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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4RGFsp8hCS6Dw6qdPv6ZH4Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000100008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600108</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000100008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a do transplante aut&#243;logo, intra-arterial, de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Maria L&#250;cia Furtado de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel R. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Suzana Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Manfrim</surname>
            <given-names>Aquiles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique Eiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonz&#225;les</surname>
            <given-names>Constantino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andr&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dohmann</surname>
            <given-names>Hans Fernando Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borojevic</surname>
            <given-names>Radovan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Otero</surname>
            <given-names>Ros&#225;lia Mendez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio deJaneiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Mil&#234;nio de Bioengenharia Tecidual</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>52</fpage>
      <lpage>55</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) &#233; a terceira causa de &#243;bito e a principal causa de incapacidade em indiv&#237;duos adultos. Embora a mortalidade do AVC esteja diminuindo em alguns pa&#237;ses, a morbidade tem aumentado em raz&#227;o do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e do aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes&#185;. O tratamento com ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tissular recombinante (rt-PA) &#233; eficaz quando institu&#237;do em at&#233; 3 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas&#178;, por&#233;m seu uso est&#225; limitado a cerca de 5% dos pacientes na fase aguda do AVC isqu&#234;mico. Al&#233;m disso, nenhum agente para neuroprote&#231;&#227;o teve sua efic&#225;cia comprovada em estudos cl&#237;nicos em humanos. Portanto, outras estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas precisam ser desenvolvidas. Em modelos animais, o uso de c&#233;lulas-tronco correlacionou-se com melhora funcional ap&#243;s o AVC&#179;. Publica&#231;&#245;es recentes t&#234;m demonstrado a seguran&#231;a do tratamento com c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea (CMMO) injetadas via intracoron&#225;ria em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica aguda ou cr&#244;nica4,5. Baseado nesses dados iniciais, h&#225; crescente interesse no estudo do transplante com CMMO na fase aguda do AVC. Relatamos o primeiro caso de transplante aut&#243;logo de CMMO via intra-arterial na fase aguda do AVC isqu&#234;mico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Seguran&#231;a do transplante aut&#243;logo, intra-arterial, de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria L&#250;cia Furtado de Mendon&#231;a; Gabriel R. de Freitas; Suzana Alves da Silva; Aquiles Manfrim; Carlos Henrique Eiras Falc&#227;o; Constantino Gonz&#225;les; Charles Andr&#233;; Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann; Radovan Borojevic; Ros&#225;lia Mendez Otero</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Instituto do Mil&#234;nio de Bioengenharia Tecidual - Rio deJaneiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) &#233; a terceira causa de &#243;bito e a principal causa de incapacidade em indiv&#237;duos adultos. Embora a mortalidade do AVC esteja diminuindo em alguns pa&#237;ses, a morbidade tem aumentado em raz&#227;o do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o e do aumento da sobrevida dos pacientes<sup>1</sup>. O tratamento com ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tissular recombinante (rt-PA) &#233; eficaz quando institu&#237;do em at&#233; 3 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas<sup>2</sup>, por&#233;m seu uso est&#225; limitado a cerca de 5% dos pacientes na fase aguda do AVC isqu&#234;mico. Al&#233;m disso, nenhum agente para neuroprote&#231;&#227;o teve sua efic&#225;cia comprovada em estudos cl&#237;nicos em humanos. Portanto, outras estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas precisam ser desenvolvidas. Em modelos animais, o uso de c&#233;lulas-tronco correlacionou-se com melhora funcional ap&#243;s o AVC<sup>3</sup>. Publica&#231;&#245;es recentes t&#234;m demonstrado a seguran&#231;a do tratamento com c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea (CMMO) injetadas via intracoron&#225;ria em pacientes portadores de cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica aguda ou cr&#244;nica<sup>4,5</sup>. Baseado nesses dados iniciais, h&#225; crescente interesse no estudo do transplante com CMMO na fase aguda do AVC. </p>
