<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TYgHbpgbY76SXGpDMyNYpbP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000100006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo comparativo das avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler na evolu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadores de febre reum&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Eug&#234;nio Marcos Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Cleonice de Carvalho Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>32</fpage>
      <lpage>38</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Comparar os exames cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler na avalia&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com febre reum&#225;tica, bem como investigar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a segundo essas avalia&#231;&#245;es. M&#201;TODOS: Trata-se de estudo observacional longitudinal que englobou 258 crian&#231;as e adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica, baseado nos crit&#233;rios de Jones. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante o per&#237;odo de 2 a 15 anos. A presen&#231;a e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica foram determinadas pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler. Utilizou-se a estat&#237;stica de Kappa para estimar a concord&#226;ncia entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es, e as evolu&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler da cardite e valvite, respectivamente, foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou de Fisher, p &lt; 0,05. RESULTADOS: Dos 109 pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler na fase aguda, 31 n&#227;o apresentavam cl&#237;nica de cardite, mas 17 (54,8%) deles mostravam les&#227;o valvar ao ecocardiograma Doppler (valvite subcl&#237;nica). Na fase cr&#244;nica, 153 dos 258 tinham exame cardiovascular normal, mas 85 (55,5%) desses mostravam les&#227;o valvar ao ecocardiograma Doppler (valvopatia cr&#244;nica subcl&#237;nica). A involu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler foi menos freq&#252;ente, ocorrendo em 10 (25,0%) dos pacientes com valvite leve e em apenas 1 (2,5%) daqueles com valvite moderada, e em nenhum com valvite grave. CONCLUS&#195;O: A identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es valvares na febre reum&#225;tica &#233; maior se a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica for acrescida do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler, que tamb&#233;m mostra menor &#237;ndice de regress&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares. O diagn&#243;stico de valvite e valvopatia subcl&#237;nicas tem implica&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224;s profilaxias secund&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica e da endocardite.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>febre reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>valvite</kwd>
        <kwd>valvopatia reum&#225;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo comparativo das avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler na evolu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes portadores de febre reum&#225;tica </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Zilda Maria Alves Meira; Eug&#234;nio Marcos Andrade Goulart; Cleonice de Carvalho Coelho Mota</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte, MG</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Comparar os exames cl&#237;nico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler na avalia&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com febre reum&#225;tica, bem como investigar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a segundo essas avalia&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Trata-se de estudo observacional longitudinal que englobou 258 crian&#231;as e adolescentes com diagn&#243;stico de febre reum&#225;tica, baseado nos crit&#233;rios de Jones. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante o per&#237;odo de 2 a 15 anos. A presen&#231;a e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica foram determinadas pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler. Utilizou-se a estat&#237;stica de Kappa para estimar a concord&#226;ncia entre as avalia&#231;&#245;es, e as evolu&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler da cardite e valvite, respectivamente, foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou de Fisher, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Dos 109 pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler na fase aguda, 31 n&#227;o apresentavam cl&#237;nica de cardite, mas 17 (54,8%) deles mostravam les&#227;o valvar ao ecocardiograma Doppler (valvite subcl&#237;nica). Na fase cr&#244;nica, 153 dos 258 tinham exame cardiovascular normal, mas 85 (55,5%) desses mostravam les&#227;o valvar ao ecocardiograma Doppler (valvopatia cr&#244;nica subcl&#237;nica). A involu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler foi menos freq&#252;ente, ocorrendo em 10 (25,0%) dos pacientes com valvite leve e em apenas 1 (2,5%) daqueles com valvite moderada, e em nenhum com valvite grave. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es valvares na febre reum&#225;tica &#233; maior se a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica for acrescida do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler, que tamb&#233;m mostra menor &#237;ndice de regress&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares. O diagn&#243;stico de valvite e valvopatia subcl&#237;nicas tem implica&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224;s profilaxias secund&#225;ria da febre reum&#225;tica e da endocardite.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>febre reum&#225;tica, ecocardiografia Doppler, valvite, valvopatia reum&#225;tica</p>
    <p>A febre reum&#225;tica (FR) continua sendo a principal causa de cardiopatia adquirida na crian&#231;a escolar, adolescente e adulto jovem, nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>1</sup>. A FR implica grandes gastos com a sa&#250;de por se tratar de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica que necessita de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico e, muitas vezes, abordagem das les&#245;es valvares atrav&#233;s do cateterismo card&#237;aco para realiza&#231;&#227;o de valvoplastia com cateter bal&#227;o ou tratamento cir&#250;rgico para reparo ou substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar. </p>
    <p>O progn&#243;stico &#233; bom, com menor &#237;ndice de evolu&#231;&#227;o para valvopatia cr&#244;nica, na aus&#234;ncia de cardite e/ou de recidiva da doen&#231;a. Em geral, os pacientes sem cardite n&#227;o apresentar&#227;o cardiopatia cr&#244;nica significativa. Entretanto, o progn&#243;stico piora &#224; medida que aumenta a gravidade da cardite e, na presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no surto inicial da mol&#233;stia, 60% mostraram evid&#234;ncia de cardiopatia ap&#243;s dez anos<sup>2</sup>. Levando-se em conta que o diagn&#243;stico da FR resulta de um conjunto de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-laboratoriais, a origem reum&#225;tica das valvites ou das valvopatias cr&#244;nicas subcl&#237;nicas dever&#225; ser analisada &#224; luz desses crit&#233;rios, e os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Doppler n&#227;o est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos entre eles<sup>3</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o ecocardiograma Doppler, embora extremamente &#250;til para evidenciar e quantificar altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sinais cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o permite afirmar a etiologia das les&#245;es<sup>4</sup>, embora possa sugerir a etiologia, j&#225; que as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas Doppler do envolvimento valvar reum&#225;tico s&#227;o t&#237;picas. </p>
    <p>O progresso nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, com o advento do estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler, proporcionou melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es orovalvares. Pela an&#225;lise ao modo M e bidimensional podem ser determinados, com seguran&#231;a, o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a presen&#231;a de acometimento peric&#225;rdico e as altera&#231;&#245;es da textura valvar. A an&#225;lise Doppler (mapeamento com fluxo em cores, puls&#225;til e cont&#237;nuo) permite detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar mesmo sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, assim como classificar o tipo e o grau da les&#227;o valvar pela magnitude do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o e pela estimativa da &#225;rea valvar<sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Tendo em vista a diferen&#231;a entre o exame cl&#237;nico e o ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler na defini&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a e do grau de acometimento valvar, o estudo prop&#244;s quantificar o grau de acometimento card&#237;aco nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica da FR e estudar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a segundo as duas avalia&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou-se um estudo observacional longitudinal, com levantamento de dados retrospectivos de 258 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de FR, baseado nos crit&#233;rios de Jones (1992)<sup>6</sup>, e