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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">j3RCzrq9kwzGd83pXB4yPpj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001900008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001900008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hiperplasia supra-renal cong&#234;nita por defici&#234;ncia de 11-&#223;-hidroxilase</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tosatti J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Ramires</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Haroldo Silva de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tosatti</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aparecida de Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Bernardo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Goi&#226;nia</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>421</fpage>
      <lpage>424</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Este artigo tem o objetivo de relatar o diagn&#243;stico e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de um paciente de 15 anos portador de uma disfun&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita da esteroideog&#234;nese adrenal, que pode apresentar-se como hipertens&#227;o arterial de diagn&#243;stico muitas vezes tardio (adolesc&#234;ncia), viriliza&#231;&#227;o ou formas perdedoras de sal (nascimento e inf&#226;ncia).</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hiperplasia supra-renal cong&#234;nita por defici&#234;ncia de 11-&#223;-hidroxilase</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ramires Tosatti J&#250;nior; Haroldo Silva de Souza; Alexandre Tosatti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Geral de Goi&#226;nia e Hospital S&#227;o Bernardo - Goi&#226;nia, GO &#150; Aparecida de Goi&#226;nia, GO </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo tem o objetivo de relatar o diagn&#243;stico e a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de um paciente de 15 anos portador de uma disfun&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita da esteroideog&#234;nese adrenal, que pode apresentar-se como hipertens&#227;o arterial de diagn&#243;stico muitas vezes tardio (adolesc&#234;ncia), viriliza&#231;&#227;o ou formas perdedoras de sal (nascimento e inf&#226;ncia).</p>
    <p>Hiperplasia adrenal cong&#234;nita, devido a inabilidade de s&#237;ntese de cortisol, freq&#252;entemente apresenta-se clinicamente por sinais de excesso androg&#234;nico (masculiniza&#231;&#227;o da genit&#225;lia externa feminina). Alguns pacientes tamb&#233;m desenvolvem sinais e sintomas decorrentes da defici&#234;ncia de aldosterona como hiponatremia, hipercalemia e hipovolemia, levando, se n&#227;o tratados, ao choque e morte ap&#243;s algumas semanas de vida. Entretanto, somente ap&#243;s a d&#233;cada de 50, foi reconhecido que uma pequena porcentagem desses pacientes desenvolvem hipertens&#227;o, sens&#237;vel a terapia glicocortic&#243;ide. Esta subpopula&#231;&#227;o era acometida por um dist&#250;rbio metab&#243;lico distinto, a defici&#234;ncia de 11-&#223;-hidroxilase; enquanto pacientes sem hipertens&#227;o apresentavam a bem conhecida defici&#234;ncia de 21-hidroxilase.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DO CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Adolescente, quinze anos, masculino, pardo, deu entrada no setor de emerg&#234;ncia (HUGO &#150; Hospital de Urg&#234;ncias de Goi&#226;nia) com quadro s&#250;bito de cefal&#233;ia parietal intensa acompanhada de tonturas, ptose palpebral e desvio de rima labial, ambos &#224; esquerda. Constatou-se pico hipertensivo (press&#227;o arterial de 250x160 mmHg em membro superior direito, paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal) e realizou-se tomografia computadorizada axial de cr&#226;nio, evidenciando hemorragia intraparenquimatosa e periventricular &#224; esquerda, sem efeito de massa nas estruturas adjacentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0421-00008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Ap&#243;s medica&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica, foi referenciado ao setor de terapia intensiva de um hospital de apoio (Hospital S&#227;o Bernardo &#150; Aparecida de Goi&#226;nia/GO). Na sua hist&#243;ria pregressa, pai relatava desenvolvimento infantil normal at&#233; os tr&#234;s anos, quando passou a apresentar ginecomastia, pubarca e axilarca precoces, al&#233;m de acne aos seis anos de idade.</p>
