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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Fhy539DBB45H6wBjbRzTWMN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2006000100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(06)08600102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2006000100002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com tecn&#233;cio 99m-MIBI e administra&#231;&#227;o de adenosina em portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria: correla&#231;&#227;o dos resultados com a angiografia coron&#225;ria e o ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mastrocolla</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda G. M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola E. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Staico</surname>
            <given-names>Rodolfo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Ibraim F. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Graebin</surname>
            <given-names>Roselei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaz</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Angela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>86</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>3</fpage>
      <lpage>13</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a correla&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CPM) com Tecn&#233;cio 99m-MIBI (MIBI) e inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina, empregando a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (ACQ) e o ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio (UIC) como compara&#231;&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de 70 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC), encaminhados &#224; CPM com MIBI e adenosina. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, do eletrocardiograma (ECG) e os resultados das imagens foram correlacionadas &#224;s vari&#225;veis da an&#225;lise visual e quantitativa da angiografia, bem como ao UIC. RESULTADOS: A m&#233;dia de idades foi de 60,6 anos, com 39 pacientes do sexo masculino. A angiografia coron&#225;ria evidenciou estenose do di&#226;metro da luz (E%) de 49,94% em 105 art&#233;rias, com reavalia&#231;&#227;o &#224; ACQ em 83 art&#233;rias (79%) e m&#233;dia de 44,20%, p&lt;0,05. Infradesn&#237;vel de ST durante adenosina associou-se a maiores graus de E% (55,0% vs 47,8%), p&lt;0,05). A isquemia cintilogr&#225;fica correlacionou-se a maior &#225;rea porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz pelo UIC (AO%). Os achados cl&#237;nicos, do ECG e das imagens foram considerados em conjunto e expressos como respostas globais isqu&#234;micas versus n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micas . A isquemia associou-se a menores valores do di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML) e da &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML), obtidos &#224; ACQ e ao UIC. CONCLUS&#195;O: A cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com 99mTc-MIBI e adenosina correlaciona-se &#224; AO% ao UIC, considerando-se as imagens de perfus&#227;o. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados globais da prova observa-se associa&#231;&#227;o com os di&#226;metros e as &#225;reas da luz nos locais de obstru&#231;&#227;o, obtidos &#224; ACQ e ao UIC.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>angiografia coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>isquemia mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>tecn&#233;cio 99m - MIBI</kwd>
        <kwd>decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com tecn&#233;cio 99m-MIBI e administra&#231;&#227;o de adenosina em portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria: correla&#231;&#227;o dos resultados com a angiografia coron&#225;ria e o ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla; Amanda G. M. R. Sousa; Paola E. P. Smanio; Rodolfo Staico; Ibraim F. M. Pinto; Romeu S. Meneghelo; Andreia C. Abizaid; Roselei Graebin; Vinicius D. Vaz; Angela Paes; Daniela S. Martins; Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Estabelecer a correla&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CPM) com Tecn&#233;cio 99m-MIBI (MIBI) e inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina, empregando a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (ACQ) e o ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio (UIC) como compara&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo de 70 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC), encaminhados &#224; CPM com MIBI e adenosina. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, do eletrocardiograma (ECG) e os resultados das imagens foram correlacionadas &#224;s vari&#225;veis da an&#225;lise visual e quantitativa da angiografia, bem como ao UIC. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A m&#233;dia de idades foi de 60,6 anos, com 39 pacientes do sexo masculino. A angiografia coron&#225;ria evidenciou estenose do di&#226;metro da luz (E%) de 49,94% em 105 art&#233;rias, com reavalia&#231;&#227;o &#224; ACQ em 83 art&#233;rias (79%) e m&#233;dia de 44,20%, p&lt;0,05. Infradesn&#237;vel de ST durante adenosina associou-se a maiores graus de E% (55,0% vs 47,8%), p&lt;0,05). A isquemia cintilogr&#225;fica correlacionou-se a maior &#225;rea porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz pelo UIC (AO%). Os achados cl&#237;nicos, do ECG e das imagens foram considerados em conjunto e expressos como respostas globais isqu&#234;micas <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micas . A isquemia associou-se a menores valores do di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML) e da &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML), obtidos &#224; ACQ e ao UIC. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI e adenosina correlaciona-se &#224; AO% ao UIC, considerando-se as imagens de perfus&#227;o. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados globais da prova observa-se associa&#231;&#227;o com os di&#226;metros e as &#225;reas da luz nos locais de obstru&#231;&#227;o, obtidos &#224; ACQ e ao UIC.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, angiografia coron&#225;ria, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, tecn&#233;cio 99m &#150; MIBI, decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica</p>
    <p>A cintilografia tomogr&#225;fica de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com radiof&#225;rmacos (t&#225;lio 201 ou MIBI marcada com tecn&#233;cio 99m), associada ao teste ergom&#233;trico ou &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, &#233; m&#233;todo aceito e estabelecido para o diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria<sup>1-7 </sup>(DAC), utilizando a angiografia coron&#225;ria como padr&#227;o. As capacidades diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica &#243;timas s&#227;o obtidas na presen&#231;a de les&#245;es coron&#225;rias graves, e na presen&#231;a de graus menores de obstru&#231;&#227;o observa-se menor acur&#225;cia da prova cintilogr&#225;fica. Igualmente, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o visual do angiograma demonstra variabilidade significativa inter- e intra-observadores, e qualquer proje&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica convencional pode estimar de modo err&#244;neo a magnitude do estreitamento da luz arterial<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Dessa forma, objetivamos correlacionar a cintilografia com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI e adenosina em les&#245;es de graus variados, empregando como padr&#245;es a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa <italic>off-line </italic>(ACQ), e o ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio (UIC). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2001 a fevereiro de 2003 foram inclu&#237;dos 70 pacientes consecutivos portadores de DAC encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (Gated-SPECT). Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o compreenderam indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, idade superior a trinta anos; manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de angina est&#225;vel ou inst&#225;vel controlada; isquemia silente demonstrada por testes funcionais pr&#233;vios; graus variados de estreitamento da luz, com comprometimento uni- ou multiarterial. Foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em evolu&#231;&#227;o recente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada, insufici&#234;ncia vascular cerebral sintom&#225;tica ou hist&#243;ria de cefal&#233;ia vascular recorrente, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica ativa, bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) do segundo grau ou maior, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica menor que 90 mmHg, hist&#243;ria de hipersensibilidade ao dipiridamol ou adenosina e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias com metilxantinas e cafe&#237;na no dia da prova. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o onde foi desenvolvido, sendo o termo de consentimento assinado por todos os pacientes. </p>
    <p><italic>Fluxograma do estudo</italic> - Ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade cl&#237;nica, a angiografia coron&#225;ria convencional era reavaliada pelo pesquisador e por dois observadores independentes e, sempre que poss&#237;vel, as les&#245;es submetidas a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa <italic>off-line</italic> para comprova&#231;&#227;o do grau de estenose porcentual do di&#226;metro da luz. Os pacientes eram ent&#227;o encaminhados &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio associada &#224; inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina, com duas fases realizadas em dias subseq&#252;entes. Finalmente, os dados obtidos, incluindo as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis do ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio, eram analisados no laborat&#243;rio de quantifica&#231;&#227;o <italic>off-line.</italic></p>
    <p><italic>Cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI (Gated-SPECT)</italic>&#150; Realizada empregando-se o protocolo de dois dias<sup>9</sup>, com a obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens das fases de est&#237;mulo farmacol&#243;gico e em repouso, 24 horas ap&#243;s a primeira etapa. Os nitratos eram suspensos no dia da prova, cafe&#237;na, metilxantinas ou derivados por 24 horas<sup>10 </sup>e betabloqueadores por 48 horas. </p>