que foram atendidos no Servi&#231;o entre agosto de 1983 e dezembro de 1988. Os pacientes foram selecionados entre 392 pacientes acompanhados nos Ambulat&#243;rios espec&#237;ficos para atendimento de pacientes portadores de FR. A presen&#231;a e quantifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares foi determinada pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler, tanto na fase aguda quanto na cr&#244;nica. Dos 258 pacientes, 109 foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler na fase aguda. Na fase cr&#244;nica, considerada ap&#243;s pelo menos dois anos de doen&#231;a, todos os pacientes tiveram o grau de envolvimento card&#237;aco determinado pelas avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler. </p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o do grau de envolvimento card&#237;aco foi realizada em per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de at&#233; tr&#234;s meses entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler, nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica. Pela hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, foram definidos o in&#237;cio das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es maiores e menores inclu&#237;das nos crit&#233;rios de Jones. A fase aguda foi definida como o per&#237;odo compreendido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e sinais e o final da 12&#170; semana de doen&#231;a ou antes, com a normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos exames laboratoriais que representam as rea&#231;&#245;es da fase aguda do soro. </p>
    <p>A partir de 1994, todos os pacientes atendidos no Servi&#231;o com febre reum&#225;tica aguda (FRA), mesmo sem manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de acometimento card&#237;aco, foram submetidos tamb&#233;m a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler, al&#233;m dos exames cl&#237;nicos, radiol&#243;gicos e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Doppler incluindo as quatro modalidades &#150; modo M, bidimensional, Doppler puls&#225;til, cont&#237;nuo e mapeamento de fluxo em cores &#150; foram realizados com os equipamentos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Siemens CF PLUS e Hewlett - Packard (HP) vers&#227;o 1.500, com sondas de 2,5, 3,5 e 5,5 MHZ. </p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras esquerdas foi obtida pelo modo M, atrav&#233;s da janela paraesternal, eixo curto. Os valores obtidos foram comparados com valores normais de refer&#234;ncia, segundo o peso. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) foi avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz (1964)<sup>5</sup>. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o das regurgita&#231;&#245;es valvares foram baseados no mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o do grau da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, foi utilizada a &#225;rea do fluxo regurgitante. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi considerada fisiol&#243;gica segundo os seguintes crit&#233;rios: valvas de morfologia e textura normais; c&#226;maras card&#237;acas de dimens&#245;es normais; discreto jato regurgitante, menor que 1 cm do n&#237;vel do fechamento valvar, pela an&#225;lise Doppler com mapeamento de fluxo em cores; jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o ocupando menos que 50% da s&#237;stole pela an&#225;lise ao Doppler cont&#237;nuo. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi quantificada pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre a extens&#227;o do jato regurgitante e a sec&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>7</sup>. Quanto &#224;s les&#245;es obstrutivas, a &#225;rea valvar mitral foi determinada por meio da t&#233;cnica Doppler, que se baseia no <italic>pressure half-time</italic> (PHT), na aus&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica significativa, e pela planimetria ao bidimensional e nos gradientes diast&#243;licos m&#225;ximo e m&#233;dio entre o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). </p>
    <p>Procedeu-se &#224;s classifica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do grau de acometimento card&#237;aco nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica. Na fase aguda, a classifica&#231;&#227;o do envolvimento card&#237;aco, denominada cardite, foi realizada segundo o protocolo do Servi&#231;o baseado na classifica&#231;&#227;o descrita por D&#233;court<sup>8</sup> e Markowitz &amp; Gordis<sup>9</sup>. Foram considerados quatro graus de cardite: ausente, leve, moderada e grave. Na fase cr&#244;nica, a presen&#231;a e o grau de envolvimento card&#237;aco foram determinados a partir de par&#226;metros semelhantes aos da fase aguda, sendo denominada cardiopatia cr&#244;nica e estratificada nas categorias ausente, leve, moderada e grave. Para a classifica&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler do grau de acometimento card&#237;aco nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica, consideraram-se exclusivamente o grau da les&#227;o valvar e as dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas de acordo com os padr&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficos j&#225; estabelecidos<sup>5,7,10,11</sup>. As classifica&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas Doppler dos graus de acometimento valvar nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica, denominadas de valvite e de valvopatia cr&#244;nica, foram divididas tamb&#233;m em quatro graus: ausente, leve, moderada e grave. </p>
    <p>O termo valvopatia aqui empregado restringe-se &#224; an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler exclusiva de les&#245;es valvares mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica, na fase cr&#244;nica da FR. A determina&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es das valvas tric&#250;spide e pulmonar n&#227;o foi realizada neste estudo. As les&#245;es valvares classificadas segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler como de grau leve a moderado foram inclu&#237;das no item de acometimento moderado e as classificadas como de grau moderado a grave foram analisadas como grave. </p>
    <p>O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital. Os dados obtidos foram analisados com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do EPI-Info 6. Foi realizado um estudo comparativo da evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes portadores de FR, tendo em vista as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica, incluindo os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e radiol&#243;gicos de t&#243;rax, e as quatro classifica&#231;&#245;es das les&#245;es valvares realizadas segundo os crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Doppler. Para medir a concord&#226;ncia entre as classifica&#231;&#245;es, utilizou-se a estat&#237;stica de Kappa, calculando-se o valor de Kappa (K) n&#227;o-ponderado. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o convencional dos valores K &#233; a seguinte: Kappa maior que 75% &#150; concord&#226;ncia excelente; entre 40% e 75% &#150; concord&#226;ncia de razo&#225;vel a boa; Kappa abaixo de 40% &#150; concord&#226;ncia fraca. As evolu&#231;&#245;es segundo as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler da cardite e valvite, respectivamente, foram comparadas pelo qui-quadrado (c<sup>2</sup>) ou teste de Fisher. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 258 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 132 (51,2%) eram do sexo masculino e 126 (48,8%) do sexo feminino, com idade no primeiro surto de FR variando entre 3,2 e 16,5 anos, m&#233;dia de 9,0 &#177; 2,6 anos e mediana de 9,0 anos. Considerando-se exclusivamente o per&#237;odo de seguimento dos 258 pacientes no Servi&#231;o, foram totalizados 1.383 pacientes-ano. </p>
    <p>Na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Jones, a artrite, a cardite e a cor&#233;ia foram manifesta&#231;&#245;es freq&#252;entes no quadro de FRA, estando presentes em 65,5%, 56,6% e 24,0%, respectivamente. Considerando-se as manifesta&#231;&#245;es maiores associadas mais comuns na apresenta&#231;&#227;o da FRA, a associa&#231;&#227;o de artrite e cardite foi a mais freq&#252;ente, ocorrendo em 29,8% dos 258 pacientes no primeiro surto. Apenas 2,7% dos pacientes apresentaram cardite, artrite e cor&#233;ia associadas, sendo tamb&#233;m pouco comum (4,3%) a concomit&#226;ncia de artrite e cor&#233;ia. </p>
