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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">grCYrcbZJQWfKJcdKFydKkC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000100007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo "LOTHAR": avalia&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia e tolerabilidade da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kohlmann Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Osvaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mion Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff05"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salgado</surname>
            <given-names>Natalino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff06"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff07"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallaverde</surname>
            <given-names>Ernesto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff08"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Beltrame</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff06">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff07">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff05">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Alagoas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff08">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Biosint&#233;tica Farmac&#234;utica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento M&#233;dico </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>39</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: O estudo LOTHAR avaliou a efic&#225;cia, tolerabilidade e os efeitos metab&#243;licos em m&#233;dio e longo prazo (um ano) da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana versus anlodipino e losartana isoladamente. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro, randomizado, duplo-cego e comparativo realizado com 198 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria em est&#225;gios 1 e 2. RESULTADOS: A combina&#231;&#227;o fixa apresenta alta efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva que se mant&#233;m em longo prazo com percentual reduzido de escape do controle press&#243;rico, inferior a dos dois regimes monoter&#225;picos de compara&#231;&#227;o. Em longo prazo, mais de 60% dos pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa permaneceram com n&#237;veis da PAD &lt; 85 mmHg e o efeito anti-hipertensivo quando avaliado pela MAPA persistiu nas 24 horas com rela&#231;&#227;o vale-pico de 76,7%. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos adversos foi bastante reduzida neste grupo sendo a incid&#234;ncia em longo prazo de edema de membros inferiores cerca de quatro vezes menor que a observada com o anlodipino isolado. A combina&#231;&#227;o fixa n&#227;o alterou os metabolismos da glicose e dos l&#237;pides tanto em m&#233;dio quanto em longo prazos. CONCLUS&#195;O: Estes resultados nos permitem afirmar que a combina&#231;&#227;o de anlodipino e losartana, a primeira combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de um antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio e um bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II dispon&#237;vel no mercado farmac&#234;utico constitui-se em excelente op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial em larga gama de pacientes hipertensos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de antihipertensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>anlodipino</kwd>
        <kwd>losartana</kwd>
        <kwd>efic&#225;cia</kwd>
        <kwd>tolerabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolismo da glicose e l&#237;pides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo "LOTHAR": avalia&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia e tolerabilidade da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr<sup>I</sup>; Wille Oigman<sup>II</sup>; D&#233;cio Mion Jr.<sup>III</sup>; Jo&#227;o Carlos Rocha<sup>IV</sup>; Marco Antonio Mota Gomes<sup>V</sup>; Natalino Salgado<sup>VI</sup>; Gilson Soares Feitosa<sup>VII</sup>; Ernesto Dallaverde<sup>VIII</sup>; Artur Beltrame Ribeiro<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP </p>
    <p><sup>V</sup>Escola de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Alagoas </p>
    <p><sup>VI</sup>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o </p>
    <p><sup>VII</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica </p>
    <p><sup>VIII</sup>Departamento M&#233;dico &#150; Biosint&#233;tica Farmac&#234;utica Ltda - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>O estudo LOTHAR avaliou a efic&#225;cia, tolerabilidade e os efeitos metab&#243;licos em m&#233;dio e longo prazo (um ano) da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana versus anlodipino e losartana isoladamente. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro, randomizado, duplo-cego e comparativo realizado com 198 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria em est&#225;gios 1 e 2. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A combina&#231;&#227;o fixa apresenta alta efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva que se mant&#233;m em longo prazo com percentual reduzido de escape do controle press&#243;rico, inferior a dos dois regimes monoter&#225;picos de compara&#231;&#227;o. Em longo prazo, mais de 60% dos pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa permaneceram com n&#237;veis da PAD </p>
    <p><underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg e o efeito anti-hipertensivo quando avaliado pela MAPA persistiu nas 24 horas com rela&#231;&#227;o vale-pico de 76,7%. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos adversos foi bastante reduzida neste grupo sendo a incid&#234;ncia em longo prazo de edema de membros inferiores cerca de quatro vezes menor que a observada com o anlodipino isolado. A combina&#231;&#227;o fixa n&#227;o alterou os metabolismos da glicose e dos l&#237;pides tanto em m&#233;dio quanto em longo prazos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Estes resultados nos permitem afirmar que a combina&#231;&#227;o de anlodipino e losartana, a primeira combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de um antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio e um bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II dispon&#237;vel no mercado farmac&#234;utico constitui-se em excelente op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial em larga gama de pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras Chaves: </bold>combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de antihipertensivos, anlodipino, losartana, efic&#225;cia, tolerabilidade, metabolismo da glicose e l&#237;pides</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; reconhecidamente o principal risco cardiovascular, e o seu tratamento com o adequado controle da press&#227;o reduz consideravelmente o risco de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, tamb&#233;m tem sido apontada a necessidade de um controle da press&#227;o arterial mais rigoroso, uma vez que redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial para n&#237;veis inferiores a 130/85 mmHg proporciona benef&#237;cios adicionais, tanto no que se refere &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (morbidade) quanto na mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>6</sup>. Desse modo, &#243;rg&#227;os cient&#237;fico-normativos, tais como o Joint National Committee americano, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, a Sociedade Internacional de Hipertens&#227;o e a Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o, na reedi&#231;&#227;o de seus guias normativos para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial apontam enfaticamente para a necessidade da obten&#231;&#227;o de um rigoroso controle da press&#227;o arterial, e mesmo estabelecem um novo limite superior para a normalidade da press&#227;o arterial, isto &#233; 130/85 mmHg, significativamente inferior ao limite anterior que era de 140/90 mmHg<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, entretanto, tem demonstrado que a obten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos inferiores a esses novos limites de normalidade &#233; muito dif&#237;cil quando se emprega a monoterapia. Grandes estudos populacionais t&#234;m demonstrado que para a obten&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial abaixo de 130/85 mmHg torna-se necess&#225;rio o emprego da associa&#231;&#227;o de anti-hipertensivos em cerca de 70% da popula&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o arterial leve a moderada<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entre os anti-hipertensivos atualmente dispon&#237;veis, os antagonistas dos canais de c&#225;lcio diidropirid&#237;nicos (ACC-DHP) e os bloqueadores do receptor AT<sub>1 </sub>da angiotensina II (BRA) ocupam lugar de destaque, pois al&#233;m de eficazes t&#234;m capacidade de prote&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e apresentam baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos<sup>7-11</sup>. Ali&#225;s, tem sido descrito que com os bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II a incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos assemelha-se &#224;quela que se observa com o uso de placebo e que n&#227;o aumenta com o uso de doses mais elevadas<sup>11</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o medicamentos que apresentam um bom perfil metab&#243;lico<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica demonstra sinergia na redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial quando essas duas classes de anti-hipertensivos s&#227;o utilizadas em associa&#231;&#227;o, permitindo um mais adequado controle da press&#227;o arterial, mesmo quando cada um dos f&#225;rmacos &#233; utilizado em doses baixas<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>O anlodipino, um antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio, um derivado diidropirid&#237;nico, &#233; um importante hipotensor gra&#231;as &#224; sua potente a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora arterial; tem efeitos natriur&#233;tico, antiproliferativos e antiateroscler&#243;ticos<sup>7,8,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Essa classe de anti-hipertensivos, entretanto, n&#227;o promove vasodilata&#231;&#227;o venosa, equipar&#225;vel ao efeito arterial, gera um desequil&#237;brio de for&#231;as hidrost&#225;ticas no capilar perif&#233;rico, facilita o extravasamento de l&#237;quidos para o espa&#231;o intersticial, o que possibilita, em raz&#227;o da for&#231;a gravitacional, a forma&#231;&#227;o de edema de membros inferiores<sup>7,8,12,15</sup>. Edema de membros inferiores tem sido descrito como um efeito adverso freq&#252;ente dessa classe de anti-hipertensivos e que por muitas vezes &#233; tido como causa de abandono de tratamento.</p>
    <p>Uma maneira de se minimizar esse efeito &#233; o emprego de doses menores desse antagonista de c&#225;lcio, uma vez que existe rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dose empregada e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia e intensidade dos eventos adversos<sup>15</sup>. Entretanto, a experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica demonstra que redu&#231;&#227;o da dose desse hipotensor para metade acarreta perda de pelos menos 20% do efeito hipotensor proporcionado pela dose plena, dificultando assim a obten&#231;&#227;o da meta de controle da press&#227;o arterial<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma alternativa para reduzir ou mesmo prevenir o edema de membros inferiores induzido pelo antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o associada de um medicamento que tamb&#233;m promova venodilata&#231;&#227;o. &#192; semelhan&#231;a dos inibidores da ECA, os bloqueadores do receptor AT<sub>1 </sub>da angiotensina II como a losartana promovem vasodilata&#231;&#227;o tanto arterial quanto venosa, equilibrando a press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica no capilar perif&#233;rico e, desse modo, diminuindo o extravasamento de l&#237;quidos para o interst&#237;cio<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Desse modo, o emprego associado desses dois anti-hipertensivos pode, al&#233;m de potencializar a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, proporcionar menor incid&#234;ncia de edema de membros inferiores decorrente da menor dose de anlodipino empregada e do efeito venodilatador da losartana<sup>11,15,16,17</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabemos, ainda, que tratamento hipotensor deve como norma, sempre que poss&#237;vel, ser simples, pois &#233; conhecido que o emprego de dois ou mais agentes influencia negativamente a ades&#227;o ao tratamento cr&#244;nico do estado hipertensivo. Assim, o emprego de combina&#231;&#245;es fixas de anti-hipertensivos tem a vantagem de tornar a terap&#234;utica mais simples, permitindo, dessa maneira, uma maior ades&#227;o do paciente ao tratamento hipotensor cr&#244;nico<sup>15,18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apenas recentemente tornou-se dispon&#237;vel no mercado farmac&#234;utico brasileiro uma combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de um antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio diidropirid&#237;nico, o anlodipino com o bloqueador do receptor AT<sub>1 </sub>da angiotensina II, losartana.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, sabemos que para a obten&#231;&#227;o dos benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares e renais do tratamento anti-hipertensivo, o adequado controle da press&#227;o arterial deve ser mantido em muito longo prazo. Entretanto, a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica nos ensina que essa tarefa nem sempre &#233; muito f&#225;cil de ser alcan&#231;ada<sup>15</sup>. Assim, com certa freq&#252;&#234;ncia o esquema terap&#234;utico tem de ser reajustado, quer na sua dose, na classe de f&#225;rmacos ou n&#227;o progressiva associa&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rias s&#227;o as raz&#245;es para essa necessidade de freq&#252;entes ajustes na terap&#234;utica, como a mudan&#231;a no mecanismo primordial da eleva&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica. Desse modo, torna-se importante a an&#225;lise da efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva e da tolerabilidade de um esquema terap&#234;utico em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar, mediante estudo multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, duplo-cego e comparativo a efic&#225;cia e a tolerabilidade, em m&#233;dio e longo prazos, da primeira combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de um ACC-DHP com um BRA (anlodipino + losartana) dispon&#237;vel no mercado farmac&#234;utico para o tratamento de pacientes hipertensos prim&#225;rios est&#225;gios 1 e 2, comparando-a com esquemas terap&#234;uticos em monoterapia do antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio (anlodipino) e do bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina II (losartana). </p>