    <p><italic>Primeira etapa</italic> &#150;Compreendia avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua e registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos<sup>11 </sup>em treze deriva&#231;&#245;es, minuto a minuto, por 8 minutos, utilizando-se o sistema monitor multicanal Teb Apex 2000 (TEB - S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil), concomitante &#224; inje&#231;&#227;o de solu&#231;&#227;o de adenosina, na dose de 140 &#181;g.kg.min<sup>-1</sup>, em 6 minutos<sup>12</sup>, por bomba de administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa (DigiBomb, modelo DB-03-FAJ, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Administrava-se a dose de 740 a 814 MegaBequerel (Mbq) de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI no terceiro minuto da inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina, sendo realizada caminhada com gasto metab&#243;lico at&#233; sete unidades metab&#243;licas (MET) ao final dos controles de rotina e aminofilina IV (1 a 2 mg.kg) em caso de persist&#234;ncia de paraefeitos ou sinais de isquemia de alto risco. Os crit&#233;rios para resposta isqu&#234;mica eram o infradesnivelamento do segmento ST igual ou maior que 1 mm, de acordo com as diretrizes estabelecidas<sup>13</sup>; a presen&#231;a de dor ou de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas, sugestivas de insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria<sup>14,15,16</sup>. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens tomogr&#225;ficas seq&#252;enciais em gama c&#226;mara Millennium VG (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, EUA), dotada de dois detectores de cintila&#231;&#227;o e colimadores de furos paralelos de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e baixa energia, iniciava-se at&#233; 60 minutos da inje&#231;&#227;o de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI, utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica do Gated-SPECT segundo metodologia habitual<sup>17</sup>, em matriz de 64 x 64. </p>
    <p><italic>Segunda etapa</italic> &#150; Realizada 24 horas ap&#243;s a primeira etapa, sem a a&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica da adenosina, com a mesma seq&#252;&#234;ncia de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e processamento das imagens<sup>18</sup>. </p>
    <p><italic>An&#225;lise das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas de perfus&#227;o</italic> &#150; Ap&#243;s a reconstru&#231;&#227;o e reorienta&#231;&#227;o das imagens tomogr&#225;ficas, classifica&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco, da motilidade e do espessamento<sup>2,19,20</sup>, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o era realizada por dois observadores independentes, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da I Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Cardiologia Nuclear<sup>10</sup>. Os padr&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco no mioc&#225;rdio<sup>10</sup> foram adequados como vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e consideradas apenas duas possibilidades: capta&#231;&#227;o normal <italic>versus</italic> alterada e capta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica <italic>versus</italic> hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria ou sugestiva de isquemia. De modo semelhante, a an&#225;lise qualitativa da motilidade e espessamento do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo foi categorizada em resposta normal <italic>versus</italic> alterada, objetivando a associa&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis derivadas da an&#225;lise visual da angiografia, ACQ e UIC </p>
    <p><italic>Angiografia coron&#225;ria convencional e quantitativa</italic> &#150; As les&#245;es eram reavaliadas visualmente, quanto ao grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o<sup>21,22</sup> (<underline>&lt;</underline> 30%; 30 a 49%; 50 a 69%; <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%; 95% e 100%, respectivamente), &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o (ostiais, proximais, no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio ou distais), empregando-se as defini&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas do estudo BARI para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral<sup>23</sup>. As art&#233;rias eram o tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), a descendente anterior (DA), a diagonal ou diagonalis (DG), a circunflexa (CX), a marginal ou marginalis (MG) e a direita (CD). </p>
    <p>Os exames eram realizados em um laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo H5000&#174; (Phillips Medical Systems&#174;, Eindhoven, Holanda), sendo convencionais a t&#233;cnica e os procedimentos realizados<sup>24</sup>. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa, o pr&#243;prio sistema (CMS&#174;, Medis Medical System&#174;, Holanda) caracterizava os limites das art&#233;rias de acordo com crit&#233;rios de varia&#231;&#245;es do brilho da luz arterial, com intera&#231;&#227;o do operador. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas para an&#225;lise <italic>off-line</italic><sup>25</sup> eram os di&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia proximal (DRP), distal (DRD), interpolado (DRI) e m&#237;nimo da luz (DML), todos expressos em mil&#237;metros. O DRI era adotado como o valor do di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia (DR) para o local da obstru&#231;&#227;o. Calculava-se o grau de estenose porcentual do di&#226;metro da luz (%EDL), a partir da raz&#227;o entre a diferen&#231;a do DR e o di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz, dividido pelo di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia, segundo a equa&#231;&#227;o:</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>A &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal m&#237;nima da luz pela angiografia (AML) era estimada a partir da adi&#231;&#227;o do quadrado dos di&#226;metros m&#237;nimos da luz obtidos em duas proje&#231;&#245;es ortogonais (DML1 e DML2) e adequados por um fator de corre&#231;&#227;o, segundo a f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>O ultra-som intracoron&#225;rio indicado por decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico de origem do paciente, era realizado imediatamente ap&#243;s a cinecoronariografia convencional, com o equipamento Clear View &#174; (Boston Scientific&#174;, Boston, EUA) e o cateter, Ultra&#174; 30 MHz (CVIS&#174;, EUA), de acordo &#224; metodologia descrita anteriormente<sup>26</sup>. A an&#225;lise quantitativa posterior <italic>off-line</italic> das imagens era realizada utilizando-se um sistema de planimetria computadorizada (TapeMeasure&#174;, Indec Systems, Inc, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA) seguindo sistem&#225;tica do servi&#231;o de cardiologia intervencionista<sup>24. </sup>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas obtidas dos estudos UIC<sup>26 </sup>empregadas para a associa&#231;&#227;o com as vari&#225;veis cintilogr&#225;ficas eram: a) a &#225;rea do l&#250;men arterial, medida tanto nas refer&#234;ncias como no local da les&#227;o, caracterizando-se a &#225;rea de refer&#234;ncia da luz (ARL) e a &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML), ambas em mil&#237;metros quadrados; b) o di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML), obtido a partir do delineamento da AML, em mil&#237;metros; c) a &#225;rea transversal de obstru&#231;&#227;o porcentual (AO%), segundo a f&#243;rmula:</p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica era realizada pelo programa SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois), sendo as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas expressas como freq&#252;&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens e as quantitativas como m&#233;dias, desvios padr&#227;o, valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos. Para a associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas com as quantitativas era empregado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, pela compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias, utilizando-se o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis quantitativas. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra consistia de 39 (55,7%) homens e 31 (44,3%) mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idades de 60,6 anos (DP 9,43). O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de fatores de risco era de 2,69 (DP 1,11) por paciente, ressaltando-se a hipertens&#227;o arterial em 74,3%, diabetes em 30%, infarto pregresso do mioc&#225;rdio em 25,7% e interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em 15,7%. Os pacientes encontravam-se clinicamente est&#225;veis no dia da prova farmacol&#243;gica, sendo o intervalo entre a angiografia coron&#225;ria e a cintilografia de 2,48 (DP 2,97) meses. </p>
    <p>Os angiogramas eram revistos objetivando a an&#225;lise quantitativa <italic>off-line </italic>e a obten&#231;&#227;o de dados para a associa&#231;&#227;o com os resultados das vari&#225;veis cintilogr&#225;ficas, tendo sido submetidas &#224; reavalia&#231;&#227;o 105 les&#245;es coron&#225;rias. O n&#250;mero e os vasos acometidos est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A art&#233;ria acometida com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia nos portadores de doen&#231;a em um, dois e tr&#234;s vasos era a descendente anterior (DA) em 25 P (58,1%), 14 P (70,0%) e 6 P (85,7%) respectivamente, seguindo-se a coron&#225;ria direita (CD) em 14 P (32,5%), 7 P (35%) e 5 P (71,4%) e a circunfl exa (CX) em 3 P (7%), 8 P (40%) e 6 P (85,7%). A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral estava presente em 6 P (8,6%), sendo intracoron&#225;ria em 3 P (50%) e intercoron&#225;ria nas outros 3 P (50%); do grau I/II em 4 P (66,6%) e do grau III em 2 P (33,3%). Esta era relacionada &#224;s art&#233;rias oclu&#237;das em 5 P (83,3%) e les&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria em 1 P (16,6%). A m&#233;dia dos valores de estenose porcentual do di&#226;metro da luz foi de 49,94% (DP 12,65).</p>
    <p>Angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa pr&#233;-cintilografia &#150; Das 105 art&#233;rias para avalia&#231;&#227;o off-line, completou-se o procedimento em 83 art&#233;rias (79,0%), sendo a m&#233;dia de estenose porcentual do di&#226;metro da luz de 44,20% (DP 10,37) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ultra-sonografia intracoron&#225;ria &#150; O n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias estudadas era de 46 (43,8%), uma por paciente, sendo as m&#233;dias da &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz (AML) de 2,92 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 1,54), do di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz (DML) de 1,68 mm (DP 0,43) e da &#225;rea porcentual de obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz (AO%) de 61,20% (DP 14,31) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Eletrocardiograma de repouso &#150; Eram considerados at&#233; tr&#234;s diagn&#243;sticos por paciente, obtendo-se morfologia normal em 36 P (51,4%), PRi lim&#237;trofe (<underline>&gt;</underline> 200 ms) em 7 P (10%), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 1 P (1,4%), &#225;rea inativa anterior em 4 P (5,7%), inferior em 3 P (4,2%) e dist&#250;rbio da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular em 6 P (8,4%). </p>
