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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NkD39KVxsNB4bPD5rz3Y8sQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001900009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001900009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia restritiva por cisticercose mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Almiro Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Almiro Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>425</fpage>
      <lpage>427</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associado &#224; cisticercose. Os autores relatam o caso de uma mulher de 46 anos, portadora de cisticercose e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cujo ecocardiograma &#233; compat&#237;vel com cardiomiopatia restritiva e o aspecto mioc&#225;rdico &#233; de microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo infiltra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela doen&#231;a.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cardiomiopatia restritiva por cisticercose mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo; Almiro Vieira de Melo Neto; Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio L. Corr&#234;a; Almiro Vieira de Melo Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA &#150; Salvador, BA</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca associado &#224; cisticercose. Os autores relatam o caso de uma mulher de 46 anos, portadora de cisticercose e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, cujo ecocardiograma &#233; compat&#237;vel com cardiomiopatia restritiva e o aspecto mioc&#225;rdico &#233; de microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo infiltra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pela doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A cisticercose &#233; a doen&#231;a causada pela infesta&#231;&#227;o com a forma larv&#225;ria da <italic>Taenia solium</italic>. Na cisticercose humana, o homem est&#225; na posi&#231;&#227;o de hospedeiro intermedi&#225;rio an&#244;malo. A infesta&#231;&#227;o ocorre ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de ovos contendo oncosferas vi&#225;veis que invadem os intestinos, entram na vasculatura e se instalam em tecidos. A preval&#234;ncia mundial de cisticercose causada pelo <italic>cisticerco cellulosae</italic> foi estimada em 300 mil pessoas<sup>1</sup>. Embora qualquer &#243;rg&#227;o ou tecido possa abrigar os cistos, c&#233;rebro, musculatura esquel&#233;tica e tecido subcut&#226;neo s&#227;o os locais mais comumente afetados. Enquanto a neurocisticercose tem sido objeto de numerosos relatos da literatura, a cisticercose card&#237;aca, especialmente a mioc&#225;rdica, admitida como rara, tem sido pouco estudada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DO CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um paciente do sexo feminino com 46 anos de idade, natural da cidade de Jacobina &#150; BA, com hist&#243;ria de crises convulsivas desde 1970, interpretadas como de origem epil&#233;ptica, passando a fazer uso regular de fenobarbital. Em 1996, em radiografia simples de partes moles, observaram-se microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). O estudo do l&#237;quido c&#233;falo-raquideano revelou rea&#231;&#227;o de hemaglutina&#231;&#227;o positiva at&#233; 1:4 para cisticercose e rea&#231;&#227;o de ELISA para detec&#231;&#227;o de anticorpo anti-<italic>Cysticercus cellulosae</italic> positiva. Tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio evidenciou calcifica&#231;&#245;es cerebrais e cerebelares direitas, tamb&#233;m compat&#237;veis com neurocisticercose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). Rece beu, assim, o diagn&#243;stico de neurocisticercose.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0425-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0425-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em 1998 passou a apresentar dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os extra-habituais e palpita&#231;&#245;es, realizando eletrocardiograma que mostrou ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atividade ect&#243;pica supraventricular.</p>
    <p>Em 2001, evoluiu para dispn&#233;ia aos esfor&#231;os habituais, fadiga, edema de membros inferiores, ascite e hepatomegalia. O ecocardiograma demonstrou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE normal e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do tipo restritivo. O Doppler n&#227;o mostrou varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria do fluxo da valva mitral e n&#227;o havia movimento paradoxal do septo interventricular. Chamava aten&#231;&#227;o aspecto peculiar de microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas difusas em ambos os ventr&#237;culos, lembrando o aspecto encontrado em outros s&#237;tios de acometimento da doen&#231;a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, observava-se aumento da espessura das paredes do VE de forma conc&#234;ntrica e dilata&#231;&#227;o discreta de &#225;trio esquerdo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0425-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou estudo hemodin&#226;mico e angiocardiogr&#225;fico apresentando coron&#225;rias normais. Firmou-se, ent&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica por cardiomiopatia restritiva, que em raz&#227;o do padr&#227;o de calcifica&#231;&#227;o provavelmente &#233; secund&#225;ria a cisticercose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico apresentado pela paciente a partir de 2001 aponta para o diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O ecocardiograma evidenciou altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com uma cardiomiopatia restritiva e presen&#231;a de microcalcifica&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de cisticercose. Neste caso, n&#227;o foi realizada bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, entretanto as les&#245;es encontradas no ecocardiograma s&#227;o muito sugestivas de cisticercose, visto que obedecem o mesmo padr&#227;o de calcifica&#231;&#245;es em outros s&#237;tios.</p>