    <p>A efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva desses esquemas terap&#234;uticos foi avaliada de acordo com normas internacionais para estabelecimento da efic&#225;cia de um f&#225;rmaco anti-hipertensivo que se baseia no grau de redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica e na capacidade de alcance da meta de normalidade desse par&#226;metro press&#243;rico. Cabe ressaltar que todos os f&#225;rmacos dispon&#237;veis atualmente para tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial tiveram sua taxa de efic&#225;cia estabelecida com base nessa norma internacional.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos a efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva para dois crit&#233;rios diferentes de normalidade da press&#227;o arterial: PAD <underline>&lt;</underline> 90 mmHg (crit&#233;rio cl&#225;ssico) e PAD <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg (novo crit&#233;rio), sendo esse &#250;ltimo utilizado como par&#226;metro para indicar titula&#231;&#227;o da dose dos medicamentos em estudo. O efeito hipotensor dos tr&#234;s esquemas terap&#234;uticos foi avaliado tanto pela press&#227;o de consult&#243;rio como pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). Por fim, estudamos tamb&#233;m a influ&#234;ncia desses tratamentos sobre o metabolismo da glicose e dos l&#237;pides.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O LOTHAR (combina&#231;&#227;o de An<italic>L</italic>odipino e Losartana no <italic>T</italic>ratamento da <italic>H</italic>ipertens&#227;o <italic>AR</italic>terial) foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro, randomizado, duplo-cego e comparativo, que teve como objetivo a avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia e tolerabilidade e dos efeitos metab&#243;licos, em m&#233;dio e longo prazos, da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana <italic>versus</italic> anlodipino e losartana, isoladamente empregados no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial prim&#225;ria est&#225;gios 1 (leve) e 2 (moderada). O estudo foi realizado em sete centros de pesquisa cl&#237;nicas, sendo selecionados 204 pacientes alocados nos tr&#234;s bra&#231;os do estudo. Seis pacientes foram retirados do estudo por viola&#231;&#227;o de protocolo, perda de ades&#227;o, retirada do consentimento e, portanto, 198 pacientes fizeram parte das an&#225;lises de efic&#225;cia e tolerabilidade, sendo 66 alocados a cada um dos bra&#231;os do estudo.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s semanas de suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva pr&#233;via (semana 0), pacientes hipertensos prim&#225;rios est&#225;gio 1 e 2, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 21 e setenta anos de idade, que obedeciam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o do estudo, foram alocados de forma randomizada e duplo-cega para tratamento com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana na dose inicial de 2,5/50 mg /uma vez ao dia ou anlodipino 5 mg/dia, ou ainda losartana 50 mg/dia durante seis semanas. </p>
    <p>Ao final da sexta semana de tratamento, os pacientes que haviam alcan&#231;ado a meta de redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PAD <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg) continuavam a receber a medica&#231;&#227;o na mesma dosagem por seis semanas adicionais. J&#225; pacientes com valores da PAD &gt; 85 mmHg tiveram a dosagem da medica&#231;&#227;o das pr&#243;ximas seis semanas de seguimento aumentada para 5,0/100 mg no caso da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa, 10 mg no grupo anlodipino isolado e 100 mg para os pacientes tratados apenas com a losartana, sendo novamente reavaliados na 12&#170; semana do estudo. </p>
    <p>Nesse per&#237;odo inicial de tratamento durante doze semanas, os pacientes foram avaliados a cada tr&#234;s semanas com determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nas posi&#231;&#245;es sentada e ortost&#225;tica. A press&#227;o arterial registrada representa a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas obtidas atrav&#233;s de esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e dois minutos ap&#243;s assumir a posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. O efeito hipotensor dos tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos foi tamb&#233;m avaliado por meio de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA, equipamento SpaceLabs) realizada em todos os pacientes na semana 0 (basal) e ao final da 12&#170; semana de tratamento. </p>
    <p>Para caracterizar a efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva utilizamos dois &#237;ndices: taxa de normaliza&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica (em porcentual) com dois pontos de corte, PAD &lt; 90 mmHg e PAD <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg e taxa de efic&#225;cia que representa a soma da freq&#252;&#234;ncia de normaliza&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica acrescida do porcentual de pacientes que apesar de n&#227;o terem alcan&#231;ado valores normais da PAD apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o desta <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliados tamb&#233;m em cada visita o peso corporal e a an&#225;lise de tolerabilidade pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos adversos, complementados com a medida no per&#237;odo basal e ap&#243;s seis e doze semanas de tratamento do volume da perna (um &#237;ndice objetivo da forma&#231;&#227;o de edema de membros inferiores) avaliado pelo volume de l&#237;quido deslocado de um recipiente repleto ao se introduzir a perna nele (princ&#237;pio f&#237;sico de Arquimedes).</p>
    <p>Par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos de seguran&#231;a (hematol&#243;gico completo, fun&#231;&#227;o renal, fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, eletr&#243;litos, proteinograma e enzimas) e eletrocardiograma de repouso foram determinados tamb&#233;m em todos os pacientes no per&#237;odo basal (semana 0) e na 12&#170; semana de tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Nos mesmos momentos, registramos ainda os valores de par&#226;metros do metabolismo da glicose (glicemia e insulinemia de jejum e 120 minutos ap&#243;s sobrecarga de 75 gramas de glicose por via oral, com c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de sensibilidade a insulina) e dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos (colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides). Os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram determinados por m&#233;todo automatizado e a insulinemia, por radioimunoensaio. O &#237;ndice de sensibilidade a insulina foi calculado pela formula ISI= 100000/ACGxACI, em que ACG e ACI representam, respectivamente, as &#225;reas da curvas de glicose e de insulina determinadas durante a sobrecarga de glicose.</p>
    <p>Ao final da 12&#170; semana de tratamento, por raz&#245;es de &#233;tica m&#233;dica, boa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e observ&#226;ncia &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es da IV Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, somente os pacientes que se beneficiaram do esquema terap&#234;utico a que estavam submetidos (obtiveram normaliza&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica definida como PAD <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg ou apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) entraram de forma volunt&#225;ria na fase de extens&#227;o duplo-cega do estudo por mais quarenta semanas, sendo avaliados a cada oito semanas no tocante &#224; efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva e tolerabilidade. </p>
    <p>Esse crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o na fase de extens&#227;o justifica-se pelo fato de os pacientes considerados n&#227;o-respondedores j&#225; estarem recebendo a dose m&#225;xima permitida do medicamento a que haviam sido alocados h&#225; pelo menos seis semanas; e como o delineamento do protocolo n&#227;o permitia a adi&#231;&#227;o de outros medicamentos ao regime terap&#234;utico, n&#227;o seria boa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica a manuten&#231;&#227;o deles no estudo por nove meses adicionais com o mesmo esquema medicamentoso. No per&#237;odo de extens&#227;o obtivemos em todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos os registros de MAPA e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico nas semanas 36 e 52 (final do estudo). Al&#233;m disso, foram determinados novamente ao final do estudo (52&#170; semana) os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos de seguran&#231;a j&#225; descritos anteriormente, bem como os par&#226;metros do metabolismo da glicose e l&#237;pides. Do mesmo modo registramos na 36&#170; e 52&#170; semanas o volume da perna dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial grave ou maligna; hipertens&#227;o arterial secund&#225;ria; s&#237;ndrome do avental branco, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca clinicamente manifesta; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico nos &#250;ltimos doze meses; pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel; arritmias card&#237;acas ou bloqueio atrioventricular; pacientes diab&#233;ticos; hepatopatas; com insufici&#234;ncia renal; al&#233;m de pacientes com discrasias sang&#252;&#237;neas e hist&#243;ria de alergia aos agentes em estudo, uso de medicamentos que pudessem interferir com os medicamentos em estudo e uso nos &#250;ltimos trinta dias de medicamento em investiga&#231;&#227;o Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;das as mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil que n&#227;o faziam uso de m&#233;todo anticoncepcional medicamente aceit&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>O protocolo da pesquisa foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica em pesquisa das respectivas institui&#231;&#245;es a que pertencia cada centro envolvido e pelo Comit&#234; Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CONEP). Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento p&#243;s-informado. </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos resultados foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas complementada com os testes de qui-quadrado. A prova n&#227;o-param&#233;trica de Kruskal-Wallis foi aplicada na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos sobre par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da no estudo est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Como podemos observar, os grupos n&#227;o diferiram entre si em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso e &#237;ndice de massa corporais, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. O porcentual de pacientes do sexo feminino e com hipertens&#227;o arterial classificada como est&#225;gio 2 foi um pouco maior no grupo alocado para receber isoladamente a losartana, embora essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Tr&#234;s pacientes do grupo anlodipino isolado foram retirados prematuramente (antes de completar a 12&#170; semana de tratamento) sendo dois por evento adverso e um por inefic&#225;cia. No grupo losartana isolado, quatro pacientes interromperam o tratamento antes da 12&#170; semana (um por evento adverso e tr&#234;s por inefic&#225;cia do medicamento). J&#225; no grupo que recebeu a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino + losartana, nenhum paciente foi retirado prematuramente do estudo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Efeitos sobre a press&#227;o arterial - Efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva - <italic>Em m&#233;dio prazo - </italic>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figura 1</xref> apresenta os valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada a cada visita, nos tr&#234;s grupos de tratamento durante os tr&#234;s meses iniciais do tratamento. Podemos observar que a press&#227;o arterial dos tr&#234;s grupos que era semelhante no per&#237;odo basal reduziu-se significativamente j&#225; a partir da terceira semana de tratamento nos tr&#234;s grupos (p &lt; 0,001 <italic>versus</italic> semana 0) e atingiu ao final da 12&#170; semana valores semelhantes nos grupos tratados com o anlodipino isolado e com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana (135,4 &#177; 12,2 / 85,7 &#177; 7,0 mmHg e 134,6 &#177; 15,0 / 86,2 &#177; 9,4 mmHg, respectivamente).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>J&#225; nos pacientes tratados somente com a losartana, a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, embora significante, foi menor, atingindo ao final das doze semanas de tratamento valores de 143,1 &#177; 15,3 / 91,3 &#177; 9,7 mmHg (p &lt; 0,04 <italic>versus</italic> anlodipino + losartana). A medida da press&#227;o arterial na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica revelou comportamento press&#243;rico durante o tratamento semelhante ao registrado na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, n&#227;o sendo relatado nenhum epis&#243;dio de hipotens&#227;o postural com os tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos.</p>
    <p>Para a obten&#231;&#227;o desses resultados houve necessidade de titula&#231;&#227;o da dose para a maior parte dos pacientes dos tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos. Assim, ao final das doze semanas de tratamento, 76,2% dos pacientes tratados com o anlodipino estavam recebendo a dose m&#225;xima (10 mg/dia), 82,3% dos tratados com a losartana (100 mg/dia) e um porcentual um pouco menor (68,2%) dos pacientes tratados com combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana (5+100 mg/dia). Desse modo, na 12&#170; semana de tratamento, a m&#233;dia das doses de cada regime terap&#234;utico era: 8,8 mg/dia; 91,1 mg/dia e 4,1+86,2 mg/dia, respectivamente, para os grupos anlodipino, losartana e combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana.</p>