    <p>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas &#150; A preval&#234;ncia dos paraefeitos relacionados &#224; inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina ocorreu em 67 P (95,7%), e a presen&#231;a de press&#227;o ou dor tor&#225;cica em 37 P (52,9%) durante a prova farmacol&#243;gica n&#227;o se associou ao valor porcentual de estenose do di&#226;metro da luz &#224; an&#225;lise visual da angiografia, bem como aos di&#226;metros m&#237;nimos da luz e &#224;s &#225;reas, estabelecidos pela ACQ e UIC (p &gt; 0,05). </p>
    <p>Resposta isqu&#234;mica &#150; De 68 P (97,1%) com registros adequados para an&#225;lise, 21 P (30,9%) apresentavam resposta isqu&#234;mica e 47 P (69,1%) sem infradesn&#237;vel de segmento ST durante a inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina. Comparando-se a presen&#231;a <italic>versus</italic> aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de ST no eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es, observou-se diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias de E% (55% DP 15,6 vs 47,8% DP 12,2 respectivamente, p &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise qualitativa das imagens de perfus&#227;o - Os achados de capta&#231;&#227;o normal em 34 P (48,6%) e altera&#231;&#245;es da capta&#231;&#227;o de qualquer natureza em 35 P (50%) mostravam-se diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; AO% pelo UIC, com as m&#233;dias de 50,4% (DP 19,4) e 61,9% (DP 12,6) respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05). As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o se mostravam diferentes pelo teste t (p &gt; 0,05). Para a presen&#231;a de isquemia, verificava-se tamb&#233;m a associa&#231;&#227;o de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica e maior m&#233;dia dos valores da AO%, determinada pelo UIC. As m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o eram de 50,6% (DP 18,1) para os resultados n&#227;o isqu&#234;micos &#224; cintilografia de perfus&#227;o e de 63,7% (DP 12,6) para a presen&#231;a de isquemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><italic>Motilidade e espessamento</italic> &#150; Nenhuma anormalidade da motilidade se associava a maiores graus de obstru&#231;&#227;o da luz arterial (p &gt; 0,05). No entanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa do espessamento apresentava diferen&#231;a significante na compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor porcentual da AO% pelo UIC. As m&#233;dias eram de 45,2% (DP 30,3) para as respostas normais e de 62,1% (DP 16,4) para qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o do espessamento (P &lt; 0,05). </p>
    <p>Resultados globais da cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio associada &#224; adenosina - Considerando-se o conjunto das respostas cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e resultados das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas, criou-se tamb&#233;m uma vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica para expressar resultados alterados versus normais e outra para resultados isqu&#234;micos versus n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos. Observou-se diferen&#231;a significante na compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da AML pelo UIC, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados alterados (2,81 mm<sup>2</sup> DP 1,40) versus normais (4,08 mm<sup>2</sup> DP 1,89). Adicionalmente, as m&#233;dias dos valores do DML e da AML &#224; ACQ eram de 1,49 mm (DP 0,34) e 3,74 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 1,78) para as provas isqu&#234;micas, e de 1,71 mm (DP 0,49) e 5,00 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 2,65), respectivamente, para as provas n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas, com p &lt; 0,05. Da mesma forma, os resultados globais isqu&#234;micos associavam-se a menores m&#233;dias dos valores da AML e do DML, ao UIC (p &lt; 0,05). O DML e a AML eram de 1,63 mm (DP 0,38) e 2,74 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 1,38), respectivamente, para as provas isqu&#234;micas e de 1,97 mm (DP 0,50) e 4,01 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 1,79) para as provas n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micas (p &lt; 0,05). Os achados est&#227;o descritos nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figuras 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig06">6</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ressaltavam-se na amostra a presen&#231;a de diabetes, em 21 P (30%), e a preval&#234;ncia do sexo feminino em 44%, que por si s&#243; conferiam maior complexidade &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>27</sup>. Esses fatos e a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos outros FR, mais prevalentes em portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, s&#227;o pass&#237;veis de interfer&#234;ncia sobre a acur&#225;cia da cintilografia, considerando-se que diab&#233;ticos descompensados n&#227;o apresentariam resposta hiper&#234;mica adequada &#224; adenosina na vig&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis diminu&#237;dos de insulina, com poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da prova<sup>28</sup>, al&#233;m da maior ocorr&#234;ncia de defeitos de atenua&#231;&#227;o nas imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas em mulheres, por mamas volumosas<sup>29</sup> Na tentativa de reduzir tais limita&#231;&#245;es, com melhora na qualidade final das imagens, e de diminuir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas persistentes ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o da adenosina, realizava-se caminhada em esteira rolante, com baixo gasto energ&#233;tico, contrastando com as informa&#231;&#245;es da literatura, com a adi&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio durante a inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina<sup>30-32</sup>. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o vigente, destacava-se a recomenda&#231;&#227;o para a suspens&#227;o de betabloqueadores e nitratos, n&#227;o inclu&#237;das em diretrizes nacionais<sup>10</sup> ou estrangeiras<sup>33</sup>. Entendemos a interrup&#231;&#227;o de, pelo menos, 24 a 48 horas dos betabloqueadores como desej&#225;vel, uma vez que o est&#237;mulo farmacol&#243;gico acompanha-se de pequena mas significante eleva&#231;&#227;o do duplo produto, que poderia estar limitado na presen&#231;a do f&#225;rmaco<sup>34</sup>, al&#233;m dos efeitos dromotr&#243;picos negativos da adenosina sobre o n&#243; atrioventricular, j&#225; presentes na vig&#234;ncia de betabloqueadores. Da mesma forma, tornava-se importante a orienta&#231;&#227;o relativa &#224; suspens&#227;o dos vasodilatadores no dia da prova, objetivando a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados falso-negativos e a real estimativa da &#225;rea de mioc&#225;rdio em risco, subestimada em pacientes em utiliza&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de vasodilatadores<sup>35,36.</sup></p>
    <p>Presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas durante o est&#237;mulo farmacol&#243;gico &#150; A elevada preval&#234;ncia dos paraefeitos suplanta as s&#233;ries da literatura (apenas 4,5% assintom&#225;ticos)<sup>37</sup> predominando no sexo feminino e nos mais jovens, como na s&#233;rie relatada por Thomas e cols.<sup>32</sup>. Nessa experi&#234;ncia inicial, dificuldade de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da dor, desconforto ou press&#227;o tor&#225;cica, presente em 53% dos casos, eram evidentes. Em nossos pacientes, 24% das manifesta&#231;&#245;es de desconforto, press&#227;o ou dor eram referidas em regi&#227;o cervical anterior, que somadas &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o tor&#225;cica alcan&#231;avam 77%. De modo geral, a associa&#231;&#227;o desse paraefeito com insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria &#233; pequena, evidenciando-se baixa especificidade, uma vez que volunt&#225;rios normais tamb&#233;m desenvolvem dor durante a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do f&#225;rmaco. Demonstra&#231;&#245;es de rela&#231;&#227;o dose-efeito entre adenosina e dor tor&#225;cica t&#234;m sido descritas<sup>38</sup>, sugerindo-se a adenosina como a subst&#226;ncia que origina a dor tor&#225;cica durante os epis&#243;dios de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, por estimula&#231;&#227;o direta dos receptores card&#237;acos A1<sup>39</sup>. </p>
    <p>De modo coincidente, n&#227;o se observava associa&#231;&#227;o entre a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de dor durante a inje&#231;&#227;o da adenosina e graus maiores de estenose porcentual dos di&#226;metros m&#237;nimos da luz ou menores m&#233;dias de valores para as &#225;reas da luz nos locais de maior obstru&#231;&#227;o, ou ainda, da &#225;rea porcentual transversal de obstru&#231;&#227;o. As modifica&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas isqu&#234;micas de ST em 21 P (31%) e com freq&#252;&#234;ncia superior aos estudos cl&#225;ssicos j&#225; relatados (varia&#231;&#227;o de 8 a 25%), associavam-se a maiores graus de estenose porcentual do di&#226;metro da luz &#224; an&#225;lise visual da angiografia.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas e dos resultados globais da prova &#150; Na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, tornava-se not&#243;rio o grande desafio com que os especialistas se defrontavam para a tomada de decis&#227;o, uma vez que a angiografia por si s&#243; era limitada para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto funcional dessas les&#245;es, predominando entre 30 e 70%<sup>40,41 </sup>e demandando informa&#231;&#245;es complementares de estudos n&#227;o-invasivos e invasivos que pudessem estimar ou medir a reserva coron&#225;ria sob a condi&#231;&#227;o de hiperemia m&#225;xima<sup>42,43</sup>. Considerando as informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas fornecidas pela cintilografia estabelecidas e vinculadas entre si, optamos por correlacionar a <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI com a inje&#231;&#227;o de adenosina a novos padr&#245;es de compara&#231;&#227;o que agregassem valor &#224; angiografia convencional, permitindo correla&#231;&#245;es funcionais adequadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fen&#244;menos isqu&#234;micos. Assim, acrescentamos &#224; an&#225;lise visual da angiografia a an&#225;lise quantitativa <italic>off-line</italic>, utilizando vari&#225;veis estabelecidas na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, como o di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo da luz e a estenose porcentual do di&#226;metro da luz<sup>44</sup>. Mesmo entendendo que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o esclarecia a rela&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose e o impacto sobre o fluxo coron&#225;rio<sup>45</sup>, condi&#231;&#227;o essa avaliada pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica na estimativa indireta da reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio<sup>46</sup>, aceitava-se a import&#226;ncia das medidas obtidas pela angiografia quantitativa, como preditivas de eventos tardios<sup>47,48</sup>. Da mesma maneira, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de estenoses coron&#225;rias por informa&#231;&#245;es derivadas da angiografia e do Doppler intracoron&#225;rio em pacientes uniarteriais avaliados com teste ergom&#233;trico verificava-se, por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, que a estenose porcentual do di&#226;metro da luz ou o DML e a reserva de velocidade do fluxo coron&#225;rio constituiam-se em vari&#225;veis preditivas dos resultados da prova de esfor&#231;o<sup>49</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nossos pacientes, consideramos relevante a detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e cintilogr&#225;fica, identificada de modo isolado ou em conjunto, pela import&#226;ncia desta como fator determinante de eventos coron&#225;rios. Inicialmente, verificava-se a tend&#234;ncia a associa&#231;&#227;o das imagens com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria em 26 P (37,68%) e menor m&#233;dia dos valores do DML e da AML &#224; ACQ comparando-se os 43 P (62,31%) com aus&#234;ncia de isquemia (DML = 1,44 mm vs 1,64 mm, p = 0,063 e AML = 3,55 mm<sup>2</sup> vs 4,62 mm2, p = 0,086, respectivamente). Acreditamos que as limita&#231;&#245;es na obten&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;a com maior express&#227;o estat&#237;stica sejam atribu&#237;das &#224; pr&#243;pria caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, com les&#245;es predominantemente intermedi&#225;rias e %Est em torno de 44% &#224; ACQ. Igualmente, ao analisamos a AO% no local de maior obstru&#231;&#227;o e estimada pelo mesmo m&#233;todo, encontramos a m&#233;dia 4,08 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 2,12) em 66 art&#233;rias, inferindo-se resposta normal da reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio (RFC) quando les&#245;es arteriais isoladas eram avaliadas<sup>50</sup>. </p>
    <p>No estudo de Harrison e cols.<sup>50 </sup>observava-se correla&#231;&#227;o significante entre les&#245;es proximais da art&#233;ria descendente anterior com &#225;rea m&#237;nima da luz pela ACQ maior que 3,5 mm<sup>2</sup> e RFC normal. Considerando-se na presente pesquisa os pacientes avaliados como portadores de doen&#231;a localizada, verific&#225;vamos menor m&#233;dia dos valores da AML calculada &#224; ACQ para as imagens com hipocapta&#231;&#227;o sugestiva de isquemia, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s cintilografias com aus&#234;ncia de isquemia (3,55 mm<sup>2</sup> vs 4,62 mm<sup>2</sup>, p= 0,086). Podia-se compreender, portanto, que o desempenho diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o-perfeito da prova encontrava como justificativa dados anat&#244;micos lim&#237;trofes entre a resposta funcional normal e anormal traduzida pela RFC, intimamente relacionada com os resultados obtidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o pela cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio, em repouso e sob est&#237;mulo hiper&#234;mico m&#225;ximo por vasodilata&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica<sup>43</sup>. Na adi&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica e infradesnivelamento de ST aos resultados das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas, criando-se uma vari&#225;vel dicot&#244;mica para expressar resultados globais isqu&#234;micos <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos da prova, verificava-se melhor capacidade discriminat&#243;ria, com associa&#231;&#227;o de menores m&#233;dias do DML e AML &#224; ACQ para as provas isqu&#234;micas em 46 P, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s provas com resultados globais n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos em 24 P (1,49 mm e 3,74 mm<sup>2</sup> vs 1,71 mm e 5,00 mm<sup>2</sup> respectivamente, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados da cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio e do UIC, utilizado no presente estudo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional da gravidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias intermedi&#225;rias, de acordo com as Diretrizes recentemente publicadas<sup>51</sup>, verificava-se que os resultados isolados das imagens de perfus&#227;o e espessamento, expressos como vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, associavam-se de modo significante somente &#224; &#225;rea de obstru&#231;&#227;o porcentual (AO%), quando eram comparadas quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o <italic>versus </italic>capta&#231;&#227;o normal (61,89% vs 50,40%, p = 0,041), ou altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias da perfus&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> capta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica (63,73% vs 50,65%, p = 0,020), ou ainda quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es do espessamento <italic>versus</italic> espessamento normal (62,08% vs 45,18%, p = 0,047). Tal comportamento est&#225; diretamente implicado com altera&#231;&#245;es da reserva coron&#225;ria, desencadeadas a partir de estenoses moderadas dos di&#226;metros, mas que correspondem a aproximadamente 75% de obstru&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea transversal da luz. </p>
    <p>Em estudos subseq&#252;entes &#224;s cl&#225;ssicas demonstra&#231;&#245;es de Gould, Wilson e cols.<sup>52 </sup>demonstraram que a RFC, medida com cateteres de Doppler intracoron&#225;rio, correlacionava-se otimamente com a &#225;rea porcentual transversal de estenose, e les&#245;es com &#225;rea menor que 70% e estenose porcentual do di&#226;metro da luz menor que 50% apresentavam RFC maior que 3,5, dados esses similares a estudos em animais. Utilizando tais vari&#225;veis como discriminantes para as altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais frente &#224; hiperemia documentada pela cintilografia, chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o em nossos pacientes submetidos ao UIC o valor m&#233;dio encontrado para a AO% pr&#243;ximo a 60%, corroborando, de certa forma, os achados de sensibilidade regular e baixa especificidade. Ainda, dentro da clara e evidente disparidade entre achados anat&#244;micos e funcionais, e do reconhecimento das limita&#231;&#245;es da angiografia para a defini&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es e suas implica&#231;&#245;es sobre as modifica&#231;&#245;es do fluxo coron&#225;rio<sup>53</sup>, a cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio tem sido utilizada como m&#233;todo de compara&#231;&#227;o para a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva da reserva coron&#225;ria<sup>42,54</sup> em rela&#231;&#227;o a vari&#225;veis anat&#244;micas obtidas ao UIC e informa&#231;&#245;es derivadas dos estudos de Doppler intracoron&#225;rio<sup>55</sup>.</p>
    <p>Destaca-se, nesse cen&#225;rio, o estudo interessante de Nishioka e cols.<sup>56</sup>, que valida tr&#234;s &#237;ndices de estenose derivados do UIC e tamb&#233;m a AML de 4 mm<sup>2</sup>, como crit&#233;rios para estreitamento coronariano significativo, empregando a cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio de estresse como padr&#227;o de compara&#231;&#227;o. Ressalta-se a simplicidade e elevada acur&#225;cia da AML no valor discriminante citado, j&#225; estabelecida como preditiva de eventos tardios e relacionada &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o da reserva coronariana antes e ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea<sup>57</sup>. Por sua vez, o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da cintilografia, quando somente as imagens eram analisadas, demonstrava sensibilidade regular e &#243;timo valor preditivo negativo, mas limitada especificidade quando escolhemos o limite discriminante de 70% para a &#225;rea de obstru&#231;&#227;o porcentual, quer na compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias em rela&#231;&#227;o a quaisquer altera&#231;&#245;es da capta&#231;&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> capta&#231;&#227;o normal (S=75%; VPN=86%; E=55%) quer nas altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia <italic>versus</italic> capta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica (S=75%; VPN=88%; E=64%). Tais &#237;ndices devem tamb&#233;m ser compreendidos no &#226;mbito das les&#245;es que compunham a nossa amostra avaliada. </p>
    <p>A partir de tais verifica&#231;&#245;es, procur&#225;vamos tamb&#233;m relacionar os resultados globais da prova, &#224; semelhan&#231;a do que realizamos com a ACQ, a algumas vari&#225;veis ultra-sonogr&#225;ficas. A adi&#231;&#227;o da manifesta&#231;&#227;o dor e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas aos achados das imagens de perfus&#227;o e a categoriza&#231;&#227;o em resultados globais alterados <italic>versus</italic> normais passava a evidenciar diferentes m&#233;dias para a AML ao UIC. Provas alteradas correlacionavam-se a valores da AML de 2,81 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 1,40), enquanto resultados normais a valores de 4,08 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 1,89), p &lt; 0,05. Observa-se ainda tend&#234;ncia a diferentes m&#233;dias em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados alterados e normais, tanto para o DML como para a AO%, ambos ao UIC (p = 0,076 e p = 0,085, respectivamente). Quando eram empregados os resultados globais isqu&#234;micos <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos, excluindo da an&#225;lise as hipocapta&#231;&#245;es persistentes, verific&#225;vamos a associa&#231;&#227;o das provas isqu&#234;micas com menores m&#233;dias do DML e da AML ao UIC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s provas n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micas (1,63 mm e 2,74 mm<sup>2</sup> x 1,97 mm e 4,01 mm<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,05). Tornava-se l&#243;gica a compreens&#227;o de que adicionar informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e do ECG &#224;s imagens aumentava a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de isquemia e valores das vari&#225;veis quantitativas que traduziam maior gravidade anat&#244;mica das les&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A capta&#231;&#227;o dos radiof&#225;rmacos &#233; fun&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o e da viabilidade do mioc&#225;rdio, com associa&#231;&#227;o linear entre dose intravenosa por grama de mioc&#225;rdio e fluxo coron&#225;rio sang&#252;&#237;neo por minuto. Regi&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas com diferentes fluxos decorrentes de les&#245;es obstrutivas e conseq&#252;entemente capta&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas, sob a condi&#231;&#227;o de hiperemia m&#225;xima, justificam a g&#234;nese dos defeitos de