    <p>Os principais achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Doppler dos 109 pacientes investigados no Servi&#231;o, durante o primeiro surto, est&#227;o listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. A fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo esteve dentro dos limites da normalidade na grande maioria (99,1%), observando-se sua diminui&#231;&#227;o em apenas um paciente, cuja fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi de 0,52. Uma ou mais c&#226;maras card&#237;acas mostraram-se aumentadas em 58 pacientes (53,2%), e o aumento combinado de AE e VE foi mais freq&#252;ente do que o aumento isolado ou global das quatro c&#226;maras. Como apresenta&#231;&#227;o isolada ou associada a outras les&#245;es, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral esteve presente em 92 (84,4%) pacientes e a regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica em 53 (48,6%). Entretanto, registrou-se regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica isoladamente em apenas tr&#234;s (2,7%) pacientes, n&#227;o sendo observadas les&#245;es valvares obstrutivas. A presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico foi incomum, sendo detectado em apenas quatro (3,7%) exames. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise por leitura diagonal da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref> mostra que tanto na fase aguda quanto na cr&#244;nica, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica tendeu a subestimar o grau do acometimento card&#237;aco, quando comparada &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o do grau da les&#227;o valvar realizada segundo os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Doppler. Na fase aguda, dezessete (54,8%) dos 31 pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica apresentaram les&#227;o valvar pela avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler (valvite subcl&#237;nica). Semelhantemente, na fase cr&#244;nica, 81 (52,9%) dos 153 pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de les&#227;o valvar e com ECG e radiografias de t&#243;rax normais apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es valvares ao exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler (valvopatia cr&#244;nica subcl&#237;nica). Todos os pacientes identificados pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica como portadores de cardiopatia, entretanto, apresentaram valvopatia &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler. Houve concord&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico do grau de les&#227;o valvar, em ambas as avalia&#231;&#245;es, naqueles pacientes com grau de acometimento card&#237;aco classificado como moderado ou grave, tanto na fase aguda quanto na fase cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise evolutiva do envolvimento card&#237;aco da fase aguda para a cr&#244;nica, segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica complementada pelos estudos eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e radiol&#243;gico de t&#243;rax, observa-se que houve maior porcentual de regress&#227;o da les&#227;o valvar quando a cardite foi de grau leve (59,4%), menor porcentual quando de grau moderado (15,2%) e n&#227;o houve registro de involu&#231;&#227;o nos casos de cardite grave. Dos pacientes sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de cardite, oito (7,1%) mostraram altera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na fase cr&#244;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Considerando-se o grau de acometimento card&#237;aco pela avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler, tanto na fase aguda quanto na fase cr&#244;nica, a aus&#234;ncia de valvite indicou maior probabilidade de normalidade na fase cr&#244;nica; apenas um (7,1%) dos pacientes sem les&#227;o valvar na fase aguda evidenciou les&#227;o valvar leve na fase cr&#244;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tabela 4</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Como pode ser observado, a involu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler foi menos freq&#252;ente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ocorrendo em dez (25,0%) dos pacientes com les&#227;o valvar leve (<italic>p </italic>= 0,0013) e em apenas um (2,5%) com valvite moderada (<italic>p </italic>= 0,0526). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve evolu&#231;&#227;o para normaliza&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler das valvites graves (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold> DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando-se que as valvas tric&#250;spide e pulmonar evidenciam regurgita&#231;&#227;o (fisiol&#243;gica) na maioria das crian&#231;as e adolescentes normais<sup>12,13</sup>, e que os jatos anormais de regurgita&#231;&#227;o podem ocorrer por hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, seus acometimentos na FR n&#227;o foram avaliados neste estudo. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica n&#227;o foi considerada fisiol&#243;gica em nenhum dos pacientes. Apenas a les&#227;o valvar foi considerada na classifica&#231;&#227;o do grau do envolvimento card&#237;aco, mesmo na fase aguda, tendo em vista que os acometimentos peric&#225;rdico e/ou mioc&#225;rdico na FRA geralmente s&#227;o de grau leve e n&#227;o determinam a gravidade do acometimento card&#237;aco reum&#225;tico<sup>14-16</sup>. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi encontrado na literatura estudo semelhante a esse que compara a evolu&#231;&#227;o da FR em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de les&#227;o valvar mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica segundo as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler. Tamb&#233;m o teste de Kappa (K), freq&#252;entemente empregado para medir a concord&#226;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o entre observadores, n&#227;o foi empregado em estudos a respeito de compara&#231;&#227;o entre as classifica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler do grau de les&#227;o valvar na FR. Refletindo a menor sensibilidade do exame cl&#237;nico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler na detec&#231;&#227;o de valvite e/ou valvopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, os valores de Kappa foram interpretados como entre fraca e moderada concord&#226;ncia, dependendo do grau de envolvimento card&#237;aco. Nos casos graves, as avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler foram concordantes.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise do perfil de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da FR registrado na literatura, observa-se semelhan&#231;a na distribui&#231;&#227;o de freq&#252;&#234;ncia das principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es maiores da FR quando se trata de primeiro surto<sup>14,17-19</sup>. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas maiores em surtos ocorridos nas d&#233;cadas de 1980 e final da de 1990 em alguns estados dos Estados Unidos, tal como Utah<sup>20,21</sup>, foi semelhante &#224; observada entre os pacientes aqui estudados, como a cor&#233;ia que aqui esteve presente em 24% e em Utah em 28%, assim como os baixos &#237;ndices de associa&#231;&#227;o de cor&#233;ia e artrite 4,0% e 4,3%, respectivamente. Na presen&#231;a de cardite, o diagn&#243;stico de FR torna-se mais f&#225;cil, principalmente se alguma outra manifesta&#231;&#227;o maior estiver presente. A cardite esteve presente em 146 (56,6%) pacientes, porcentual esse semelhante ao de outros estudos, independentemente se de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento<sup>17,22,23</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, 87,2% dos 109 ecocardiogramas Doppler realizados na fase aguda evidenciaram algum tipo de anormalidade, e dezessete (15,6%) pacientes n&#227;o mostravam altera&#231;&#227;o ao exame cardiovascular. Ty &amp; Ortiz<sup>24</sup> tamb&#233;m registraram anormalidades em 89,0% de 28 pacientes com quadro de FRA, cinco (17,9%) deles sem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de cardite. Semelhantemente, entre os 258 submetidos ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler na fase cr&#244;nica, 190 (73,6%) evidenciaram anormalidade valvar, e em 85 (44,7%) o exame cl&#237;nico era normal. Considerando-se os resultados do estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler realizado na fase aguda de 109 pacientes, a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrou-se levemente comprometida em apenas um paciente (0,9%), coincidindo com os resultados de Ty &amp; Ortiz<sup>24</sup>, que observaram redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e da porcentagem de encurtamento em apenas um (3,6%) dos 28 pacientes avaliados nessa fase. Os autores atribuem esse fato ao uso de antiinflamat&#243;rio e &#224; baixa sensibilidade desses par&#226;metros na detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es leves da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til. </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda decorrente de disfun&#231;&#245;es valvares mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica tende a superestimar essas medidas. As cavidades ventriculares esquerdas, medidas na fase final da di&#225;stole ao modo-M, mostraram-se aumentadas em 53,2% dos ecocardiogramas realizados na fase aguda. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi a les&#227;o predominante, ocorrendo de maneira isolada ou associada em 84,4%, em concord&#226;ncia os relatos da literatura<sup>20,25</sup>. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica foi detectada em 48,6% dos 109 pacientes pelo estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler, mas apenas quatorze (12,8%) apresentaram ausculta compat&#237;vel com regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. </p>