    <p>Dos 66 pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana, 48 (72,7%) alcan&#231;aram PAD &lt; 90 mmHg ao final da 12&#170; semana do estudo, e desses em 35 (53%) a PAD foi inferior ou igual a 85 mmHg. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos no grupo tratado com anlodipino isolado 77,3% com PAD &lt; 90 mmHg e em 50% PAD <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg. J&#225; entres os pacientes que receberam somente a losartana, o porcentual de pacientes que atingiu valores de PAD &lt; 90 mmHg e <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg foi significantemente menor: 48,5% e 28,8%, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise alternativa da efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva dos tr&#234;s esquemas terap&#234;uticos com base na resposta da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, considerando como crit&#233;rio de normaliza&#231;&#227;o os valores de 140 mmHg e 130 mmHg, revelou para os tr&#234;s esquemas terap&#234;uticos taxas de efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva menores que as descritas para a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, observamos novamente a maior taxa de efic&#225;cia no grupo da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino + losartana que, entretanto, n&#227;o diferiu estatisticamente daquela do anlodipino isolado. A menor taxa de efic&#225;cia para a sist&#243;lica foi novamente observada no grupo losartana isolada. </p>
    <p>Assim, observamos PAD &lt; 140 mmHg em 68,2%; 63,6% e 41,5% dos pacientes tratados, respectivamente, com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa; anlodipino isolado e losartana isolada. PAD &lt; 130 mmHg foi observado em apenas 33,8% dos pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o, 31,8% dos que receberam anlodipino isolado e 18,5% dos tratados somente com a losartana. A taxa de normaliza&#231;&#227;o de ambas PAS e PAD foi ainda menor para os tr&#234;s tratamentos e seguiu o mesmo padr&#227;o descrito para cada componente isolado da press&#227;o arterial. Assim, as freq&#252;&#234;ncias relativas de pacientes com PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg e &lt; 130/85 mmHg foram, respectivamente, 59,1% e 27,3% no grupo anlodipino + losartana; 53,0% e 22,7% no grupo anlodipino isolado; e apenas 33,8% e 13,8% entre os pacientes tratados somente com losartana.</p>
    <p>O efeito anti-hipertensivo dos tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos, descrito pela medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio, foi confirmado pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). Como pode ser observada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>, redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e semelhante da PAS, PAD e PAM das 24 horas foi observada nos grupos anlodipino isolado ou em combina&#231;&#227;o fixa com a losartana. &#192; semelhan&#231;a do observado na medida de consult&#243;rio, a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial na MAPA nos pacientes tratados somente com a losartana, embora significativa, foi menor (P &lt; 0,001) que a observada nos dois outros grupos do estudo. O efeito anti-hipertensivo dos tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos foi adequado, mantido nas 24 horas, uma vez que a rela&#231;&#227;o vale-pico calculada foi superior a 50% nos tr&#234;s regimes, sendo, respectivamente, 76,7% para a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa, 92,1% para o anlodipino, e 60,1% para a losartana. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figura 2</xref> apresenta o perfil hor&#225;rio da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica na MAPA para o grupo de pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana. Podemos observar que o tratamento com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de baixa dose de anlodipino com a losartana durante doze semanas consecutivas proporcionou redu&#231;&#245;es significantes das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, tanto no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia quanto durante o sono, e, portanto, com adequado controle da press&#227;o arterial nas 24 horas.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Em longo prazo - </italic>Dos 198 pacientes que participaram da fase inicial do estudo, 131 foram considerados aptos para a fase de extens&#227;o, e onze pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo por viola&#231;&#227;o de protocolo, perda de seguimento ou retirada do consentimento. Assim, 120 pacientes foram considerados na an&#225;lise de efic&#225;cia dos tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos em longo prazo, e desses, 109 completaram o estudo, distribu&#237;dos da seguinte forma: 39 no grupo anlodipino isolado, 27 no grupo losartana, e 43 na combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana. </p>
    <p>Um reduzido n&#250;mero de pacientes dos tr&#234;s grupos de estudo teve a dose da medica&#231;&#227;o aumentada durante a fase de extens&#227;o. Assim, a m&#233;dia das dosagens ao final da 12&#170; e da 52&#170; semanas foi, respectivamente: anlodipino isolado (8,9 e 9,2 mg/dia); losartana isolada (83,3 e 88,9 mg/dia) e anlodipino combinado a losartana (4,1+81,4 mg/dia e 4,2+ 84,9 mg/dia).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figura 3</xref> apresenta os valores m&#233;dios da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica obtidos na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada desde o per&#237;odo basal at&#233; a 52&#170; semana de tratamento somente para os pacientes que completaram a fase de extens&#227;o do estudo. Podemos observar que a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial obtida com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana observada na fase inicial do estudo manteve-se pelo per&#237;odo de um ano de seguimento, n&#227;o diferindo do comportamento da press&#227;o arterial do grupo anlodipino isolada que tamb&#233;m se manteve igualmente reduzida nas 52 semanas de tratamento. &#192; semelhan&#231;a do observado na fase inicial do tratamento, a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em longo prazo no grupo losartana isolada foi significativamente menor que nos demais grupos, sendo observada nesse grupo uma tend&#234;ncia de retorno da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica para n&#237;veis mais elevados ao longo do per&#237;odo de tratamento. O mesmo perfil de comportamento da press&#227;o arterial foi observado quando essa foi registrada na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> apresenta a taxas porcentuais de normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (pontos de corte para a PAD &lt; 90 e <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg) e efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva (PAD <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg ou D PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) observada na 12&#170; e na 52&#170; semanas de tratamento com cada regime terap&#234;utico somente para os pacientes que participaram da fase de extens&#227;o do estudo. Como pode ser observado, as taxas de efic&#225;cia e normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial eram bastante elevadas na 12&#170; semana para os tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos, diferindo inclusive dos resultados j&#225; apresentados para o grupo total na 12&#170; semana. Esse fato decorre do pr&#243;prio crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para a fase de extens&#227;o, da qual s&#243; poderiam participar por raz&#245;es &#233;ticas e de boa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pacientes que tivessem obtido benef&#237;cio clinicamente significativo dos tratamentos na fase inicial do estudo, como j&#225; explicado em detalhes na sec&#231;&#227;o de metodologia. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Observa-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref> que em longo prazo ocorre perda significativa da efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva (redu&#231;&#227;o do porcentual de pacientes com efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva) especialmente nos grupos tratados somente com losartana (de 79,3% para 51,7%) ou anlodipino (de 97,7% para 75%). J&#225; nos pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana, a perda de efic&#225;cia em longo prazo foi muito menor (de 93,6% para 87,2%) que a observada com os outros dois regimes terap&#234;uticos, significando que com essa modalidade de tratamento &#233; fact&#237;vel a manuten&#231;&#227;o de altas taxas de efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva mesmo em longo prazo.</p>
    <p>A efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva em longo prazo da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana foi confirmada atrav&#233;s dos repetidos registros de MAPA, realizados durante o seguimento de um ano. Como podemos observar na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">figura 4</xref>, o grau de redu&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante as 24 horas, na vig&#237;lia e durante o sono, observado ap&#243;s doze semanas de tratamento, manteve-se no mesmo patamar nas MAPAs realizadas nesses pacientes na 32&#170; e na 52&#170; semanas do estudo, confirmando desse modo a manuten&#231;&#227;o do controle press&#243;rico em longo prazo.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>N&#227;o foram observadas varia&#231;&#245;es significativas da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com os diferentes esquemas terap&#234;uticos, tanto em m&#233;dio quanto em longo prazos.</p>
    <p>Tolerabilidade: eventos adversos - A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref> apresenta a freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa de pacientes com eventos adversos em geral e com os dois principais eventos (edema de membros inferiores e cefal&#233;ia) relatados nas doze semanas de tratamento com os tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos. Podemos observar que no grupo tratado somente com a losartana houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes que apresentavam eventos adversos, quando comparado com o per&#237;odo basal. Ao contr&#225;rio, nos grupos tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa e com o anlodipino isolado observamos aumento na freq&#252;&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa de pacientes com eventos adversos, sendo esse aumento um pouco maior, embora n&#227;o significante entre os pacientes que receberam o anlodipino isolado. A incid&#234;ncia de cefal&#233;ia reduziu-se com os tr&#234;s tratamentos e observamos tend&#234;ncia a aumento na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes com edema de membros inferiores, nos pacientes que receberam o antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio isolado ou em associa&#231;&#227;o com a losartana. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de pacientes com edema tendeu, embora n&#227;o-significantemente, a ser um pouco maior no grupo anlodipino isolado. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A medida do volume da perna n&#227;o demonstrou varia&#231;&#245;es significativas desse par&#226;metro entre os grupos estudados nas doze semanas iniciais do tratamento.</p>
    <p>Quando avaliamos a tolerabilidade dos tr&#234;s regimes de anti-hipertensivos em longo prazo, observamos que no grupo de pacientes tratado com o anlodipino isolado houve um aumento progressivo tanto do n&#250;mero de eventos adversos quanto do n&#250;mero de pacientes que apresentavam pelo menos um evento adverso. Diferentemente, no grupo que recebeu a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa, e especialmente naquele tratado somente com a losartana, observamos manuten&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo redu&#231;&#227;o tanto no n&#250;mero de eventos quanto de pacientes com eventos adversos. Assim, ao final do tratamento no grupo anlodipino, foram relatados dezenove eventos adversos por treze pacientes, representando uma incid&#234;ncia de 29,5% pacientes com eventos adversos. J&#225; no grupo losartana isolada foram registrados na &#250;ltima visita apenas dois pacientes (6,9%) com eventos adversos (um evento por paciente). No grupo tratado com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana apenas sete eventos adversos foram relatados por 10,6% dos pacientes (n = 5).</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">figura 5</xref> apresenta a freq&#252;&#234;ncia relativa de pacientes com edema de membros inferiores e de cefal&#233;ia em todas as visitas realizadas durante um ano de seguimento nos pacientes tratados com os tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos. Como pode ser observado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de cefal&#233;ia com os tr&#234;s regimes medicamentosos. J&#225; no que se refere &#224; incid&#234;ncia de edema de membros inferiores, vemos que foi progressiva e significantemente maior no grupo de pacientes tratados somente com o anlodipino, quando comparado com a losartana e com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa, estabilizando-se ao redor da 20&#170; semana de tratamento</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Assim, vemos que a partir da 20&#170; semana do estudo a freq&#252;&#234;ncia relativa de edema de membros inferiores oscilou entre 15,9% e 18,2% dos pacientes tratados com o anlodipino isolado. Diferentemente no grupo tratado com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana, a incid&#234;ncia desse evento adverso foi quatro a cinco vezes menor que a observada nos pacientes tratados somente com o anlodipino, oscilando entre 2,1% e 4,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o desse grupo. Nenhum paciente do grupo tratado somente com a losartana apresentou edema de membros inferiores.</p>
    <p>Novamente, tamb&#233;m na fase de extens&#227;o, n&#227;o observamos varia&#231;&#245;es significativas ou diferentes entre os grupos de estudo no tocante &#224; medida do volume da perna.</p>