    <p>Relatamos o primeiro caso de transplante aut&#243;logo de CMMO via intra-arterial na fase aguda do AVC isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DO CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher negra, 54 anos, com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e AVC isqu&#234;mico, em tratamento regular com fenito&#237;na, foi internada no setor de emerg&#234;ncia de outra institui&#231;&#227;o, 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio de hemiparesia direita e afasia global. Tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio (TC) evidenciou les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica aguda no territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia (ACM) esquerda. </p>
    <p>No terceiro dia ap&#243;s o AVC, depois de assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido pelo marido e pelo filho, a paciente foi transferida para o Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco. Na interna&#231;&#227;o, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica era de 110 x 70 mmHg e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de 85 bpm. O exame neurol&#243;gico evidenciou afasia global, hemiparesia e hemi-hipoestesia f&#225;cio-br&#225;quio-crural direita com sinal de Babinski ipsilateral. Os reflexos profundos eram vivos e sim&#233;tricos. A pontua&#231;&#227;o na escala do National Institute of Health Stroke Scale Score (NIHSS) foi 17; pontua&#231;&#227;o na escala de Rankin modificada (mRS) foi 4 e no &#237;ndice de Barthel, 5. Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) cerebral, incluindo a seq&#252;&#234;ncia de difus&#227;o, confirmou les&#227;o recente no territ&#243;rio do ramo posterior da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia esquerda e les&#227;o antiga na regi&#227;o do ramo posterior da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). O uso de fenito&#237;na foi mantido. Aspirina e heparina de baixo peso molecular para profilaxia de trombose venosa profunda foram associadas ao esquema terap&#234;utico. Os exames de sangue de rotina foram normais. A paciente foi submetida a Doppler transcraniano (DTC) na interna&#231;&#227;o que evidenciou pat&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias intracranianas. Eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico, Doppler e duplex scan de car&#243;tidas e vertebrais foram normais. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0052-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A paciente foi selecionada para o protocolo de pesquisa, fase I, da "Seguran&#231;a e Exeq&#252;ibilidade do Transplante Aut&#243;logo de C&#233;lulas Mononucleares da Medula &#211;ssea na Fase Aguda do Acidente Vascular Cerebral Isqu&#234;mico", aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco e pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP) em 30 de junho de 2004, e registrado sob o n&#250;mero CNS/9396.</p>
    <p>No quarto dia, antes do procedimento de inje&#231;&#227;o, a imagem de RM nas seq&#252;&#234;ncias de difus&#227;o e perfus&#227;o sugeriu haver uma &#225;rea de penumbra isqu&#234;mica ocupando parte do territ&#243;rio da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia esquerda. Tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (SPECT) cerebral com Tc-99m mostrou hipoperfus&#227;o nas regi&#245;es parietal e occiptal esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2A</xref>); tomografia com emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons com Fluorine-18-2-Fluoro-2-Deoxy-d-glucose (FDG-PET) demonstrou uma &#225;rea de hipometabolismo no lobo parietal esquerdo e parte dos lobos parietal e occipital direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 3A</xref>). EEG evidenciou atividade delta polimorfa temporal esquerda, e DTC revelou velocidade de fluxo normal na ACM esquerda.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0052-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>TRANSPLANTE CELULAR</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aproximadamente 4 horas antes do procedimento de inje&#231;&#227;o, foram aspirados 50 ml de medula &#243;ssea da crista il&#237;aca posterior, sob seda&#231;&#227;o e analgesia local. As CMMO foram isoladas por meio de gradiente de densidade em solu&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Ficoll-Paque Plus</italic> (Amersham Bioscienses). As CMMO foram lavadas com solu&#231;&#227;o salina heparinizada contendo albumina humana 5% e filtradas atrav&#233;s de uma peneira de nylon 100 &#181;m para remo&#231;&#227;o dos agregados celulares. Essas c&#233;lulas foram cuidadosamente suspensas em solu&#231;&#227;o salina e albumina humana 5% para inje&#231;&#227;o. Uma pequena fra&#231;&#227;o da suspens&#227;o celular foi usada para contagem celular e teste de viabilidade com azul de "trypan". A viabilidade celular foi &gt; 90%, assegurando a qualidade da suspens&#227;o celular. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o <italic>post-hoc</italic> dos fen&#243;tipos celulares foi realizada por meio de citometria de fluxo e an&#225;lise funcional de uma segunda fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas<sup>6</sup>. A fim de se determinar a presen&#231;a de linhagens progenitoras mesenquimais, as unidades formadoras de col&#244;nias de fibroblasto foram quantificadas conforme previamente descrito<sup>6</sup>. Culturas em meios de cultivo para fungos e bact&#233;rias foram negativas.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi encaminhada ao laborat&#243;rio de interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular aproximadamente trinta minutos antes do retorno das c&#233;lulas ao hospital. Ap&#243;s arteriografia cerebral e cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da ACM esquerda, foram injetados cerca de 30x10<sup>7 </sup>CMMO. N&#227;o havia obstru&#231;&#227;o da ACM esquerda ou de seus ramos. Um volume total de 3 ml, contendo 10x10<sup>7 </sup>CMMO/ml, foi injetado na ACM em um intervalo de dez minutos. Durante todo o procedimento, a paciente foi monitorizada com DTC e EEG, os quais n&#227;o evidenciaram sinais de microemboliza&#231;&#227;o (DTC) ou altera&#231;&#245;es eletroencefalogr&#225;ficas (EEG).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ACOMPANHAMENTO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A paciente foi submetida, no s&#233;timo dia ap&#243;s o transplante, aos exames complementares n&#227;o-invasivos realizados antes do procedimento. Houve uma discreta diminui&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica na seq&#252;&#234;ncia de difus&#227;o da RM e de hipoperfus&#227;o pelo SPECT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2B</xref>). O FDG-PET mostrou um aumento do metabolismo no c&#243;rtex parietal esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 3B</xref>). O EEG n&#227;o evidenciou atividade epileptiforme. No exame neurol&#243;gico a paciente apresentou melhora parcial da hemiparesia direita e da compreens&#227;o da linguagem. A paciente foi tratada com gatifloxacina durante dez dias em raz&#227;o de sinusite maxilar, e foi iniciada quetiapina 12,5 mg para tratamento de ins&#244;nia. No 29&#186; dia de seguimento, dia da alta hospitalar, a pontua&#231;&#227;o do NIHSS foi de 14; a pontua&#231;&#227;o da escala de Rankin modificada foi de 3 e o &#237;ndice de Barthel, 60. No 60&#186; dia de acompanhamento, os escores foram de 9; 3 e 60, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Essa foi a primeira paciente inclu&#237;da em nosso estudo cl&#237;nico, de fase I, da "Seguran&#231;a e Exeq&#252;ibilidade do Transplante Aut&#243;logo de CMMO na Fase Aguda do Acidente Vascular Cerebral Isqu&#234;mico". Esse estudo tem por objetivo incluir dez pacientes no grupo-tratado e cinco pacientes no grupo-controle. At&#233; o presente, este &#233; o primeiro relato de transplante intra-arterial de CMMO na fase aguda do AVC.</p>
    <p>Estudos consistentes sobre o uso de c&#233;lulas-tronco na fase aguda do AVC foram realizados em modelos experimentais de isquemia focal<sup>3</sup>. Em ratos adultos, submetidos a oclus&#227;o transit&#243;ria ou permanente da art&#233;ria cerebral m&#233;dia, diferentes tipos de c&#233;lulas-tronco (medula &#243;ssea de camundongos, medula &#243;ssea humana, cord&#227;o umbilical humano etc.), administrados por via intravenosa ou intra-arterial, resultaram em diminui&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica e melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional comparados ao grupo-controle. </p>
    <p>Kondziolka e cols.<sup>7</sup> estudaram a seguran&#231;a e exeq&#252;ibilidade do transplante intraparenquimatoso de 2 a 6 x 10<sup>6 </sup>neur&#244;nios derivados de teratocarcinoma humano em doze pacientes com AVC de n&#250;cleos da base e d&#233;ficit motor estabelecido. N&#227;o ocorreram efeitos adversos em doze meses de acompanhamento. A pontua&#231;&#227;o na escala europ&#233;ia de AVC (European Stroke Scale Score) melhorou em seis pacientes, e seis dos onze exames de PET-scan realizados seis meses ap&#243;s o procedimento evidenciaram um aumento na capta&#231;&#227;o de FDG no local implantado. Um dos pacientes faleceu de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio 27 meses ap&#243;s o transplante, e estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico evidenciou a exist&#234;ncia