perfus&#227;o &#224; cintilografia. No entanto, o fen&#244;meno de perda da eleva&#231;&#227;o linear da capta&#231;&#227;o do is&#243;topo (<italic>roll-off</italic>), a partir de aumentos do fluxo coron&#225;rio superiores a 2,5 vezes os valores basais, com conseq&#252;ente queda da extra&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea do <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIBI pelo mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o deve ser desprezado<sup>58,59</sup>. Se uma art&#233;ria sem les&#245;es expressivas e sob a condi&#231;&#227;o de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima com adenosina atinge fluxos coron&#225;rios da ordem de 4,0 a 5,0 ml.min.gr<sup>-1</sup>, mas com capta&#231;&#227;o linear do radiois&#243;topo somente at&#233; 2,5-3,0 ml.min.g<sup>-1</sup>; e uma art&#233;ria com les&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria eleva habitualmente o fluxo entre duas a tr&#234;s vezes os valores basais ou 2,5 ml.min.g<sup>-1</sup>, pode-se depreender que as duas art&#233;rias poder&#227;o apresentar imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas com diferen&#231;as impercept&#237;veis ou capta&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;ximas quando as regi&#245;es correspondentes s&#227;o comparadas. A implica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica parece ser a limita&#231;&#227;o da habilidade da prova em detectar les&#245;es de 30% a 60% de obstru&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da luz, faixa essa coincidente com a m&#233;dia dos valores porcentuais de estenose do di&#226;metro da luz em nossa amostra e com intervalos de confian&#231;a amplos, diminuindo a previsibilidade do m&#233;todo. </p>
    <p><italic>Circula&#231;&#227;o colateral</italic> &#150; Deve-se considerar que a les&#227;o coron&#225;ria &#233; apenas uma das determinantes das altera&#231;&#245;es da reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio sob a condi&#231;&#227;o de hiperemia m&#225;xima, atribuindo-se importante papel &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria e &#224; rede capilar na g&#234;nese dos defeitos revers&#237;veis de perfus&#227;o &#224; cintilografia, induzidos pelas provas de estresse<sup>60</sup>. Durante o estresse, os vasos colaterais s&#227;o usualmente insuficientes para a adequada resposta de eleva&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coron&#225;rio frente &#224;s solicita&#231;&#245;es, com o aparecimento freq&#252;ente de defeitos de capta&#231;&#227;o. Nas provas farmacol&#243;gicas, a principal participa&#231;&#227;o das colaterais relaciona-se &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno do roubo contribuindo para o desencadear de isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio, al&#233;m da capta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-homog&#234;nea do radiof&#225;rmaco em regi&#245;es com e sem les&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Ressaltava-se tamb&#233;m na amostra estudada a presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral em apenas 6 pacientes (8,6%), sendo relacionada a art&#233;rias oclu&#237;das em 5 (83,3%) e &#224; les&#227;o intermedi&#225;ria em apenas 1 (16,6%). Considerando-se a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, tal perfil angiogr&#225;fico pode seguramente ter resultado em maior limita&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo para a detec&#231;&#227;o de isquemia. </p>
    <p>Determina&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco - Por mais de uma d&#233;cada a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o tem sido empregada na defini&#231;&#227;o de risco de indiv&#237;duos com suspeita ou doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria conhecida e no desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias dentro do processo de manejo cl&#237;nico<sup>3,61</sup>. Dessa forma, a defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o deve estar desvinculada da caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de risco, uma vez que portadores de doen&#231;a com cintilografia isqu&#234;mica de baixo risco apresentam incid&#234;ncia de morte ou torno de 1% ao ano<sup>62</sup>. A decis&#227;o em categorizar os resultados em respostas dicot&#244;micas (resultados normais <italic>versus</italic> alterados ou n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos <italic>versus</italic> isqu&#234;micos) limitava a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco global, considerando-se a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a e suas repercuss&#245;es sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, n&#227;o avaliados no presente trabalho. Igualmente, n&#227;o possibilitava a associa&#231;&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es da capta&#231;&#227;o &#224; cintilografia com as respectivas regi&#245;es de distribui&#231;&#227;o arterial e, conseq&#252;entemente, n&#227;o definia na amostra a acur&#225;cia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos vasos acometidos. Mas, de certa forma, justificava-se a escolha em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; abordagem de um m&#233;todo recente em nosso meio, com casu&#237;stica limitada, de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o-homog&#234;neas e de moderada complexidade. Ainda, limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o e ao processamento das imagens, como a presen&#231;a de artefatos provenientes da radia&#231;&#227;o de fundo (f&#237;gado), podem ter representado potencial diminui&#231;&#227;o da especificidade do m&#233;todo, uma vez que os observadores n&#227;o tinham conhecimento de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e ou angiogr&#225;ficas pr&#233;vias, bem como n&#227;o eram utilizados programas de corre&#231;&#227;o de atenua&#231;&#227;o ou dec&#250;bito prono para diminui&#231;&#227;o dessas interfer&#234;ncias. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, entendemos que o estudo oferece informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais de valia ao processo de decis&#227;o, provenientes da associa&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia e m&#233;todos invasivos que permitem, a partir de vari&#225;veis anat&#244;micas, avaliar a express&#227;o funcional da doen&#231;a, especialmente em subgrupos de pacientes portadores de les&#245;es predominantemente intermedi&#225;rias. Nesse detalhe, a cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio, analisada a partir da adi&#231;&#227;o das respostas cl&#237;nicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ao resultado das imagens, estima com satisfat&#243;ria sensibilidade mas limitada especificidade a reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio sob hiperemia m&#225;xima, amparada agora em novos m&#233;todos de compara&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla </p>
        <p> Rua Leopoldo Couto de Magalh&#227;es, 1305/21 </p>
        <p> 04542-012 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="luiz.mastrocolla@fleury.com.br">luiz.mastrocolla@fleury.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 03/11/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/04/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Adenosine myocardial perfusion SPECT with Tc-99m-MIBI in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease: correlation between quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound measurements</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To correlate myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) with Tc-99m-MIBI and adenosine infusion using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). METHODS: Seventy patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) with MIBI and adenosine were studied. Clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG), and scintigraphic findings were correlated with variables of visual and quantitative angiographic analysis, as well as to those of IVUS. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 60.6 years, and 39 were male. Coronary angiography showed percentage of diameter stenosis (% DS) of 49.94% in 105 arteries, 83 of which were re-evaluated by QCA (79%), mean of 44.20%, p&lt;0.05. ST-segment depression during adenosine infusion was associated with higher degrees of % DS (55.0% vs. 47.8%), p&lt;0.05). Scintigraphic ischemia was correlated with greater cross-sectional area of lumen obstruction by IVUS (% CSA). Clinical, ECG, and IVUS findings were considered together and expressed as global ischemic versus non-ischemic responses. Ischemia was associated with lower values of minimal lumen diameter (MLD) and minimal lumen area (MLA) determined by QCA and IVUS. CONCLUSION: Tc-99m-MIBI and adenosine myocardial SPECT is correlated with % CSA on IVUS, perfusion images considered. Global results assessment showed association between lumen diameter and area at obstructed sites as determined by QCA and IVUS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myocardial scintigraphy</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>technetium- 99m-MIBI</kwd>
        <kwd>clinical decision</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Adenosine myocardial perfusion SPECT with Tc-99m-MIBI in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease: correlation between quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound measurements </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla; Amanda G. M. R. Sousa; Paola E. P. Smanio; Rodolfo Staico; Ibraim F. M. Pinto; Romeu S. Meneghelo; Andreia C. Abizaid; Roselei Graebin; Vinicius D. Vaz; Angela Paes; Daniela S. Martins; Jos&#233; Eduardo M. R. Sousa</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To correlate myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) with Tc-99m-MIBI and adenosine infusion using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Seventy patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) with MIBI and adenosine were studied. Clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG), and scintigraphic findings were correlated with variables of visual and quantitative angiographic analysis, as well as to those of IVUS.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean age of patients was 60.6 years, and 39 were male. Coronary angiography showed percentage of diameter stenosis (% DS) of 49.94% in 105 arteries, 83 of which were re-evaluated by QCA (79%), mean of 44.20%, p&lt;0.05. ST-segment depression during adenosine infusion was associated with higher degrees of % DS (55.0% vs. 47.8%), p&lt;0.05). Scintigraphic ischemia was correlated with greater cross-sectional area (CSA) of lumen obstruction by IVUS (% CSA). Clinical, ECG, and IVUS findings were considered together and expressed as global ischemic versus non-ischemic responses. Ischemia was associated with lower values of minimal lumen diameter (MLD) and minimal lumen area (MLA) determined by QCA and IVUS.</p>