    <p>Exame cl&#237;nico de entrada: acian&#243;tico, eupn&#233;ico, corado, hidratado, afebril. Acne em tronco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>), por&#231;&#227;o proximal de membros e face (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). Na interna&#231;&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva, apresentava-se com press&#227;o arterial de 190x125 mmHg (sob prote&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa de nifedipina oral) e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 77 batimentos por minuto. Tire&#243;ide impalp&#225;vel. <italic>Ictus cordis</italic> desviado para esquerda, palp&#225;vel no 7o espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, no n&#237;vel da linha axilar anterior. Ritmo card&#237;aco regular, em dois tempos, com bulhas hiperfon&#233;ticas, sem sopros ou extra-s&#237;stoles. Aparelho respirat&#243;rio sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Aus&#234;ncia de visceromegalias aparentes ou "sopros" em regi&#227;o abdominal. Membros inferiores sem edemas. Discreta disartria, ptose palpebral e desvio fixo de rima labial (ambos para esquerda). T&#244;nus, for&#231;a muscular, reflexos superficiais e profundos inalterados. Pupilas isoc&#243;ricas e fotorreagentes. Altura: 1,85 m, Peso: 61,7 kg e IMC: 18,02. Envergadura: 1,83 m, P&#233;-P&#250;bis: 94 cm. Est&#225;gio puberal: p&#234;los pubianos (est&#225;gio V de Tanner), genit&#225;lia (est&#225;gio V de Tanner). Exames laboratoriais de entrada - Ht = 39,8%; Hm = 4,35tera/l; Hb = 14g/dl; VCM = 91fl, HCM = 32,18pg; CHCM = 35,18g/dl; RDW = 14%. Leuco: 6500 MI/ME/BA/SEG 0/0/1/62 BAS/EOS/ LINF/MON 0/5/26/6; U = 60; Cr = 1,3; Na+ = 136; K+ = 3,0; Ca++ = 10,6; Mg++ = 2,4; TGO = 31; TGP = 27; TP = 12,5s; AP = 100%; colesterol = 148; HDL = 38; LDL = 96; VLDL = 13,2. Exame de urina tipo I: cristais de &#225;c. &#250;rico +++; Clearance de creatinina (urina de 24h): 49 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>; Protein&#250;ria de 24h: 442 mg. Eletrocardiograma: ritmo sinusal, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e radiografia de t&#243;rax: cardiomegalia.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0421-00008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0421-00008-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><bold>Evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold> - internado no setor de terapia intensiva por dez dias, recebendo nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio venoso pela maior parte do tempo, associado a anti-hipertensivos orais. Solicitado exames: ACTH: 498 (N &lt; 60 pg/ml); 11-deoxicortisol: 41 (N: 0 a 0,8 ng/ml); androstenediona: 28 (N: 0,4 a 2 ng/ml); testosterona total: 789 (N: 241 a 827 ng/dl); testosterona livre: 22 (N: 0,3 a 21 pg/ml); 17-OH progesterona: 109 (N: 50 a 300 ng/dl); DHEA-S: 421 (N: 4 a 68 mg/dl); cortisol 8h: 3,5 (N: 4,3 a 25 mg/dl) fechando o diagn&#243;stico de hiperplasia supra-renal cong&#234;nita por defici&#234;ncia de 11-b hidroxilase. Prescritos dois anti-hipertensivos orais (nifedipina e enalapril), dexametasona 0,5 mg oral/dia e fisioterapia motora al&#233;m da dieta hiposs&#243;dica.</p>
    <p>Evoluiu com regress&#227;o total do quadro neurol&#243;gico (sem seq&#252;elas aparentes) e da acne, com manuten&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos recebendo alta ap&#243;s quatorze dias do in&#237;cio do quadro.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este caso cl&#237;nico nos mostra les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;osalvo, tanto agudas (dist&#250;rbio vascular hemorr&#225;gico) como cr&#244;nicas (insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica classe III), decorrentes de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados sugerindo, causa secund&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Devemos lembrar de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS) secund&#225;ria em: in&#237;cio &lt; 30 ou &gt; 50 anos; HAS grave ou resistente &#224; terap&#234;utica; tr&#237;ade de feocromocitoma; massas ou sopros abdominais; assimetria de pulsos femorais; creatinina s&#233;rica elevada; f&#225;rmacos; hipopotassemia espont&#226;nea (K<sup>+</sup>&lt;3,0 mEq/l); EAS anormal (hemat&#250;ria ou protein&#250;ria); f&#225;cies (acromegalia, Cushing, hipertireoidismo)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os sinais cl&#237;nicos que sugeriam altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais como causa base de todo processo foram a presen&#231;a de acne e pubarca em fase precoce, com ginecomastia denotando est&#237;mulo androg&#234;nico excessivo; associados a n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos elevados e hipocalemia (sugestiva de excesso mineralocortic&#243;ide circulante).</p>
