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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ThznCdhfm64gVMPHpzpT9Bq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005002100001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005002100001</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>IV Diretriz para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial - II Diretriz para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial IV MAPA / II MRPA</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alessi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a A.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pierin</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forjaz</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia L&#250;cia de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atie</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina S.</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giorgi</surname>
            <given-names>Dante Marcelo Artigas</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mion Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;cio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Cantoni</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Giov&#226;nio Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Hilton</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pascoal</surname>
            <given-names>Ist&#234;nio Jos&#233; Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Ilha</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santello</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luis</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; M&#225;rcio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Praxedes</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nery</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortega</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;lian Soares da</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio Mota</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wajngarten</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gus</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kohlmann Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Osvaldo</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geleilete</surname>
            <given-names>Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koch</surname>
            <given-names>Vera</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>suppl 2</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>18</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>IV Diretriz para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o </p>
    <p> Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</p>
    <p>II Diretriz para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o </p>
    <p> Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial</p>
    <p>
      <bold>IV MAPA / II MRPA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mogi das Cruzes, S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p> 17 a 19 de fevereiro de 2005</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Patroc&#237;nio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o </p>
    <p> e Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Participantes</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Alexandre Alessi (PR) </p>
    <p> Andr&#233;a A. Brand&#227;o (RJ) </p>
    <p> &#194;ngela Pierin (SP) </p>
    <p> Audes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa (PE) </p>
    <p> Carlos Alberto Machado (SP) </p>
    <p> Cl&#225;udia L&#250;cia de Moraes Forjaz (SP) </p>
    <p> Cristina S. Atie (SP) </p>
    <p> Dante Marcelo Artigas Giorgi (SP) </p>
    <p> D&#233;cio Mion Jr. (SP) </p>
    <p> Eduardo Cantoni Rosa (SP) </p>
    <p> Fernando Nobre (SP) </p>
    <p> Giov&#226;nio Vieira Silva (SP) </p>
    <p> Hilton Chaves Jr. (PE) </p>
    <p> Ist&#234;nio Jos&#233; Fernandes Pascoal (DF) </p>
    <p> Jorge Ilha Guimar&#227;es (RS) </p>
    <p> Jos&#233; Luis Santello (SP) </p>
    <p> Jos&#233; M&#225;rcio Ribeiro (MG) </p>
    <p> Jos&#233; Nery Praxedes (SP) </p>
    <p> K&#225;tia Coelho Ortega (SP) </p>
    <p> L&#237;lian Soares da Costa (RJ) </p>
    <p> Luis Aparecido Bortolotto (SP) </p>
    <p> Marco Antonio Mota Gomes (AL) </p>
    <p> Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten (SP) </p>
    <p> Miguel Gus (RS) </p>
    <p> Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr. (SP) </p>
    <p> Paulo C&#233;sar Veiga Jardim (GO) </p>
    <p> Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es Geleilete (SP) </p>
    <p> Vera Koch (SP)</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Comiss&#227;o Organizadora</bold>
    </p>
    <p> D&#233;cio Mion Jr. </p>
    <p> Carlos Alberto Machado </p>
    <p> Marco Antonio Mota Gomes </p>
    <p> Fernando Nobre </p>
    <p> Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr. </p>
    <p> Jos&#233; Nery Praxedes </p>
    <p> Dante Marcelo Artigas Giorgi</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Comiss&#227;o de Reda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Fernando Nobre </p>
    <p> Lilian Soares da Costa</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Grupos de Trabalho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>
        <italic>1. Grupo Azul:</italic>
      </bold>
    </p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p><bold> Moderadores: </bold>Dante Marcelo Artigas Giorgi (SP), e Fernando Nobre (SP); </p>
      <p><bold>Secret&#225;rios:</bold> Alexandre Alessi (PR) e K&#225;tia Coelho Ortega (SP); </p>
      <p><bold>Membros:</bold> Andr&#233;a A. Brand&#227;o (RJ), Cristina S. Atie (SP), Jos&#233; Luis Santello (SP) e Jorge Ilha Guimar&#227;es (RS). </p>
      <p><bold><italic>Tem&#225;tica:</italic></bold> M&#233;todos de registro da press&#227;o; Equipamentos, valida&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o, manguitos e custo; Crit&#233;rios de normalidade; Emiss&#227;o de laudo e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados; Futuro do M&#233;todo.</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>
      <bold>
        <italic>2. Grupo Laranja:</italic>
      </bold>
    </p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p><bold>Moderadores:</bold> D&#233;cio Mion Jr. e Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr. (SP); </p>
      <p><bold>Secret&#225;rios:</bold> Eduardo Cantoni Rosa (SP) e Giov&#226;nio Vieira Silva (SP); </p>
      <p><bold>Membros:</bold> Hilton Chaves Jr. (PE), Jos&#233; M&#225;rcio Ribeiro (MG), Miguel Gus (RS). </p>
      <p><bold><italic>Tem&#225;tica:</italic></bold> Variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial e fatores de erro na medida da press&#227;o; Reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo; Protocolos e repeti&#231;&#227;o do procedimento; Uso cl&#237;nico no diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica; Fen&#244;meno, efeito, hipertens&#227;o e normotens&#227;o do avental branco.</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>
      <bold>
        <italic>3. Grupo Verde:</italic>
      </bold>
    </p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p><bold>Moderadores:</bold> Carlos Alberto Machado (SP) e Jos&#233; Nery Praxedes (SP); </p>
      <p><bold>Secret&#225;ria:</bold> Cl&#225;udia L&#250;cia de Moraes Forjaz (SP); </p>
      <p><bold>Membros:</bold> Ist&#234;nio Jos&#233; Fernandes Pascoal (DF), L&#237;lian Soares da Costa (RJ), Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten (SP) e Vera Koch (SP). </p>
      <p><bold><italic>Tem&#225;tica:</italic></bold> Estabelecimento de servi&#231;os de MAPA; Escolha e cuidados com aparelho; Orienta&#231;&#245;es para o paciente na marca&#231;&#227;o do exame, na coloca&#231;&#227;o e retirada do aparelho; Uso da MAPA em popula&#231;&#245;es selecionadas e situa&#231;&#245;es especiais e respectivos crit&#233;rios de normalidade.</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>
      <bold>
        <italic>4. Grupo Vermelho:</italic>
      </bold>
    </p>
    <disp-quote>
      <p><bold> Moderador:</bold> Marco Antonio Mota Gomes (AL); </p>
      <p><bold>Secret&#225;rios:</bold> Audes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa (PE) e Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es Geleilete (SP); </p>
      <p><bold>Membros:</bold> &#194;ngela Pierin (SP), Luis Aparecido Bortolotto (SP) e Paulo C&#233;sar Veiga Jardim (GO). </p>
      <p><bold><italic>Tem&#225;tica:</italic></bold> Estabelecimento de servi&#231;os de MRPA; Escolha e cuidados com aparelho; Orienta&#231;&#245;es para o paciente na marca&#231;&#227;o do exame, na coloca&#231;&#227;o e retirada do aparelho; Uso cl&#237;nico no diagn&#243;stico, progn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica; Fen&#244;meno, efeito, hipertens&#227;o e normotens&#227;o do avental branco; Equipamentos, valida&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o, custo e manguitos; Crit&#233;rios de normalidade; Emiss&#227;o de laudo e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados; Futuro do M&#233;todo.</p>
    </disp-quote>
    <p>
      <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Frente &#224; crescente aquisi&#231;&#227;o de conhecimentos propiciada pela Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial e Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA e MRPA), &#233; fundamental a revis&#227;o da Diretriz de 2000.</p>
    <p>Este "novo olhar" da medida de press&#227;o sem a influ&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico, fora do consult&#243;rio, proporcionado pelos registros da MAPA ou da MRPA, tem trazido grandes contribui&#231;&#245;es para a melhor compreens&#227;o do comportamento da press&#227;o arterial, do diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o e do seu tratamento.</p>
    <p>A influ&#234;ncia destes m&#233;todos &#233; t&#227;o profunda que hoje temos, al&#233;m dos diagn&#243;sticos cl&#225;ssicos de normotens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o, mais duas possibilidades diagn&#243;sticas: a hipertens&#227;o do avental branco e a hipertens&#227;o mascarada. Tais m&#233;todos est&#227;o consolidados em nosso pa&#237;s, e o n&#250;mero de m&#233;dicos interessados no seu aprendizado &#233; crescente. Assim, coube &#224;s Sociedades Brasileiras de Cardiologia, Hipertens&#227;o e Nefrologia reunir 28 especialistas de v&#225;rias regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s e com grande experi&#234;ncia nesses m&#233;todos para elaborar estas Diretrizes.</p>
    <p>Em conjunto, procurou-se, mais uma vez, normatizar os procedimentos, cuidando para que os m&#233;todos sejam utilizados, sem exageros e com parcim&#244;nia, segundo as melhores evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas dispon&#237;veis. Aprimorar o diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o, o estabelecimento do progn&#243;stico e a terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva dos pacientes hipertensos, utilizando os recursos que a MAPA e a MRPA oferecem, s&#227;o os objetivos desta publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Comiss&#227;o Organizadora</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Graus de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o e N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia empregados nestas Diretrizes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Graus de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando for aplic&#225;vel, dever&#225; ser utilizada a divis&#227;o em classes:</p>
    <p>I - Quando existe um consenso sobre a indica&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p> IIa - Quando existe diverg&#234;ncia sobre a indica&#231;&#227;o, mas a maioria aprova. </p>
    <p> IIb - Quando existe diverg&#234;ncia sobre a indica&#231;&#227;o, com divis&#227;o de opini&#245;es. </p>
    <p> III - Quando existe um consenso na contra-indica&#231;&#227;o ou quando n&#227;o for aplic&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>N&#237;veis de Evid&#234;ncia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A: Grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos aleat&#243;rios e meta-an&#225;lises. </p>
    <p> B: Estudos cl&#237;nicos e observacionais bem desenhados. </p>
    <p> C: Relatos e s&#233;ries de casos. </p>
    <p> D: Publica&#231;&#245;es baseadas em consensos e opini&#245;es de especialistas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>1. Comportamento fisiol&#243;gico da press&#227;o arterial nas 24 horas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial varia devido &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o de fatores neuro-humorais, comportamentais e ambientais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tab. I</xref>)<sup>1</sup>. Existe uma varia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da press&#227;o arterial de batimento a batimento, de acordo com as atividades do indiv&#237;duo, sendo que, em hipertensos, essa variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial apresenta maior amplitude do que em normotensos. Durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, esses valores s&#227;o maiores do os obtidos durante o sono.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>2. Registro da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O registro da press&#227;o arterial pode ser realizado por m&#233;todo direto ou intra-arterial e m&#233;todos indiretos, sendo os mais empregados:</p>
    <p><bold>a) M&#233;todo Auscultat&#243;rio:</bold> identifica pela ausculta o aparecimento e desaparecimento dos ru&#237;dos de Korotkoff que correspondem, respectivamente, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica;</p>
    <p><bold>b) M&#233;todo Oscilom&#233;trico:</bold> identifica por oscilometria o ponto de oscila&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima que corresponde &#224; press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia e determina, por meio de algoritmos, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>3. Medida da press&#227;o arterial casual no consult&#243;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A medida da press&#227;o arterial casual no consult&#243;rio, apesar de considerada procedimento padr&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o e para o seguimento de pacientes hipertensos<sup>3</sup>, est&#225; sujeita a in&#250;meros fatores de erro, destacando-se a influ&#234;ncia do observador e do ambiente onde a medida &#233; realizada. Al&#233;m disso, propicia um n&#250;mero reduzido de leituras que n&#227;o apresentam boa reprodutibilidade em longo prazo (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia A).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>4. Equipamentos para realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA e MRPA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>4.1. Valida&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os aparelhos de MAPA (Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial) e de MRPA (Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial) s&#227;o considerados validados quando tiverem sido submetidos aos protocolos de valida&#231;&#227;o e aprovados. Existem protocolos bem definidos para a valida&#231;&#227;o dos aparelhos<sup>4</sup>, tais como o da <italic>Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation - AAMI</italic>, que classifica o equipamento em aprovado ou reprovado, ou o da <italic>British Hypertension Society - BH, S</italic> que estabelece graus de A at&#233; D e considera o equipamento validado quando recebe grau A ou B para as press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica. &#201; importante verificar se o equipamento a ser adquirido est&#225; validado, atrav&#233;s de consulta a:</p>
    <p>
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eshonline.org">www.eshonline.org</ext-link>
    </p>
    <p>
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hyp.ac.uk/bhs/bp_monitors/automatic.htm">www.hyp.ac.uk/bhs/bp_monitors/automatic.htm</ext-link>
    </p>
    <p>
      <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dableducational.com/sphygmomanometers/devices_3_abpm.html">www.dableducational.com/sphygmomanometers/devices_3_abpm.html</ext-link>
    </p>
    <p>(Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>4.2. Calibra&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A calibra&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada pelo fabricante ou seu representante, no m&#237;nimo, anualmente ou de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do fabricante (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D). Tamb&#233;m deve ser executada sempre que for identificada discrep&#226;ncia maior do que 5 mm Hg entre as medidas obtidas pelo aparelho e as obtidas em aparelho de coluna de merc&#250;rio calibrado, por meio de conector em Y, procedimento que deve ser realizado, pelo menos, a cada 6 meses. (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>4.3. Manguitos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recomenda-se o uso de manguitos adequados &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>) e originais do fabricante do aparelho<sup>3</sup>. (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia - B). N&#227;o se recomenda o uso de tabelas de corre&#231;&#227;o e nem a coloca&#231;&#227;o do manguito em antebra&#231;o. (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>5. Fen&#244;meno do avental branco: efeito, hipertens&#227;o e normotens&#227;o do avental branco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores da press&#227;o arterial medida em consult&#243;rio podem ser maiores, semelhantes ou menores do que os obtidos durante a vig&#237;lia pela MAPA ou MRPA. Essas diferen&#231;as possibilitam a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em quatro diferentes categorias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>): normotens&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o, hipertens&#227;o do avental branco (hipertens&#227;o isolada de consult&#243;rio)<sup>5</sup> e hipertens&#227;o mascarada (normotens&#227;o do avental branco)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A normotens&#227;o se caracteriza por valores normais de press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio (abaixo de 140/90 mm Hg) e na MAPA de 24 horas (igual ou abaixo de 130/80 mm Hg) ou na MRPA (igual ou abaixo de 135/85 mm Hg), enquanto que a hipertens&#227;o se caracteriza por valores anormais de press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio (igual ou acima de 140/90 mm Hg) e na MAPA de 24 horas (acima de 130/80 mm Hg) ou na MRPA (acima de 135/85 mm Hg).</p>