de neur&#244;nios derivados das c&#233;lulas transplantadas<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas-tronco t&#234;m capacidade de auto-renova&#231;&#227;o, de diferencia&#231;&#227;o em m&#250;ltiplas linhagens celulares, e podem ser obtidas de fontes embrion&#225;rias, fetais ou adultas. O tipo celular ideal para reparo neuronal ainda &#233; motivo de debate. As c&#233;lulas-tronco adultas aut&#243;logas da medula &#243;ssea possuem algumas vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s c&#233;lulas-tronco embrion&#225;rias e outros tipos celulares: n&#227;o existe risco de rejei&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o est&#227;o ligadas &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de teratomas como as c&#233;lulas embrion&#225;rias, e n&#227;o est&#227;o relacionadas aos problemas &#233;ticos e legais<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; desconhecido o mecanismo pelo qual as c&#233;lulas transplantadas poderiam melhorar a recupera&#231;&#227;o funcional. N&#227;o est&#225; claro se essas c&#233;lulas se diferenciam em neur&#244;nios ou funcionam como pequenas bombas produtoras de citocinas e fatores tr&#243;ficos que estimulariam a neurog&#234;nese e angiog&#234;nese<sup>3</sup>. Redu&#231;&#227;o da apoptose na &#225;rea de penumbra isqu&#234;mica tamb&#233;m tem sido proposta<sup>3</sup>. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o das CMMO mediante emprego de marcadores radioativos ou magn&#233;ticos pode oferecer mais informa&#231;&#245;es quanto ao mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas-tronco<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>O nosso estudo de fase I foi desenhado para avaliar a seguran&#231;a e exeq&#252;ibilidade do procedimento de transplante intra-arterial de CMMO em pacientes na fase aguda do AVC isqu&#234;mico. Portanto, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel afirmar se a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica favor&#225;vel, assim como os resultados da RM e do PET est&#227;o ligados ao transplante de CMMO ou &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica espont&#226;nea. Melhora do edema cerebral ou recanaliza&#231;&#227;o arterial espont&#226;nea pode estar relacionada &#224; melhora neurol&#243;gica precoce. Mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a seguran&#231;a do procedimento ser&#227;o dispon&#237;veis ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o dos dez pacientes do estudo.</p>
    <p>O uso de c&#233;lulas aut&#243;logas da medula &#243;ssea para o tratamento do AVC &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o de baixo custo, relativamente simples e facilmente aplic&#225;vel, caso sejam comprovadas sua seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia. Pelo fato de o AVC ter enorme impacto social e econ&#244;mico, causar importante incapacidade e sofrimento pessoal e familiar, e de n&#227;o existir tratamento eficaz de amplo alcance, estudos cl&#237;nicos de fase II e fase III, multic&#234;ntricos, randomizados, com transplante aut&#243;logo de c&#233;lulas mononucleares da medula &#243;ssea, s&#227;o urgentemente necess&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann </p>
        <p> Av. Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 2/602 </p>
        <p> 22010-120 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="hdohmann@cardiol.br">hdohmann@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="diretoria.cientifica@procardiaco.com.br">diretoria.cientifica@procardiaco.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 15/12/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 25/07/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Intra-arterial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation for acute ischemic stroke</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Stroke is the third cause of death and the leading cause of disability in adult subjects. Although stroke mortality has been declining in some countries, stroke morbidity has been increasing due to the aging of population and patients improved survival.&#185; Treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is successful provided it is administered within 3 hours of symptoms onset,&#178; but its use is limited to about 5% of the patients with acute ischemic stroke. Furthermore, no neuroprotective agent has yet been proven effective in human clinical trials. The development of other therapeutic strategies is, therefore, warranted. The use of stem cells in animal models has led to functional improvement following stroke.