    <p>Efeitos sobre metabolismos da glicose e l&#237;pides - A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref> apresenta os valores dos par&#226;metros do metabolismo da glicose e dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos avaliados no per&#237;odo basal e na 12&#170; semana de tratamento com os tr&#234;s esquemas medicamentosos. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Como pode ser constatado, n&#227;o foram observadas varia&#231;&#245;es significantes da glicemia e insulinemia de jejum e p&#243;s-sobrecarga de glicose nos tr&#234;s grupos. O &#237;ndice de sensibilidade a insulina tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi influenciado por nenhum dos tratamentos anti-hipertensivos. Do mesmo modo, os diferentes par&#226;metros do perfil lip&#237;dico n&#227;o sofreram altera&#231;&#227;o significativa durante as doze semanas de tratamento com qualquer dos tr&#234;s esquemas de anti-hipertensivos utilizados. </p>
    <p>Desse modo, os esquemas medicamentosos utilizados podem ser considerados neutros diante dos metabolismos da glicose e dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>A neutralidade metab&#243;lica da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana manteve-se em longo prazo, como pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">figura 6</xref>, em que os valores da glicemia e insulinemia de jejum e p&#243;s-sobrecarga de glicose, do &#237;ndice de sensibilidade a insulina e dos diferentes par&#226;metros do metabolismo lip&#237;dico mantiveram-se est&#225;veis e n&#227;o diferentes do per&#237;odo basal durante as 52 semanas de tratamento com a combina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo multic&#234;ntrico demonstram que a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana apresenta alta efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva que se mant&#233;m em longo prazo com porcentual bastante reduzido de escape do controle press&#243;rico. Nossos resultados nos permitem afirmar que a efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva em longo prazo da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de baixas doses de anlodipino com doses mais elevadas de losartana foi superior &#224;quela dos dois regimes monoter&#225;picos de compara&#231;&#227;o com emprego de altas doses desses f&#225;rmacos. Assim, embora com emprego do anlodipino em altas doses (mais que o dobro da utilizada na combina&#231;&#227;o fixa) tenhamos logrado a obten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos semelhantes aos observados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa, detectamos em longo prazo um significativo &#237;ndice de escape com perda da meta de efic&#225;cia e normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em boa parte dos pacientes tratados com essa monoterapia, fato esse relevante, pois implica manuten&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular nesses pacientes e freq&#252;entes ajustes no esquema terap&#234;utico. </p>
    <p>A alta taxa de efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva do anlodipino isolado em dosagem elevada observada em nosso estudo, que foi semelhante &#224; da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa, j&#225; havia sido descrita anteriormente em estudos comparativos com outras combina&#231;&#245;es fixas de anti-hipertensivos, por&#233;m sempre com o emprego de dosagem elevada desse antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio<sup>20,21</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; losartana utilizada isoladamente, a superioridade de efic&#225;cia da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa foi ainda mais evidente. Assim, n&#227;o s&#243; os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos permaneceram em patamares superiores durante o tratamento com a losartana, como as taxas de normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em m&#233;dio e longo prazos foram bastante inferiores entre os pacientes que receberam esse tratamento monoter&#225;pico. Tamb&#233;m observamos com a losartana isolada significativo &#237;ndice de escape do controle press&#243;rico ao longo do tempo. </p>
    <p>Observamos que, em longo prazo, mais de 60% dos pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana permaneceram com n&#237;veis da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica iguais ou inferiores a 85 mmHg, atingindo, desse modo, as metas preconizadas pelas diretrizes atuais para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>3-5</sup>. Ainda no que se refere &#224; efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva, vimos que quando a avaliamos da taxa de normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica isoladamente ou de forma combinada com a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, os percentuais obtidos foram menores que aqueles relatados quando consideramos somente a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica para os tr&#234;s regimes terap&#234;uticos, refletindo a baixa capacidade de redu&#231;&#227;o e controle da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica dos f&#225;rmacos dispon&#237;veis no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Novamente, os pacientes tratados com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana apresentaram as maiores taxas, que diferiram estatisticamente daquela observada com a losartana, mas n&#227;o da relatada para pacientes que receberam somente o anlodipino. </p>
    <p>A dificuldade de controle da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica observada em nosso estudo encontra apoio em revis&#227;o recentemente publicada pelo professor Guiseppe Mancia<sup>22</sup>, na qual ele relata que na quase totalidade dos estudos de desfecho em hipertens&#227;o arterial isolada ou associada a diabetes n&#227;o se logrou atingir a meta-alvo da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, apesar do uso de m&#250;ltiplos f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos. Mais ainda, essa dificuldade de alcance da meta de controle da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica explica por que, ainda hoje, as normas internacionais de estudos com anti-hipertensivos utilizam crit&#233;rios com base na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica para descrever a efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva de um f&#225;rmaco, apesar de as diretrizes indicarem a real necessidade de controle tamb&#233;m da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>Modernamente, sabemos que a efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva de um f&#225;rmaco deve ser avaliada n&#227;o s&#243; pela press&#227;o de consult&#243;rio, mas tamb&#233;m por seus efeitos sobre a press&#227;o arterial nas 24 horas, avaliada por meio da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). Nossos resultados demonstram que o efeito anti-hipertensivo da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa, assim como das monoterapias, persiste nas 24 horas. Observamos com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana rela&#231;&#227;o vale-pico de 76,7%, o que permite o uso desse medicamento em uma tomada di&#225;ria, o que &#233; ben&#233;fico para a ades&#227;o cr&#244;nica ao tratamento, uma vez que estudos demonstram que quanto maior o n&#250;mero de doses di&#225;rias, maior a taxa de abandono do tratamento<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a redu&#231;&#227;o press&#243;rica proporcionada pelo tratamento com combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana n&#227;o acarretou aumento secund&#225;rio da atividade simp&#225;tica, uma vez que n&#227;o ocorreram varia&#231;&#245;es significativas da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esse fato &#233; ben&#233;fico e tamb&#233;m ajuda a explicar a manuten&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo da efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva com baixo &#237;ndice de escape do controle press&#243;rico.</p>
    <p>Ao lado de uma alta capacidade de reduzir a press&#227;o arterial mantendo-a em n&#237;veis controlados, um f&#225;rmaco anti-hipertensivo deve ter um bom perfil de tolerabilidade, uma vez que a presen&#231;a de efeitos adversos pode diminuir o grau de ades&#227;o do paciente ao regime terap&#234;utico, levando, inclusive, ao abandono do tratamento<sup>24</sup>. Nossos resultados demonstram que a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino em baixas doses e losartana em doses mais elevadas apresenta perfil de tolerabilidade muito bom, com pequena incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos. Mais ainda, quando presentes, esses eventos adversos foram, na sua grande maioria, de intensidade leve, visto que em apenas uma parcela muito pequena daqueles que apresentaram eventos adversos houve a necessidade de interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos adversos foi significativamente maior especialmente em longo prazo entre os pacientes tratados com o anlodipino em monoterapia. J&#225; no grupo da losartana isolada, como era esperado<sup>24</sup>, observamos a menor incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos, confirmando a excelente tolerabilidade dessa classe de anti-hipertensivos.</p>
    <p>Os eventos adversos mais freq&#252;entes neste estudo multic&#234;ntrico com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana e com as monoterapias foram o edema de membros inferiores e cefal&#233;ia<sup>7,8,25</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia de edema de membros inferiores foi particularmente importante entre os pacientes tratados com o anlodipino isolado, chegando a taxas superiores a 18% em longo prazo. J&#225; com a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana, a incid&#234;ncia desse evento foi muito menor, cerca de quatro vezes menos freq&#252;ente que no grupo anlodipino isolado.</p>
    <p>Por um lado, a boa tolerabilidade da combina&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de menores doses de cada um dos hipotensores, uma vez que &#233; conhecida a exist&#234;ncia de forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dose utilizada de um hipotensor e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de eventos adversos<sup>15,23</sup>. Por outro, a menor incid&#234;ncia de edema de membros inferiores observada com a combina&#231;&#227;o, cerca de um quarto daquela observada no grupo anlodipino, deve-se n&#227;o somente ao uso de menor dose desse antagonista dos canais de c&#225;lcio, mas tamb&#233;m de intera&#231;&#227;o sin&#233;rgica dele com a losartana. </p>
    <p>Assim, sabe-se que os antagonistas do c&#225;lcio diidropirid&#237;nicos s&#227;o potentes vasodilatadores arteriais, sem, no entanto, dilatarem na mesma propor&#231;&#227;o o territ&#243;rio venoso. Mais ainda, tem sido demonstrado que esses agentes podem acarretar em graus vari&#225;veis estimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica secund&#225;ria, aumentando a libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas que, por fim, promoveriam venoconstri&#231;&#227;o<sup>7,8,16,25</sup>. Desse modo, em pacientes tratados com diidropirid&#237;nicos haveria um aumento da press&#227;o hidr&#225;ulica no territ&#243;rio capilar, sobrepujando a press&#227;o onc&#243;tica com conseq&#252;ente extravasamento de l&#237;quidos para o espa&#231;o intersticial e, portanto, com a forma&#231;&#227;o de edema. Por a&#231;&#227;o gravitacional esse edema tende a se localizar nos membros inferiores, especialmente na regi&#227;o maleolar, embora mesmo anasarca j&#225; tenha sido descrita em pacientes em uso de antagonistas de c&#225;lcio diidropirid&#237;nicos. Esse evento adverso dos antagonistas de c&#225;lcio diidropirid&#237;nicos em geral &#233; de aparecimento tardio (ap&#243;s seis a oito semanas de tratamento), e se intensifica durante o dia e no per&#237;odo do ver&#227;o. </p>
    <p>De outro modo, conhecemos a capacidade de dilata&#231;&#227;o tanto do territ&#243;rio arterial quanto venoso dos bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II<sup>11</sup>. Assim, quando associamos um BRA ao antagonista de c&#225;lcio, facilitamos a dilata&#231;&#227;o venular e diminu&#237;mos a press&#227;o hidr&#225;ulica do capilar e, conseq&#252;entemente, a chance de aparecimento do edema. A melhor tolerabilidade da associa&#231;&#227;o, como j&#225; comentado anteriormente, com certeza ter&#225; influ&#234;ncia ben&#233;fica &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabemos tamb&#233;m, contudo, que a ades&#227;o do paciente ao tratamento &#233; influenciada por in&#250;meros fatores, tais como rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico&#150;paciente, conhecimento da doen&#231;a, aus&#234;ncia de sintomas; desenvolvimento de efeitos adversos com a medica&#231;&#227;o hipotensora e n&#250;mero de comprimidos a serem ingeridos, dentre outros<sup>15,17-19,23</sup>. Desse modo, a associa&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana avaliada neste estudo apresenta um segundo ponto positivo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ades&#227;o do paciente ao tratamento, que &#233; a sua comodidade posol&#243;gica; isto &#233;, os dois hipotensores estarem acondicionados na mesma formula&#231;&#227;o gal&#234;nica e com dura&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#227;o em 24 horas, permitindo a ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria &#250;nica da medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Sabemos que, ao lado dos aspectos efic&#225;cia e tolerabilidade de um f&#225;rmaco anti-hipertensivo, devemos tamb&#233;m avaliar seus efeitos sobre par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos, especialmente da glicose e de lip&#237;dios, pois, como muita freq&#252;&#234;ncia, esses se encontram alterados em pacientes hipertensos Ali&#225;s, hipertens&#227;o arterial est&#225; freq&#252;entemente associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia dessa associa&#231;&#227;o aumenta com a idade<sup>26-30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabemos, entretanto, que alguns f&#225;rmacos utilizados no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, como os diur&#233;ticos e betabloqueadores, podem promover altera&#231;&#245;es delet&#233;rias do metabolismo de l&#237;pides, e especialmente do metabolismo da glicose<sup>13,14,28-30</sup>. J&#225; os agentes farmacol&#243;gicos da classe dos antagonistas do canal de c&#225;lcio apresentam perfil metab&#243;lico neutro, e em alguns estudos que utilizaram bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II para tratamento de pacientes hipertensos foi relatado impacto positivo sobre o metabolismo da glicose, com melhora inclusive da sensibilidade a insulina<sup>11,13</sup> e significativa diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco de desenvolvimento de novos casos de diabetes<sup>9,10,13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo observamos que o uso da combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana n&#227;o alterou os par&#226;metros do metabolismo glic&#237;dico nem dos l&#237;pides plasm&#225;ticos, possuindo, desse modo, um perfil metab&#243;lico neutro, mesmo quando utilizada em longo prazo. Com base nesses resultados podemos inferir que essa modalidade terap&#234;utica &#233; segura e adequada para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, diabete melito e dislipidemias.