    <p>Define-se efeito do avental branco como o valor obtido pela diferen&#231;a entre a medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio e a da MAPA na vig&#237;lia ou MRPA, sem haver mudan&#231;a no diagn&#243;stico de normotens&#227;o ou hipertens&#227;o. Considera-se efeito do avental branco importante quando a diferen&#231;a &#233; superior a 20 e 10 mm Hg, respectivamente, na sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o do avental branco ocorre quando h&#225; valores anormais na medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio (igual ou acima de 140/90 mm Hg) e valores normais de press&#227;o arterial pela MAPA durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia (igual ou abaixo de 135/85 mm Hg) ou pela MRPA (igual ou abaixo de 135/85 mm Hg). &#201; importante observar que, nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, sucede mudan&#231;a de diagn&#243;stico de normotens&#227;o fora do consult&#243;rio para hipertens&#227;o no consult&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o mascarada ocorre quando h&#225; valores normais na medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio (abaixo de 140/90 mm Hg) e valores anormais de press&#227;o arterial pela MAPA durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia (acima de 135/85 mm Hg) ou MRPA (acima de 135/85 mm Hg). Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m acontece mudan&#231;a de diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o fora do consult&#243;rio para normotens&#227;o no consult&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>5.1. Significado cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o do avental branco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas que orientam a pesquisa diagn&#243;stica s&#227;o: jovens ou idosos, sexo feminino, relato de medidas normais fora do consult&#243;rio e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio I sem les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo. Alguns estudos apontam que a hipertens&#227;o do avental branco apresenta risco cardiovascular intermedi&#225;rio entre normotens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o, por&#233;m mais pr&#243;ximo ao risco dos normotensos<sup>8,9,10</sup> (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B). Ainda que n&#227;o existam evid&#234;ncias de benef&#237;cios de interven&#231;&#245;es neste grupo, os pacientes devem ser considerados no contexto do risco cardiovascular global, devendo permanecer em seguimento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>5.2. Significado cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o "mascarada" (normotens&#227;o do avental branco)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas que orientam a pesquisa diagn&#243;stica nesta situa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o: jovens com press&#227;o casual normal ou lim&#237;trofe e hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, pais hipertensos, relato de medidas ocasionalmente elevadas fora do consult&#243;rio e risco cardiovascular elevado<sup>11</sup>. Alguns estudos sugerem que tais pacientes t&#234;m maior preval&#234;ncia de les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo do que indiv&#237;duos normotensos, mas h&#225; diverg&#234;ncias a respeito<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6. Estabelecimento de um servi&#231;o de MAPA ou MRPA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estabelecimento de um Servi&#231;o de MAPA ou MRPA p&#250;blico ou privado, localizado em consult&#243;rio, ambulat&#243;rio ou centro diagn&#243;stico, requer pessoal treinado e seguimento dos protocolos recomendados pelas Diretrizes Brasileiras. A responsabilidade pelo Servi&#231;o deve ser de m&#233;dico, preferencialmente com conhecimento espec&#237;fico em hipertens&#227;o, MAPA e MRPA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>IV Diretriz para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial e II Diretriz para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>1. Defini&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) &#233; o m&#233;todo que permite o registro indireto e intermitente da press&#227;o arterial durante 24 horas, enquanto o paciente realiza suas atividades habituais na vig&#237;lia e durante o sono. O nome "Holter" de press&#227;o deve ser evitado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>2. Indica&#231;&#245;es, vantagens e limita&#231;&#245;es da MAPA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A MAPA permite que seja realizado um grande n&#250;mero de medidas da press&#227;o arterial, usualmente em 24 horas, possibilitando o conhecimento do perfil de varia&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial na vig&#237;lia e no sono. Atualmente, existem evid&#234;ncias de que as vari&#225;veis obtidas pela MAPA prognosticam melhor os desfechos prim&#225;rios, ou seja, eventos cardiovasculares maiores, tais como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral, quando comparadas &#224;s medidas casuais de consult&#243;rio da press&#227;o arterial<sup>1-5</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, apresenta algumas vantagens potenciais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida casual de consult&#243;rio, como atenua&#231;&#227;o do efeito do observador sobre a press&#227;o arterial, elimina&#231;&#227;o do vi&#233;s de registro, obten&#231;&#227;o de valores que mais se aproximam aos da press&#227;o habitual dos indiv&#237;duos, possibilidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito da press&#227;o durante o sono e na ascens&#227;o matinal e avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta terap&#234;utica durante as 24 horas. A MAPA &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de algumas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tab. III</xref>), devendo-se considerar suas vantagens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">tab. IV</xref>) e limita&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tab. V</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>3. Equipamentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os mais utilizados atualmente s&#227;o os que empregam o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico com manguito aplicado no bra&#231;o. Os aparelhos de pulso n&#227;o devem ser usados para medidas de 24 horas, porque n&#227;o h&#225; valida&#231;&#227;o (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o III - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>4. Protocolo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e orienta&#231;&#245;es ao paciente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recomenda-se que o aparelho seja programado para medir a press&#227;o arterial no m&#237;nimo a cada 30 minutos, de forma que, ao final das 24 horas, obtenham-se, ao menos, 16 medidas v&#225;lidas no per&#237;odo da vig&#237;lia e 8 durante o sono (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>14,6</sup>. A ju&#237;zo cl&#237;nico, frente &#224; possibilidade de perdas de medidas ou com o objetivo de avaliar sintomas, recomenda-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um n&#250;mero maior de medidas. Dependendo tamb&#233;m do objetivo do exame, como, por exemplo, avaliar um subper&#237;odo das 24 horas, um n&#250;mero de medidas abaixo do preconizado pode ser aceito.</p>
    <p>A instala&#231;&#227;o do monitor e orienta&#231;&#227;o do paciente pode ser realizada por enfermeiro ou t&#233;cnico treinado para esse fim. Um telefone para contato dispon&#237;vel por 24 horas &#233; desej&#225;vel para o esclarecimento de d&#250;vidas e a solu&#231;&#227;o de eventuais problemas, como inc&#244;modo excessivo, rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas, edemas, entre outros. Orienta&#231;&#245;es para o agendamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tab. VI</xref>), protocolo de instala&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tab. VII</xref>), protocolo de orienta&#231;&#227;o para o preenchimento adequado do di&#225;rio de atividades (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08">tab. VIII</xref>) e protocolo de retirada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09">tab. IX</xref>) s&#227;o fundamentais para a qualidade do exame.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <table-wrap id="tab08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt08.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab09">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt09.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>5. Repeti&#231;&#227;o do exame no seguimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o existe recomenda&#231;&#227;o consensual a respeito da periodicidade de repeti&#231;&#227;o do exame de MAPA. No entanto, sugere-se:</p>
    <p>a) repeti&#231;&#227;o anual do exame em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o do avental branco, devido &#224; possibilidade do paciente tornar-se hipertenso (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>b) Avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle da press&#227;o arterial nos hipertensos sob tratamento, que apresentem efeito do avental branco importante, considerado, habitualmente, como a diferen&#231;a entre a medida da press&#227;o casual e a m&#233;dia de vig&#237;lia: maior ou igual a 20 mm Hg da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e 10 mm Hg da diast&#243;lica (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6. Custo do exame</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O custo n&#227;o deve ser considerado como limita&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, porque a orienta&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica baseada na MAPA, n&#227;o necessariamente, aumenta o custo global do tratamento, uma vez que a MAPA pode permitir a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com hipertens&#227;o do avental branco, diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos prescritos e do n&#250;mero de consultas m&#233;dicas<sup>9</sup> (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>7. Reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A MAPA &#233; um exame que apresenta boa reprodutibilidade (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C). Os valores da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e m&#233;dia, bem como a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca obtida em 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono, apresentam resultados semelhantes em exames consecutivos, realizados em curto intervalo de tempo<sup>10,11</sup>. A varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial entre os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono tamb&#233;m apresenta boa reprodutibilidade, quando considerada como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua. J&#225; a reprodutibilidade dos estados com e sem descenso tem sido questionada na literatura, devido &#224; probabilidade de 30% a 50% dos indiv&#237;duos mudarem de categoria em exames subseq&#252;entes<sup>12</sup>. Assim sendo, o fen&#244;meno da varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial entre a vig&#237;lia e o sono deve ser considerado em seu valor percentual e absoluto em mm Hg.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>8. Valores de normalidade para as press&#245;es obtidas pela MAPA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>8.1. M&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre os par&#226;metros obtidos pela MAPA, as m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o os melhores dados a serem analisados, por apresentarem maiores &#237;ndices de correla&#231;&#227;o com diagn&#243;stico, les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e progn&#243;stico cardiovascular, tendo sido o &#250;nico par&#226;metro relacionado &#224; mortalidade<sup>13</sup>. A an&#225;lise dos per&#237;odos de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono &#233; considerada essencial para avalia&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de press&#227;o (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B).</p>
    <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a da medida casual da press&#227;o arterial, os crit&#233;rios de normalidade dos valores de press&#227;o na MAPA s&#227;o arbitr&#225;rios. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab10">tabela X</xref> expressa os valores considerados anormais para a MAPA (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B). Para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, as medidas anormais representam apenas um guia para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do exame. N&#237;veis mais baixos de press&#227;o podem ter relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica em pacientes com m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco e/ou doen&#231;as associadas (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D). &#201; importante salientar que n&#227;o existem estudos longitudinais com o uso da MAPA na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Na MAPA, as m&#233;dias sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas obtidas durante a vig&#237;lia s&#227;o geralmente menores do que &#224;s obtidas pelas medidas casuais<sup>14-16</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab10">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt10.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Per&#237;odos espec&#237;ficos, tais como as primeiras horas ap&#243;s o despertar ou na sesta, t&#234;m a sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica ainda a ser estabelecida. Em hipertensos idosos japoneses, foi demonstrado que a eleva&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da press&#227;o nas 2 primeiras horas ap&#243;s despertar associou-se a maior incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>8.2. Cargas de press&#227;o e &#225;reas sob as curvas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embora tenha defini&#231;&#227;o proposta desde 1988<sup>18</sup> como porcentagens de medidas acima dos valores de refer&#234;ncia, este crit&#233;rio suporta v&#225;rias cr&#237;ticas. Dentre elas, uma das mais consistentes est&#225; relacionada ao fato de que o mesmo valor de cargas press&#243;ricas pode significar diferentes comportamentos estimados pelas m&#233;dias de press&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Mesmo havendo documenta&#231;&#227;o sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre valores de cargas, especialmente acima de 50%, e les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, h&#225; a tend&#234;ncia, nas mais recentes diretrizes para utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, de n&#227;o se considerarem na interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica os valores de cargas press&#243;ricas (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>20,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora haja sugest&#245;es de utilidade do c&#225;lculo das &#225;reas sob as curvas na avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da press&#227;o, ainda h&#225; necessidade de estudos comprovando a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>8.3. Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, press&#227;o de pulso e variabilidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &#233; obtida pelo exame, com aplicabilidade restrita &#224; pesquisa cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>A despeito da grande import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica que se tem dado &#224; press&#227;o de pulso, com base nas medidas casuais, com fortes evid&#234;ncias de implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas, n&#227;o h&#225;, at&#233; o momento, crit&#233;rios para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro pela MAPA. Entretanto, estudo com n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes mostra que a press&#227;o de pulso avaliada pela MAPA tamb&#233;m pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que a variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial tem grande correla&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica com eventos cardiovasculares e desenvolvimento de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. Contudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o apropriada da variabilidade &#233; somente poss&#237;vel atrav&#233;s de registro cont&#237;nuo da press&#227;o arterial (batimento a batimento), o que n&#227;o &#233; obtido pelo m&#233;todo usual de registro da press&#227;o arterial em 24 horas. O desvio padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial obtido pela MAPA n&#227;o deve ser utilizado como indicativo da variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial, porque, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; crit&#233;rios de normalidade para sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o III - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>8.4. Freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Apesar de registrarem a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os equipamentos utilizados para a MAPA n&#227;o s&#227;o apropriados para a obten&#231;&#227;o desse par&#226;metro, n&#227;o devendo, portanto, ser considerado, exceto nos equipamentos capazes de registrar simultaneamente o eletrocardiograma em 24 horas (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o III - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>8.5. Diferen&#231;as de press&#227;o vig&#237;lia-sono</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; fundamental para a defini&#231;&#227;o dos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e de sono a anota&#231;&#227;o precisa dos hor&#225;rios em que o indiv&#237;duo submetido ao exame dormiu e acordou. Esses dados devem estar claramente anotados no di&#225;rio de atividades. A qualidade do sono referida pelo paciente na vig&#234;ncia do exame deve ser considerada no momento da interpreta&#231;&#227;o das varia&#231;&#245;es das press&#245;es vig&#237;lia-sono (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C).</p>