    <p><bold>Bioqu&#237;mica da bioss&#237;ntese ester&#243;ide adrenal</bold> - O cortisol &#233; um horm&#244;nio sintetizado a partir do colesterol na zona fasciculada do c&#243;rtex da adrenal. Esse processo requer cinco convers&#245;es enzim&#225;ticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">fig. 4</xref>). Na convers&#227;o de 11-deoxicortisol em cortisol h&#225; a participa&#231;&#227;o de um subtipo da enzima 11b-hidroxilase, encontrada sob duas isoformas: CYP11B1 e CYP11B2. Essas isoenzimas s&#227;o citocromos P450 mitocondriais localizados na face interna de suas membranas, sendo a isoenzima CYP11B1 respons&#225;vel por esse mecanismo<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0421-00008-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><bold>Defici&#234;ncia de 11-b</bold><bold>-hidroxilase</bold> - Hiperplasia adrenal cong&#234;nita por incapacidade de s&#237;ntese de cortisol em geral se apresenta clinicamente com sinais de excesso androg&#234;nico, como masculiniza&#231;&#227;o da genit&#225;lia externa feminina ou puberdade precoce no sexo masculino.</p>
    <p>Os primeiros relatos da defici&#234;ncia dessa isoenzima aconteceram na d&#233;cada de 1950<sup>3,4</sup>. A defici&#234;ncia de 11-b-hidroxilase constitui 5% a 8% das causas de hiperplasia adrenal cong&#234;nita, com incid&#234;ncia de aproximadamente um caso a cada cem mil nascidos vivos<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem certos defeitos incomuns na esteroideog&#234;nese que resultam na s&#237;ntese exagerada de precursores enzim&#225;ticos adrenais, especialmente a 11-desoxicortisol, induzindo a hipertens&#227;o por mineralocortic&#243;ides. A redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de glicocortic&#243;ides resulta em um ineficaz <italic>feedback</italic> negativo no hipot&#225;lamo e pituit&#225;ria anterior, causando secre&#231;&#227;o excessiva de ACTH. Esse estimula excessivamente o c&#243;rtex da supra-renal com superprodu&#231;&#227;o de precursores proximais do cortisol. Tais precursores possuem atividade mineralocortic&#243;ide, levando a eleva&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, entre outras anormalidades.</p>
    <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico laboratorial</bold> - O diagn&#243;stico espec&#237;fico da defici&#234;ncia de 11-b-hidroxilase pode ser feito atrav&#233;s de n&#237;veis basais altos de deoxicorticosterona e/ou11-deoxicortisol s&#233;ricos ou aumento da excre&#231;&#227;o de tetrahidrometab&#243;litos desses compostos na urina de 24 horas. Tal diagn&#243;stico deve ser suspeitado em pacientes com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ACTH elevados tr&#234;s vezes ou mais acima do percentil 95 previsto para a idade. Apesar de a maioria apresentar eleva&#231;&#227;o de todos esses horm&#244;nios, uma pequena parcela pode apresentar eleva&#231;&#227;o seletiva de apenas um deles.</p>
    <p><bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold> - Hipertens&#227;o arterial: aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de defici&#234;ncia de 11-b-hidroxilase possuem hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>6</sup>, geralmente apresentando-se nos primeiros anos de vida. Apesar de a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ser leve a moderada na maioria dos casos, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e/ou retinopatia hipertensiva tem sido observadas em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes, al&#233;m de mortes por acidente cerebrovascular. Outros sinais de excesso mineralocortic&#243;ide, como hipocalemia ou fraqueza muscular, ocorrem em uma minoria de pacientes e n&#227;o s&#227;o correlacionados com os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. A causa da hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; bem esclarecida. Talvez ocorra por excesso de deoxicorticosterona s&#233;rica<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p><bold>Perda de sal</bold> - Ainda que a hipertens&#227;o arterial seja o marco cl&#225;ssico da defici&#234;ncia de 11-b-hidroxilase, ocasionalmente, durante a inf&#226;ncia, alguns pacientes podem desenvolver sinais de defici&#234;ncia mineralocortic&#243;ide, como hipocalemia, hiponatremia e hipovolemia. Em alguns casos, &#233; explicado pela terapia glicocortic&#243;ide. Em outros, essa defici&#234;ncia mineralocortic&#243;ide acontece antes do tratamento por mecanismos