&#179; Recent publications have shown that bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) therapy through intracoronary injection is a safe procedure in patients with acute or chronic ischemic heart disease.4,5 Based on these preliminary data, there has been growing interest in the study of BM-MNC transplantation for acute ischemic stroke. We report the first case of intra-arterial autologous BM-MNC transplantation for acute ischemic stroke.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Intra-arterial autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation for acute ischemic stroke </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria L&#250;cia Furtado de Mendon&#231;a; Gabriel R. de Freitas; Suzana Alves da Silva; Aquiles Manfrim; Carlos Henrique Eiras Falc&#227;o; Constantino Gonz&#225;les; Charles Andr&#233;; Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann; Radovan Borojevic; Ros&#225;lia Mendez Otero</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e Instituto do Mil&#234;nio de Bioengenharia Tecidual - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Stroke is the third cause of death and the leading cause of disability in adult subjects. Although stroke mortality has been declining in some countries, stroke morbidity has been increasing due to the aging of population and patients improved survival<sup>1</sup>. Treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is successful provided if it is administered within 3 hours of symptoms onset<sup>2</sup>, but its use is limited to about 5% of the patients with acute ischemic stroke. Furthermore, no neuroprotective agent has yet been proven effective in human clinical trials. The development of other therapeutic strategies is, therefore, warranted. The use of stem cells in animal models has led to functional improvement following stroke<sup>3</sup>. Recent publications have shown that bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC) therapy through intracoronary injection is a safe procedure in patients with acute or chronic ischemic heart disease<sup>4,5</sup>. Based on these preliminary data, there has been growing interest in the study of BM-MNC transplantation for acute ischemic stroke.</p>
      <p> We report the first case of intra-arterial autologous BM-MNC transplantation for acute ischemic stroke.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 54-year-old black woman with history of systemic arterial hypertension and ischemic stroke, and who was on phenytoin therapy, was admitted to the emergency department of another institution six hours after the onset of right hemiparesis and global aphasia. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain showed an acute ischemic lesion in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. </p>
      <p>Three days following stroke and after the Informed Consent was obtained from her husband and son, the patient was transferred to the Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco Hospital. At admission, her blood pressure was 110 x 70 mmHg and her heart rate, 85 bpm. Neurological examination showed global aphasia, right faciobrachiocrural hemiparesis and hemihypoesthesia with ipsilateral Babinski&#146;s sign. Deep reflexes were brisk and symmetrical. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index scores were 17, 4, and 5, respectively. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including diffusion-weighted imaging, confirmed the presence of a recent lesion in the posterior branch of the left middle cerebral artery and an old lesion in the posterior branch of the right middle cerebral artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>) Phenytoin was maintained. Aspirin and low-molecular-weight heparin for prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis were added to the drug regimen. Routine blood tests were found to be normal. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) performed at admission showed patency of intracranial arteries. Electrocardiogram, transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiogram, along with duplex scanning and Doppler color flow imaging of the carotid and vertebral arteries, were all normal. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0052-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>This patient was selected for the Phase I study protocol "Safety and Feasibility of Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for Acute Ischemic Stroke" previously approved by the Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco&#146;s Research and Ethics Committee and by the National Committee for Ethics on Research (Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa - CONEP) on July 30<sup>th</sup>, and filed under the No. CNS/9396. </p>