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, os resultados deste estudo multic&#234;ntrico demonstram que a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana, a primeira combina&#231;&#227;o gal&#234;nica dessas duas classes de anti-hipertensivos dispon&#237;vel no mercado farmac&#234;utico, apresenta alta efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva, permitindo que cerca de 60% dos pacientes tratados atinjam e mantenham, em longo prazo, a nova meta de controle da press&#227;o arterial. O efeito anti-hipertensivo da combina&#231;&#227;o &#233; mantido nas 24 horas, permitindo, desse modo, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em &#250;nica tomada di&#225;ria, o que beneficia ades&#227;o ao tratamento. A tolerabilidade dessa combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anti-hipertensivos tamb&#233;m &#233; muito boa, com baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos facilitando ainda mais a ades&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Com base em nossos resultados, podemos sugerir que pela alta efic&#225;cia anti-hipertensiva mantida em longo prazo e pelo perfil de tolerabilidade muito bom, somado ao adequado perfil metab&#243;lico, a combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anlodipino e losartana constitui-se em excelente op&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial em larga gama de pacientes hipertensos, com alto potencial de redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular, uma vez que importantes benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares j&#225; foram demonstrados com o uso de cada componente dessa combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de anti-hipertensivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>AGRADECIMENTOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; Financiadora Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas (FINEP) pelo apoio e financiamento de parte deste projeto de pesquisa (Projeto LOTHAR C&#243;d 01.03.0002.00), e a todos os investigadores que participaram deste projeto.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr </p>
        <p> Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o </p>
        <p> Rua Leandro Dupret, 365 </p>
        <p> 04025-011 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="kohlmann@hrim.com.br">kohlmann@hrim.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 02/09/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 13/10/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The "LOTHAR" study: evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan in the treatment of essential hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: The LOTHAR study evaluated medium and long term (one year) efficacy, tolerability and metabolic effects of the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan compared to amlodipine or losartan alone. METHODS: Brazilian multicenter, randomized, double-blind and comparative trial performed with 198 patients in stage 1 and 2 essential hypertension. RESULTS: The fixed combination has a high antihypertensive efficacy that is sustained in the long term with very low percentage of loss of blood pressure control. This percentage is incidentally lower than that of the two monotherapy comparative regimens. In the long term, more than 60% of the patients treated with the fixed combination remained with DBP &lt; 85 mmHg, and the antihypertensive effect, when assessed by ABPM persisted for 24 hours with a trough-to-peak ratio of 76.7%. The frequency of adverse events was quite low in this group, and the long-term incidence of leg edema was approximately four-fold lower than that observed with amlodipine alone. The fixed combination did not change glucose and lipid metabolism in the medium or in the long term. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, we can say that the combination of amlodipine and losartan - the first fixed combination of a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin II receptor blocker available in the pharmaceutical market, is an excellent option for the treatment of a wide range of hypertensive patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>fixed-combination of antihypertensive drugs</kwd>
        <kwd>amlodipine</kwd>
        <kwd>losartan</kwd>
        <kwd>efficacy</kwd>
        <kwd>tolerability</kwd>
        <kwd>glucose and lipids metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The "LOTHAR" study: evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan in the treatment of essential hypertension</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr<sup>I</sup>; Wille Oigman<sup>II</sup>; D&#233;cio Mion Jr.<sup>III</sup>; Jo&#227;o Carlos Rocha<sup>IV</sup>; Marco Antonio Mota Gomes<sup>V</sup>; Natalino Salgado<sup>VI</sup>; Gilson Soares Feitosa<sup>VII</sup>; Ernesto Dallaverde<sup>VIII</sup>; Artur Beltrame Ribeiro<sup>I</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Estadual de Campinas-UNICAMP</p>
      <p><sup>V</sup>Escola de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Alagoas</p>
      <p><sup>VI</sup>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</p>
      <p><sup>VII</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</p>
      <p><sup>VIII</sup>Departamento M&#233;dico &#150; Biosint&#233;tica Farmac&#234;utica Ltda - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The LOTHAR study evaluated medium and long term (one year) efficacy, tolerability and metabolic effects of the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan compared to amlodipine or losartan alone.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Brazilian multicenter, randomized, double-blind and comparative trial performed with 198 patients in stage 1 and 2 essential hypertension.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The fixed combination has a high antihypertensive efficacy that is sustained in the long term with very low percentage of loss of blood pressure control. This percentage is incidentally lower than that of the two monotherapy comparative regimens. In the long term, more than 60% of the patients treated with the fixed combination remained with DBP <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg, and the antihypertensive effect, when assessed by ABPM persisted for 24 hours with a trough-to-peak ratio of 76.7%. The frequency of adverse events was quite low in this group, and the long-term incidence of leg edema was approximately four-fold lower than that observed with amlodipine alone. The fixed combination did not change glucose and lipid metabolism in the medium or in the long term.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Based on these results, we can say that the combination of amlodipine and losartan &#150; the first fixed combination of a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin II receptor blocker available in the pharmaceutical market, is an excellent option for the treatment of a wide range of hypertensive patients. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> fixed-combination of antihypertensive drugs, amlodipine, losartan, efficacy, tolerability, glucose and lipids metabolism</p>
      <p>Hypertension is known to be the major cardiovascular risk, and its treatment with an adequate blood pressure control significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>More recently, the need for a more strict control of blood pressure has been suggested since the reduction of blood pressure to levels lower than 130/85 mmHg provides additional benefits regarding both the protection of target organs (morbidity) and cardiovascular mortality<sup>6</sup>. Thus, scientific normative agencies such as the American Joint National Committee, the World Health Organization, the International Society of Hypertension, and the Brazilian Society of Hypertension emphasize the need of achieving a strict control of blood pressure in the new edition of their guidelines for the treatment of hypertension, and establish a new upper limit for normal blood pressure, that is, 130/85 mmHg, which is significantly lower than the previous limit of 140/90 mmHg<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinical practice, however, has demonstrated that pressure levels lower than these new normal limits are very difficult to achieve through monotherapy. Large population-based studies have demonstrated that to achieve pressure levels lower than 130/85 mmHg the use of the combination of antihypertensive drugs is necessary in approximately 70% of the population with mild to moderate hypertension<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the antihypertensive drugs currently available, dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists (DHP-CCA) and angiotensin II AT<sub>1 </sub>receptor blockers (ARB) play an important role because in addition to being efficient they also have the ability to protect target organs and are associated to a low incidence of adverse events<sup>7-11</sup>. Incidentally, angiotensin II receptor blockers have been described to be associated to an incidence of adverse events similar to that observed with the use of placebo and which does not increase with the use of higher doses<sup>11</sup>. Additionally, these drugs have a favorable metabolic profile<sup>11-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinical practice shows synergy in the reduction of blood pressure when these two classes of antihypertensive drugs are used in combination, allowing for a more adequate control of blood pressure, even when each one of the drugs is used at low doses<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Amlodipide &#150; a calcium channel antagonist dihydropyridine derivative, is a potent antihypertensive drug thanks to its potent action as an arterial vasodilator; it also has natriuretic, antiproliferative, and antisclerotic effects<sup>7,8,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, this antihypertensive drug class does not promote a venodilation comparable to the arterial effect; it creates an imbalance of hydrostatic forces in peripheral capillaries, and facilitates fluid extravasation into the interstitial space, which enables the formation of lower extremity edema due to the gravity force<sup>7,8,12,15</sup>. Lower extremity edema has been described as a frequent adverse effect of this antihypertensive drug class, and is frequently regarded as the cause of treatment dropout. </p>
      <p>The use of lower doses of this calcium antagonist is a way to minimize this effect, since there is a relation between dose used and frequency and intensity of adverse events<sup>15</sup>. However, clinical practice shows that a 50% reduction in the dose of this antihypertensive drug results in the loss of at least 20% of the hypotensive effect provided by the full dose, thus making the goal of controlling blood pressure difficult to achieve<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>An alternative to reduce or even to prevent calcium channel antagonist-induced lower extremity edema is to combine a drug that also promotes venodilation. Similarly to ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors, angiotensin II AT<sub>1 </sub>receptor blockers such as losartan promote both arterial and venous vasodilation, balancing hydrostatic pressure in peripheral capillaries, and thus reducing fluid extravasation into the interstitium<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>We also know that, as a guideline, antihypertensive treatments should be simple whenever possible because the use of two or more agents is known to have a negative influence on the compliance to the long-term treatment of hypertension. Therefore, the use of fixed combinations of antihypertensive drugs has the advantage of simplifying the treatment, thus allowing a better patient compliance to the long-term hypotensive treatment<sup>15,18,19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Only recently has a fixed combination of a dihydropyridyne calcium channel antagonist &#150; amlodipine, plus an angiotensin II AT<sub>1</sub> receptor blocker &#150; losartan, become available in the Brazilian pharmaceutical market.</p>
      <p>Finally, we know that to obtain renal and cardiovascular benefits from the antihypertensive treatment the adequate control of blood pressure should be sustained in the long term. However, clinical practice shows that this is not an easy task<sup>15</sup>. Thus, adjustments in the therapeutic regimen have to be made from time to time, be it in the dose, in the class of drugs, or in the progressive combination of antihypertensive drugs<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>Many are the reasons for the need of frequent adjustments in the therapeutic regimen, such as the change in the fundamental mechanism of blood pressure increase. Thus, the analysis of the antihypertensive efficacy and of the tolerability of a therapeutic regimen in the long term becomes important. </p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, comparative study was to evaluate the medium and long-term efficacy and tolerability of the first fixed combination of a DHP-CCA with an ARB (amlodipine + losartan) available in the pharmaceutical market for the treatment of patients with stage 1 and 2 essential hypertension in comparison with monotherapy regimens of a calcium channel antagonist (amlodipine) or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (losartan). </p>