    <p>Usualmente, encontra-se descenso da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante o sono, quando comparado ao per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia. Foi observado em hipertensos que descenso inferior a 10% relaciona-se a pior progn&#243;stico cardiovascular<sup>20</sup>. Em indiv&#237;duos normotensos, a aus&#234;ncia de descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono tamb&#233;m tem significado cl&#237;nico confirmado<sup>21</sup>. Kario e cols.<sup>22</sup> demonstraram, em idosos hipertensos com descenso superior a 20%, que houve aumento de risco cardiovascular, especialmente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
    <p>Vale lembrar que a invers&#227;o do comportamento fisiol&#243;gico da press&#227;o vig&#237;lia-sono ou aus&#234;ncia de descenso podem estar relacionadas a determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es, tais como dist&#250;rbio do sono provocado pelo exame, controle inadequado da press&#227;o em pacientes tratados, em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria, apn&#233;ia do sono, disautonomia e uso de algumas drogas, como a ciclosporina.</p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o vig&#237;lia-sono pode ser expressa em valores absolutos (m&#233;dia da press&#227;o da vig&#237;lia - m&#233;dia da press&#227;o do sono), rela&#231;&#227;o sono-vig&#237;lia (m&#233;dia da press&#227;o do sono/m&#233;dia da press&#227;o da vig&#237;lia x 100) ou em valores porcentuais (m&#233;dia da press&#227;o da vig&#237;lia - m&#233;dia da press&#227;o do sono/m&#233;dia da press&#227;o da vig&#237;lia x 100). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab11">tabela XI</xref> apresenta a classifica&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da press&#227;o arterial vig&#237;lia-sono da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, de acordo com Ohkubo e cols.<sup>25</sup> (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B). Caso haja descenso de diferentes classifica&#231;&#245;es da sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, o laudo dever&#225; descrev&#234;-los separadamente (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab11">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt11.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>9. MAPA em situa&#231;&#245;es e popula&#231;&#245;es especiais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.1. Crian&#231;a e adolescente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na crian&#231;a e adolescente, a MAPA &#233; indicada na suspeita de hipertens&#227;o do avental branco<sup>23</sup>, avalia&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento de hipertens&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria ou de doen&#231;as com risco associado de hipertens&#227;o arterial, como diabetes mellitus<sup>24,25</sup>, pielonefrite cr&#244;nica<sup>26</sup>, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica<sup>27,28</sup> e doen&#231;a polic&#237;stica autoss&#244;mica dominante<sup>29</sup>, porque apresenta maior correla&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo que a medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C).</p>
    <p>Poucos equipamentos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA foram validados para uso em crian&#231;as. Entretanto, sua aplicabilidade &#233; promissora, com registros de boa precis&#227;o e reprodutibilidade<sup>30</sup>, sendo que a porcentagem de sucesso na obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas aumenta com a idade<sup>42,31</sup>. A maior limita&#231;&#227;o para o seu uso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes &#233; a falta de valores de normalidade. Esses valores foram definidos usando-se, como refer&#234;ncia para a press&#227;o arterial de vig&#237;lia, o percentil 95 das tabelas de medida casual da press&#227;o arterial para idade, sexo e estatura e, no sono, foram considerados normais valores 10% abaixo desses<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos casos em que o valor correspondente ao percentil 95 exceder os limites de normalidade estabelecidos para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, os valores aplic&#225;veis aos adultos dever&#227;o ser os considerados para elabora&#231;&#227;o do laudo (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D). &#192; semelhan&#231;a do que ocorre nos adultos, existe tend&#234;ncia a se considerar o percentil 90 como limite de normalidade, principalmente na presen&#231;a de co-morbidades. A relev&#226;ncia e os crit&#233;rios de normalidade para a carga press&#243;rica e descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono em crian&#231;as e adolescentes ainda n&#227;o foram estabelecidos<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.2. Idosos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A MAPA pode trazer subs&#237;dios cl&#237;nicos valiosos na suspeita de hipotens&#227;o arterial ortost&#225;tica, p&#243;s-prandial, medicamentosa e situacional, bem como na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com disautonomia e s&#237;ncope (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>26</sup>. Em idosos com hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada, a MAPA &#233; &#250;til para excluir o efeito do avental branco (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia A)<sup>34</sup>. Nos idosos, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser salientadas. O enrijecimento arterial da idade subestima a press&#227;o arterial medida pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico e, conseq&#252;entemente, na presen&#231;a de pseudo-hipertens&#227;o, a MAPA est&#225; sujeita a erros<sup>35</sup>. A presen&#231;a de hiato auscultat&#243;rio, comum nos idosos, pode prejudicar a avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio<sup>36</sup>. Aceitam-se para os idosos os mesmos valores de normalidade da MAPA adotados para os adultos n&#227;o idosos (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>26</sup>. Contudo, os idosos apresentam grande variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial, freq&#252;entemente dormem durante o dia e apresentam dist&#250;rbios do sono. Assim, o di&#225;rio de atividades deve ser preenchido com especial cuidado, ressaltando esses aspectos, que devem ser considerados na avalia&#231;&#227;o da MAPA. O uso de per&#237;odos pr&#233;-fixados de sono e vig&#237;lia &#233; desaconselhado. O preju&#237;zo do descenso noturno, a press&#227;o de pulso aumentada e a eleva&#231;&#227;o abrupta de press&#227;o arterial matutina, comuns nos idosos, relacionam-se ao aumento do risco cardiovascular<sup>46,21,37</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.3. Gestantes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A MAPA na gravidez tem sido utilizada para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o do avental branco, cuja preval&#234;ncia &#233; semelhante nas gr&#225;vidas e n&#227;o gr&#225;vidas<sup>38</sup>. Entretanto sua identifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental na gravidez para evitar o tratamento desnecess&#225;rio e potencialmente lesivo ao feto (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>39,40</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pela MAPA, sugerido pela altera&#231;&#227;o do ciclo vig&#237;lia/sono, permanece controverso, pois muitos casos com diagn&#243;stico confirmado n&#227;o apresentam essa altera&#231;&#227;o<sup>41,42</sup>. Entretanto, quando encontrada, a altera&#231;&#227;o deve ser valorizada. A possibilidade de se antecipar o desenvolvimento de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia pela MAPA n&#227;o tem sido confirmada<sup>43</sup>. Os par&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia da MAPA na gravidez confirmam os achados de press&#227;o arterial casual de redu&#231;&#227;o linear na primeira metade da gesta&#231;&#227;o, seguida de aumento progressivo at&#233; o termo. Os valores m&#233;dios observados em cada trimestre s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab12">tabela XII</xref> (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C)<sup>44</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab12">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt12.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>9.4. Diabetes mellitus</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A MAPA em diab&#233;ticos pode contribuir no esclarecimento de sintomas relacionados &#224; hipotens&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224; neuropatia auton&#244;mica (s&#237;ncopes, tonturas, sudorese e outras), auxiliando no diagn&#243;stico diferencial com a hipoglicemia. Pode auxiliar tamb&#233;m na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o mascarada<sup>26</sup>. A altera&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia/sono parece estar associada com o desenvolvimento de microalbumin&#250;ria e aumento do risco cardiovascular<sup>26,45-47</sup>, por&#233;m esses achados ainda s&#227;o controversos (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C). O valor alvo de controle da press&#227;o arterial casual no hipertenso diab&#233;tico &#233; menor que nos hipertensos em geral. Entretanto, esse valor para a MAPA ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecido, o que deve ser considerado no laudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.5. Obesidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es da MAPA nos obesos s&#227;o as mesmas da popula&#231;&#227;o geral (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D). O excesso de tecido adiposo pode prejudicar a medida pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, dando-se prefer&#234;ncia ent&#227;o para o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico<sup>26</sup>. Deve-se atentar para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do manguito adequado para a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. O exame est&#225; contra-indicado em obesos com circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o acima de 52 cm ou com bra&#231;os curtos, porque os equipamentos de MAPA n&#227;o disp&#245;em de manguitos apropriados (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o III - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>47</sup>.</p>
    <p>Deve-se ainda salientar que em pacientes obesos, particularmente naqueles com distribui&#231;&#227;o visceral de gordura, tem sido descrita maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es de alerta &#224; medida da press&#227;o arterial casual, o que propicia a maior preval&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos de avental branco<sup>48-50</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.6. Insufici&#234;ncia renal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O valor alvo de controle da press&#227;o arterial casual no hipertenso com nefropatia &#233; menor que nos hipertensos em geral. Entretanto, esse valor para a MAPA ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecido, o que deve ser considerado no laudo. Nos pacientes sob tratamento hemodial&#237;tico, a MAPA de 24 horas pode identificar as altera&#231;&#245;es do padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia/sono e detectar eventuais epis&#243;dios de hipotens&#227;o, mas n&#227;o contempla a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial ao longo do ciclo dial&#237;tico<sup>51</sup>. Assim, a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA de 44 horas (instalada ap&#243;s uma sess&#227;o de di&#225;lise e retirada imediatamente antes da sess&#227;o seguinte) permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais completa. Quando feita por 24 horas, a an&#225;lise do laudo deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o se o exame foi executado no dia de di&#225;lise ou no intervalo. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o manguito n&#227;o pode ser instalado no bra&#231;o dos pacientes com f&#237;stula art&#233;rio-venosa. A maioria dos pacientes submetidos &#224; di&#225;lise peritonial ambulatorial cont&#237;nua (CAPD) n&#227;o mostra altera&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de comportamento de press&#227;o arterial durante o sono<sup>63</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.7. Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A MAPA pode ser indicada para otimizar o tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cujos sintomas estejam relacionados a altera&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial, como, por exemplo, casos de dispn&#233;ia parox&#237;stica noturna ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica. Igualmente, pode ser &#250;til para orientar a terap&#234;utica de pacientes com sintomas causados por hipotens&#227;o. Altera&#231;&#245;es do padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia/sono t&#234;m sido associadas &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C)<sup>52,53</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.8. Transplante card&#237;aco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes transplantados, a MAPA tem indica&#231;&#227;o para aprimorar o controle da press&#227;o arterial, a fim de minimizar as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e renais relacionadas ao uso da Ciclosporina. Esses pacientes apresentam perda da modula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o sono com maior variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e altera&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia/sono (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C)<sup>54</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.9. S&#237;ndrome da apn&#233;ia no sono</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas sugestivas de apn&#233;ia do sono, a altera&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia/sono na MAPA refor&#231;a a possibilidade desse diagn&#243;stico<sup>55</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.10. Hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas formas cur&#225;veis da hipertens&#227;o, ap&#243;s o procedimento de cura, algumas vari&#225;veis da MAPA podem apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es mais precoce, sugerindo a eventual recidiva<sup>56</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9.11. Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e MAPA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico deve ser evitada durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, pois a contra&#231;&#227;o muscular cont&#237;nua produz medidas incorretas e a perda de medidas. De fato, a medida da press&#227;o arterial no exerc&#237;cio foi validada apenas com a t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria padr&#227;o (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>57</sup>.</p>
    <p>A execu&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos aer&#243;bios (exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos, envolvendo grandes grupos musculares contra&#237;dos de forma c&#237;clica, em intensidade moderada e por prolongado per&#237;odo de tempo - mais de 30 min: andar, correr, pedalar, nadar, dan&#231;ar, etc) produz redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio, que perdura por at&#233; 16 horas, diminuindo a m&#233;dia da press&#227;o arterial nas 24 horas p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Esse efeito &#233; maior nos indiv&#237;duos com maior n&#237;vel da press&#227;o arterial<sup>58-60</sup>. Dessa forma, o exerc&#237;cio deve ser evitado no dia que antecede o exame, principalmente nos indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o o praticam regularmente, ou essa execu&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerada na emiss&#227;o do laudo (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B).</p>
    <p>A conhecida redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial promovida pela pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos sobre a press&#227;o arterial casual<sup>61</sup> ainda n&#227;o foi conclusivamente estabelecida na MAPA<sup>71</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos agudos e cr&#244;nicos dos exerc&#237;cios resistidos (muscula&#231;&#227;o) sobre a MAPA s&#227;o pouco conhecidos<sup>62</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>10. Papel da MAPA na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em pacientes hipertensos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores de press&#227;o arterial obtidos pela MAPA se correlacionam mais fortemente com les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, morbidade e mortalidade do que as medidas casuais da press&#227;o arterial<sup>13-17</sup>.</p>