      <p>Diffusion and perfusion MRI obtained on the fourth day before the injection procedure suggested the presence of an ischemic penumbra over part of the left middle cerebral artery territory. Brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using Tc-99m showed hypoperfusion in the left parietal and occipital regions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2A</xref>); positron emission tomography with fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG-PET) showed a hypometabolic area within the left parietal lobe and part of the right parietal and occipital lobes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 3A</xref>). EEG demonstrated polymorphic delta activity over the left temporal lobe, and TCD revealed normal blood flow velocity in the left MCA. </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0052-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>CELL TRANSPLANTATION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Approximately four hours before the injection procedure, 50 ml of bone marrow were aspirated, under sedation and local anesthesia, from the patient&#146;s posterior iliac crest. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient using Ficoll-Paque Plus (Amersham Bioscienses), washed with heparinized saline containing 5% human serum albumin (HSA) and filtered through a 100-&#181;m nylon mesh to remove cell aggregates. These cells were carefully resuspended in normal saline with 5% human serum albumin for injection. A small fraction of cell suspension was used for cell count and viability test by trypan blue exclusion test. Cell viability was &gt; 90%, ensuring cell suspension quality. <italic>Post-hoc</italic> characterization of cell phenotypes was performed using flow cytometry and functional analysis of a second fraction of cells<sup>6</sup>. In order to determine the presence of mesenchymal progenitor cell lines, fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-F) were quantified as previously described<sup>6</sup>. All cultures were negative for bacteria and fungi.</p>
      <p>The patient was conducted to the interventional cardiovascular laboratory approximately 30 minutes before cell transplantation. After cerebral arteriography and catheterization of the left MCA, about 30x10<sup>7 </sup>of BM-MNC were injected. No obstruction was found in the left MCA or its branches. A total volume of 3 ml containing 10x10<sup>7 </sup>of BM-MNC/ml was injected into the MCA in a 10-minute interval. The patient was monitored throughout the procedure by TCD and EEG, which showed no evidence of microembolization (TCD) or electroencephalographic changes (EEG).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>FOLLOW-UP</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Seven days after transplantation, the patient underwent the same non-invasive complementary examinations performed before the procedure. A slight decrease was found in the ischemic area by MRI diffusion sequence and in hypoperfusion by SPECT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2B</xref>). The FDG-PET showed increased metabolism in the left parietal cortex (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 3B</xref>). No epileptiform activity was observed on EEG. On neurological examination, the patient showed partial improvement in speech and in the right hemiparesis. She was given gatifloxacin during 10 days for maxillary sinusitis, and quetiapine12.5 mg was started for insomnia. On the 29th day of follow-up, discharge day, the NIHSS score was 14; the modified Rankin Scale was 3 and the Barthel Index was 60. On the 60th day of follow-up, these scores were 9, 3 and 60, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was the first patient enrolled in our Phase I clinical trial "Safety and Feasibility of Autologous Transplantation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for Acute Ischemic Stroke". The study is intended to include 10 patients in the treatment group and five patients in the control group. This is the very first report of intra-arterial BM-MNC transplantation for acute stroke.</p>
      <p>Consistent studies about the use of stem cells for acute stroke were performed in experimental models of focal ischemia<sup>3</sup>. In adult rats submitted to temporary or permanent MCA occlusion, the use of different types of stem cells (mouse bone marrow, human bone marrow, human umbilical cord, etc), either intravenously or intra-arterially, resulted in decreased ischemic area and better functional recovery compared to the control group. </p>