      <p>The antihypertensive efficacy of these therapeutic regimens was evaluated according to international guidelines for the establishment of the efficacy of an antihypertensive drug, which is based on the degree of reduction of diastolic blood pressure and on the ability to achieve the normal levels of this blood pressure parameter. It is worth pointing out that all drugs currently available for the treatment of hypertension have had their efficacy rate established according to this international guideline. </p>
      <p>In this study, we evaluated the antihypertensive efficacy for two different criteria of normal blood pressure: DBP <underline>&lt;</underline> 90 mmHg (classic criterion) and DBP <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg (new criterion). The latter is used as a parameter to indicate dose titration of the drugs studied. The antihypertensive effect of the three therapeutic regimens was assessed both by using blood pressure taken at the doctor&#146;s office and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Finally, we also studied the influence of these treatments on glucose and lipid metabolism. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>LOTHAR (standing for "Am<italic>L</italic>odipino e L<italic>O</italic>sartana no <italic>T</italic>ratamento da <italic>H</italic>ipertens&#227;o <italic>AR</italic>terial" &#150; Amlodipine and Losartan in the Treatment of Hypertension) was a Brazilian multicenter, randomized, double-blind, comparative study with the objective of evaluating the medium and long-term efficacy and tolerability, and metabolic effects of the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan versus amlodipine or losartan alone in the treatment of stage 1 (mild) and 2 (moderate) essential hypertension. The study was conducted in seven clinical research centers, and 204 patients were selected and assigned to the three arms of the study . Six patients were excluded from the study because of protocol violation, non-compliance, and withdrawal of consent, and therefore 198 patients were effectively analyzed for efficacy and tolerability, 66 assigned in each of the arms of the study.</p>
      <p>Following a three-week period of discontinuation of the previous antihypertensive drug (week 0), stage 1 and 2 essential hypertension patients of both genders aged between 21 and 70 years who met study inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly and double-blindly assigned for treatment with the fi xed combination of amlodipine and losartan at the initial dose of 2.5/50 mg once daily, or amlodipine 5 mg/day, or losartan 50 mg/day for six weeks.</p>
      <p>By the end of the sixth week of treatment patients who had achieved the goal of blood pressure reduction (DBP <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg) were maintained on the drug at the same dose for six additional weeks. The dose of the drug for patients with DBP &gt; 85 mmHg, in turn, was increased for the next six weeks of follow-up to 5.0/100 mg in the case of the fixed combination, 10 mg in the group of amlodipine alone, and 100 mg for the patients treated with losartan alone. Patients were reevaluated at week 12.</p>
      <p>In the initial twelve-week study period, patients were evaluated every three weeks at the doctor&#146;s office for measurements of blood pressure and heart rate in the sitting and standing positions. The blood pressure recorded represents the mean of three consecutive measurements obtained with a mercury sphygmomanometer following a five-minute rest in the sitting position, and two minutes after assuming the standing position. The hypotensive effect of the three therapeutic regimens was also assessed using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM, SpaceLabs equipment) performed in all patients at week O (baseline) and at the end of the 12th week of treatment. </p>
      <p>To characterize the antihypertensive efficacy, two indexes were used: the blood pressure normalization rate (in percentage) with two cut-off points &#150; DBP &lt; 90 mmHg and DBP <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg, and the efficacy rate which represents the frequency of blood pressure normalization added to the percentage of patients who had a <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg reduction in DBP, despite not having achieved normal DBP levels.</p>
      <p>At each visit, we also evaluated body weight and analysis of tolerability based on the frequency of adverse events, complemented by measurement of leg volume at the baseline period, and after six and twelve weeks of treatment (an objective index of lower extremity edema formation) assessed by the volume of fluid displaced from a full vessel when the leg was placed inside it (Archimedes&#146; principle). </p>
      <p>Safety biochemical parameters (complete blood count, renal function, liver function, electrolytes, protein profile, and enzymes) and electrocardiogram at rest were also determined in all patients at the baseline (week O) and at the 12th week of antihypertensive treatment. At the same timepoints, glucose metabolism parameter values (blood glucose and blood insulin at fasting and 120 minutes following an oral 75-gram glucose overload, with calculation of insulin sensitivity index) and plasma lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides) were also recorded. Biochemical parameters were determined using an automated method, and blood insulin was determined using radioimmunoassay. Insulin sensitivity index was calculated with the formula ISI= 100,000/GCAxICA, where GCA and ICA represent glucose curve area and insulin curve area, respectively, which were determined during glucose overload.</p>
      <p>At the end of the 12th week of treatment, for purposes of medical ethics, good clinical practice, and compliance to the Brazilian Guideline of Hypertension, only the patients who benefited from the therapeutic regimen assigned to them (those who achieved normal blood pressure defined as DBP <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg or who presented a <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg reduction in DBP) were voluntarily admitted to the double-blind extension phase of the study for forty additional weeks, and were evaluated every eight weeks in relation to antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability.</p>
      <p>This inclusion criterion in the extension phase is justified by the fact that patients considered non-responsive were already taking the maximum allowed dose of the drug they were assigned to for at least six weeks. Since the protocol design did not allow the addition of other drugs to the therapeutic regimen, it would not be a good clinical practice to keep these patients in the study for nine additional months with the same drug regimen. In the extension period, ABPM and electrocardiogram were recorded at weeks 36 and 52 (study termination) for all patients included. Additionally, the safety biochemical parameters previously described, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism parameters were determined once more by the end of the study (week 52). Likewise, patients&#146; leg volume was recorded at weeks 36 and 52.</p>
      <p>Patients with the following conditions were not included in this study: severe or malignant hypertension; secondary hypertension; white coat hypertension, clinically manifest heart failure; myocardial infarction; coronary artery bypass grafting or stroke in the past twelve months; unstable angina; cardiac arrhythmias or atrioventricular block; diabetes; liver diseases; renal failure; blood dyscrasias; history of allergy to the drugs studied; use of medications that could interfere with the drugs studied, and use of investigational drugs in the past thirty days. Women of childbearing age who were not on a medically acceptable contraceptive method were also excluded.</p>
      <p>The research protocol was approved by the research ethics committees of the respective institutions to which each participant center belonged and by the National Committee on Research Ethics (CONEP &#150; <italic>Comit&#234; Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa</italic>). All patients signed the informed consent. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis for the results of the repeated measurements was conducted using variance analysis and verified with the chi-square test. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test was used to evaluate the effects of the different treatments on biochemical parameters.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The baseline characteristics of the population included in the study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>. We can observe that the groups were not different in relation to age, body mass index and weight, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic pressure values. The percentage of female patients with stage 2 hypertension was slightly higher in the group assigned to receive losartan alone, although this difference was not statistically significant. Three patients in the amlodipine alone group were prematurely withdrawn (before completing the 12th week of treatment), two of them due to an adverse event, and one due to drug inefficacy. In the losartan alone group, four patients interrupted treatment before week 12 (one due to an adverse event, and three due to drug inefficacy). In the fixed combination of amlodipide + losartan group, no patients were prematurely withdrawn from the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Effects on blood pressure &#150; Antihypertensive efficacy - <italic>In the medium term - </italic>The values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the sitting position at each visit in the three treatment groups during the first three months of treatment are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. We can observe that blood pressure in the three groups which was similar in the baseline had a significant reduction as from the third week of treatment in the three groups (p &lt; 0.001 versus week 0) and reached similar values in the groups treated with amlodipine alone and with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan (135.4 &#177; 12.2 / 85.7 &#177; 7.0 mmHg and 134.6 &#177; 15.0 / 86.2 &#177; 9.4 mmHg, respectively) by the end of week 12.</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the patients treated with losartan alone, blood pressure reduction was lower, although significant, reaching values of 143.1 &#177; 15.3 / 91.3 &#177; 9.7 mmHg (p &lt; 0.04 versus amlodipine + losartan) by the end of twelve weeks of treatment. Variations in blood pressure measurement in the standing position during treatment were similar to those recorded in the sitting position, and no episode of orthostatic hypotension was reported in either of the three therapeutic regimens. </p>
      <p>To obtain these results, dose titration was necessary for most of the patients in the three therapeutic regimens. Thus, by the end of the twelve weeks of treatment, the maximum dose was being used by 76.2% of the patients treated with amlodipine (10 mg/day), by 82.3% of the patients on losartan (100 mg/day), and by a slightly lower percentage (68.2%) of the patients on the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan (5+100 mg/day). Therefore, by the 12th week of treatment, the mean doses of each therapeutic regimen were: 8.8 mg/day; 91.1 mg/day, and 4.1+86.2 mg/day, respectively, for amlodipine alone, losartan alone, and fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan groups.</p>
      <p>Of the 66 patients treated with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan, 48 (72.2%) achieved a DBP &lt; 90 mmHg by the end of week 12, and in 35 (53%) of them DBP was equal to or lower than 85 mmHg. Similar results were obtained in the group treated with amlodipine alone, 77.3% with DBP &lt; 90 mmHg, and 50% with DBP <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg. Among the patients who received losartan alone, the percentage of patients who achieved values of DBP &lt; 90 mmHg and <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg was significantly lower: 48.5% and 28.8%, respectively.</p>
      <p>The alternative analysis of the antihypertensive efficacy of the three therapeutic regimens based on the systolic blood pressure response, considering the values of 140 mmHg and 130 mmHg as normal values, revealed antihypertensive efficacy rates lower than those described for diastolic pressure in the three therapeutic regimens. Again, a higher efficacy rate was observed in the fixed combination of amlodipin + losartan group which was nevertheless not statistically different from that of amlodipine alone. The lowest efficacy rate for systolic blood pressure was observed in the losartan alone group again.</p>
      <p>Thus, DBP &lt; 140 mmHg was observed in 68.2%; 63.6% and 41.5% of the patients treated with the fixed combination; amlodipine alone and losartan alone, respectively. DBP &lt; 130 mmHg was observed in only 33.8% of the patients on the combination, in 31.8% of those on amlodipine alone, and in 18.5% of those treated with losartan alone. The normalization rate of both SBP and DBP was even lower for the three therapeutic regimens, and followed the same pattern described for each blood pressure component alone. Thus, relative frequencies of patients with BP &lt; 140/90 mmHg and &lt; 130/85 mmHg were, respectively, 59.1% and 27.3% in the amlodipine + losartan group; 53.0% and 22.7% in the amlodipine alone group; and only 33.8% and 13.8% among the patients treated with losartan alone. </p>