      <p> CONCLUSION: Tc-99m-MIBI and adenosine myocardial SPECT is correlated with % CSA on IVUS, perfusion images considered. Global results assessment showed association between lumen diameter and area at obstructed sites as determined by QCA and IVUS.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> myocardial scintigraphy, coronary artery disease, coronary angiography, myocardial ischemia, technetium- 99m-MIBI, clinical decision</p>
      <p>SPECT myocardial perfusion with radiopharmaceuticals (either thallium-201 or Tc-99m-labeled sestamibi) associated with stress testing or pharmacological vasodilation is a well-established and widely accepted method for the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease<sup>1-7</sup> (CAD), using coronary angiography as standard. Optimal diagnostic and prognostic values are obtained in the presence of severe coronary lesions, with a decreased level of accuracy of scintigraphic examination in case of lower degrees of obstruction. Likewise, angiogram visual interpretation demonstrates significant inter- and intraobserver variability, and any standard angiographic view may estimate the degree of luminal narrowing incorrectly. </p>
      <p>Therefore, this study was designed to correlate Tc-99m-MIBI and adenosine myocardial SPECT in lesions of varying degrees using off-line quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From March 2001 to February 2003, seventy consecutive CAD patients referred for myocardial perfusion imaging (Gated-SPECT) were enrolled in this study. Inclusion criteria were: subjects of both genders older than 30 years; clinical manifestation of stable or controlled unstable angina; silent ischemia demonstrated by previous functional tests; varying degrees of luminal narrowing with single- or multi-vessel disease. Exclusion criteria were: patients with acute myocardial infarction, decompensated heart failure, symptomatic cerebrovascular insufficiency or history of recurrent vascular headache, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, left bundle branch block, second-degree or higher atrioventricular block (AV), systolic pressure lower than 90 mmHg, history of hypersensibility to dipyridamole or adenosine, and use of substances such as methylxanthines and caffeine at the day of examination. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, and all patients signed an informed consent. </p>
      <p><italic>Study flow chart &#150; </italic>Once clinical eligibility was confirmed, standard coronary angiography was reevaluated by the researcher and by two independent observers and, whenever possible, lesions were submitted to an off-line quantitative assessment for the degree of lumen diameter stenosis. Patients were then referred for myocardial scintigraphy associated with adenosine injection, in a two-step procedure carried out on subsequent days. Finally, all data, including available IVUS information, were quantitatively analyzed off-line at the core laboratory.</p>
      <p><italic>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (Gated-SPECT) with Tc-99m-MIBI</italic> - Performed following the two-day protocol,<sup>9</sup> with images acquired 30-60 minutes after the pharmacologic stress phase and at rest, 24 hours after the first step. Nitrates were discontinued the day of test; caffeine, methylxanthines or derivatives, for 24 hours <sup>10</sup> and beta-blockers, for 48 hours. </p>
      <p><italic>First step &#150; </italic>Included clinical evaluation, continuous monitoring and 13-lead ECG tracings<sup>11</sup>, minute by minute, during 8 minutes, using the Teb Apex 2000 multi-channel recording system (TEB &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil), concomitantly with adenosine infused at 140 &#181;g.kg.min<sup>-1</sup>, over 6 minutes<sup>12</sup>, by intravenous pump (DigiBomb, model DB-03-FAJ, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil). A dose of 740 to 814 MegaBequerel (Mbq) of Tc-99m-MIBI was administered at the third minute of adenosine injection, and treadmill walking was added with energy expenditure up to seven metabolic equivalents (METs) after routine controls and IV aminophylline (1 to 2 mg.kg.min<sup>-1</sup>) in case side effects or high-risk ischemia signs persisted. Criteria for ischemic response included ST-segment depression equal to or higher than 1 mm according to established guidelines<sup>13</sup> ; pain or associated clinical manifestations suggestive of coronary faiure<sup>14-16</sup>. A Millennium VG dual-head gamma camera (GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, USA) equipped with high-resolution, low-energy parallel-hole collimators was used. Sequential tomographic images were obtained on a 64 x 64 matrix, starting within 60 minutes of Tc-99m-MIBI injection, using the Gated-SPECT technique according to standard methodology<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Second step &#150;</italic> Performed 24 hours after the first one, without the pharmacological effect of adenosine and using the same imaging sequence and processing<sup>18</sup>. </p>
      <p><italic>Analysis of SPECT perfusion images -</italic> After image reorientation and reconstruction, radiopharmaceutical uptake and wall motion and thickening classification<sup>2,19,20</sup>, interpretation was made by two independent observers, according to the I Guideline for Nuclear Cardiology of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>10</sup>. Myocardial distribution patterns of the radiopharmaceutical<sup>10 </sup>were treated as categorical variables, and only two possibilities were considered: normal uptake <italic>versus</italic> altered uptake and non-ischemic uptake <italic>versus </italic>reversible reduced uptake or suggestive of ischemia. Similarly, quantitative analysis of myocardial left ventricular motion and thickness was classified in normal <italic>versus </italic>altered response, aiming at the association with those variables derived from visual angiography, QCA and IVUS. </p>
      <p><italic>Conventional and quantitative coronary angiography &#150; </italic>Lesions were reevaluated visually, according to degree of obstruction<sup>21,22</sup> (<underline>&lt;</underline> 30%; 30 to 49%; 50 to 69%; <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%; 95% and 100%, respectively), location (ostial, proximal, middle third or distal), using the angiographic definitions of the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation trial (BARI). Vessels included left main coronary artery (LM), left anterior descending artery (LAD), diagonal or diagonalis ramus (Dg), left circumflex (Cx), marginal or marginalis ramus (Mg), and right coronary artery (RCA). </p>
      <p>Examinations were performed in an H5000<sup>&#174; </sup>catheterization laboratory (Phillips Medical Systems<sup>&#174;</sup>, Eindhoven, the Netherlands), using standard technique and procedures<sup>24</sup>. As for the quantitative evaluation, the system itself (CMS<sup>&#174;</sup>, Medis Medical System<sup>&#174;</sup>, the Netherlands) characterized artery boundaries according to criteria of arterial lumen brightness, with operator interaction. Quantitative variables for off-line analysis included proximal reference diameter (PRD), distal reference diameter (DRD), interpolated reference diameter (IRD) and minimal lumen diameter (MLD), all expressed in millimeters. IRD was adopted as reference diameter (RD) value for the site of obstruction. Percentage of diameter stenosis (% DS) was calculated from the ratio between the difference of RD and minimal lumen diameter divided by reference diameter, according to the following equation:</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Angiographic minimal lumen cross-sectional area (MLA) was estimated from the sum of the square of minimal lumen diameters derived from two orthogonal views (MLD1 and MLD2) adjusted by a correction factor, according to the following formula.</p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Intravascular ultrasound indicated by the patient&#146;s referral physician was performed immediately after standard coronary angiography, using the Clear View<sup>&#174;</sup> system (Boston Scientific<sup>&#174;</sup>, Boston, USA) and the Ultra<sup>&#174;</sup> 30-MHz catheter (CVIS<sup>&#174;</sup>, USA), in accordance with the previously mentioned methodology. Off-line quantitative analysis was performed using a computerized planimetry system (TapeMeasure<sup>&#174;</sup>, Indec Systems, Inc, California, USA) following standard methodology of the interventional cardiology unit<sup>24</sup>. IVUS quantitative variables used for the association with scintigraphic variables included: a) arterial lumen area, measured at references and at lesion site, characterizing reference lumen area (RLA) and minimal lumen area (MLA), both in square millimeters; b) minimal lumen diameter (MLD), derived from the MLA outline, in millimeters; c) cross-sectional area of lumen obstruction (CSA), according to the following formula: </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois). Categorical variables were expressed as absolute frequencies and percentages, and quantitative variables, as means, standard errors, minimum and maximum values. Student&#146;s t test was used to compare dichotomous and quantitative variables, by comparing the means, using Pearson&#146;s correlation coefficient to assess the relationship between two quantitative variables. Statistical significance level was set at 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sample consisted of 39 (55.7%) men and 31 (44.3%) women, mean age 60.6 years (SD = 9.43). Mean number of risk factor was 2.69 (SD = 1.11) per patient, notably arterial hypertension in 74.3%, diabetes in 30%, previous myocardial infarction in 25.7%, and percutaneous coronary intervention in 15.7%. Patients were clinically stable on the day of pharmacological test, and the interval between coronary angiography and scintigraphy was 2.48 (SD = 2.97) months. </p>
      <p>Angiograms were reviewed aiming at off-line quantitative analysis and obtaining data to be compared with scintigraphic variables results. A hundred and five coronary lesions were reevaluated. The number of affected vessels is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The artery most frequently affected in patients with one-, two- and three-vessel disease was the left anterior descending (LAD) in 25 patients (58.1%), 14 patients (70.0%), and 6 patients (85.7%) respectively, followed by the right coronary artery (RCA) in 14 patients (32.5%), 7 patients (35%) and 5 patients (71.4%), and the left circumflex (Cx) in 3 patients (7%), 8 patients (40%) and 6 patients (85.7%). Collateral circulation was present in 6 patients (8.6%); in three (50%) of them it was intracoronary and intercoronary in the other 3 (50%); grade I/II in 4 (66.6%), and grade III in 2 (33.3%). In 5 patients (83.3%) this collateral circulation was related to the occluded arteries and in 1 patient (16.6%) to an intermediate lesion. Mean values of diameter stenosis percentage was 49.94% (SD 12.65). </p>