    <p>Outras poss&#237;veis causas da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica podem ser aventadas, como: cardiopatia hipertensiva, pericardite constrictiva, endomiocardiofibrose e hipereosinofilia idiop&#225;tica de Loeffler.</p>
    <p>A cardiopatia hipertensiva &#233; improv&#225;vel, pois a paciente n&#227;o apresentava hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. Quanto &#224; pericardite constrictiva, n&#227;o foram encontrados sinais, ao ecocardiograma, sugestivos dessa doen&#231;a, como varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria do fluxo mitral, movimento paradoxal do septo interventricular ou altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas do peric&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>O aumento da espessura das paredes do VE e a aus&#234;ncia de sinais de fibrose endoc&#225;rdica ao ecocardiograma como ecos an&#244;malos na regi&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, via de entrada e &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito, tornam o diagn&#243;stico de endomiocardiofibrose e hipereosinofilia idiop&#225;tica de Loeffler improv&#225;veis<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o topogr&#225;fica da cisticercose &#233; vari&#225;vel nos diferentes trabalhos. Contudo, h&#225; uma uniformidade relativa &#224; maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia das formas encef&#225;lica e muscular esquel&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>Os relatos na literatura s&#227;o controversos quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia da cisticercose card&#237;aca. Gobbi e cols.<sup>3</sup> e Lino e cols.<sup>4</sup> demonstraram cisticercos no cora&#231;&#227;o em 26% e 22% das necropsias com cisticercose, respectivamente, enquanto Vianna e cols. os encontraram em somente 8%<sup>5</sup>. A forma card&#237;aca pode causar altera&#231;&#227;o funcional diast&#243;lica, oligossintom&#225;tica na maioria das vezes<sup>3,6-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maior parte dos casos relatados na literatura de cisticercose mioc&#225;rdica consiste em estudos anatomopatol&#243;gicos em s&#233;ries de necropsias<sup>8</sup>, havendo poucos dados sobre a import&#226;ncia funcional dessas altera&#231;&#245;es e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>A paciente evoluiu com melhora cl&#237;nica significativa ap&#243;s tratamento espec&#237;fico para cardiomiopatia restritiva, sendo encaminhada para tratamento ambulatorial com cardiologista.</p>
    <p>A relev&#226;ncia do caso cl&#237;nico apresentado consiste na manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica expressiva de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca na cisticercose mioc&#225;rdica, n&#227;o havendo relatos na literatura de cardiomiopatia restritiva associada com essa doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, a literatura carece de dados sobre o ecocardiograma na cisticercose mioc&#225;rdica, sendo este caso ilustrativo dessas altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cisticercose card&#237;aca apresenta aspecto ecocardiogr&#225;fico peculiar e pode provocar expressiva manifesta&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo </p>
        <p> Rua Martag&#227;o Gesteira, 274/501 </p>
        <p> 40150-390 Salvador, BA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rodimorel@yahoo.com.br">rodimorel@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 14/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/07/05</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Restrictive cardiomyopathy due to myocardial cysticercosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>There is no description of cysticercosis affecting heart function. In the present report, the authors describe the case of a 46-year-old woman with cardiac cysticercosis and heart failure, presenting with echocardiographic findings suggestive of restrictive cardiomyopahy and myocardial microcalcifications suggestive of cardiac infiltration by the disease.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy due to myocardial cysticercosis </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo; Almiro Vieira de Melo Neto; Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio L. Corr&#234;a; Almiro Vieira de Melo Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA &#150; Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There is no description of cysticercosis affecting heart function. In the present report, the authors describe the case of a 46-year-old woman with cardiac cysticercosis and heart failure, presenting with echocardiographic findings suggestive of restrictive cardiomyopahy and myocardial microcalcifications suggestive of cardiac infiltration by the disease.</p>
      <p>Cysticercosis is a disease caused by an infestation of the larval form of <italic>Taenia solium</italic>. In human cysticercosis, the person is an accidental intermediate host. The infection is caused by the ingestion of eggs containing viable oncospheres that invade the intestine, enter the vasculatory system and lodge in tissues. The global prevalence of cysticercosis caused by <italic>cisticerco cellulosae</italic> has been estimated at three hundred thousand people<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although any organ or tissue can house the cysts, the most commonly affected areas are the brain, skeletal musculature and subcutaneous tissue. While the topic of neurocysticercosis has been documented in numerous reports, cardiac cysticercosis and particularly myocardial cysticercosis are rare and consequently few studies have been conducted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 46 year old female born in the city of Jacobina &#150; BA, with a history of seizures since 1970, believed to be caused from epilepsy, using phenobarbital on a regular basis. In 1996, a simple x-ray of soft tissues revealed microcalcifications (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig.1</xref>). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed a positive hemagglutination reaction of 1:4 for cysticercosis and a positive ELISA reaction for the detection of the antibody <italic>Cysticercus cellulosae</italic>. A CT scan of the brain revealed cerebral and right cerebellar calcifications which are also compatible with neurocysticercosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig.2</xref>). As such, the patient was diagnosed with neurocysticercosis.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0425-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0425-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In 1998 she began to present dyspnea while performing out-of-the-ordinary exertions and palpitations. An electrocardiogram revealed a sinus rhythm, strain on the left ventricle (LV), secondary alterations of repolarization and supraventricular ectopic activity.</p>
      <p>In 2001, the dyspnea progressed to ordinary exertions, fatigue, edema in the lower limbs, ascites and hepatomegaly. The Doppler echocardiogram revealed normal LV systolic function and restrictive diastolic impairment. The Doppler did not reveal any mitral valve respiratory flow variations and there was no paradoxal movement of the interventricular septum. The unusual aspect of the diffusion of myocardial microcalcifications in both ventricles called attention, in view of the aspect of other sites attacked by the disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27414f3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). Additionally, a concentric increase in the LV wall thickness was observed and slight dilation of the left atrium.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_27414f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0425-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A hemodynamic study and angiocardiography showed normal coronaries. The diagnosis was therefore confirmed as diastolic heart failure as a result of restrictive cardiomyopathy and due to the pattern of calcification is probably secondary to myocardial cysticercosis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The clinical picture presented by the patient starting in 2001 indicated a syndromic diagnosis of heart failure. The Doppler echocardiogram revealed alterations compatible with a restrictive cardiomyopathy and presence of microcalcifications suggestive of cysticercosis. In this case a myocardial biopsy was not performed to confirm the diagnosis, however, the lesions found on the echocardiogram are very suggestive of cysticercosis since they correspond to the calcification pattern in other areas.</p>
      <p>There are other possible causes of the diastolic impairment that could be suggested, such as: hypertensive heart disease, constrictive pericarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis and Loeffler's idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.</p>
      <p>Hypertensive heart disease is unlikely since the patient did not present a prior history of systemic hypertension. In reference to constrictive pericarditis, the Doppler echocardiogram did not reveal any indicative signs of this disease, such as mitral valve respiratory flow variations, paradoxal movement of the interventricular septum or morphological alterations of the pericardium.</p>
      <p>The increased thickness of the LV walls and the absence of signs of endocardial fibrosis on the echocardiogram, such as abnormal echoes in the left ventricle apical region, inflow pathway or apex of the right ventricle did not substantiate a diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis or Loeffler's idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The distribution of topographic locations of cysticercosis varies among different papers on the subject. Nevertheless, there is a relative consensus that the encephalic and muscular skeletal forms have a greater prevalence.</p>
      <p>Reports in medical literature are controversial regarding the prevalence of cardiac cysticercosis. Gobbi et al<sup>3</sup> and Lino et al<sup>.4</sup> discovered cysticerci in the hearts of 26% and 22% of cysticercosis autopsies, respectively, while Vianna et al. discovered them in only 8%<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cardiac variety can cause functional diastolic alteration which is a minor symptom in the majority of cases<sup>3,6-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most cases related in medical literature of myocardial cysticercosis consist of anatomical pathological studies of autopsy<sup>8</sup> series and there are few data about the functional importance of these alterations and clinical evolution of these patients' condition.</p>
      <p>The patient's condition progressed with significant clinical improvement after specific treatment for restrictive cardiomyopathy and was referred to a cardiologist for outpatient treatment.</p>
      <p>The relevance of this clinical case is the significant clinical manifestation of cardiac disease in the case of myocardial cysticercosis; there are no documented cases in medical literature of restrictive cardiomyopathy associated with this disease. Additionally, medical literature lacks data about echocardiograms for myocardial cysticercosis and this case illustrates these alterations. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Cardiac cysticercosis presents an unusual echocardiograph aspect and can provoke a significant manifestation of diastolic heart failure. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Rodrigo Morel Vieira de Melo</p>
          <p> Rua Martag&#227;o Gesteira, 274/501</p>
          <p> 40150-390 Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="rodimorel@yahoo.com.br">rodimorel@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 01/14/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 07/01/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