ainda n&#227;o bem conhecidos, atribu&#237;dos &#224; perda da sensibilidade perif&#233;rica a esses metab&#243;litos<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p><bold>Viriliza&#231;&#227;o</bold> - Rec&#233;m-nascidos do sexo feminino portadores de defici&#234;ncia de 11-b-hidroxilase j&#225; apresentam algum grau de viriliza&#231;&#227;o ao nascimento. Esse processo inicia-se a partir da sexta semana de gesta&#231;&#227;o. Clitoromegalia pode ser severa ao ponto de dificultar distin&#231;&#227;o com p&#234;nis<sup>6-8</sup>. Meato uretral e abertura genital se deslocam anteriormente e podem fundir-se no sino urogenital. Pode haver fus&#227;o dos grandes l&#225;bios, em casos graves, indiferenci&#225;veis da bolsa escrotal masculina.</p>
    <p>Em contraste com a genit&#225;lia externa, g&#244;nadas e estruturas internas (tubas ovarianas, &#250;tero e c&#233;rvice) derivados dos ductos de M&#252;ller est&#227;o preservados, pois a subst&#226;ncia que normalmente causa a involu&#231;&#227;o dessas estruturas nos homens (fator inibidor m&#252;lleriano) n&#227;o &#233; produzido pelo ov&#225;rio fetal.</p>
    <p>Outros sinais de excesso andr&#243;geno incluem r&#225;pido crescimento som&#225;tico na inf&#226;ncia e fechamento precoce da ep&#237;fise do esqueleto (baixa estatura). Tal fato n&#227;o foi observado no paciente relatado em raz&#227;o da alta estatura de seus pais. Pode haver amenorr&#233;ia ou baixa espermatog&#234;nese por disfun&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipotal&#226;micopituit&#225;rio-gonadal, al&#233;m de hirsutismo e acne.</p>
    <p><bold>Tratamento</bold> - Terapia glicocortic&#243;ide: a administra&#231;&#227;o glicocortic&#243;ide rep&#245;e d&#233;ficit de cortisol e reduz a secre&#231;&#227;o de ACTH. Tal terapia deve ser avaliada pela observa&#231;&#227;o da curva de crescimento, avan&#231;o da idade &#243;ssea, andrarca e mensura&#231;&#227;o de andr&#243;genos precursores do cortisol como a 4-androstenediona. Hidrocortisona oral &#233; a terapia de escolha na inf&#226;ncia. Se j&#225; houver fechamento de ep&#237;fises, o regime terap&#234;utico pode ser mudado para prednisona ou dexametasona.</p>
    <p><bold>Terapia anti-hipertensiva</bold> - Espironolactona ou amlorida para corrigir hipocalemia e tratar hipertens&#227;o leve (n&#227;o presentes neste caso). Se esses agentes n&#227;o forem suficientes, ou na aus&#234;ncia desses, bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio como nifedipina ou verapamil podem ser usados<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal pode ser realizado atrav&#233;s da dosagem de 11-deoxicortisol no fluido amni&#243;tico<sup>10</sup> e corre&#231;&#227;o da genit&#225;lia amb&#237;gua atrav&#233;s de procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Alexandre Tosatti </p>
        <p> Al. dos Jatob&#225;s S/N - Qd. 19 - Lt.8 </p>
        <p> 74351-018 Goi&#226;nia, GO </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aletosatti@yahoo.com">aletosatti@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 12/11/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/07/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The objective of this article is to relate the diagnostic and clinical evolution of a 15 year old patient with a congenital adrenal steroidogenesis dysfunction that can present as hypertension diagnosed later in life (adolescence), virilization or salt wasting (birth and childhood).</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ramires Tosatti J&#250;nior; Haroldo Silva de Souza; Alexandre Tosatti</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Geral de Goi&#226;nia e Hospital S&#227;o Bernardo - Goi&#226;nia, GO <italic>&#150;</italic> Aparecida de Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The objective of this article is to relate the diagnostic and clinical evolution of a 15 year old patient with a congenital adrenal steroidogenesis dysfunction that can present as hypertension diagnosed later in life (adolescence), virilization or salt wasting (birth and childhood).</p>