    <p>Dos 258 pacientes analisados na fase cr&#244;nica, 189 apresentaram algum tipo de les&#227;o valvar mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica, sendo a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (isolada ou associada) a les&#227;o mais prevalente (97,9%), seguida pelas regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica associada &#224; les&#227;o mitral (49,2%) e a estenose mitral associada &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (12,7%), n&#227;o tendo sido identificado caso algum de estenose a&#243;rtica ou de estenose mitral isolada. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com os descritos na literatura, para investiga&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com faixa et&#225;ria semelhante ao desta pesquisa, observando-se que as les&#245;es obstrutivas necessitam de maior tempo para se instalar<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>D&#233;court<sup>8</sup> j&#225; descrevia, em sua experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica com pacientes portadores de cardite de grau leve, que em cerca de 80% as manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas desapareciam, com evolu&#231;&#227;o sem v&#237;cio valvar residual. Entretanto, nos casos de cardite moderada ou grave, a cardiopatia residual seria o acontecimento mais prov&#225;vel. Thomas<sup>26</sup> classicamente demonstrou que aqueles pacientes sem anormalidades card&#237;acas na fase aguda mantiveram exame cl&#237;nico normal no per&#237;odo de seguimento, ao passo que nos pacientes que apresentaram sopros na fase aguda o &#237;ndice de regress&#227;o variou de acordo com a intensidade destes. Semelhantemente, Majeed e cols.<sup>27</sup> observaram o desenvolvimento de cardiopatia residual em 49% de 29 crian&#231;as que apresentaram cardite e nenhuma crian&#231;a sem cardite apresentou cardiopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (CRC). </p>
    <p>Os resultados da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, em concord&#226;ncia com os autores anteriores, mostraram que a evolu&#231;&#227;o para CRC variou com o grau de cardite. Dos 64 pacientes que apresentaram cardite leve, 38 (59,4%) n&#227;o mais evidenciaram sinais cl&#237;nicos de acometimento valvar. Entretanto, entre os 82 pacientes que exibiram cardite moderada ou grave, 86,6% evolu&#237;ram para CRC e todos os casos de cardite grave (100,0%) mostraram evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de CRC. J&#225; a involu&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares, tendo em vista a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler nas fases aguda e cr&#244;nica, foi menos freq&#252;ente. Apenas dez (25%) dos pacientes com valvite de grau leve, um (2,5%) com valvite moderada e nenhum com cardite grave apresentou exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler normal na fase cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler &#233; importante exame complementar na identifica&#231;&#227;o e na classifica&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares, tanto na fase aguda quanto na fase cr&#244;nica da FR. Considerando a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler, a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es valvares &#233; maior e a regress&#227;o das les&#245;es valvares &#233; menor em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es valvares subcl&#237;nicas tem implica&#231;&#227;o no tratamento na fase aguda com rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso e acompanhamento mais pr&#243;ximo do paciente. Na fase cr&#244;nica &#233; importante na defini&#231;&#227;o da &#233;poca de suspens&#227;o da profilaxia secund&#225;ria e indica&#231;&#227;o de profilaxia de endocardite.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Zilda Maria Alves Meira </p>
        <p> Rua Roquete Mendon&#231;a, 184/401 </p>
        <p> 31275-030 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="zilda.m.a.m@terra.com.br">zilda.m.a.m@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 05/08/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/04/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Mota CCC, Meira ZMA, Graciano RN et al.    Diagnostic aspects, carditis and other acute manifestations of streptococcal    infection. Cardiol Young 1992; 2(3): 222-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diagnostic aspects, carditis and other acute manifestations of streptococcal infection</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>222</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mota</surname>
              <given-names>CCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meira</surname>
              <given-names>ZMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graciano</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Aziz K, Cheema L, Memon AD. Long-term observations    of rheumatic carditis. Cardiol Young 1992; 2(3): 254-60.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term observations of rheumatic carditis</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>254</fpage>
          <lpage>60</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aziz</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheema</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Memon</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Ferrieri P, for the Jones Criteria Working    Group. Proceedings of the Jones criteria workshop. Circulation 2002; 106: 2521-3.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>for the Jones Criteria Working Group: Proceedings of the Jones criteria workshop</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2521</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <volume>106</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrieri</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Thevenard RS, Medeiros CCJ. Ecodopplercardiografia    na febre reum&#225;tica. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo 1993;    3(6): 43-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ecodopplercardiografia na febre reum&#225;tica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thevenard</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medeiros</surname>
              <given-names>CCJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography. 4<sup>th</sup>    ed. Philadelphia: Lea &amp; Febiger, 1986.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feigenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>H.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. American Heart Association (AHA) - Committee    on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular    Disease in the Young. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. JAMA    1992; 268: 2069-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2069</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <volume>268</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Perry GJ, Helmcke F, Nanda NC et al. Evaluation    of aortic insufficiency by Doppler color flow mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;    9: 952-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation of aortic insufficiency by Doppler color flow mapping</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>952</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perry</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helmcke</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nanda</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. D&#233;court LV. Doen&#231;a Reum&#225;tica.    2<sup>&#350;</sup> ed. S&#227;o Paulo: Savier, 1972: 208p.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Doen&#231;a Reum&#225;tica</source>
          <date>
            <year>1972</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D&#233;court</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Markowitz M, Gordis L. Rheumatic Fever,    2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1972.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Rheumatic Fever</source>
          <date>
            <year>1972</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markowitz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gordis</surname>
              <given-names>L.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Assef JE, Barretto RBM, Barretto SNSM.    Avalia&#231;&#227;o Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;fica das les&#245;es mitrais    e a&#243;rticas: a pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, do modo-M ao transesof&#225;gico. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo 1997; 7(5): 547-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;fica das les&#245;es mitrais e a&#243;rticas: a pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, do modo-M ao transesof&#225;gico</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>547</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assef</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>RBM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barretto</surname>
              <given-names>SNSM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Helmcke F, Nanda NC, Hsuing MC et al.    Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes. Circulation    1987; 75: 175-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>175</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Helmcke</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nanda</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsuing</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Folger Jr GM, Hajar R, Robida A et al.    Ocurrence of valvar heart diseade in acute rheumatic fever without evident carditis:    colour-flow Doppler identification. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 434-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Ocurrence of valvar heart diseade in acute rheumatic fever without evident carditis: colour-flow Doppler identification</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>434</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Folger</surname>