      <p>The antihypertensive effect in the three therapeutic regimens, described by blood pressure measured at the doctor&#146;s office, was confirmed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref>, a significant and similar reduction in the 24-hour SBP, DBP and MBP was observed in the amlodipine alone group or in the fixed combination with losartan group. Similar to what was observed in the measurement taken at the doctor&#146;s office, the blood pressure reduction in the ABPM in patients treated with losartan alone, although significant, was lower (p &lt; 0.001) than that observed in the other two study groups. The antihypertensive effect of the three therapeutic regimens was adequate and sustained in the 24 hours, since the trough-to-peak ratio calculated was higher than 50% in the three regimens, that is, 76.7% for the fixed combination, 92.1% for amlodipine alone, and 60.1% for losartan alone. Time profile of systolic and diastolic pressure in ABPM for the group of patients treated with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>. We can observe that the treatment with the fixed combination of amlodipine at a low dose and losartan during twelve consecutive weeks provided significant reductions in systolic and diastolic pressures both during alertness and sleep, and, therefore, provided an adequate 24-hour blood pressure control.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><italic>In the long term</italic> - Of the 198 patients who participated in the initial phase of the study, 131 were considered eligible for the extension phase, and eleven patients were excluded from the study due to protocol violation, missing follow-up, or withdrawal of consent. Thus, 120 patients were considered in the long-term efficacy analysis of the three therapeutic regimens. Of these, 109 completed the study and were assigned as follows: 39 in the amlodipine alone group, 27 in the losartan group, and 43 in the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan group. </p>
      <p>The drug dose was increased in a small number of patients in the three study groups during the extension phase. Thus, the mean dose by the end of weeks 12 and 52 were, respectively: amlodipine alone (8.9 and 9.2 mg/day); losartan alone (83.3 and 88.9 mg/day) and amlodipine combined with losartan (4.1+81.4 mg/day and 4.2+ 84.9 mg/day).</p>
      <p>Mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure obtained in the sitting position from the baseline period to the 52nd week of treatment only for patients who completed the extension phase of the study are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>. We can observe that the blood pressure reduction obtained with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan observed in the initial phase of the study was sustained for the period of one-year follow-up, and the pattern was not different from that of the amlodipine alone group, which also remained reduced during the 52 weeks of treatment. Similar to what was observed in the initial phase of the treatment, the long-term blood pressure reduction in the losartan alone group was significantly lower than in the other groups, and a trend of return of the systolic blood pressure to higher levels throughout the treatment period was observed in this group. The same blood pressure variation pattern was observed when BP was measured in the standing position. </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Percentage rates of blood pressure normalization (cut-off points for DBP &lt; 90 and <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg) and antihypertensive efficacy (DBP <underline>&lt;</underline> 85 mmHg or D DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 10 mmHg) observed at the weeks 12th and 52nd weeks of treatment with each therapeutic regimen only for patients participating in the extension phase of the study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref>. As can be observed, efficacy and blood pressure normalization rates were quite high at week 12 for the three therapeutic regimens, unlike the results presented for the total group at week 12. This fact results from the selection criterion of patients for the extension phase, of which only patients who had obtained a clinically significant benefit from the treatments of the initial phase of the study could participate, for purposes of ethics and good clinical practice, as previously explained in details in the methodology section.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref> we can observe that a significant loss of antihypertensive efficacy occurs (a reduction in the percentage of patients with antihypertensive efficacy) in the long term, especially in the groups treated with losartan alone (from 79.3% to 51.7%) or amlodipine alone (from 97.7% to 75%). In the patients treated with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan, the long-term efficacy loss was much lower (from 93.6% to 87.2%) than that observed with the other two therapeutic regimens, which means that with this modality of treatment the maintenance of high rates of antihypertensive efficacy is feasible even in the long term.</p>
      <p>The long-term antihypertensive effi cacy of the fi xed combination of amlodipine and losartan was confi rmed with repeated recordings of ABPM performed during the one-year follow-up. As we can see in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>, the degree of reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the 24 hours - during alertness and sleep, observed after 12 weeks of treatment, was sustained in the same level in the ABPM performed in these patients at weeks 32 and 52 of the study, thus corroborating the long-term maintenance of pressure control.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>No significant variations in heart rate were observed with the different therapeutic regimens, both in the medium and in the long term. </p>
      <p>Tolerability: adverse events - The absolute and relative frequencies of patients with adverse events in general and with the two major events (lower extremity edema and headache) reported in the twelve weeks of treatment with the three therapeutic regimens are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table IV</xref>. We can observe that in the group treated with losartan alone there was a reduction in the frequency of patients who presented adverse events when compared to the baseline. On the contrary, in the groups treated with the fixed combination and with amlodipine alone, an increase in the absolute and relative frequencies of patients with adverse events was observed, and this increase was slightly higher, although not significant, among patients who received amlodipine alone. The incidence of headache decreased with the three therapeutic regimens and an increase trend in the frequency of patients with lower extremity edema was observed in the patients who received calcium channel antagonist alone or in combination with losartan. The frequency of patients with edema tended to be slightly higher, although not significantly in the amlodipine alone group. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>No significant variation in leg volume measurement was observed among the groups studied during the twelve first weeks of treatment.</p>
      <p>When the long-term tolerability of the three antihypertensive regimens was evaluated, we observed that in the group of patients treated with amlodipine alone a progressive increase occurred both in the number of adverse events and in the number of patients who presented at least one adverse event. Differently, in the group who received the fi xed combination, and especially in the group treated with losartan alone, we observed stabilization or even reduction both in the number of events and in the number of patients with adverse events. Thus, by the end of the treatment in the amlodipine group, nineteen adverse events had been reported by thirteen patients, representing a 29.5% incidence of patients with adverse events. In the losartan-alone group only two patients (6.9%) with adverse events were recorded at the last visit (one event per patient). In the fi xed combination of amlodipine and losartan group only seven adverse events were reported by 10.6% of the patients (n = 5).</p>
      <p>The relative frequency of patients with lower extremity edema and headache in all visits performed during a one-year follow-up of the patients treated with the three therapeutic regimens is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>. As we can see, no difference in the incidence of headache among the three drug regimens was observed. In relation to lower extremity edema, we can see that its incidence was progressive and significantly higher in the group of patients treated with amlodipine alone, when compared to losartan alone, and to the fixed combination. This incidence became stable as of approximately the 20th week of treatment. </p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Thus, from week 20 the relative frequency of lower extremity edema ranged from 15.9% to 18.2% of the patients treated with amlodipine alone. Differently, in the group treated with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan the incidence of this adverse event was four to five-fold lower than that observed in the patients treated with amlodipine alone, ranging from 2.1% to 4.3% of the population in this group. No patient of the group treated with losartan alone had lower extremity edema. </p>
      <p>Again, also in the extension phase, no significant variations or differences were observed among the study groups as regards leg volume measurement. </p>
      <p>Effects on glucose and lipid metabolism - Glucose and plasma lipid metabolism parameter values assessed at the baseline and at the 12th week of treatment with the three drug regimens are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table V</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As can be seen, no significant variations of blood glucose and blood insulin during fasting and following glucose overload were observed in the three groups. The sensitivity to insulin index was not influenced by any of the antihypertensive treatment regimens either. Likewise, no significant changes in the different parameters of lipid profile were observed during the twelve weeks of treatment with any of the three antihypertensive regimens used. </p>
      <p>Thus, the drug regimens used may be considered neutral as regards glucose and plasma lipid metabolism. </p>
      <p>The metabolic neutrality of the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan was sustained in the long term as can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>, in which the values of blood glucose and blood insulin during fasting and following glucose overload, of insulin sensitivity index, and of the different parameters of the lipid metabolism remained stable and were not different from those of the baseline during the 52 weeks of treatment with the combination. </p>
      <fig id="fig06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0039-00007-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of this multicenter study demonstrated that the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan has a high antihypertensive efficacy that is sustained in the long term with a quite reduced percentage of loss of blood pressure control. Based on our results we can state that the long-term antihypertensive efficacy of the fixed combination of amlodipine at low doses with higher doses of losartan was higher than that of the two comparative monotherapy regimens using high doses of those drugs alone. Thus, although we could achieve pressure levels similar to those observed with the fixed combination by using amlodipine at high doses (more than double the dose used in the fixed combination), we detected a significant loss rate in the long term, with loss of efficacy and blood pressure normalization endpoint in a significant number of patients treated with this monotherapy, which is a relevant fact because it implies maintenance of the cardiovascular risk in these patients, and frequent adjustments in the therapeutic regimen.</p>
      <p>The high antihypertensive efficacy rate of amlodipine alone at high doses observed in our study, which was similar to that of the fixed combination, had already been described in comparative studies of other fixed combinations of antihypertensive drugs, but always using high doses of this calcium channel antagonist at high doses<sup>20,21</sup>. In relation to losartan alone, the superior efficacy of the fixed combination was even more evident. Thus, not only did blood pressure remain at upper levels during the treatment with losartan, but also medium and long-term blood pressure normalization rates were quite lower among patients who received this monotherapy treatment. We also observed a significant rate of loss of blood pressure control with losartan alone throughout time. </p>
      <p>We observed that, in the long term, more than 60% of the patients treated with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan remained with diastolic blood pressure levels equal to or lower than 85 mmHg, thus achieving the goals recommended by current guidelines for the treatment of hypertension<sup>3,4,5</sup>. Still regarding antihypertensive efficacy, we observed that when it was assessed using systolic blood pressure normalization alone or in combination with diastolic blood pressure, the percentages obtained were lower than those reported when only diastolic blood pressure was considered for the three therapeutic regimens, reflecting the low efficacy of the drugs available for the treatment of hypertension in reducing and controlling systolic blood pressure. Again, patients treated with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan showed the highest rates, which were statistically different from that observed with losartan, but not from that reported for patients who received amlodipine alone. </p>
      <p>The difficulty to control systolic blood pressure observed in our study is supported by a review recently published by Professor Giuseppe Mancia<sup>22</sup> in which he reports that in almost the totality of the studies on endpoints of hypertension alone or associated with diabetes, the target-goal of systolic blood pressure was not achieved, despite the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs. Moreover, this difficulty to achieve the goal of controlling systolic blood pressure explains why the international guidelines for studies on antihypertensive drugs still use criteria based on diastolic blood pressure to describe the antihypertensive efficacy of a drug, in spite of the fact that guidelines indicate the real need to control systolic blood pressure as well.</p>
      <p>We currently know that the anti-hypertensive efficacy of a drug should be assessed considering not only the blood pressure measured at the doctor&#146;s office, but also the 24-hour effects of the drug on blood pressure, assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Our results demonstrate that the antihypertensive effect of the fixed combination, as well as of the monotherapies, is sustained during the 24 hours. We observed a 76.7% trough-to-peak ratio with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan, which allows the use of this medication in a single daily dose, thus facilitating the long-term compliance to treatment, since studies demonstrate that the higher the number of daily doses, the higher the treatment dropout rate<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is important to point out that blood pressure reduction provided by the treatment with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan did not cause any secondary increase in sympathetic activity, since no significant variations of heart rate occurred. This fact is beneficial and also helps explain the long-term maintenance of the antihypertensive efficacy with a low rate of loss of blood pressure control. </p>
