacy and safety of tadalafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: results of integrated analyses. J Urol 2002 Oct; 168 (4 Pt 1): 1332-6.</p>
      <p>19. Seftel AD. The efficacy and safety of tadalafil in United States and Puerto Rican men with erectile dysfunction. J Urol 2004 Aug 172 (2):652-7.</p>
      <p>20. Padma-Nathan H. Efficacy and tolerability of tadalafil, a novel phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, in treatment of erectile dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2003 Nov 6;92 (9A): 19M-25M.</p>
      <p>21. Kloner RA. Cardiovascular effects of tadalafil. Am J Cardiol 2003 Nov 6; 92 (9A): 37M-46M. </p>
      <p>22. Kloner RA. Time course of the interaction between tadalafil and nitrates. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 Nov 19; 42 (10): 1855-60.</p>
      <p>23. Rodriguez Faba O. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with penile protesis. Our experience. Actas Urol Esp 2004 Sep; 28 (8): 575-80.</p>
      <p>24. Schoepen Y. Penile prostheses and infection. Prog Urol 2002 Jun; 12 (3): 377-83.</p>
      <p>25. Mulhall JP. The impact of sildenafil citrate on sexual satisfaction profiles in men with a penile prosthesis in situ. BJU Int 2004 Jan; 93 (1): 97-9.</p>
      <p>26. Stein RA. The effect of exercise training on heart rate during coitus in post myocardial infarction patient. Circulation 1977; 55: 738-40. </p>
      <p>27. Muller JE, Mitlleman MA, Maclure M, et al. Triggering myocardial infarction by sexual activity. Low absolute risk and prevention by regular physical exertion. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 275: 1405-9. </p>
      <p>28. Muller J. MD. Triggering of cardiac events by sexual activity: Findings from a case-crossover analysis. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 14F-18F.</p>
      <p>29. Cremers B, Kjellstrom B, S&#252;dkamp M, B&#246;hn M. Hemodynamic monitoring during sexual intercourse and physical exercise in a patient with chronic heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med 2002; 112: 428-30.</p>
      <p>30. Drory Y, Shapira I, Fisman EZ, Pines A. Myocardial ischemia during sexual activity in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75: 835- 7.</p>
      <p>31. Ueno M. The so-called coition death. Jpn J Leg Med 1963; 17: 333-40.</p>
      <p>32. Parzeller M, Raschka C, Bratzke H. Sudden cardiovascular death in correlation with sexual activity - results of a medicolegal postmortem study from 1972-1998. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 610-6.</p>
      <p>33. Stanek MS. Cardiovascular disease. In: Farber M, ed. Human sexuality: psychosexual effects of disease. New York: Macmillan, 1985: 231-9.</p>
      <p>34. Jackson G. Sexual intercourse and stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86 (suppl): 35F-37F.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Ricardo Stein </p>
          <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Caetano 20/302 </p>
          <p> 90470-260 - Porto Alegre-RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="kuqui2@terra.com.br">kuqui2@terra.com.br</email> ou </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rstein@cardiol.br">rstein@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 01/19/05 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/18/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