              <given-names>Jr GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hajar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robida</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Minich LL, Tani LY, Pagotto LT et al.    Doppler echocardiography distinguishes between physiologic and pathologic "silent"    mitral regurgitation in patients with rheumatic fever. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20(11):    924-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doppler echocardiography distinguishes between physiologic and pathologic "silent" mitral regurgitation in patients with rheumatic fever</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>924</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Minich</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tani</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pagotto</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Veasy LG, Tani LY, Hill HR. Persistence    of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. J Pediatr    1994; 124: 9-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Persistence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Veasy</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tani</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15.  Edwards BS, Edwards JE. Congestive heart    failure in rheumatic carditis: valvular or myocardial origin? J Am Coll Cardiol    1993; 22(3): 830-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Congestive heart failure in rheumatic carditis: valvular or myocardial origin?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>830</fpage>
          <lpage>1</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>JE.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Barlow JB, Marcus RH, Pocock WA et al.    Mechanisms and management of heart failure in active rheumatic carditis. S Afr    Med J 1990; 78: 181-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mechanisms and management of heart failure in active rheumatic carditis</article-title>
          <source>S Afr Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>181</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barlow</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcus</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pocock</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Hosier DM, Craenen J M, Teske DW et al.    Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141(7): 730-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever</article-title>
          <source>Am J Dis Child</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>730</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hosier</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Craenen</surname>
              <given-names>J M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teske</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18.  Congeni B, Rizzo C, Congeni J et al.    Outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in northeast Ohio. J Pediatr 1987; 111(2):    176-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in northeast Ohio</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>176</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Congeni</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Congeni</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Stollerman GH. Rheumatic fever. Lancet    1997; 349: 935-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Rheumatic fever</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>935</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <volume>349</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stollerman</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS. Resurgence    of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl    J Med 1987; 316: 421-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>421</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>316</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Veasy</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wiedmeier</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orsmond</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Veasy LG, Tani LY, Daly JA et al. Temporal    association of the appearance of mucoid strains of streptococcus pyogenes with    a continuing high incidence of rheumatic fever in Utah. Cardiol Young 2003;    13(6): 491-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Temporal association of the appearance of mucoid strains of streptococcus pyogenes with a continuing high incidence of rheumatic fever in Utah</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>491</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Veasy</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tani</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daly</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Vasan RS, Shrivastava S, Vijayakumar M.    Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic    carditis. Circulation 1996; 94(1): 73-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic carditis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vasan</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shrivastava</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vijayakumar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Wilson NJ, Neutze JM. Echocardiographic    diagnosis of subclinical carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Int J Cardiol 1995;    50(1): 1-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic diagnosis of subclinical carditis in acute rheumatic fever</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neutze</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Ty ET, Ortiz EE. M-mode, cross-sectional    and color flow Doppler echocardiographic findings in acute rheumatic fever.    Cardiol Young. 1992; 2(3): 229-35. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>M-mode, cross-sectional and color flow Doppler echocardiographic findings in acute rheumatic fever</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>229</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ty</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Taranta A, Markowitz M. A Febre Reum&#225;tica.    2<sup>&#350;</sup> ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1989: p 1-55; 1-46;</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>A Febre Reum&#225;tica</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taranta</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markowitz</surname>
              <given-names>M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Thomas GT. Five-year follow-up on patients    with rheumatic fever treated by bed rest, steroids, or salicylate. Brit Med    J 1961; 1: 1635-9. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Five-year follow-up on patients with rheumatic fever treated by bed rest, steroids, or salicylate</article-title>
          <source>Brit Med J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1961</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1635</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Majeed HA, Batnager S, Yousof AM et al.    Acute rheumatic fever and the evolution of rheumatic heart disease: a prospective    12 year of follow-up report. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45(8): 871-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acute rheumatic fever and the evolution of rheumatic heart disease: a prospective 12 year of follow-up report</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>871</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Majeed</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batnager</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yousof</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative study of clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations of the progression of valve diseases in children and adolescents with rheumatic fever</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations in assessing valvular diseases in children and adolescents with rheumatic fever, as well as assess the progression of the disease in light of these assessments. METHODS: This is a longitudinal study of 258 children and adolescents diagnosed with rheumatic fever according to Jones&#8217; criteria. The follow-up period ranged from 2-15 years. The presence and quantification of valve diseases were determined by means of clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations performed during the acute and chronic phases. The Kappa statististics method was used to estimate the degree of agreement between clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations. Comparisons between clinical and Doppler echocardiographic findings on the progress of carditis and valvulitis, respectively, were made using chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test, p&lt; 0.05. RESULTS: Of the 109 patients who underwent Doppler echocardiographic evaluation during the acute phase, 31 did not present clinical evidence of carditis, but the Doppler echocardiograms of 17 (54.8%) of them showed valve lesions (subclinical valvulitis). During the chronic phase, 153 of the 258 patients had normal cardiovascular examination results; however, Doppler echocardiograms showed that 81 of them (52.9%) had valve lesions (subclinical chronic valvular diseases). Involution of the valvular lesions, as shown by Doppler echocardiographic evaluations, was less frequent and occurred in 10 (25.0%) patients with mild valvulitis, in only one (2.5%) patient with moderate valvulitis, and in none of the patients with severe valvulitis. CONCLUSION: The identification of rheumatic fever valve lesions can be enhanced when clinical evaluations are supplemented by Doppler echocardiographic examinations; also, clinical examinations are not as suitable to detect valvular lesion regression as the echocardiography. The diagnosis of subclinical valvulitis and valvulopathy influences the secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic fever and endocarditis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>rheumatic fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>valvulitis</kwd>