    <p>As m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono, apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, tais como hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas encef&#225;licas e microalbumin&#250;ria<sup>47</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em idosos avaliados no Estudo <italic>Syst-Eur</italic>, a vari&#225;vel que apresentou melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com eventos cardiovasculares maiores, como acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e &#243;bito, foi a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica do sono, seguida da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 24 horas e da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de vig&#237;lia<sup>15,25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico vinculado ao descenso noturno, sabe-se que a intensidade do descenso da press&#227;o arterial no sono mostra correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com desfechos cardiovasculares. Assim, a cada 5% de incremento na rela&#231;&#227;o sono-vig&#237;lia da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, observa-se aumento de 20% na mortalidade cardiovascular, mesmo naqueles indiv&#237;duos com valores de press&#227;o m&#233;dia normais pela MAPA<sup>7,63</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; variabilidade da press&#227;o arterial, que &#233; obtida pelo desvio padr&#227;o dos valores de press&#227;o da MAPA, n&#227;o existem ind&#237;cios de associa&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo<sup>64</sup>.</p>
    <p>J&#225; a ascens&#227;o matinal da press&#227;o arterial (<italic>morning surge</italic>), calculada pela diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica matinal (m&#233;dia das press&#245;es nas primeiras 2 horas ap&#243;s o despertar) e a menor press&#227;o sist&#243;lica durante o sono (m&#233;dia da press&#227;o mais baixa e das press&#245;es imediatamente antes e ap&#243;s a mais baixa), tem mostrado implica&#231;&#245;es negativas sobre os desfechos cardiovasculares. Em pacientes idosos, verificou-se que a ascens&#227;o matinal acima de 55 mm Hg estava vinculada a maior preval&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>)<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A press&#227;o de pulso, obtida pela MAPA, e calculada pela diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de 24h, tamb&#233;m tem se mostrado prognosticadora de eventos. Valores superiores a 53 mm Hg est&#227;o relacionados a aumento de quase 5 vezes na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>46</sup>. Assim, para estratifica&#231;&#227;o adicional do risco cardiovascular de hipertensos diagnosticados por medidas casuais em consult&#243;rio e n&#227;o tratados, tem sido sugerido o uso da press&#227;o de vig&#237;lia, press&#227;o de pulso e presen&#231;a de descenso durante o sono (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">fig. 3</xref>)<sup>8</sup>. Apesar disso, estas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o t&#234;m sido indicadas para orientar a terap&#234;utica.</p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>11. Emiss&#227;o de laudo e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para um exame ser considerado v&#225;lido para uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o adequada, os seguintes aspectos devem ser observados: dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima do exame - 21 horas; n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de medidas v&#225;lidas - 16 medidas na vig&#237;lia e 8 medidas durante o per&#237;odo de sono (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>14,18</sup>. Exames com 20% ou mais de exclus&#245;es manuais e/ou autom&#225;ticas de medidas s&#227;o, provavelmente, resultantes de inadequa&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica referente ao aparelho ou inadequa&#231;&#227;o comportamental do paciente. Em determinadas situa&#231;&#245;es, tal como perda de medidas em hor&#225;rios n&#227;o-relevantes, a ju&#237;zo cl&#237;nico, um n&#250;mero de medidas abaixo do preconizado pode ser aceit&#225;vel (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D).</p>
    <p>O relat&#243;rio da MAPA deve conter, obrigatoriamente, os itens apontados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab13">tabela XIII</xref> (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>65</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab13">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt13.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>N&#227;o se deve estabelecer, em conformidade com as informa&#231;&#245;es hoje dispon&#237;veis, diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o utilizando-se a MAPA, pois este &#233; um diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o Ia - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia A). Na conclus&#227;o, deve constar comportamento normal ou anormal da press&#227;o arterial, referindo todos os medicamentos em uso (anti-hipertensivos ou n&#227;o) (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>12. Futuro do m&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o parcimoniosa, calcada em conclus&#245;es cientificamente aceit&#225;veis e a amplia&#231;&#227;o de seu uso oferecer&#227;o subs&#237;dios necess&#225;rios &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o plena do m&#233;todo, explorando seus maiores benef&#237;cios em favor da compreens&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o e dos cuidados necess&#225;rios para o seu tratamento. As futuras aplica&#231;&#245;es e possibilidades de uso da MAPA envolvem: a) manguitos ajust&#225;veis; b) avalia&#231;&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros, al&#233;m das press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, tais como freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o de pulso, velocidade e forma de onda de pulso, eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal da press&#227;o arterial; c) desenvolvimento de protocolos internacionais unificados para valida&#231;&#227;o de equipamentos; d) valores referenciais para MAPA de 24 horas; e) estudos prospectivos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico de diagn&#243;stico de popula&#231;&#245;es seguidas pela MAPA; f) determina&#231;&#227;o da utilidade da MAPA em popula&#231;&#245;es especiais, como gr&#225;vidas, crian&#231;as e diab&#233;ticos; g) desenvolvimento de equipamentos confi&#225;veis, port&#225;teis e de baixo custo para registro n&#227;o invasivo da press&#227;o arterial batimento a batimento<sup>66,67</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>II Diretriz para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>1. Defini&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MRPA) &#233; o registro da press&#227;o arterial por m&#233;todo indireto, pela manh&#227; e &#224; noite, durante 5 dias, realizado pelo paciente ou outra pessoa treinada, durante a vig&#237;lia, no domic&#237;lio ou no trabalho. N&#227;o deve ser confundida com automedida da press&#227;o arterial, que &#233; o registro n&#227;o sistematizado da press&#227;o arterial, realizado de acordo com a orienta&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico do paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>2. Indica&#231;&#245;es, vantagens e limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre as principais indica&#231;&#245;es da MRPA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab14">tab. XIV</xref>)<sup>1-12,102</sup> destacam-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva e o seguimento do hipertenso do avental branco. A MRPA &#233; alternativa &#250;til para evitar os inconvenientes da medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio<sup>13-25,82</sup>, pelas suas in&#250;meras vantagens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab15">tab. XV</xref>), sendo as mais importantes a possibilidade de realizar maior n&#250;mero de medidas fora do ambiente do consult&#243;rio e a boa aceitabilidade do m&#233;todo. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o da MRPA &#233; a dificuldade de medidas durante o sono (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab16">tab. XVI</xref>)<sup>26,27</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab14">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt14.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab15">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt15.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab16">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt16.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Essa abordagem n&#227;o &#233; inovadora, pois, em 1940, j&#225; havia sido demonstrado que a medida residencial apresentava valores 30 a 40 mm Hg mais baixos do que a medida no consult&#243;rio<sup>28</sup>. A MRPA apresenta valores mais baixos do que os de medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>29</sup>. Com o desenvolvimento de equipamentos digitais compactos, confi&#225;veis, validados e com pre&#231;os mais acess&#237;veis, o procedimento se tornou vi&#225;vel para uso em larga escala na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria e tamb&#233;m na pesquisa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>3. Equipamentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>S&#227;o recomendados aparelhos digitais, compactos, validados, com mem&#243;ria para armazenamento dos dados e/ou impressora para suas impress&#245;es ou que possam transmitir os dados a uma central. A maior parte dos aparelhos validados &#233; para medidas no bra&#231;o (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D). Os aparelhos de pulso t&#234;m uso limitado (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D) e os de medida no dedo s&#227;o contra-indicados (Grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o III - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>30,31</sup>.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab17">tabela XVII</xref> indica os fatores que devem ser considerados na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de um aparelho de MRPA.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab17">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt17.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>4. Protocolo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e orienta&#231;&#245;es ao paciente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Recomenda-se o seguinte protocolo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab18">tab. XVIII</xref>) para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MRPA (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D):</p>
    <p>a) realizado durante cinco dias &#250;teis da semana (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D);</p>
    <p>b) o primeiro dia &#233; reservado para instru&#231;&#245;es, treinamento, sele&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o com maiores valores de press&#227;o arterial onde ser&#227;o realizadas as medidas (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D) e entrega do aparelho (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab19">tabs. XIX</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab20">XX</xref>) (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>26,32-42</sup>;</p>
    <p>d) nos quatro dias seguintes, a press&#227;o arterial deve ser medida, pelo menos, tr&#234;s vezes pela manh&#227; e tr&#234;s vezes &#224; noite, no per&#237;odo compreendido entre 06h00-10h00 e 18h00-22h00 (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia A)<sup>26,43,44</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab18">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt18.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <table-wrap id="tab19">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt19.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab20"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-e03.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <bold>5. Crit&#233;rios de normalidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Baseado na an&#225;lise de estudos e diretrizes internacionais, &#233; recomendado que sejam consideradas anormais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab21">tab. XXI</xref>) as m&#233;dias de press&#227;o arterial acima de 135/85 mm Hg, (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>95,102,45,46</sup>. Assim como para press&#227;o arterial de consult&#243;rio, valores mais baixos de MRPA devem ser considerados em pacientes de alto risco (diabete melito, insufici&#234;ncia renal e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). Em crian&#231;as e gestantes, ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o estabelecidos os crit&#233;rios de normalidade (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>26,47-49</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab21">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt20.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>6. Valor cl&#237;nico da MRP</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.1. Diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o do avental branco</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A MRPA possibilita o diagn&#243;stico do efeito e da hipertens&#227;o do avental branco. Embora a MRPA n&#227;o seja t&#227;o apropriada quanto a MAPA no diagn&#243;stico da hipertens&#227;o do avental branco, est&#225; indicada no seguimento destes pacientes devido ao baixo custo e conveni&#234;ncia (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>80-82,50</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.2. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Devido ao baixo custo<sup>51</sup>, boa aceitabilidade<sup>52</sup>, facilidade de manuseio, possibilidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o em m&#233;dio e longo prazo e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o &#225; dist&#226;ncia, a MRPA &#233; apropriada para avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica anti-hipertensiva. V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m demonstrado a utilidade da MRPA na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia A)<sup>26,82,85,87-91,53</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>6.3. Progn&#243;stico do hipertenso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos prospectivos mostraram o maior papel da MRPA na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o a medida de consult&#243;rio<sup>83,132,54</sup>. O estudo de Ohasama, que analisou grande n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos durante v&#225;rios anos, demonstrou que a MRPA apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade cardiovascular total, morbidade por acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e mortalidade n&#227;o-cardiovascular<sup>132</sup>. O seguimento por 10 anos no mesmo estudo<sup>133</sup> mostrou que o aumento de 10 mm Hg na press&#227;o arterial obtida pela MRPA aumentou o risco de acidente vascular cerebral em 35%.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a MRPA apresenta melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o &#237;ndice de massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo que a medida de consult&#243;rio (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia C)<sup>108,55</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>7. Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados obtidos e produ&#231;&#227;o de relat&#243;rios (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O relat&#243;rio de MRPA deve conter os seguintes aspectos:</p>
    <p>a) Descri&#231;&#227;o do protocolo utilizado</p>
    <p>b) Qualidade do procedimento</p>
    <p>O registro dever&#225; ser aceito para interpreta&#231;&#227;o quando atingir, pelo menos, 12 medidas v&#225;lidas (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B), desde que existam medidas v&#225;lidas em todos os dias do exame (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIa - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>90,133</sup>. Dever&#227;o ser exclu&#237;das as medidas aberrantes, tais como diast&#243;lica acima de 140 mm Hg e abaixo de 40 mm Hg, sist&#243;lica abaixo de 70 mm Hg e acima de 250 mm Hg e press&#227;o de pulso menor que 20 mm Hg ou maior que 100 mm Hg, desde que n&#227;o exista justificativa cl&#237;nica (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D).</p>
    <p>c) M&#233;dias de press&#227;o</p>