      <p>Pre-scintigraphy quantitative coronary angiography &#150; The procedure was completed in 83 (79.0%) of the 105 arteries submitted to off-line evaluation, and mean percentage of diameter stenosis was 44.20% (SD 10.37) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Intravascular ultrasound &#150; Forty-six arteries (43.8%) were studied, one per patient; mean minimal lumen area (MLA) was 2.92 mm<sup>2</sup> (SD 1.54), mean minimal lumen diameter (MLD) was 1.68 mm (SD 0.43), and mean cross-sectional area of lumen obstruction (% CSA) was 61.20% (SD 14.31) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table III</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Resting electrocardiogram &#150; Up to three diagnoses were considered per patient, and normal morphology was found in 36 patients (51.4%), borderline PR interval (<underline>&gt;</underline> 200 ms) in 7 (10%), atrial fibrillation in 1 (1.4%), anterior myocardial infarction in 4 (5.7%), inferior in 3 (4.2%) and intraventricular conduction disturbance in 6 (8.4%). </p>
      <p>Clinical manifestations &#150; Sixty-seven patients (95.7%) had side effects related to adenosine injection, and chest pressure or chest pain experienced by 37 patients (52.9%) during the pharmacological test was not associated with diameter stenosis percentage by visual angiography, nor with minimal lumen diameters and areas established by QCA and IVUS (p&gt;0.05). </p>
      <p>Ischemic response &#150; Of 68 patients (97.1%) with adequate records for analysis, 21 (30.9%) had ischemic response and 47 (69.1%), no ST-segment depression during adenosine injection. Comparing the presence versus absence of ST-segment changes on the 12-lead ECG, a difference between mean percentage of stenosis was noted (55% SD 15.6 vs. 47.8% SD 12.2 respectively, p&lt;0.05). </p>
      <p>Qualitative analysis of perfusion images &#150; Findings of normal uptake in 34 patients (48.6%) and changes in uptake of any nature in 35 (50%) were different relative to % CSA obtained by IVUS, mean 50.4% (SD 19.4) and 61.9% (SD 12.6), respectively (p&lt;0.05). The other variables did not differ by Student&#146;s t test (p&gt;0.05). As to presence of ischemia, there was also an association between reversible reduced uptake by myocardial scintigraphy, and IVUS determined higher mean of % CSA values. Means and standard deviations were 50.6% (SD 18.1) for non-ischemic results on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy and 63.7% (SD 12.6) for ischemic results. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">figs. 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Wall motion and thickening - No abnormal wall motion was associated with higher degrees of arterial lumen obstruction (p&gt;0.05). However, qualitative evaluation of wall thickening showed a significant difference in mean comparison relative to %CSA by IVUS. Means were 45.2% (SD 30.3) for normal responses and 62.1% (SD 16.4) for any thickness change (P&lt;0.05). </p>
      <p>Overall results of myocardial scintigraphy associated with adenosine &#150; Taking into account all clinical and electrocardiographic responses, as well as scintigraphic results, a dichotomous variable was created to express altered versus normal results and another for ischemic versus non-ischemic results. Significant difference was found when MLA means by IVUS were compared, relative to altered (2.81 mm<sup>2</sup> SD 1.40) versus normal results (4.08 mm<sup>2</sup> DP 1.89). Additionally, MLD and MLA mean values by QCA were 1.49 mm (SD 0.34) and 3.74 mm<sup>2</sup> (SD 1.78) for ischemic tests, and 1.71 mm (SD 0.49) and 5.00 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 2.65), respectively, for non-ischemic tests, with p&lt;0.05. Likewise, overall ischemic results were associated with lower MLA and MLD mean values by IVUS (p&lt;0.05). MLD and MLA were 1.63 mm (SD 0.38) and 2.74 mm<sup>2</sup> (SD 1.38), respectively, for ischemic tests and 1.97 mm (SD 0.50) and 4.01 mm<sup>2</sup> (SD 1.79) for non-ischemic tests (p&lt;0.05). These findings are described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">figures 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">5</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig06-body2">6</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig06-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-86-01-0003-00002-e04-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty percent of the patients (21) had diabetes and 44% were female, which by itself added complexity to the population<sup>27</sup>. These facts plus the distribution of other risk factors, more prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease, might have affected scintigraphic precision, because decompensated diabetics would not show an adequate hyperemic response to adenosine in the presence of decreased levels of insulin, possibly limiting test accuracy<sup>28</sup>, in addition to higher occurrence of attenuation defects on scintigraphic images in women because of large breasts<sup>29</sup>. In an attempt to reduce such limitations, improve final image quality and decrease persistent clinical manifestations, patients underwent treadmill walking with low energy expenditure after adenosine administration, contrary to information found in literature, where treadmill walking was added during adenosine injection<sup>30-32</sup>.</p>
      <p>With respect to ongoing medication, it is worth noting the recommendation for beta-blocker and nitrate discontinuation, which is not included in national<sup>10</sup> or foreign guidelines<sup>33</sup>. We believe that discontinuation of beta-blockers and nitrates for at least 24 to 48 hours is desirable, because pharmacological stimulation is followed by a slight yet significant increase in double product<sup>34</sup>, which could be limited in the presence of the drug, in addition to the negative dromotropic effects of adenosine on the atrioventricular node, already present during beta-blocker therapy. Orientation towards vasodilator discontinuation on the day of the test was also important to reduce false-negative results and allow an accurate estimate of myocardial areas at risk, usually underestimated in patients with chronic use of vasodilators <sup>35,36</sup>.</p>
      <p>Chest pain and electrocardiographic ischemic changes during pharmacological stimulation - The high prevalence of side effects exceeded that of the series published in the literature (only 4.5% asymptomatic)<sup>37</sup>, with female and younger patients predominance, as in the series of Thomas et al<sup>32</sup>. In this initial experience, difficulty in characterizing chest pain, discomfort or pressure, present in 53% of the cases, was evident. In our series, 24% of chest discomfort, pressure or pain was radiated to the anterior cervical region, which added to the thoracic location, amounted to 77%. Overall, little association is found between this side effect and coronary failure, with low specificity, because normal volunteers also experience pain during intravenous drug infusion. A dose-effect relationship between adenosine and chest pain has been described<sup>38</sup>, suggesting that this substance causes chest pain during myocardial ischemia episodes, by direct stimulation of cardiac A1-receptors<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>Coincidentally, no association was made between pain manifestation during adenosine injection and higher degrees of stenosis of minimal lumen diameter or lower mean values of lumen area at the sites of greatest obstruction, or even of the cross-sectional area of lumen obstruction. Ischemic changes in ST-segment morphology observed in 21 patients (31%), the frequency of which was higher than those reported in classic studies (ranging from 8% to 25%), were associated with greater degrees of diameter stenosis percentage by visual analysis of angiographic images.</p>
      <p>Analysis of scintigraphic images and overall results of the test &#150; In the studied population, it became clear the great challenge faced by experts regarding decision making, since angiography by itself was inadequate to evaluating the functional impact of these lesions, ranging from 30 to 70%<sup>40,41 </sup>and requiring further information from invasive and non-invasive studies capable or estimating or measuring coronary flow reserve (CFR) under maximal hyperemia<sup>42,43</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on diagnostic and prognostic data provided by scintigraphic studies, established and related to each other, we decided to correlate Tc-99m-MIBI with adenosine injection with new patterns of comparison that would add value to standard angiography, allowing adequate functional correlation in evaluating ischemic phenomena. </p>
      <p>We added, therefore, off-line quantitative analysis to the visual analysis of angiographic images, using established variables to characterize coronary obstruction, such as minimal lumen diameter and percentage of diameter stenosis<sup>44</sup>. Despite knowing that coronary artery diameter quantification failed to elucidate the relationship between stenosis severity and impact on the coronary flow<sup>45</sup>, a condition assessed by myocardial scintigraphy in the indirect estimation of coronary flow reserve<sup>46</sup>, the significance of measurements obtained by quantitative angiography was accepted as predictive of late events<sup>47,48</sup>. In the same way, coronary stenosis evaluation based on information provided by angiography and intracoronary Doppler, in patients with single-vessel disease assessed by exercise stress testing, showed, through logistic regression analysis, that percentage of diameter stenosis or MLD and coronary flow velocity reserve were predictive variables for exercise test results<sup>49</sup>.</p>