        <kwd>rheumatic valvulopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Comparative study of clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations of the progression of valve diseases in children and adolescents with rheumatic fever </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Zilda Maria Alves Meira; Eug&#234;nio Marcos Andrade Goulart; Cleonice de Carvalho Coelho Mota</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG - Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Compare clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations in assessing valvular diseases in children and adolescents with rheumatic fever, as well as assess the progression of the disease in light of these assessments.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> This is a longitudinal study of 258 children and adolescents diagnosed with rheumatic fever according to Jones&#146; criteria. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 15 years. The presence and quantification of valve diseases were determined by means of clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations performed during the acute and chronic phases. The Kappa statististics method was used to estimate the degree of agreement between clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations. Comparisons between clinical and Doppler echocardiographic findings on the progress of carditis and valvulitis, respectively, were made using chi-square test or Fisher&#146;s exact test, p&lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 109 patients who underwent Doppler echocardiographic evaluation during the acute phase, 31 did not present clinical evidence of carditis, but the Doppler echocardiograms of 17 (54.8%) of them showed valve lesions (subclinical valvulitis). During the chronic phase, 153 of the 258 patients had normal cardiovascular examination results; however, Doppler echocardiograms showed that 81 of them (52.9%) had valve lesions (subclinical chronic valvular diseases). Involution of the valvular lesions, as shown by Doppler echocardiographic evaluations, was less frequent and occurred in 10 (25.0%) patients with mild valvulitis, in only one (2.5%) patient with moderate valvulitis, and in none of the patients with severe valvulitis.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The identification of rheumatic fever valve lesions can be enhanced when clinical evaluations are supplemented by Doppler echocardiographic examinations; also, clinical examinations are not as suitable to detect valvular lesion regression as the echocardiography. The diagnosis of subclinical valvulitis and valvulopathy influences the secondary prophylaxis of rheumatic fever and endocarditis. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> rheumatic fever, Doppler echocardiography, valvulitis, rheumatic valvulopathy</p>
      <p>Rheumatic fever (RF) is a leading cause of acquired cardiopathy among school children, adolescents and young adults in underdeveloped countries<sup>1</sup>. RF increases expenditures with healthcare as it is a chronic disease requiring clinical follow-up and many times cardiac catheterization in order to approach the valvar lesions for balloon valvuloplasty, or surgical treatment to repair or replace the valve. </p>
      <p>In the absence of carditis and/or recidivism of the disease, the prognosis is good with a smaller rate of progression to chronic valvulopathy. Generally speaking, patients without carditis will not develop significant chronic cardiopathy. However, the prognosis worsens according to the severity of carditis, and in the presence of heart failure in the initial episode of the disease, 60% showed evidence of cardiopathy after ten years<sup>2</sup>. In view of the fact that the diagnosis of RF is the result of a composite of clinical-laboratorial manifestations, the rheumatic origin of subclinical valvulitis or chronic valvular disease should be analyzed in light of such criteria, not including Doppler echocardiographic findings<sup>3</sup>. Moreover, Doppler echocardiography, although extremely helpful in evidencing and quantifying cardiac abnormalities even in the absence of clinical signs, does not allow one to establish the etiology of the lesions<sup>4</sup>, even though it can suggest the etiology, since rheumatic valvular involvement abnormalities detected by Doppler echocardiogram are typical. </p>
      <p>The advance in diagnostic methods with the introduction of Doppler echocardiography provided better means of evaluating <italic>orovalvular</italic> lesions (valve disease secondary to oral foci of infection). M-mode and two-dimensional images allow for a safe determination of the degree of ventricular dysfunction, presence of pericardial involvement, and alterations in the texture of valve tissue. Doppler analysis (pulsed, continuous, and color flow scanning,) enables the detection of valve dysfunction even without clinical evidence, as well as the classification of type and degree of valve lesion according to the regurgitation jet magnitude and valve area estimation<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>Bearing in mind the difference between clinical examinations and Doppler echocardiographic findings in defining the presence and degree of valve involvement, this study intends to quantify the degree of cardiac involvement in the acute and chronic phases of RF and to study the progression of the disease according to both assessments. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A longitudinal study was conducted, with retrospective data on 258 patients diagnosed with RF, as per Jones&#146; criteria (1992)<sup>6</sup>, who were seen and treated at our institution between August 1983 and December 1998. Subjects were selected among the 392 patients being followed in outpatient clinics specific for the treatment of RF. The presence and quantification of valve diseases in acute and chronic phases were determined by means of clinical and Doppler echocardiographic assessments. Of the 258 patients, 109 underwent Doppler echocardiography during the acute phase. During the chronic phase, considered as the persistence of the disease after at least two years, all patients had the degree of their cardiac involvement determined by clinical and Doppler echocardiographic evaluations. </p>
      <p>The determination of the degree of cardiac involvement was made in the acute and chronic phases within a period of three months, at the most, between the clinical classification and Doppler echocardiography. According to the patient&#146;s clinical history, the onset of clinical manifestations and the characterization of major and minor manifestations were defined, as per Jones&#146; criteria. The acute phase was defined as the period between the onset of symptoms and signs and the end of the 12th week of the disease, or earlier, with the normalization of laboratory tests that represent acute-phase serum reactions. </p>
      <p>From 1994 on, all patients with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) treated at our institution, even without clinical manifestations of cardiac involvement, were also submitted to Doppler echocardiography, besides clinical, radiological and electrocardiography examinations. Doppler echocardiographic examinations, including the four modes &#150; M-mode, two-dimensional, pulsed, continuous and color flow mapping &#150; were performed with Siemens CF PLUS and Hewlett-Packard (HP) echocardiography equipment, version 1.500, with 2.5, 3.5 and 5.5 MHZ waves. </p>
      <p>The left chambers size determination was obtained in M-mode via the parasternal short axis view. Values obtained were compared to normal reference values, according to the weight. The ejection fraction (EF) was evaluated according to the Teichholz method (1964)<sup>5</sup>. The criteria used to quantify valve regurgitations were based on the color flow mapping. The mitral regurgitation jet area was used to determine the degree of mitral regurgitation. Mitral regurgitation was considered physiological under the following conditions<bold>:</bold> valves with normal morphology and texture; normal-sized cardiac chambers; and small regurgitation jet of less than 1 cm of the valve closing level, according to Doppler color flow mapping analysis; regurgitation jet occupying less than 50% of the systole according to Doppler continuous analysis. Aortic regurgitation was quantified by the ratio between the extent of the regurgitation jet and the left ventricular outflow tract width<sup>7</sup>. In obstructive lesions, mitral valve area was determined by means of a Doppler technique based on pressure half-time (PHT), absence of significant aortic regurgitation, and by two-dimensional planimetry. Mitral stenosis was quantified based on the valve area, estimated by the PHT and planimetry, and maximum and medium diastolic gradients between the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). </p>