    <p>No relat&#243;rio, devem ser citadas as m&#233;dias di&#225;rias e a total. &#201; interessante analisar a m&#233;dia dos valores de press&#227;o dos per&#237;odos da manh&#227; e da noite, principalmente em pacientes sob terap&#234;utica medicamentosa. As m&#233;dias s&#227;o obtidas com registros efetivos de, no m&#237;nimo, quatro dias, desprezando-se os valores obtidos no primeiro dia da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o. Ressalta-se que os valores obtidos neste dia devem constar no laudo, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme. &#201; recomendado considerar exame anormal quando as m&#233;dias estiverem acima de 135 e/ou 85 mm Hg (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia A)<sup>95,124,125</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>8. Situa&#231;&#245;es especiais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>8.1. Pacientes idosos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas e cognitivas podem limitar o uso da MRPA em pacientes geri&#225;tricos, tornando necess&#225;ria a ajuda de outra pessoa para garantir o cumprimento do protocolo. Aten&#231;&#227;o especial deve ser dada ao aumento da rigidez arterial, freq&#252;entemente observado nestes pacientes, que pode diminuir a precis&#227;o dos dados obtidos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de aparelhos oscilom&#233;tricos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, atrav&#233;s da manobra de Osler, pode ser &#250;til para a identifica&#231;&#227;o destes casos. Estudos revelam a utilidade da MRPA na avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle terap&#234;utico de pacientes idosos (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>83,90</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>8.2. Gestantes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em gestantes, o m&#233;todo pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o do avental branco. Poucos estudos dispon&#237;veis sugerem o valor da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MRPA no per&#237;odo gestacional por possibilitar melhor controle da press&#227;o arterial e diminuir o n&#250;mero de visitas (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia - C)<sup>128,56</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>8.3. Crian&#231;as e adolescentes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MRPA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes tem sido pouco estudada, o que limita seu uso cl&#237;nico. Embora seja fonte suplementar de informa&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o deve ser usada para tomada de decis&#227;o nesta popula&#231;&#227;o (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia D)<sup>126</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>9. Perspectivas da MRPA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alguns aparelhos atualmente dispon&#237;veis t&#234;m a capacidade de armazenar registros em sua mem&#243;ria e transmiti-los via telefone ou Internet a um computador central, proporcionando maior ades&#227;o e, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, maior controle da press&#227;o arterial com menor n&#250;mero de consultas (Grau de Recomenda&#231;&#227;o I - N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia B)<sup>127,57-59</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>70. Forjaz CLM, Tinucci T, Ortega KC, Santaella DF, Mion Jr. D, Negr&#227;o CE. Factors affecting post-exercise hypotension in normotensive and hypertensive humans. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 255-62.</p>
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    <p>78. Nobre F, Coelho FB. Tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas de MAPA - Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas. Mudan&#231;as de paradigmas no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Arq Bras Cardiol 2003; 81: 428-34.</p>
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    <p>80. Pickering TG. Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement. Cardiol Clin 2002; 20: 207-23.</p>
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    <p>82. Hond ED, Celis H, Vandenhoven, O'Brien E, Staessen JA, for the THOP investigators. Determinants of white-coat syndrome assessed by ambulatory blood pressure or self-measured home blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2003; 8: 37-40.</p>
    <p>83. Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of "masked" detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly hypertensive patients. JAMA 2004; 291: 1342-9.</p>
    <p>84. Mallion JM, Gen&#232;s N, Vaur L, et al. Detection of masked hypertension by home blood pressure measurements: is the number of measurements an important issue? Blood Press Monit 2004; 9: 301-5.</p>
    <p>85. Mion Jr D, Ortega KC, Gomes MAM, Kohlmann Jr O, Oigman W, Nobre F. Amlodipine 2.5 mg once daily in older hypertensives: a Brazilian multi-centre study. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9: 83-9.</p>
    <p>86. Staessen JA, Hond ED, Celis H, et al. For the THOP investigators. Antihypertensive treatment based on blood pressure measurement at home or in the physician's office. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291: 955-64.</p>
    <p>87. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, et al. Usefulness of home blood pressure measurements in assessing the effect of treatment in a single-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 179-85.</p>
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    <p>89. Verberk WJ, Kroon AA, Kessels AGH, et al. Home versus office blood pressure measurements: reduction of unecessary treatment study: rationale and study. Design of the HOMERUS trial. Blood Pressure 2003; 12: 326-33.</p>
    <p>90. Broege PA, James GD, Pickering TG. Management of hypertension in the elderly using home blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 139-44.</p>
    <p>91. Mallion JM, Genes N, Vaur L, et al. Blood pressure levels, risk factors and antihypertensive treatments: lessons from the SHEAF study. J Hum Hypertens 2001; 15: 841-48.</p>
    <p>92. Padfield PL, Lindsay BA, MC Laren JA, et al. Changing relation between home and clinic blood pressure measurements: do home measurements predict clinic hypertension? Lancet 1997; 2: 322-4.</p>
    <p>93. Bortolotto LA, Henry O, Hanon O, et al. Validation of two devices for selfmeasurement of blood pressure by elderly patients according to the revised British Hypertension Society protocol: the Omron HEM-722C and HEM-735C. Blood Press Monit 1999; 4: 21-5.</p>
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    <p>95. Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Forbes L, Donald A. Blood pressure control by home monitoring: meta-analysis of randomized trials. BMJ 2004; 329: 493-9.</p>
    <p>96. Imai Y, Poncelet P, Debuyzere M, et al. Prognostic significance of selfmeasurements of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 137-43.</p>
    <p>97. Stergiou GS, Zourbaki AS, SKeva II, et al. White coat effect detected using self-monitoring of blood pressure at home. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 820-7.</p>
    <p>98. Stergiou GS, Zourbaki AS, Skeva II, Mountokalakis TD. White coat effect detected using self-monitoring of blood pressure at home: comparison with ambulatory blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 820-27.</p>
    <p>99. Sega R, Trocino G, Lanzarotti A, et al. Alterations in cardiac structure in patients with isolated office, ambulatory or home hypertension. Data from the PAMELA study. Circulation 2001; 104: 1385-92.</p>
    <p>100. Parati G, Ulian L, Sampieri L, Palatini P, Villani A, Vanasia A, on behalf of the Study on Ambulatory Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Lisinopril Evaluation (SAMPLE) Study Group. Attenuation of the 'white-coat effect' by antihypertensive treatment and regression of target organ damage. Hypertension 2000; 35: 614-20.</p>
    <p>101. Yarows S. Home blood pressure monitoring in primary care. Blood Press Monit 1998; 3: S11-7.</p>
    <p>102. Pickering TG. American Society of Hypertension Expert Panel: conclusions and recommendations on the clinical use of home (self) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 1-11.</p>
    <p>103. Soghikian K, Casper SM, Fireman BH, et al. Home blood pressure in management of hypertension. Can Med Assoc J 1978; 119: 1034-9.</p>
    <p>104. Staessen JA, O'Brien ET, Thijs L, Fagard RH. Modern approaches to blood pressure measurements. Occup Eviron Med 2000; 57: 510-20.</p>
    <p>105. Campbell NRC, Abbott D, Bass M, et al. Self-measurement of blood pressure: recommendations of the Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Canad J Cardiol 1995; 11: 5H-19H.</p>
    <p>106. Mengden T, Chamontin B, Chau NP, et al. User procedure for self- measurements of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 111-29.</p>
    <p>107. Ayman D, Goldshine AD. Blood pressure determinations by patients with essential hypertension: the difference between clinic and home readings before treatment. Am J Med Sci 1940; 200: 465-70.</p>
    <p>108. Gomes MAM, Pierin A, Segre CA, Mion JR D. Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial versus medida da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio. Arq Bras Cardiol 1998; 71: 581-5.</p>
    <p>109. Joint National Commitee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The seventh report of the Joint National Commitee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-VII). JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-72.</p>
    <p>110. Parati G, Asmar R, Stergiou G. Self blood pressure monitoring at home by wrist devices: a reliable approach? J Hypertens 2002; 20: 573-8.</p>
    <p>111. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. White coat hypertension and white coat effect: similarities and differences. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8: 790-8.</p>
    <p>112. Palatini P. Exercise hemodynamics in the normotensive and the hypertensive subject. Clin Sci 1994; 87: 275-87.</p>
    <p>113. Rummel RM, Crawford M, Bruce P. The physiological effects of inhaling exhaled cigarette smoke in relation to attitude of the nonsmoker. J School Health 1975; 45: 524-8.</p>
    <p>114. Potter JF, Watson RD, Skan W, et al. The pressor and metabolic effects of alcohol in normotensive subjects. Hypertens 1986; 8: 625-31.</p>
    <p>115. Van Dusseldorp, Smits P, Lenders JWM, et al. Boiled coffee and blood pressure. A 14-week controlled trial. Hypertens 1991; 18: 607-13.</p>
    <p>116. Scriven AJ, Brown MJ, Murphy MB, et al. Changes in blood pressure and plasma catecholamines caused by tyramine and cold exposure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1984; 6: 954-60.</p>
    <p>117. Foster-Fitzpatrick L, Ortiz A, Sibilano H, et al. The effects of crossed leg on blood pressure measurement. Nurs Res 1999; 48: 105-8.</p>
    <p>118. Peters GL, Binder SK, Campbell NR. The effect of crossing legs on blood pressure: a randomized single blind crossover study. Blood Press Monit 1999; 4: 97-101.</p>
    <p>119. Imai Y, Otsuka K, Kawano Y, et al on Behalf of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, Japanese Society of Hypertension (JSH) Guidelines for Self-Monitoring of Blood Pressure at Home. Hypertens Res 2003; 26: 771-82.</p>
    <p>120. Russel AE, Wing LM, Smith SA, et al. Optimal size of cuff bladder for indirect measurement of arterial pressure in adults. J Hypertens 1989; 7: 607-13.</p>
    <p>121. Terent A, Breig-Asberg E. Epidemiological perspective of body position and arm level in blood pressure measurement. Blood Press 1994; 3: 156-63.</p>
    <p>122. Chatelier G, Dutrey-Dupagne C, Vaur L, et al. Home self blood pressure measurement in general practice: the SMART study. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 644-52.</p>
    <p>123. Kjeldsen SE, Hedner T, Janerson K, et al. The Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study (The HOT Study). Home blood pressure in treated subjects. Hypertension 1998; 31: 1014-20.</p>
    <p>124. Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohsama, Japan. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 971-5.</p>
    <p>125. Thijs L, Staessen J, Celis H, et al. Reference values for self-recorded blood pressure. A meta-analysis of summary data. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 481-8.</p>
    <p>126. Stergiou GS, Alamara CV, Vazeou A, Stefanidis CJ. Office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents. Blood Press Monit 2004; 9: 293-296.</p>
    <p>127. Moller DS, Dideriksen A, Sorensen S, Madsen LD, Pedersen EB. Accuracy of telemedical home blood pressure measurement in the diagnosis of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 549-54.</p>
    <p>128. Lo C, Taylor RS, Gamble G, et al. Use of automated home blood pressure monitoring in pregnancy: Is it safe? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187: 1321-8.</p>
    <p>129. Stergiou GS, Skeva II, Zourbaki AS, Mountokalakis TD. Self-monitoring of blood pressure at home: how many measurements are needed? J Hypertens 1998; 16: 725-31.</p>
    <p>130. Staessen JA, O'Brien ET, Thijs L, Fagard RH. Modern approaches to blood pressure measurements. Occup Eviron Med 2000; 57: 510-20.</p>
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    <p>138. Mengden T, Vetter H, Tisl&#233;r A, Illyes M. Tele-monitoring of home blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2001; 6: 185-189.</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">IV Guideline for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring - II Guideline for Home Blood Pressure Monitoring IV ABPM / II HBPM</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>IV Guideline for Ambulatory Blood</p>
      <p> Pressure Monitoring</p>
      <p>II Guideline for Home Blood Pressure</p>
      <p> Monitoring</p>
      <p>
        <bold>IV ABPM / II HBPM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mogi das Cruzes, S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p> February 17 to 19, 2005</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sponsors</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o</p>
      <p> e Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia</p>
      <p>(Brazilian Society of Cardiology, Brazilian Society of Hypertension,</p>
      <p> and Brazilian Society of Nephrology)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Participants</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Alexandre Alessi (PR)</p>
      <p> Andr&#233;a A. Brand&#227;o (RJ)</p>
      <p> &#194;ngela Pierin (SP)</p>
      <p> Audes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa (PE)</p>
      <p> Carlos Alberto Machado (SP)</p>
      <p> Cl&#225;udia L&#250;cia de Moraes Forjaz (SP)</p>
      <p> Cristina S. Atie (SP)</p>
      <p> Dante Marcelo Artigas Giorgi (SP)</p>
      <p> D&#233;cio Mion Jr. (SP)</p>
      <p> Eduardo Cantoni Rosa (SP)</p>
      <p> Fernando Nobre (SP)</p>
      <p> Giov&#226;nio Vieira Silva (SP)</p>
      <p> Hilton Chaves Jr. (PE)</p>
      <p> Ist&#234;nio Jos&#233; Fernandes Pascoal (DF)</p>
      <p> Jorge Ilha Guimar&#227;es (RS)</p>
      <p> Jos&#233; Luis Santello (SP)</p>
      <p> Jos&#233; M&#225;rcio Ribeiro (MG)</p>
      <p> Jos&#233; Nery Praxedes (SP)</p>
      <p> K&#225;tia Coelho Ortega (SP)</p>
      <p> L&#237;lian Soares da Costa (RJ)</p>
      <p> Luis Aparecido Bortolotto (SP)</p>
      <p> Marco Antonio Mota Gomes (AL)</p>
      <p> Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten (SP)</p>
      <p> Miguel Gus (RS)</p>
      <p> Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr. (SP)</p>
      <p> Paulo C&#233;sar Veiga Jardim (GO)</p>
      <p> Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es Geleilete (SP)</p>
      <p> Vera Koch (SP)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Organizing committee</bold>
      </p>
      <p> D&#233;cio Mion Jr.</p>
      <p> Carlos Alberto Machado</p>
      <p> Marco Antonio Mota Gomes</p>
      <p> Fernando Nobre</p>
      <p> Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr.</p>
      <p> Jos&#233; Nery Praxedes</p>
      <p> Dante Marcelo Artigas Giorgi</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Editing committee</bold>
      </p>
      <p> D&#233;cio Mion Jr.</p>
      <p> Alexandre Alessi</p>
      <p> K&#225;tia Coelho Ortega</p>
      <p> Eduardo Cantoni Rosa</p>
      <p> Giov&#226;nio Vieira Silva</p>
      <p> Cl&#225;udia L&#250;cia de Moraes Forjaz</p>
      <p> Audes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</p>
      <p> Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es Geleilete</p>
      <p> Fernando Nobre</p>
      <p> Lilian Soares da Costa</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Work Groups</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>1. Blue Group</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><bold>Facilitators:</bold> Dante Marcelo Artigas Giorgi (SP), and Fernando Nobre (SP); Secretaries: Alexandre Alessi (PR), and</p>
        <p> K&#225;tia Coelho Ortega (SP)</p>
        <p><bold>Members:</bold> Andr&#233;a A. Brand&#227;o (RJ), Cristina S. Atie (SP), Jos&#233; Luis Santello (SP), and Jorge Ilha Guimar&#227;es (RS)</p>
        <p><bold>Topics:</bold> Methods for recording blood pressure; Equipment, validation and calibration, cuffs and cost; Normality criteria; Production of reports and interpretation of results; The future of the method.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>2. Orange Group</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><bold>Facilitators:</bold> D&#233;cio Mion Jr., and Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr. (SP); Secretaries: Eduardo Cantoni Rosa (SP) and Giov&#226;nio Vieira Silva (SP)</p>
        <p><bold>Members:</bold> Hilton Chaves Jr. (PE), Jos&#233; M&#225;rcio Ribeiro (MG), Miguel Gus (RS)</p>
        <p><bold>Topics:</bold> Blood pressure variability and sources of error in blood pressure measurement; Reproducibility of the method; Protocols and repetition of procedure; Clinical use in diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification, evaluation of therapeutic efficacy; White-coat phenomenon, effect, hypertension, and normotension.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>3. Green Group:</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Facilitators:</bold> Carlos Alberto Machado (SP) and Jos&#233; Nery Praxedes (SP); Secretary: Cl&#225;udia L&#250;cia de Moraes Forjaz (SP)</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><bold>Members:</bold> Ist&#234;nio Jos&#233; Fernandes Pascoal (DF), L&#237;lian Soares da Costa (RJ), Maur&#237;cio Wajngarten (SP), and Vera Koch (SP)</p>
        <p><bold>Topics: </bold>Establishing ABPM services; Selection and care of the device; Instructing patients on scheduling an examination, installing and removing the device. The use of ABPM in selected populations and special situations and respective normality criteria.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>4. Red Group:</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><bold>Moderador:</bold> Marco Antonio Mota Gomes (AL);</p>