      <p>In addition to a high efficacy in reducing blood pressure, keeping it at controlled levels, an antihypertensive drug should also have a good tolerability profile, since the presence of adverse effects may decrease the degree of compliance of the patient to the therapeutic regimen, thus ultimately leading to treatment dropout<sup>24</sup>. Our results demonstrate that the fixed combination of amlodipine at low doses and losartan at higher doses has a very good tolerability profile with a low incidence of adverse events. Moreover, when present, the great majority of these adverse events were mild, given that only for a very small proportion of those who presented with adverse events was treatment discontinuation necessary. The frequency of adverse events was significantly higher among patients treated with amlodipine alone especially in the long term. In the losartan alone group, as expected<sup>24</sup>, we observed a lower incidence of adverse events, confirming the excellent tolerability of this class of antihypertensive drugs. </p>
      <p>The most frequent adverse events in this multicenter study with the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan, and with the monotherapies were lower extremity edema and headache<sup>7,8,25</sup>. The incidence of lower extremity edema was particularly significant among patients treated with amlodipine alone, reaching rates higher than 18% in the long term. With the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan, the incidence of this adverse event was much lower, approximately four-fold less frequent than in the amlodipine alone group.</p>
      <p>On one hand, the good tolerability of the combination may be explained by the use of lower doses of each of the hypotensive drugs, since the existence of a strong relation between the dose of the hypotensive drug and the frequency of adverse events is known<sup>15,23</sup>. On the other hand, the lower incidence of lower extremity edema observed with the combination &#150; approximately one fourth of that observed in the amlodipine group, results not only from the use of lower doses of this calcium channel antagonist, but also from its synergistic interaction with losartan.</p>
      <p>Thus, dihydropyridine calcium antagonists are known to be potent arterial vasodilators, but less effective as venodilators. Moreover, these agents have been demonstrated to be able to cause secondary sympathetic stimulation in varying degrees, thus increasing catecholamine release which ultimately promotes venoconstriction<sup>7,8,16,25</sup>. Consequently, in patients treated with dihydropyridine drugs there would be an increase in hydraulic pressure in the capillary region, exceeding the oncotic pressure with a resulting fluid extravasation into the interstitial space and, therefore, with edema formation. By gravity action, this edema tends to be located in the lower extremities, especially in the malleolus region, although even anasarca has already been described in patients using dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. This adverse event of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists has usually a late onset (after six to eight weeks of treatment), and becomes more intense during the day and in the summer. </p>
      <p>On the other hand, the dilation effectiveness both arterial and venous of angiotensin II receptor blockers is well known11. Thus, when an ARB is combined with a calcium antagonist venular dilation is facilitated and hydraulic pressure in capillaries is reduced, and consequently the likelihood of edema formation also decreases. The better tolerability of the combination, as previously mentioned, will surely benefi t treatment compliance<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, patient compliance to treatment is also known to be influenced by countless factors such as the doctor-patient relationship, the knowledge of the disease, the absence of symptoms, the development of adverse events with antihypertensive medication, the number of pills to be taken, and others<sup>15,17,18,19,23</sup>. Thus, the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan assessed in the present study has a second positive point in relation to patient compliance to treatment, which is its convenient posology; that is, the two antihypertensive drugs are packed in the same galenic formulation with a 24-hour duration of action, thus allowing the use of a single daily dose of the medication. </p>
      <p>We are aware that, in addition to the aspects of efficacy and tolerability of an antihypertensive drug, we should also evaluate its effects on metabolic parameters, especially of glucose and lipids, because alterations in these parameters are very frequently observed in hypertensive patients. Incidentally, hypertension is frequently associated to the metabolic syndrome; also, the frequency of this association increases with age<sup>26,27,28,29,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, some drugs used in the treatment of hypertension, such as diuretics and beta blockers, are known to be able to promote harmful alterations in lipid metabolism, especially in glucose metabolism<sup>13,14,28,29,30</sup>. The pharmacologic agents of the class of calcium channel antagonists, in turn, have a neutral metabolic profile, and in some studies using angiotension II receptor blockers for the treatment of hypertensive patients a positive impact on glucose metabolism was reported, with improvement of sensitivity to insulin<sup>11,13</sup> and a significant reduction in the risk of development of new cases of diabetes<sup>9,10,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study we observed that the use of the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan did not change parameters of either glucose metabolism or plasma lipids, thus having a neutral metabolic profile even when used in the long term. Based on these results we can conclude that this therapeutic modality is safe and adequate for the treatment of hypertension in patients with metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemias. </p>
      <p>In brief, the results of this multicenter study demonstrated that the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan &#150; the first galenic combination of these two classes of antihypertensive drugs available in the pharmaceutical market, has a high antihypertensive efficacy, allowing approximately 60% of the patients treated to achieve and maintain, in the long term, the new goal of blood pressure control. The antihypertensive effect of the combination is sustained in the 24 hours, thus allowing its use in a single daily dose, which benefits the compliance to treatment. The tolerability of this fixed combination of antihypertensive drugs is also very good, with a low incidence of adverse events further facilitating compliance. </p>
      <p>Based on our results, we can suggest that thanks to the high antihypertensive efficacy sustained in the long term, and to the very good tolerability profile, in addition to the adequate metabolic profile, the fixed combination of amlodipine and losartan is an excellent option for the treatment of hypertension in a wide range of hypertensive patients, with a high potential to reduce cardiovascular risks since significant cardiovascular benefits have already been demonstrated with the use of each of the components of this fixed combination of antihypertensive drugs. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors acknowledge <italic>Financiadora Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas </italic>(FINEP &#150; National Sponsor for Studies and Research) for supporting and sponsoring part of this research project (LOTHAR Project &#150; Code 01.03.0002.00), as well as the researchers involved in the project.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Sykowsky PA, D&#146;Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Kannel WB. Secular Trends in Long Term Sustained Hypertension, Long Term Treatment and Cardiovascular Morbidity. The Framingham Heart Study 1950-1990. Circulation 1996; 93: 697-703.</p>
      <p>2. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood Pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 335: 765-77.</p>
      <p>3. IV Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o;Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. Hipertens&#227;o 2003; 5(4): 126-63.</p>
      <p>4. Chobaniam AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure- JNC 7. Hypertension 2003, 42: 1206-52.</p>
      <p>5. 2003 European Society of Hypertension - European Society of Cardiology guidelines for management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003, 21: 1011-53.</p>
      <p>6. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, et al on behalf of HOT Study group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet 1998; 351: 1755-62.</p>
      <p>7. Opie LH, Frishman WH, Thadani U. Calcium channel antagonists(Calcium Entry Blockers). In Opie LH. (ed) Drugs for the heart. 4<sup>th</sup> ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.; 1995: 50-82. </p>
      <p>8. Webster J, Robb OJ, Jeffers TA, Scott AK, Petrie JC, Towler HM. Once daily amlodipine in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 24(6): 713-9. </p>
      <p>9. Dahlof B, Devereux R, Kjeldsen S, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995-1003.</p>
      <p>10. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 1004-10.</p>
      <p>11. See S. Angiotensin II receptor blockers for the treatment of hypertension. Expert Opin. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 2(11): 1795-804.</p>
      <p>12. Zanetti-Elshater F, Pingitore R, Beretta-Piccoli C, et al. Calcium antagonists for treatment of diabetes-associated hypertension: metabolic and renal effects of amlodipine. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7: 36-45.</p>
      <p>13. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Adverse Prognostic Significance in New Diabetes in treated hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004; 43: 963-69.</p>
      <p>14. Dunder K, Bind L, Zethelius B, et al Increase in blood glucose concentration during antihypertensive treatment as predictor of myocardial infarction: a population-based cohort study. BMJ 2003; 326: 681-5.</p>
      <p>15. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomized trials. Brit Med J 2003; 326: 1427-34.</p>
      <p>16. van Hamesvelt HW, Kloke HJ, de Jong DJ, Koene RA, Huysmans FT. Oedema formation with the vasodilators nifedipina and dyazoxide: direct local effect or sodium retention. J Hypertens 1996; 14(8): 1041-5.</p>
      <p>17. Opie LH. Choosing the correct drug for the individual hypertensive patient. Drugs 1992; 44: 147-55.</p>
      <p>18. Prisant LM, Weir MR, Papademetriou V, et al. Low-dose drug combination therapy: an alternative first-line approach to hypertension treatment. Am Heart J 1995; 130(2): 359-66.</p>
      <p>19. Basile JN. Combination Agents as a means of improving adherence and other aspects of the sixth Joint National Committee Report. South Med J 2000; 93(5): 534-6.</p>
      <p>20. Franco RJ, Goldflus S, McQuity M, Oigman W on behalf of Valsartan/HCTZ combination Therapy in Brazil Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of the combination of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide compared with amlodipine in mild-to-moderately hypertensive Brazilian population. Blood Press 2003; 2(suppl): 41-7.</p>
      <p>21. Ruilope LM, Malacco E, Khder Y, Kandra A, Bonner G, Heintz D. Efficacy and tolerability of combination therapy with valsartan plus hydroclorothiazide compared with amlodipine monotherapy in hypertensive patients with other cardiovascular risk factors: the VAST study. Clin Ther 2005; 27(5): 578-87. </p>
      <p>22. Mancia G, Grassi G. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure control in antihypertensive drug trials. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1461-14.</p>
      <p>23. Claxton AJ, Cramer J, Pierce C. A systematic review of the association between dose regimens and medication compliance. Clin Ther 2001; 23(8): 1296-310.</p>
      <p>24. Bloom BS. Continuation of initial antihypertensive medication after 1 year of therapy. Clin Ther 1998; 20: 671-81.</p>
      <p>25. Varrone J. A study of the efficacy and safety of amlodipine for the treatment o hypertension in general practice. Postgrad Med J 1991; 67 (Suppl 5): S28-S31.</p>
      <p>26. Weber MA, Smith DH, Neutel JM, Graettinger WF. Cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of hypertension. Am J Med 1991; 91(1 A): 4S-10S.</p>
      <p>27. Reaven GM, Lithel H, Landsberg GL. Mechanism of disease hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities. The role of insulin resistance and the sympatho-adrenal system. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 374-82.</p>
      <p>28. Hulthe J, Bokemark L, Wikstrand J, et al. The metabolic syndrome, LDL particle size and atherosclerosis: The Atherosclerosis and Insulin Resistance (AIR) Study. Artherioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20(9): 2140-7.</p>
      <p>29. Kohlmann Jr O. Resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e hipertens&#227;o arterial: relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Hipertens&#227;o 1998; 1(2): 50-4.</p>
      <p>30. Donahoo WT, Kosmiski LA , Eckel RH. Drugs causing dyslipoproteinemia. Endocrinol Met Clin North Am 1998; 27(3): 677-97.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr</p>
          <p> Hospital do Rim e Hipertens&#227;o </p>
          <p> Rua Leandro Dupret, 365</p>
          <p> 04025-011 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="kohlmann@hrim.com.br">kohlmann@hrim.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 09/02/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 10/13/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