      <p>Detection of clinical, electrocardiographic, and scintigraphic ischemia was considered relevant in our study, identified either singly or grouply, since it is an important determinant of coronary events. At first, a trend was observed towards associating images with reversible reduced uptake in 26 patients (37.68%) and lower mean values for MLD and MLA by QCA, comparing the 43 non-ischemic patients (62.31%) (MLD = 1.44 mm vs. 1.64 mm, p=0.063 and MLA = 3.55 mm<sup>2</sup> vs. 4.62 mm<sup>2</sup>, p=0.086, respectively). Failure to obtain more statistically significant difference was attributed to the very characteristics of our population, presenting mostly intermediate lesions and % SD around 44% on QCA. Likewise, the analysis of % CSA at the site of greatest obstruction by the same method yielded the mean of 4.08 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 2,12) in 66 arteries, showing normal response of coronary flow reserve (CRF) when isolated arterial lesions were evaluated<sup>50</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the study by Harrison et al<sup>50</sup>, a significant correlation was found between proximal lesions of the anterior descending artery and minimal lumen area higher than 3.5 mm<sup>2 </sup>measured by QCA plus normal CFR. Taking into account patients diagnosed as having localized disease, we found lower mean values for MLA calculated by QCA for images showing decreased uptake suggestive of ischemia, compared with scintigraphies showing absence of ischemia (3.55 mm<sup>2</sup> vs. 4.62 mm<sup>2</sup>, p=0.086). It stood to reason, therefore, that the less-than-perfect diagnostic performance of the test was associated with borderline anatomic data between normal and abnormal functional response translated by CFR, which was closely related to myocardial perfusion scintigraphy results, both at rest and under maximal hyperemic stimulation by pharmacological vasodilation. When chest pain and ST-segment depression were added to scintigraphic results, creating a dichotomous variable to express overall ischemic <italic>versus </italic>non-ischemic results, a better discriminatory capacity was found, with association of lower MLD and MLA means measured by QCA for the ischemic tests in 46 patients, as compared to those tests showing non-ischemic overall results in 24 patients (1.49 mm and 3.74 mm<sup>2</sup> vs. 1.71 mm e 5.00 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively, p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p>When myocardial scintigraphy and IVUS findings were compared<sup>51</sup>, the latter being used in this study for further evaluation of intermediate coronary lesions severity according to recently published Guidelines<sup>51</sup>, isolated results of perfusion and thickening images, expressed as dichotomous variables, were found to be significantly associated with cross-sectional area of lumen obstruction (% CSA) only, when compared to any changes in perfusion <italic>versus</italic> normal uptake (63.73% vs. 50.65%, p=0.020), or to any changes in thickening <italic>versus</italic> normal thickening (62.08% vs. 45.18%, p=0.047). Such behavior is directly associated with changes of coronary flow reserve, triggered by moderate diameter stenosis yet corresponding to approximately 75% of the cross-sectional lumen area. </p>
      <p>Studies performed after the classic demonstrations by Gould, Wilson et al<sup>52 </sup>showed that CFR, measured using intracoronary Doppler catheters, was optimally correlated with cross-sectional area of stenosis, and that lesions less than 70% in area and diameter stenosis lower than 50% were associated with CFR greater than 3.5, data similar to that obtained in animal studies. Using these variables as discriminants for functional changes associated with hyperemia documented by scintigraphy, it called the attention the mean value approaching 60% for % CSA in those patients who underwent IVUS, somewhat corroborating the findings of regular sensitivity and low specificity<sup>53</sup>. Also emphasizing the clear and obvious discrepancy between anatomical and functional findings, and recognizing the limitations imposed by angiography in defining lesions and how they affect coronary flow changes, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy has been used as a comparative method of invasive and non-invasive assessment of coronary flow reserve<sup>42,54</sup> regarding anatomic variables obtained by IVUS and data derived from intracoronary Doppler studies<sup>55</sup>.</p>
      <p>Worth noting in this context is the interesting study by Nishioka et al<sup>56</sup>, validating three indexes of stenosis derived from IVUS, as well as a minimal lumen area of 4 mm<sup>2</sup>, as criteria for significant coronary narrowing using stress myocardial scintigraphy as benchmark. Both the simplicity and high level of accuracy of MLA must be emphasized in the discriminatory value above mentioned, already established as predictive of late events and related to the determination of coronary flow reserve before and after percutaneous coronary intervention<sup>57</sup>. On the other hand, diagnostic performance of scintigraphy, when only images were analyzed, showed regular sensitivity and optimal negative predictive value (NPV), but restricted specificity when the discriminatory limit of 70% was chosen for stenosis area percentage, whether in comparing mean values relative to any change in uptake <italic>versus</italic> normal uptake (Sensitivity = 75%; NPV = 86%; Specificity = 55%) or in changes suggestive of ischemia <italic>versus</italic> non-ischemic uptake (Sensitivity = 75%; NPV = 88%; Specificity = 64%). These indexes must also be understood in the context of the lesions that comprised our evaluated sample. </p>
      <p>Based on these findings, we also attempted to correlate the overall results of the test to some ultrasound variables, similar to what we did with QCA. Once pain manifestation and electrocardiographic changes were added to perfusion imaging findings and overall results were categorized as altered or normal, different mean values were found for MLA on IVUS. Altered tests were correlated with MLA values of 2.81 mm<sup>2</sup> (SD 1.40), whereas normal results were correlated with values of 4.08 mm<sup>2</sup> (DP 1.89), p&lt; 0.05. A trend towards different means for altered and normal results was also observed, for MLD and %CSA alike, both measured by IVUS (p=0.076 and p=0.085, respectively). When overall ischemic <italic>versus</italic> non-ischemic results were used, persistent reduced uptake excluded from the analysis, an association of ischemic tests with lower MLD and MLA measured by IVUS was found, compared to non-ischemic tests (1.63 mm and 2.74 mm<sup>2</sup> x 1,97 mm and 4.01 mm<sup>2</sup>, p&lt;0.05). It became obvious that the addition of clinical and ECG data to the images increased the correlation between presence of ischemia and values of those quantitative variables that translated into higher anatomic severity of lesions.</p>
      <p>Radiopharmaceutical uptake is proportional to perfusion and myocardial viability, with a linear association between intravenous dose per gram of myocardium and coronary blood flow per minute. Myocardial areas with different flow due to obstructive lesions and thus heterogeneous uptake, under maximal hyperemia, justify the genesis of perfusion defects by scintigraphy. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of roll-off, that is, the loss of linear elevation in isotope uptake due to increases in coronary flow exceeding 2.5 times baseline values, with a consequent drop in myocardial extraction of Tc-99m-MIBI from the blood, should not be disregarded<sup>58,59</sup>. If one artery with no significant lesions and at maximal adenosine-induced vasodilation reaches coronary flows around 4.0 to 5.0 ml.min.gr<sup>-1</sup> but linear radioisotope uptake only up to 2.5 to 3.0 ml.min.g<sup>-1</sup> and another artery with intermediate lesion routinely increases flow two or three times baseline values or 2,5 ml.min.g<sup>-1</sup>, it can be concluded that both arteries may produce scintigraphic images with imperceptible differences or approximate uptake when the corresponding regions are compared. Practical implication seems to be the limitation of the test in detecting lesions with 30% to 60% stenosis, a range that coincides with mean values of diameter stenosis percentage of our sample and with wide confidence intervals, thus reducing method previsibility. </p>
      <p><italic>Collateral circulation &#150;</italic> It must be taken into account that coronary lesion is only one of the determinants of changes in coronary flow reserve under maximal hyperemia. Coronary collateral circulation and capillary network also play a key role in the genesis of reversible perfusion defects on scintigraphy induced by stress testing<sup>60</sup>. During stress, collateral vessels are usually insufficient for an adequate response to coronary flow increase associated to higher demands, resulting in frequent appearance of uptake defects. In pharmacological tests, participation of collaterals is mostly related to induction of the steal phenomenon that contributes to trigger myocardial ischemia, in addition to the non-homogeneous uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in areas affected or not with coronary lesion. Also worthy of attention in the studied sample was the presence of collateral circulation in only 6 patients (8.6%), in 5 of them (83.3%) this circulation was related to the occluded arteries and in only one (16.6%), to the intermediate lesion. Considering pharmacological vasodilation, such an angiographic profile may certainly have contributed to further limit detection of ischemia by the method. </p>
      <p>Accuracy determination and risk stratification &#150; For more than a decade now myocardial perfusion scintigraphy has been used for risk assessment of subjects with suspected or known coronary artery disease, as well as for the development of strategies for clinical management<sup>3,61</sup>. Therefore, diagnostic definition should not be separated from risk stratification, because death rate of patients with ischemic scintigraphy of low risk is around 1% per year<sup>62</sup>. The decision to categorize results in dichotomous responses (normal <italic>versus</italic> altered or ischemic <italic>versus </italic>non-ischemic results) limited overall risk assessment, considering the severity of the disease and its influence on ventricular function, which were not evaluated in the present study. Moreover, this did not allow the association of changes in uptake on scintigraphic images with the respective areas of arterial distribution and, thus, failed to define accuracy regarding affected vessels. However, the use of a new method with limited series, heterogeneous clinical characteristics and moderate complexity was somewhat justified. Additionally, limitations related to image acquisition and processing, such as presence of artifacts from background radiation (liver) may have contributed to a potential decrease in method specificity, because observers had no information on previous clinical and angiographic data. Neither prone imaging nor attenuation correction software was used to reduce these interferences. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, we believe that this study offers additional useful information for the decision-making process, as provided by association of scintigraphy with invasive methods that, based on anatomic variables, allow functional expression of the disease to be estimated, especially in subgroups of patients with lesions mostly of intermediate severity. Regarding this aspect, myocardial scintigraphy, analyzed from the addition of clinical and electrocardiographic responses to image results, estimates, with good sensitivity but limited specificity, coronary flow reserve under maximal hyperemia, supported now by new methods for comparison.</p>
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      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Luiz Eduardo Mastrocolla</p>
          <p> Rua Leopoldo Couto de Magalh&#227;es, 1305/21</p>
          <p> 04542-012 &#150; S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="luiz.mastrocolla@fleury.com.br">luiz.mastrocolla@fleury.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 11/03/03</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/29/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