        <p><bold>Facilitator:</bold> Marco Antonio Mota Gomes (AL); Secretaries: Audes Magalh&#227;es Feitosa (PE) and Tufik Jos&#233; Magalh&#227;es Geleilete (SP)</p>
        <p><bold>Members:</bold> &#194;ngela Pierin (SP), Luis Aparecido Bortolotto (SP), and Paulo C&#233;sar Veiga Jardim (GO)</p>
        <p><bold>Topics:</bold> Establishing ABPM services; Selection and care of the device; Instructing patients on scheduling an examination, installing and removing the device; Clinical use in diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification, evaluation of the efficacy of therapy; White-coat phenomenon, effect, hypertension, and normotension. Equipment, validation and calibration, cost and cuffs; Normality criteria; Production of reports and interpretation of result; The future of the method.</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>
        <bold>Presentation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In light of the growing knowledge provided by Ambulatory and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM and HBPM), a review of the Guidelines issued in 2000 is imperative. This "new look" at pressure measurement without the influence of the physician, outside the office, provided by ABPM and HBPM recordings, has greatly improved our understanding of blood pressure behavior, as well as the diagnosis and management of hypertension.</p>
      <p>The influence of these methods is so great that we now have, in addition to classical diagnosis of normotension and hypertension, two other diagnostic possibilities: white-coat hypertension and masked hypertension. Such methods are well established in Brazil, and there are a great number of doctors interested in learning them. Thus, Brazilian Societies of Cardiology, Hypertension and Nephrology convened a 28-member expert panel of physicians from many parts of the country, with broad experience in these methods, to draw up this Guideline.</p>
      <p>Once more an effort was made to standardize procedures, so that the methods are used judiciously, according to the best available scientific evidence. The purposes of this publication are to improve diagnosis of hypertension and to establish a prognosis for hypertensive patients and anti-hypertensive therapy, using resources offered by ABPM and HBPM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Organizing Committee</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Degrees of Recommendation and Levels of Evidence set forth in these Guidelines</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Degrees of Recommendation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When applicable, the following classes should be used:</p>
      <p>I - When there is consensus on indication.</p>
      <p> IIa - When there is disagreement regarding indication, but is approved by the majority.</p>
      <p> IIb - When there is disagreement regarding indication, with opinion divided.</p>
      <p> III - When there is consensus on contraindication or when it is not applicable.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Levels of Evidence</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A: Large, randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses.</p>
      <p> B: Well-designed clinical trials and observational studies.</p>
      <p> C: Case reports and case series.</p>
      <p> D: Publications based on consensus and expert opinion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>1. Physiological behavior of the blood pressure (BP) over a 24-hour period</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure varies due to the interaction of neurohumoral, behavioral and environmental factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>).<sup>1</sup> There is a continuous variation of beat-to-beat blood pressure according to the individual's activity, and this variability has a wider range in hypertensive than in normotensive patients. Values are higher during daytime than those obtained at night-time.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>2. Blood pressure recording</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure may be registered by direct, or intra-arterial, and indirect methods, and the most commonly used are:</p>
      <p>a) Auscultatory method - use of auscultation to identify the onset and disappearance of Korotkoff's sounds, corresponding to systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively.</p>
      <p>b) Oscillometric method - use of oscillometry to identify the point of maximum oscillation, which corresponds to the mean blood pressure and determines the systolic and diastolic BP through algorithms.<sup>2</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>3. Casual blood pressure measurement taken in the physician's office</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Casual blood pressure measurement taken in the physician's office, albeit considered a standard procedure for the diagnosis of hypertension and the follow-up of hypertensive patients,<sup>3</sup> is subject to numerous sources of error, especially the influence of the observer and of the environment where pressure is taken. Also, it provides a few readings that do not show good long-term reproducibility (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level A).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>4. Equipment used for ABPM and HBPM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.1. Validation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ABPM (Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring) and HBPM (Home Blood Pressure Monitoring) devices are considered validated after they have been submitted to validation protocols and have been approved. There are well-defined protocols for validation of the devices,<sup>4</sup> such as that of the <italic>Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation - AAMI</italic>, that classify them as approved or non-approved, or that of the <italic>British Hypertension Society - BHS</italic>, which assigns grades from A to D and considers the device validated when it is graded A or B for systolic and diastolic pressures. Before buying any device, it is important to check whether it is validated by looking at:</p>
      <p>
        <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eshonline.org">www.eshonline.org</ext-link>
      </p>
      <p>
        <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hyp.ac.uk/bhs/bp_monitors/automatic.htm">www.hyp.ac.uk/bhs/bp_monitors/automatic.htm</ext-link>
      </p>
      <p>
        <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.dableducational.com/sphygmomanometers/devices_3_abpm.html">www.dableducational.com/sphygmomanometers/devices_3_abpm.html</ext-link>
      </p>
      <p>(Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.2. Calibration</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Calibration must be performed by the manufacturer or its representative at least once a year or according to manufacturer's specifications (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D). Calibration should also be performed whenever readings differ by more than 5 mmHg from those obtained with a calibrated mercury-column device, through a Y-connector, a procedure that must be done at least every 6 months. (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>4.3. Cuffs</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cuff size should be appropriate for the upper arm circumference (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>) and supplied by the original instrument manufacturer.<sup>3</sup> (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B). The use of correction charts is not recommended, and neither is placement of the cuff on the forearm (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level B).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>5. White-coat phenomenon: white-coat effect, hypertension and normotension.</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure values obtained in the office setting may be higher, similar or lower than those measured during daytime by ABPM or HBPM. Based on these differences, patients can be classified into four different categories (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>): normotension, hypertension, white-coat hypertension (isolated office hypertension)<sup>5</sup> and masked hypertension (white-coat normotension).<sup>6</sup></p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Normotension is characterized by normal blood pressure values measured in the office (lower than 140/90 mmHg) and by 24-hour ABPM (equal to or lower than 130/80 mmHg) or by HBPM (equal to or lower than 135/85 mmHg), while hypertension is characterized by abnormal blood pressure values measured in the office (equal to or higher than 140/90 mmHg) and by 24-hour ABPM (higher than 130/80 mmHg) or by HBPM (higher 135/85 mmHg).</p>
      <p>White-coat effect is defined as the value obtained by the difference between the blood pressure measured in the office and by ABPM during daytime or HBPM, without any change in the diagnosis of normotension or hypertension. The white-coat effect is considered relevant when the difference is higher than 20 mmHg and 10 mmHg for systolic pressure and diastolic pressure, respectively.<sup>7</sup></p>
      <p>White-coat hypertension occurs when abnormal values are obtained at the physician's office (equal to or higher than 140/90 mmHg) and normal values are obtained by daytime ABPM (equal to or lower than 135/85 mmHg) or by HBPM (equal to or lower than 135/85 mmHg). It is important to note that, under such circumstances, the diagnosis changes from normotension outside the office to hypertension in the office.</p>
      <p>Masked hypertension occurs when blood pressure values are normal in the office setting (lower than 140/90 mmHg) and abnormal with daytime ABPM (higher than 135/85 mmHg) or HBPM (higher than 135/85 mmHg). Under these circumstances, the diagnosis also changes from hypertension outside the office to normotension in the office.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.1. Clinical significance and prognosis of white-coat hypertension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aspects that guide diagnostic research in this case are: young or elderly, female, report of normal readings out of the office and hypertension stage I with no target organ damage. Some studies suggest that white-coat hypertension represents an intermediate cardiovascular risk between normotension and hypertension, howbeit closer to the risk of normotense patients<sup>8,9,10</sup> (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level B). Even though there is no evidence of benefits from interventions in this group, patients must be considered within the context of global cardiovascular risk and remain in clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>5.2. Clinical significance and prognosis of "masked" hypertension (white-coat normotension)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aspects that guide diagnostic research in this case are: youngsters with normal or borderline casual blood pressure and left ventricle hypertrophy; hypertensive parents; reports of occasionally high readings outside the office and high cardiovascular risk.<sup>11</sup> Some studies suggest that target organ damages are more prevalent among these patients than among normotense patients, but this is controversial.<sup>12</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>6. Establishing public or private ABPM or HBPM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Establishing public or private ABPM or HBPM medical services in offices, outpatient clinics or diagnostic centers requires trained staff and compliance with protocols recommended by Brazilian Guidelines. A physician shall be responsible for the service provided, preferably with specific knowledge on hypertension, ABPM and HBPM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>IV Guideline for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>1. Definition</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) is a method of recording indirect and intermittent blood pressure readings over a 24-hour period while the patient performs his/her usual activities of daily life, including waking and sleeping hours. The term "holter pressure" should be avoided.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>2. Indications, advantages and limitations of ABPM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ABPM allows a large number of blood pressure readings to be recorded, usually over 24 hours, providing BP variations profile during daytime and night-time. Today, evidence shows that the variables obtained by ABPM are better predictors of primary results, that is to say, major cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke, when compared to casual office blood pressure measurements.<sup>13, 14, 15, 16, 17</sup> Moreover, it offers certain potential advantages over casual office blood pressure measurement, such as, attenuation of observer effect on blood pressure; elimination of record bias; the obtaining of values closer to the patient's usual blood pressure; the possibility of evaluating the effect of blood pressure during night sleep and early morning surge; and evaluation of therapeutic response during the 24-hour period. ABPM is useful for evaluating some clinical conditions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>), and both its advantages (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>) and limitations should be considered (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>3. Equipment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The most commonly used devices currently are those based on the oscillometric method with a cuff attached to the upper arm. Wrist devices should not be used for 24-hour measurements, since they have not been validated (Degree of Recommendation III - Evidence Level D).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>4. Protocol for the examination and instructions to patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The device should be programmed to take BP at least every 30 minutes, in such a way that, at the end of the 24-hour period, a minimum of 16 valid daytime and 8 valid nighttime readings have been taken (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B)<sup>14, 18</sup>. At the physician's discretion, in view of a possible loss of measurements or for the purpose of evaluating symptoms, a larger number of readings may be recommended. Also, depending on the goal of the test, for example, to evaluate a sub-period of the 24 hours, a number of readings below the one advocated may be accepted.</p>
      <p>The monitor may be installed by a trained nurse or technician, who may instruct the patients. Ideally, a 24-hour phone number should be provided for clarification of doubts and resolution of any problems that may arise, including excessive discomfort, allergic reactions, and edema. Scheduling guidelines (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>), installation protocol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07-body2">Table 7</xref>), guidelines protocol for appropriate diary completion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08-body2">Table 8</xref>) and removal protocol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09-body2">Table 9</xref>) are fundamental to the quality of the examination.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <table-wrap id="tab08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt08-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab09-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt09-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>5. Repeated ABPM evaluation during follow-up period</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is no consensus recommendation regarding periodicity of ABPM examinations. Nevertheless, it is suggested that:</p>
      <p>a) ABPM test be repeated on an annual basis for patients with white-coat hypertension, as these may become hypertensive (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level D)<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>b) Blood pressure be evaluated in hypertensive patients under treatment with relevant white-coat effect, usually defined as the difference between casual blood pressure and mean awake ambulatory blood pressure equal to or higher than 20 mmHg for systolic pressure and 10 mmHg for diastolic pressure (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level D)<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>6. Costs of the examination</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The costs should not be considered a limitation for the test, because therapeutic and diagnostic approaches based on ABPM do not necessarily raise the overall cost of treatment, since ABPM may allow identification of patients with white-coat hypertension, decrease prescription of anti-hypertensive drugs and reduce the number of visits to the doctor<sup>21</sup>. (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>7. Reproducibility of the Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ABPM examination demonstrates good reproducibility (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level C). Values of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, as well as heart rate obtained in a 24-hour period, daytime and night-time, demonstrate similar results in consecutive tests performed within a short-time interval<sup>22-23</sup>. Blood pressure variation between daytime BP and night-time BP also shows good reproducibility, when considered as a continuous variable. Conversely, reproducibility of conditions with and without nocturnal dip has been debated in the literature, because 30% to 50% of the individuals are likely to change category in subsequent tests<sup>24</sup>. Variation phenomenon between awake and asleep BP, therefore, should be considered in its percentage and absolute value in mmHg.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8. Normal values for blood pressure obtained by ABPM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.1. Mean blood pressures</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Among all parameters derived from ABPM, mean blood pressures are the best data to be analyzed, because they have higher indices of correlation with diagnosis, target organ damage, and cardiovascular prognosis, and are the only ones associated with mortality<sup>25</sup>. Analysis of 24-hour periods, waking and sleeping hours, is critical for evaluation of mean blood pressures (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level B).</p>