      <p>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, due to the inability to synthesize cortisol, frequently presents clinically by signs of androgen overproduction (masculinization of the female external genitalia). Some patients also develop signs and symptoms due to aldosterone deficiency such as hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and hypovolemia, that if left untreated lead to shock and death after a few weeks of life. However, it was only after the 1950's that it was recognized that a small percentage of these patients develop hypertension that responds to glucocorticoid therapy. This subpopulation were affected by a distinct metabolic disorder, the 11-&#223; hydroxylase deficiency; while patients without hypertension presented the well known deficiency of 21-hydroxylase.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A fifteen year old male mulatto adolescent was admitted to the Goi&#226;nia Urgent Care Hospital (GOUH) emergency ward due to a sudden severe parietal headache attack, vertigo, and ptosis of the eyelid and an asymmetrical smile both on the left side of the face. A hypertensive peak was recorded (blood pressure 250 over 160 mmHg in upper right limb with the patient supine). A computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) of the cranium was performed which showed intraparenchymal and left periventricular hemorrhaging but no surrounding mass effect was reported (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0421-00008-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>After the administration of symptomatic medication, he was transferred to the intensive care unit of the S&#227;o Bernardo Hospital (Aparecida de Goi&#226;nia/GO). His past medical history given by his father described normal childhood development up to age three when he began to present gynecomasty, precocious puberty and early development of axillary hair as well as acne at age six.</p>
      <p>Admission medical exam: acyanotic, eupneic, flushed, hydrated, no fever. Acne on the upper torso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">fig. 2</xref>), near arms and face (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">fig. 3</xref>). When admitted to the intensive care unit, his blood pressure was 190 over 125 mmHg (controlled by oral nifedipine treatment) and a heart rate of 77 beats per minute. Thyroid impalpable. Heartbeat displaced to the left, palpable in the left 7th intercostal space, located near the axilla anterior wall. Normal heart rhythm, in two beats, with hyperresonant sounds, no murmurs or extra-systole. Respiratory system normal. No visceromegalies or bruits detected in the abdominal region. No edema in the lower limbs. Discrete dysarthria, ptosis of the eyelids and asymmetrical smile (both on the left side of the face). Normal muscle tone and strength. Superficial and deep tendon reflexes normal. Isochorich pupils, reacting to light. Height: 1.85 m Weight: 61.7 kg. BMI: 18.02. Arm span: 1.83 m. Crotch Height: 94 cm. Puberty Stage: pubic hair (Tanner Stage 5), genitalia (Tanner Stage 5).</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0421-00008-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0421-00008-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Admission laboratory tests - Hct = 39.8%; RBC = 4.35tera/l; Hgb = 14g/dl; MCV = 91fl, MCH = 32.18pg; MCHC = 35.18g/dl; RDW = 14%. WBC: 6500; MY/ME/ BA/SEG 0/0/1/62; BAS/EOS/LYMP/MON 0/5/26/6; U = 60; Cr = 1.3; Na+ = 136; K+ = 3.0; Ca++ = 10.6; Mg++ = 2.4; GOT = 31; GPT = 27; PT = 12.5s; Factor II = 100%; Cholesterol = 148; HDL = 38; LDL = 96; VLDL = 13.2; Routine urine test: uric acid crystals +++; 24-hour urine creatine clearance: 49 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>; 24-hour urine protein test: 442 mg; EKG: Sinus rhythm, strain on left ventricle; Chest x-ray: cardiomegaly.</p>
      <p>Clinical progression: Admitted to the intensive care unit for ten days. Intravenous nitroprusside and oral hypertension medications were administered during most of the stay. The following tests were requested: ACTH: 498 (N &lt; 60 pg/ml); 11-deoxycortisol: 41 (N: 0 to 0.8 ng/ml); Androstenedione: 28 (N: 0.4 to 2 ng/ml); Total testosterone: 789 (N: 241 to 827 ng/dl); Free testosterone: 22 (N: 0.3 to 21 pg/ml); 17-OH progesterone: 109 (N: 50 to 300 ng/dl); DHEA-S: 421 (N: 4 to 68 mg/dl); 8H Cortisol: 3.5 (N: 4.3 to 25 mg/dl).</p>
      <p>The test results confirmed the diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-b-hydroxylase deficiency. Two oral antihypertensive medications (nifedipine and enalapril) as well as a 0.5 mg daily oral dosage of dexamethasone, physiotherapy to improve motor skills and a low sodium diet were prescribed.</p>
      <p>The patient responded to the treatment with a total recuperation of the neurological symptoms (without any apparent relapses), the acne healed and blood pressure levels were maintained within a reasonable range. The patient was discharged fourteen days after the initial episode.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This case demonstrated lesions of target organs, both acute (vascular hemorrhage disorder) and chronic (class III chronic renal insufficiency) due to elevated blood pressure levels indicating a secondary cause.</p>