      <p>Clinical classifications of the degree of cardiac involvement were made during the acute and chronic phases. During the acute phase, classification of the cardiac involvement, known as carditis, was conducted according to institution protocol based on the classification described by D&#233;court<sup>8</sup> and Markowitz &amp; Gordis<sup>9</sup>. Four degrees of carditis were considered<bold>:</bold> absent, mild, moderate and severe. In the chronic phase, the presence and degree of cardiac involvement, chronic cardiopathy, were determined by parameters similar to those of the acute phase, and stratified in absent, mild, moderate, and severe categories. For the Doppler classification of the degree of cardiac involvement in the acute and chronic phases, the valve lesion degree and heart chambers size according to previously established echocardiographic patterns were the only aspects considered<sup>5,7,10,11</sup>. Doppler echocardiographic classifications of the degree of valve involvement in the acute and chronic phases, valvulitis and chronic valvulopathy, respectively, were also divided into four degrees: absent, mild, moderate and severe. </p>
      <p>The term &#145;valvulopathy&#146; used here is restricted solely to the exclusive Doppler echocardiographic analysis of mitral and/or aortic lesions in the chronic phase of RF. In this study, the determination of lesions in the tricuspid and pulmonary valves was not performed. The valve lesions classified as mild-to-moderate were included in &#145;moderate involvement&#146;, and those classified as moderate-to-severe were analyzed as severe. </p>
      <p>The research protocol was approved by the hospital&#146;s Research Ethics Committee. Data obtained were analyzed using EPI-Info 6 software. A comparative study of the clinical progression of patients with RF was performed in light of clinical evaluations, including electrocardiography and chest X-ray findings, as well as the four classifications of valvar lesions according to Doppler echocardiographic criteria. To estimate the agreement among the classifications, Kappa statistics were used, with calculations of non-weighted Kappa (K) values. The conventional interpretation of K values is as follows: Kappa above 75% &#150; excellent level of agreement; between 40% and 75% &#150; reasonable-to-good level of agreement; under 40% &#150; poor level of agreement. The progression of the disease according to clinical and Doppler echocardiographic findings for carditis and valvulitis, respectively, was compared by means of the chi-square test (c<sup>2</sup>) or Fisher&#146;s exact test. The statistical significance level was set at 5% (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 258 patients enrolled in the study, 132 (51.2%) were men and 126 (48.8%) were women; patient age at the first bout varied from 3.2 years and 16.5 years, mean age 9.0 &#177; 2.6 years and median age 9.0 years. Taking into account only the follow-up period of 258 patients at this institution, total patient-years were 1,383. </p>
      <p>In the distribution of patients according to Jones&#146;s criteria, arthritis, carditis and chorea were common manifestations in the ARF medical condition affecting 65.5%, 56.6% and 24.0% of patients, respectively. Among the most common important clinical manifestations related to the presentation of ARF, the association between arthritis and carditis was the most frequent, affecting 29.8% of the 258 patients in the first bout. Only 2.7% of the patients had carditis, arthritis, and chorea combined, and the concomitance of arthritis and chorea was also uncommon (4.3%). </p>
      <p>The main Doppler echocardiographic findings of the 109 patients evaluated at our institution during the first bout are listed on <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>. In most cases (99.1%), the left ventricular contractile function was within the limits of normality, and just one patient, with an ejection fraction of 0.52, showed decreased contractility. Fifty-eight patients (53.2%) had one or more enlarged cardiac chambers, and the combined enlargement of LA and LV was more frequent than the isolated or global enlargement of the four chambers. Whether isolated or associated with other lesions, mitral regurgitation was present in 92 (84.4%) patients and aortic regurgitation, in 53 (48.6%). However, aortic regurgitation was recorded separately in just three (2.7%) patients and no obstructive valve lesions were observed. Pericardial fluid effusion was uncommon, having only been observed in four (3.7%) examinations. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The &#145;diagonal&#146; reading analysis of <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref> shows that both in the acute phase and in the chronic phase the clinical evaluation tended to underestimate the degree of cardiac involvement, as compared to the valve lesion degree classification by Doppler echocardiography parameters. In the acute phase, seventeen (54.8%) of the 31 patients with no evidence of cardiac involvement according to clinical evaluation showed valvar lesion upon Doppler echocardiography (subclinical valvulitis). Similarly, in the chronic phase, 81 (52.9%) of the 153 patients with no clinical evidence of valve lesions and with normal ECGs and chest X-rays had valve alterations detected by the Doppler echocardiographic examination (subclinical chronic valvulopathy). All patients clinically identified as cardiopathic, however, showed valvulopathy upon Doppler echocardiographic evaluation. Both evaluations were in agreement on the diagnosis of the degree of valve lesion in those patients with cardiac involvement classified as moderate or severe, both in the acute and chronic phases. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The analysis of the progression of cardiac involvement from the acute phase to the chronic phase, according to clinical evaluation aided by electrocardiography and chest X-ray studies, showed that the percentage of valve lesion regressions was greater when the carditis degree was mild (59.4%), lower in moderate degree carditis (15.2%), and there was no record of involution in cases of severe carditis. In the group of patients with no clinical evidence of carditis, eight (7.1%) had cardiac alterations in the clinical evaluation performed during the chronic phase (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">table III</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Taking into consideration the degree of cardiac involvement assessed by Doppler echocardiography both in the acute phase and chronic phase, the absence of valvulitis indicated a greater likelihood of normality in the chronic phase; just one (7.1%) patient without a valve lesion in the acute phase evidenced a mild valve lesion in the chronic phase (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>As shown, valve lesion involution assessed by Doppler echocardiographic evaluation was less common than in clinical evaluations, occurring in ten (25.0%) patients with mild valve lesion (<italic>p </italic>= 0.0013) and only one (2.5%) patient with moderate valvulitis (<italic>p </italic>= 0.0526). Moreover, severe valvulitis did not retreat to normal Doppler echocardiographic values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table V</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0032-00006-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering that the tricuspid and pulmonary valves show (physiological) regurgitation in most normal children and adolescents<sup>12,13</sup>, and that abnormal regurgitation jets may be due to pulmonary hypertension, the participation of these valves in RF was not evaluated in this study. Aortic regurgitation was not considered physiological in any of the patients. Only valve lesions were taken into consideration in determining the degree of cardiac involvement, even during the acute phase, bearing in mind that pericardial and/or myocardial involvement in ARF is generally mild and does not determine the severity of the rheumatic cardiac involvement<sup>14,15,16</sup>. </p>
      <p>There is no other study similar to this one in medical literature correlating the progression of RF and the degree of mitral and/or aortic valve lesions evidenced by clinical and Doppler echocardiographic assessments. The Kappa (K) test, commonly employed to measure the agreement between different evaluations made by investigators, has not been used in studies comparing clinical and Doppler echocardiographic classifications of valve lesions in RF. Reflecting the lower sensitivity of clinical examinations as compared to the Doppler echocardiographic analysis for detecting valvulitis and/or chronic rheumatic valvulopathy, Kappa values were interpreted as showing poor and moderate agreement, depending on the degree of cardiac involvement. In serious cases, clinical and Doppler echocardiographic assessments were in agreement.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of the clinical presentation profile of RF documented in medical literature, the distribution of the frequency of the main major manifestations of RF is similar regarding the first bout<sup>14,17-19</sup>. The distribution of major clinical manifestations in episodes that occurred in the 1980s and the late 1990s in some states of the United States, such as Utah<sup>20,21</sup>, was similar to that observed among the patients enrolled in this study, e.g., chorea that affected 24% of the patients in our study and 28% of those in Utah, as were the low rates of association between Chorea and arthritis (4.0% and 4.3%, respectively). In the presence of carditis the diagnosis of RF is easier, especially if there is another major manifestation. One hundred and forty-six patients (56.6%) [in this study] were affected by carditis, a percentage similar to that of other studies, regardless of their having been conducted in developed or developing countries<sup>17,22,23</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this investigation, 87.2% of the 109 Doppler echocardiograms performed in the acute phase showed some kind of abnormality, whereas 17 (15.6%) of the patients did not have any abnormality upon cardiovascular examination. Ty &amp; Ortiz<sup>24</sup> also documented abnormalities in 89.0% of 28 patients with ARF, five (17.9%) of them without any clinical evidence of carditis. Similarly, among the 258 patients submitted to Doppler echocardiographic examinations in the chronic phase, 190 (73.6%) were diagnosed with valve abnormalities, whereas in 85 (44.7%) patients the clinical examination was normal. Regarding the results of the Doppler echocardiographic study performed in the acute phase with 109 patients, the left ventricular contractile function was slightly affected in just one patient (0.9%), which coincides with the results found by Ty &amp; Ortiz<sup>24</sup> who reported a decrease in the ejection fraction and the shortening fraction in one (3.6%) of the 28 patients evaluated in this phase. The authors attribute this fact to the use of anti-inflammatory agents and the low sensitivity of these parameters in detecting mild contractile function abnormalities. </p>