      <p>As in the case of casual blood pressure measurement, normali-ty criteria for pressure values obtained by ABPM are arbitrary. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab10-body2">Table 10</xref> shows values considered abnormal for ABPM (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level B). For the adult population, abnormal readings represent only a guide to interpretation of the test. Lower pressure levels may be clinically significant in patients with multiple risk factors and/or associated diseases (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level D). It is important to emphasize that no longitudinal studies have been conducted with ABPM within the Brazilian population. Mean systolic and diastolic values obtained by ABPM during daytime are usually lower than those obtained by casual measurements<sup>14, 26-28</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab10-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt10-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Clinical relevance of specific periods, such us the first hours after waking and during the afternoon nap, is yet to be established. In hypertensive elderly Japanese, it was demonstrated that the rapid surge in blood pressure during the first two hours after waking is associated with a higher incidence of stroke (Degree of Recommendation IIb, Evidence Level B)<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.2. Blood pressure loads and areas under the curve (AUC)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although the percentage of values above a fixed threshold was defined since 1988, this criterion has been widely criticized. One of the most consistent criticisms refers to the fact that the same value of blood pressure loads may mean different behaviors estimated by mean blood pressures.</p>
      <p>Despite the fact that a direct relationship between load values, especially above 50%, and damage to target organs has been documented, the trend observed in the most recent guidelines for ABPM is to not consider blood pressure loads in clinical interpretation (Degree of Recommendation IIa, Evidence Level B)<sup>20,31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Even though some suggestions have been made regarding the use of calculations of the areas under the curve for evaluating pressure behavior, there is a need for studies on their application (Degree of Recommendation IIa, Evidence Level B).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.3. Mean blood pressure, pulse pressure and variability</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mean blood pressure is provided by the examination, its applicability being restricted to clinical research.</p>
      <p>In spite of the great clinical relevance placed on pulse pressure, based on casual measurements and with strong evidence of pro gnostic implications, so far there are no criteria for the interpretation of this parameter by ABPM. A study conducted with a limited number of patients, however, shows that pulse pressure evaluated by ABPM may also have prognostic implications (Degree of Recommendation IIa, Evidence Level B).<sup>8</sup></p>
      <p>It is known that blood pressure variability (BPV) has a strong prognostic correlation with cardiovascular events and the development of target organ damage. Nevertheless, only through continuous blood pressure recording (beat-to-beat), can variability be appropriately evaluated, unlike 24-hour BP recordings. Standard deviation of mean blood pressure obtained by ABPM should not be used as indicative of blood pressure variability, because as yet there are no normality criteria for its interpretation (Degree of Recommendation III - Evidence Level D).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.4. Heart rate</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite recording heart rates, ABPM devices are not appropriate for measuring this parameter; thus, they should not be considered, except in the cases of devices that can register 24-hour ECG simultaneously (Degree of Recommendation III - Evidence Level D.)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.5. Day-night differences in blood pressure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The definition of awake and asleep periods relies heavily on the accurate recording of times when the individual undergoing the test slept and woke up. This data should be clearly recorded in the activities diary. The quality of sleep reported by the patient throughout the examination should be taken into account in interpreting wake-sleep pressure variations (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level C).</p>
      <p>Usually, there is a decrease, or dip, in systolic and diastolic BP during sleep, compared to the waking period. It was noted that a decrease of less than 10% in hypertensive individuals is related to a worsening in the cardiovascular prognostic<sup>32</sup>. The clinical significance of lack of blood pressure decrease during sleep also was confirmed in normotensive patients<sup>33</sup>. Kario <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>34</sup> showed that, in elderly hypertensive patients with nocturnal dips greater than 20%, there was an increase in cardiovascular risk, especially of stroke.</p>
      <p>It should be remembered that either a reversal of physiological behavior in awake and asleep pressure or a lack of nocturnal dip might be related to certain circumstances, such as sleep disorder caused by the examination, inappropriate blood pressure control in treated patients and, in some cases, secondary hypertension, sleep apnea, dysautonomia, and use of some drugs such as cyclosporine.</p>
      <p>Day-night blood pressure variation can be expressed in absolute values (mean awake BP - mean asleep BP); day/night BP ratio (mean asleep BP/mean awake BP x 100); or in percentage values (mean awake BP - mean asleep BP/mean awake BP x 100. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab11-body2">Table 11</xref> shows a classification of the percentage variation of systolic and diastolic awake-asleep blood pressure, according to Ohkubo <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>25</sup> (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level B). If there is a dip in systolic and diastolic blood pressures that belong to different classifications, they should be described separately in the report (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab11-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt11-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>9. ABPM in special situations and populations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.1. Children and adolescents</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In children and adolescents, ABPM is indicated for suspected white-coat hypertension<sup>35</sup>, evaluation and follow-up of primary and secondary hypertension or conditions with associated risk of arterial hypertension, such as diabetes mellitus<sup>36-37</sup>, chronic pyelonephritis<sup>38</sup>, chronic renal failure<sup>39-40</sup>, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease<sup>41</sup>, because it shows better correlation with the development of target organ damages than office blood pressure measurement (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level C).</p>
      <p>Only a few ABPM devices have been validated for use in children. Applicability, however, is promising, and there have been reports of good precision and reproducibility<sup>42</sup>. The success percentage in obtaining measurements increases with age<sup>42-43</sup>. The primary limitation to its use in children and adolescents is the lack of normative pediatric values. Values were defined using, as a reference for awake blood pressure, the 95th percentile of the tables of casual blood pressure measurement for age, sex and height, and, during sleep, normal values 10% below these<sup>44</sup>. When the value corresponding to the 95th percentile is greater than the limits of normality established for the adult population, the values applicable to adults should be considered for the reports (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level D). Just as in the case of adults, there is a tendency to consider the 90th percentile as limit of normality, especially in the presence of comorbidities. The relevance of and normality criteria for pressure loads and dip in blood pressure during sleep in children and adolescents have not yet been established.<sup>45</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.2. Elderly patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ABPM can provide valuable clinical support for suspected orthostatic, postprandial, drug-related and situational arterial hypotension, as well as for evaluation of patients with dysautonomia and syncope (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D)<sup>26</sup>. In elderly individuals with isolated systolic hypertension, ABPM is useful to rule out white-coat effect (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level A)<sup>46</sup>. Some limitations must be emphasized in this age group. Age-related arterial stiffening underestimates blood pressure measurement obtained by the oscillometric method and thus, ABPM is subject to errors in the presence of pseudo-hypertension<sup>47</sup>. The presence of auscultatory gap, commonly seen at an elderly age, might compromise the evaluation by the auscultatory method<sup>48</sup>. The same normality values applied to younger adults are accepted for elderly individuals (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D)<sup>26</sup>. Elderly individuals with high blood pressure variability, however, often sleep during the day, and suffer from sleep disorders. Thus, special care should be taken when registering activities in the diary, emphasizing these aspects, which must be taken into account during ABPM evaluation. The use of asleep and awake preset periods is not advisable. The drawback of nocturnal dip, increased pulse pressure, and early morning surge in blood pressure, common among the elderly, are related to increased cardiovascular risk<sup>21,46,49</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.3. Pregnant women</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring during pregnancy has been used to identify white-coat hypertension, whose prevalence is similar in both pregnant and nonpregnant women. Its identification is critical, however, during pregnancy to prevent unnecessary treatment that could be potentially harmful to the fetus (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level B)<sup>51-52</sup>. Diagnosis of preeclampsia by ABPM, suggested by sleep-wake cycle alteration is still controversial, since a number of cases with confirmed diagnosis do not show this alteration<sup>53-54</sup>. Nevertheless, when found, it must be taken into account. The possibility of anticipating the development of preeclampsia by ABPM has not been confirmed<sup>55</sup>. ABPM reference parameters during pregnancy concur with the findings of a linear decrease in blood pressure during the first half of pregnancy measured by casual blood pressure, followed by a continuous increases until delivery. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab12-body2">Table 12</xref> shows the mean values observed in each trimester of pregnancy (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level C)<sup>56</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab12-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt12-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>9.4. Diabetes mellitus</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ABPM in diagnosed diabetics may contribute to clarify symptoms related to hypotension secondary to autonomic neuropathy (syncope, dizziness, sweating among others), thus aiding differential diagnosis with hypoglycemia. In addition, it can help in the identification of patients with masked hypertension.<sup>26</sup> Although the change in wake-sleep pattern seems to be associated with the development of microalbuminuria and increased cardiovascular risk<sup>26,57-59</sup>, these findings are still debatable (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level C). The target value for controlling casual blood pressure in the hypertensive diabetic patient is lower than that for hypertensives in general. This value for ABPM, however, has not yet been established, and this must be taken into account in the report.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.5. Obesity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Indications for the use of ABPM in obese patients are the same as those for the general population (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D). As the buildup of fat tissue may preclude blood pressure measurement by the auscultatory method, the oscillometric is preferred.<sup>26</sup> Use of the appropriate cuff for arm circumference cannot be over-stressed. In obese patients with arm circumference above 20,5 inches or short arms, the examination is contraindicated, because ABPM devices do not have appropriate cuffs (Degree of Recommendation III - Evidence Level D)<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>It should also be emphasized that in obese patients, particularly those with visceral fat distribution, an increased frequency of alert reactions to casual blood pressure measurement has been reported, causing a higher prevalence of white-coat phenomenon.<sup>60-62</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.6. Renal failure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The target value for controlling casual blood pressure in hypertensive patients with renal disease is lower than that for hypertensives in general. This value for ABPM, however, has not yet been established, and this must be taken into account in the report. In hemodialysis patients, a 24-hour ABPM may identify changes in wake-sleep patterns and detect hypotension episodes, but do not provide an evaluation of blood pressure along the dialysis cycle<sup>63</sup>. Thus, the use of a 44-hour ABPM (installed after a hemodialysis session and removed just before the next session) allows a more complete evaluation. When performed during 24 hours, the analysis of the report should consider whether the test was conducted on the day of the dyalisis session or between sessions. In this population, the cuff cannot be placed on the arm of patients with arteriovenous fistula. Blood pressure pattern behavior during sleep do not change in most patients submitted to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)<sup>63</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.7. Heart failure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>ABPM may be indicated to optimize treatment in patients with heart failure whose symptoms are related to blood pressure changes, such as paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or diastolic heart failure. Likewise, it can useful for orienting therapy of patients with symptoms caused by hypotension. Changes in wake-sleep pattern have been associated to the severity of systolic dysfunction (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level C).<sup>64, 65</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.8. Heart transplant</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In heart transplant patients, ABPM may be used to improve blood pressure control and, thus, minimize cardiac and renal complications related to the use of cyclosporine. These patients sustain loss of modulation of blood pressure and heart rate during sleep, with greater blood pressure variability in the waking period and wake-sleep pattern change (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level C)<sup>66</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.9. Sleep apnea syndrome</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In patients with clinical signs suggestive of sleep apnea, a change in wake-sleep pattern at ABPM may reinforce this diagnosis<sup>67</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.10. Secondary hypertension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In curable forms of hypertension, once cured, some ABPM variables may reveal changes early, suggesting possible recurrence<sup>68</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>9.11. Physical exercise and ABPM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Physical exercise should be avoided during ABPM tests, because continuous muscle contraction produces both inaccurate readings and loss of measurements. Indeed, blood pressure obtained during exercise has been validated only for the standard auscultatory method (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level B)<sup>69</sup>.</p>