      <p>Kondziolka et al<sup>7</sup> studied the safety and feasibility of intraparenchymal transplantation of 2 to 6 x 10<sup>6 </sup>neuronal cells derived from human teratocarcinoma in twelve patients with basal ganglia stroke and fixed motor deficits. No adverse effects were observed during a 12-month follow-up. The European Stroke Scale score improved in six patients, and six of the eleven PET-scans performed six months after the procedure showed increased FDG uptake at the site of implantation. One patient died of acute myocardial infarction 27 months after transplantation, and pathological studies showed the presence of neurons derived from the transplanted cells<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Stem cells have the ability to self-renew as well as differentiate into multiple cell lines and may be obtained from embryonic, fetal or adult sources. Which is the best source for neuronal repair is still debatable. Autologous adult bone marrow stem cells have some advantages over embryonic stem cells and other kind of cells: there is no risk of rejection and, unlike embryonic cells, they are not associated with teratoma formation or ethical and legal issues.</p>
      <p>The mechanism through which the transplanted cells might improve functional recovery remains unknown. It is not clear whether these cells differentiate into neurons or act as small pumps that produce cytokines and trophic factors known to stimulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis<sup>3</sup>. Decreased apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra area has also been proposed<sup>3</sup>. Bone marrow mononuclear cell monitoring using radioactive or magnetic markers may yield further information on the mechanisms of the action of stem cells<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our Phase I study was designed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intra-arterial BM-MNC transplantation in patients with ischemic stroke. Therefore, we cannot say whether the favorable clinical outcome or the MRI and PET results are associated with the BM-MNC transplantation or with spontaneous neurological recovery. Either reduced cerebral edema or spontaneous arterial recanalization may be related to the early neurological improvement. Further information about safety will be available after the ten patients have been included in the study.</p>
      <p>The use of autologous bone marrow cells for the treatment of stroke is a low-cost, relatively simple, and easy-to-perform option, once its safety and efficacy are proved. Because stroke has an enormous social and economic impact, results in major impairment and suffering for the patient and his family, and the lack of an effective, wide-range treatment, there is a pressing need for multicenter, randomized Phases II and III clinical trials with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. de Freitas GR, Bezerra DC, Maulaz AB, Bogousslavsky J. Stroke: background/ epidemiology/ aetiology/ avoiding recurrence. In: Barnes M, Dobkin B, Bogousslavsky J, eds. Recovery after Stroke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005. 1-46.</p>
      <p>2. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke t-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1581&#150;7.</p>
      <p>3. Chopp M, Li Y. Treatment of neural injury with marrow stromal cells. Lancet Neurol 2002; 1: 92-100 (Revis&#227;o). </p>
      <p>4. Perin EC, Dohmann HFR, Borojevic R et al. Transendocardial, autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for severe, chronic ischemic heart failure. Circulation 2003; 107: 2294-302.</p>
      <p>5. Wollert KC, Meyer GP, Lotz J et al. Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: the BOOST randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 141-8. </p>
      <p>6 Coutinho LH, Gilleece MH, de Wynter EA et al. Clonal and long-term cultures using human bone marrow. In: Testa NG, Molineux G, eds. Haemopoiesis: A Practical Approach. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993. 84-5.</p>
      <p>7. Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Goldstein S et al. Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology 2000; 55: 565-9. </p>
      <p>8. Nelson PT, Kondziolka D, Wechsler L et al. Clonal human (hNT) neuron grafts for stroke therapy: neuropathology in a patient 27 months after implantation. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 1201-6. </p>
      <p>9. Korbling M, Estrov Z. Adult stem cells for tissue repair - a new therapeutic concept? N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 570-82 (Revis&#227;o).</p>
      <p>10. Hofmann M, Wollert KC, Meyer GP et al. Monitoring of bone marrow cell homing into the infarcted human myocardium. Circulation 2005; 111: 2198-202.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Hans Fernando Rocha Dohmann</p>
          <p> Av. Nossa Senhora de Copacabana, 2/602</p>
          <p> 22010-120 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="hdohmann@cardiol.br">hdohmann@cardiol.br</email> ou </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="diretoria.cientifica@procardiaco.com.br">diretoria.cientifica@procardiaco.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p> Received on 12/15/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 07/25/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