      <p>Moreover, the left ventricular dilatation due to mitral and/or aortic valve dysfunctions tends to overestimate these measurements. The end-diastolic left ventricular chambers in M-mode were found to be enlarged in 53.2% of the acute phase echocardiograms. Mitral regurgitation was the predominant lesion, either isolated or in combination with other lesions in 84.4% of the cases, which is in agreement with the reports from medical literature<sup>20,25</sup>. Aortic regurgitation was observed in 48.6% of the 109 patients in Doppler echocardiographic studies, but only fourteen (12.8%) patients had auscultation results consistent with aortic regurgitation. </p>
      <p>Of the 258 patients evaluated during the chronic phase, 189 showed some type of mitral and/or aortic valve lesion, with mitral regurgitation (isolate or combined) as the predominant lesion (97.9%), followed by aortic regurgitation combined with mitral lesions (49.2%), and mitral stenosis associated with mitral regurgitation (12.7%); no cases of aortic stenosis or isolated mitral stenosis were identified. These findings are in agreement with those documented in medical literature for investigations of patients in age groups similar to those in this study; and it was noted that obstructive lesions require more time to be established <sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
      <p> In his clinical experience with mild degree carditis patients, D&#233;court<sup>8</sup> had already described that in approximately 80% of the cases cardiac manifestations vanished, and clinical progression left no residual valve disease. However, in cases of moderate or severe carditis, residual cardiopathy would be the most likely occurrence. Thomas<sup>26</sup> demonstrated that patients with no cardiac abnormalities during the acute phase continued to have clinical examinations considered normal during the follow-up period, whereas for those patients who had murmurs in the acute phase, the regression rate varied according to the intensity of the murmurs. Similarly, Majeed et al.<sup>27</sup> observed the development of residual cardiopathy in 49% of 29 children with carditis, whereas none of the children without carditis experienced chronic rheumatic cardiopathy (CRC). </p>
      <p>The findings of the present investigation, in agreement with the findings by former authors, showed that clinical progression to CRC varied according to the degree of carditis. Of the 64 patients who had mild carditis, 38 (59.4%) showed no further clinical evidence of valve involvement. However, of the 82 patients with moderate or severe carditis, 86.6% progressed to CRC and all of the cases of severe carditis (100.0%) manifested clinical evidences of CRC. The regression of valve lesions was less frequent, verified by Doppler echocardiographic evaluation in the acute and chronic phases. Only ten (25%) of the patients with a mild degree of valvulitis, one (2.5%) patient with moderate valvulitis, and none of the patients with severe carditis had normal Doppler echocardiographic examinations in the chronic phase. </p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that the Doppler echocardiographic study is an important supplementary examination for identifying and classifying valve lesions, both in the acute and the chronic phases of RF. With Doppler echocardiographic assessments, the frequency of valve lesion identification is higher and valve lesion regression is smaller relative to the clinical evaluation. In the acute phase, the identification of subclinical valve lesions has implications for treatment regarding rest and close monitoring of the patient. In the chronic phase, it is important to define the timing for interrupting secondary prophylaxis and the indication of endocarditis prophylaxis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Mota CCC, Meira ZMA, Graciano RN et al. Diagnostic aspects, carditis and other acute manifestations of streptococcal infection. Cardiol Young 1992; 2(3): 222-8.</p>
      <p>2. Aziz K, Cheema L, Memon AD. Long-term observations of rheumatic carditis. Cardiol Young 1992; 2(3): 254-60.</p>
      <p>3. Ferrieri P, for the Jones Criteria Working Group. Proceedings of the Jones criteria workshop. Circulation 2002; 106: 2521-3. </p>
      <p>4. Thevenard RS, Medeiros CCJ. Ecodopplercardiografia na febre reum&#225;tica. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo 1993; 3(6): 43-48.</p>
      <p>5. Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography. 4<sup>th</sup> ed. Philadelphia: Lea &amp; Febiger, 1986.</p>
      <p>6. American Heart Association (AHA) - Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. JAMA 1992; 268: 2069-73.</p>
      <p>7. Perry GJ, Helmcke F, Nanda NC et al. Evaluation of aortic insufficiency by Doppler color flow mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987; 9: 952-9. </p>
      <p>8. D&#233;court LV. Doen&#231;a Reum&#225;tica. 2&#170; ed. S&#227;o Paulo: Savier, 1972: 208p.</p>
      <p>9. Markowitz M, Gordis L. Rheumatic Fever, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1972.</p>
      <p>10. Assef JE, Barretto RBM, Barretto SNSM. Avalia&#231;&#227;o Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;fica das les&#245;es mitrais e a&#243;rticas: a pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, do modo-M ao transesof&#225;gico. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo 1997; 7(5): 547-68.</p>
      <p>11. Helmcke F, Nanda NC, Hsuing MC et al. Color Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation with orthogonal planes. Circulation 1987; 75: 175-83.</p>
      <p>12. Folger Jr GM, Hajar R, Robida A et al. Ocurrence of valvar heart diseade in acute rheumatic fever without evident carditis: colour-flow Doppler identification. Br Heart J 1992; 67: 434-8. </p>
      <p>13. Minich LL, Tani LY, Pagotto LT et al. Doppler echocardiography distinguishes between physiologic and pathologic "silent" mitral regurgitation in patients with rheumatic fever. Clin Cardiol 1997; 20(11): 924-6.</p>
      <p>14. Veasy LG, Tani LY, Hill HR. Persistence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. J Pediatr 1994; 124: 9-16.</p>
      <p>15. Edwards BS, Edwards JE. Congestive heart failure in rheumatic carditis: valvular or myocardial origin? J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22(3): 830-1.</p>
      <p>16. Barlow JB, Marcus RH, Pocock WA et al. Mechanisms and management of heart failure in active rheumatic carditis. S Afr Med J 1990; 78: 181-6.</p>
      <p>17. Hosier DM, Craenen J M, Teske DW et al. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141(7): 730-3.</p>
      <p>18. Congeni B, Rizzo C, Congeni J et al. Outbreak of acute rheumatic fever in northeast Ohio. J Pediatr 1987; 111(2): 176-9. </p>
      <p>19. Stollerman GH. Rheumatic fever. Lancet 1997; 349: 935-42.</p>
      <p>20. Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 421-7.</p>
      <p>21. Veasy LG, Tani LY, Daly JA et al. Temporal association of the appearance of mucoid strains of streptococcus pyogenes with a continuing high incidence of rheumatic fever in Utah. Cardiol Young 2003; 13(6): 491-4.</p>
      <p>22. Vasan RS, Shrivastava S, Vijayakumar M. Echocardiographic evaluation of patients with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic carditis. Circulation 1996; 94(1): 73-82.</p>
      <p>23. Wilson NJ, Neutze JM. Echocardiographic diagnosis of subclinical carditis in acute rheumatic fever. Int J Cardiol 1995; 50(1): 1-6.</p>
      <p>24. Ty ET, Ortiz EE. M-mode, cross-sectional and color flow Doppler echocardiographic findings in acute rheumatic fever. Cardiol Young. 1992; 2(3): 229-35. </p>
      <p>25. Taranta A, Markowitz M. A Febre Reum&#225;tica. 2&#170; ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, 1989: p 1-55; 1-46;</p>
      <p>26. Thomas GT. Five-year follow-up on patients with rheumatic fever treated by bed rest, steroids, or salicylate. Brit Med J 1961; 1: 1635-9. </p>
      <p>27. Majeed HA, Batnager S, Yousof AM et al. Acute rheumatic fever and the evolution of rheumatic heart disease: a prospective 12 year of follow-up report. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45(8): 871-5.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Zilda Maria Alves Meira</p>
          <p> Rua Roquete Mendon&#231;a, 184/401</p>
          <p> 31275-030 &#150; Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="zilda.m.a.m@terra.com.br">zilda.m.a.m@terra.com.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 08/05/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/29/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