      <p>Aerobics (dynamic exercises involving large muscle groups that are cyclically contracted, at moderate intensity and over a prolonged time - more than 30 minutes - such as, walking, running, cycling, swimming, dancing, etc.), causes post-exercise reduction in blood pressure that lasts up to 16 hours, reducing mean 24-hour post-exercise blood pressure. Such effect is greater in individuals with higher blood pressure levels<sup>70, 71, 72</sup>. Therefore, exercise should be avoided on the day prior to the examination, especially by individuals who do not practice regularly, or prior exercise should be taken into account when producing the ABPM report (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level B).</p>
      <p>The recognized blood pressure reduction promoted by regular exercising on casual blood pressure<sup>73</sup> has not yet been conclusively established at ABPM<sup>71</sup>.</p>
      <p>Little is known about acute and chronic effects of resistive exercise (weight training) on ABPM<sup>74</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>10. The role of ABPM on prognostic evaluation of hypertensive patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure values obtained by ABPM are more strongly correlated with target organ damages, morbidity, and mortality than casual blood pressure measurements<sup>13-17</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic BP values, daytime and night-time, shows a positive correlation with target organ damages, such as left ventricle hypertrophy, ischemic brain lesions, and microalbuminuria<sup>47</sup>.</p>
      <p>In elderly patients evaluated in the Syst-Eur Study, the variable that showed the best correlation with major cardiovascular events, such as stroke, acute myocardial infarction and death, was sleep systolic BP, followed by 24-hour systolic BP and wake systolic BP<sup>15, 25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding prognosis associated to nocturnal dip, it is known that the magnitude of blood pressure dipping during sleep shows a reverse correlation with cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, for every 5% increment in systolic or diastolic night-day BP ratio, there is a 20% increase in cardiovascular mortality, even in individuals with normal mean blood pressure values obtained by ABPM<sup>7, 75</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for blood pressure variability, which is obtained by the standard deviation of pressure values yielded by ABMP, there is evidence of association with target organ damages<sup>76</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the morning surge in blood pressure, calculated by the difference between morning systolic BP (mean blood pressures during the 2 hours after awakening) and the lowest sleep systolic BP (mean lowest reading and the readings immediately before and after), has been demonstrating negative implications on cardiovascular outcomes. In elderly patients, it was found that a morning surge above 55 mmHg was associated to a greater prevalence of ischemic stroke (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>)<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Pulse pressure, obtained with ABPM and calculated by the difference between mean 24-hour systolic and diastolic blood pressures, was also found to be predictive of events. Values exceeding 53 mmHg are related to an almost five-fold increase in cardiovascular events<sup>46</sup>. Thus, it has been suggested that daytime BP, pulse BP and the presence of dip during sleep (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>) be used for an additional cardiovascular stratification risk of hypertensive patients diagnosed by casual in-office measurements and left untreated<sup>8</sup>. Nevertheless, this variables are not indicated as a guide to therapy.</p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>11. Production of reports and interpretation of results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results are considered valid for an appropriate interpretation when the following aspects are observed: minimum duration of the test - 21 hours; number of valid readings - 16 daytime readings and 8 night-time readings (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B)<sup>14, 18</sup>. Tests with 20% or more of manual and/or automatic exclusions of readings are probably due to inadequate technique concerning the device or inappropriate patient behavior. Under some circumstances, such as loss of readings in non-relevant time periods, a number of readings lower than that advocated may be acceptable at the physician's discretion (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level D).</p>
      <p>It is mandatory that ABPM report includes all of the items listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab13-body2">table 13</xref> (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D)<sup>77</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab13-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt13-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>In accordance with the information currently available, a hypertensive diagnosis using ABPM should not be made, since this is a clinical diagnosis (Degree of Recommendation Ia - Evidence Level A). Upon completion, the report should include normal or abnormal blood pressure behavior, and mention all drugs in use (anti-hypertensives or not) (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>12. The future of the method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The judicious use of ABPM based on scientifically acceptable conclusions, and its growing application, will lend the necessary support to a widespread use of the method, exploring its main advantages for the understanding of hypertension and care required for its treatment. The applications and possible uses of ABPM in the future include: a) adjustable cuffs; b) evaluation of other parameters, besides systolic and diastolic pressures, such as heart rate, pulse pressure, pulse velocity and waveform, morning surge in blood pressure; c) development of international unified protocols for validation of devices; d) reference values for 24-hour ABPM; e) prospective studies for prognostic evaluation of diagnoses of populations followed by ABPM; f) determination of the usefulness of ABPM in special populations, including pregnant women, children and diabetics; g) development of reliable, portable and low-cost monitors for non-invasive recording of beat-to-beat blood pressure<sup>78-79</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>II Guideline for Home Blood Pressure Monitoring</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>1. Definition</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM) refers to an indirect method of recording blood pressure, in the morning and at night, over a five-day period, performed by the patient or other trained person, during daytime, at home or at the workplace. Is should not be mistaken for self-blood pressure monitoring, which is the non-systematized recording of blood pressure conducted according to the orientation of the patient's physician.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>2. Indications, advantages, and limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Foremost among the primary indications of HBPM (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab14-body2">Table 14</xref>),<sup>80-92, 102</sup> are the assessment of anti-hypertensive therapy and follow-up of patients with white-coat hypertension. HBPM is a useful alternative to overcome the inconveniences associated to blood pressure measurement taken at the physician's office<sup>82, 92-104</sup> thanks to its numerous advantages (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab15-body2">Table 15</xref>), the most important of which are the possibility of taking a greater number of readings outside the office setting and good acceptance of the method. The major limitation of HBPM is the difficulty to take the readings during sleep (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab16-body2">Table 16</xref>)<sup>26, 105-106</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab14-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt14-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab15-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt15-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab16-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt16-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>This is not an innovative approach, since in 1940 it was already demonstrated that home measurements yielded values from 30 to 40 mm Hg lower than office measurements<sup>107</sup>. Blood pressure values obtained by HBPM are lower than those obtained in the office (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B)<sup>108</sup>. The development of compact, digital devices that are reliable, validated and affordable allowed the procedure to be used in large scale both in daily clinical practice and research.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>3. Equipment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Digital, compact, validated devices fitted with data-storing memory and/or built-in printer, or capable of transmitting data to a central unit are recommended. Most validated devices are designed for upper arm measurement (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D). Wrist measuring devices are of restricted use (Degree of Recommendation IIb - Evidence Level D), and finger measuring devices are contraindicated (Degree of Recommendation III - Evidence Level D)<sup>109-110</sup>.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab17-body2">Table 17</xref> lists the factors that should be considered when acquiring a HBPM device.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab17-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt17-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>4. Protocol for performing the examination and instructing the patient</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The following protocol is recommended (Table 18) for HBPM examination (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D).</p>
      <p>a) performed during the five working days of the week (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D);</p>
      <p>b) the first day is dedicated to instructions, training, selection of the arm with the highest blood pressure values, where measurements will be taken (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D), and delivery of the device (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab19-body2">Tables 19</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab20-body2">20</xref>) (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D);<sup>26, 111-121</sup></p>
      <table-wrap id="tab19-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt18-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab20-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt19-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>c) during the next four days, blood pressure should be taken at least three times in the morning and three times at night, between 6:00 and 10:00 am and 6:00 and 10:00 pm (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level A).<sup>26, 122-123</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>5. Normality criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the analysis of international studies and guidelines, it is recommended that mean blood pressure above 135/85 mm Hg (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B) be considered abnormal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab21-body2">Table 21</xref>).<sup>95, 102, 124-125</sup> Just as in blood pressure measurements taken in the office, lower HBPM values should be considered in high risk patients (diabetes melittus, renal failure and heart failure). In children and pregnant women, normality criteria have not yet been established (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D).<sup>26, 126-128</sup></p>
      <table-wrap id="tab21-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-suppl2-0001-00001-gt20-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>6. Clinical value of HBPM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.1. Diagnosis of white-coat hypertension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>HBPM allows the diagnosis of white-coat effect and hypertension. Although HBPM is not as appropriate as ABPM in the diagnosis of white-coat hypertension, it is indicated in the follow-up of these patients because of its low cost and convenience (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B).<sup>80, 81, 82, 129</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.2. Evaluation of the efficacy of anti-hypertensive therapy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Because of its low cost,<sup>130</sup> good acceptance,<sup>131</sup> and ease of use, as well as the possibility to allow medium- and long-term evaluation and distance monitoring, HBPM is appropriate for evaluating the efficacy of anti-hypertensive therapies. Several studies have shown the usefulness of HBPM in the assessment of patients with refractory hypertension (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level A).<sup>26, 82, 85, 87-91, 132</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>6.3. Prognosis of hypertensive patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prospective studies have showed an increasing role of HBPM in evaluation of prognosis related to office blood pressure measurement.<sup>83, 132, 133</sup> The Ohasama study, which analyzed a large number of individuals during a long time, demonstrated that HBPM is correlated with total cardiovascular mortality rate, morbidity from stroke and non-cardiovascular mortality.<sup>132</sup> The 10-year follow-up period showed that the rise of 10 mmHg in blood pressure obtained by HBPM increased stroke risk by 35%.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that HBPM has a better correlation with the left ventricle mass index than office measurement (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level C).<sup>108, 134</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>7. Interpretation of data obtained and production of reports (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The HBPM report should include the following aspects:</p>
      <p>a) Description of the protocol followed</p>
      <p>b) Quality of the procedure</p>
      <p>The record should be accepted for interpretation when it reaches at least 12 valid measures (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B), as long as there are valid measures each day during the test (Degree of Recommendation IIa - Evidence Level D)<sup>90, 133</sup>. Aberrant measurements should be excluded, such as diastolic pressure above 140 mmHg and below 40 mmHg, systolic pressure below 70 mmHg and above 250 mmHg and pulse pressure below 20 mmHg or above 100 mmHg, provided there is no clinical justification (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D).</p>
      <p>c) Mean blood pressures</p>
      <p>The report should include both daily mean blood pressure and total blood pressure. It is interesting to analyze mean blood pressure values obtained in the morning and at night, especially in patients under drug therapy. These mean values are obtained through effective records of at least four days, excluding values collected in the first day of monitoring. It should be emphasized that the values obtained during this day should be included in the record for evaluation of the alarm reaction. When mean blood pressures are above 135 and/or 85 mm Hg, it is recommended that the test be considered as abnormal (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level A)<sup>95, 124-125</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>8. Special situations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.1. Elderly patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Physical and cognitive limitations may restrict use of HBPM in geriatric patients, making the aid of another person necessary in order to ensure compliance with protocol. Special attention should be given to the increase of arterial stiffening, often seen in these patients, which may compromise the accuracy of dada obtained through the use of oscillometric devices. Prior evaluation through Osler maneuver may be useful for identification of these cases. Studies have shown the benefit of HBPM in therapeutic control of elderly patients (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B).<sup>83, 90</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.2. Pregnant women</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This method may be useful for evaluation of white-coat hypertension in pregnant women. The few studies available suggest the value of HBPM in the gestational period, because it allows better control of blood pressure and reduces the number of visits (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level C).<sup>128, 135</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>8.3 Children and adolescents</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There are few studies using HBPM in children and adolescents, and this restricts its clinical application. Despite being a complementary source of information, it should not be used for decision making in this population (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level D)<sup>126</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>9. Perspectives of HBPM</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some devices currently available can store records and transmit them via telephone or internet to a central computer, providing greater adherence and better control of blood pressure with fewer number of visits to the doctor's office (Degree of Recommendation I - Evidence Level B)<sup>127, 136-138</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
      </p>
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      <p><bold>Moderadores:</bold> D&#233;cio Mion Jr. e Osvaldo Kohlmann Jr. (SP); </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