      <p>Hypertension should be treated as a secondary cause in the following situations<sup>1</sup>: Onset &lt; 30 or &gt; 50 years; Hypertension: severe or resistant to therapy; Pheochromocytoma triad; Abdominal masses or bruits; Asymmetric femoral pulses; Elevated creatine serum levels; Prescription drugs; Spontaneous hypokalemia (K<sup>+</sup>&lt;3.0 mEq/l); Abnormal urine sediment elements (hematuria or proteinuria); Facies (acromegaly, Cushing , hyperthyroidism).</p>
      <p>The clinical signs that suggested hormonal imbalance as the basis of the entire process were the early appearance of acne and precocious puberty as well as gynecomasty indicating an overproduction of androgen that is associated with high blood pressure and hypokalemia (indicating an excessive circulation of mineralocorticoids).</p>
      <p>Biochemistry of adrenal steroid biosynthesis - Cortisol is a hormone that is synthesized from cholesterol in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. This process requires five enzyme conversions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">fig. 4</xref>). During the conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol a subtype of the enzyme 11-b-hydroxylase is involved. This enzyme has two isoforms: CYP11B1 and CYP11B2. These isoenzymes are mitochondrial P450 cytochrome enzymes which are located on the inner face of the membrane and the isoenzyme CYP11B1 is responsible for this process<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0421-00008-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>11-b-hydroxylase deficiency - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is caused by a defect in the cortisol synthesis process. Generally speaking, patients with this deficiency present signs of androgen overproduction such as virilization of the external genitalia in females or early puberty in males.</p>
      <p>The first cases of this isoenzyme deficiency were reported in the 1950's<sup>3,4</sup>. The 11-b-hydroxylase deficiency accounts for 5%-8% of the causes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, with a prevalence of approximately one case in every one hundred thousand live births<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are certain uncommon defects in the steroido-genesis that results in an exaggerated synthesis of adrenal enzyme precursors, particularly 11-deoxycortisol, inducing hypertension caused by mineralocorticoids. The reduced production of glucocorticoids results in an ineffective negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland, leading to an increased secretion of ACTH. This overstimulates the adrenal cortex and produces an excess of proximal cortisol precursors. These precursors have mineralocorticoid activity leading to high blood pressure among other abnormalities.</p>
      <p>Laboratory diagnosis <bold>-</bold> The specific diagnosis of 11-b-hydroxylase deficiency can be determined using the high basal levels of deoxycorticosterone and/or 11-deoxycortisol serums or by the increased excretion of the tetra-hydrometabolites found in these compounds during a 24-hour urine test. This diagnosis should be suspected in patients with ACTH serum levels that are three or more times higher than the 95th percentile predicted for the patient's age. Even though the majority present elevated levels of all of these hormones, a small portion could present a selective elevation of just one hormone.</p>
      <p>Clinical presentation - Hypertension: Approximately two thirds of the patients diagnosed with 11-b-hydroxylase deficiency have hypertension<sup>6</sup>, which is generally detected during the first few years of life. Even though blood pressure is only slightly to moderately elevated in the majority of cases, left ventricular hypertrophy and/or hypertensive retinopathy has been detected in one third of the patients as well as death caused by stroke. Other signs of excessive mineralocorticoids such as hypokalemia or muscle weakness are seen in a minority of patients and are not correlated to blood pressure levels. The cause of hypertension is not clear. It could possibly be due to an excess of deoxycorticosterone serum<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Salt loss<bold><italic>-</italic></bold> Even though hypertension is the classic sign of 11-b-hydroxylase deficiency, occasionally during childhood some patients can develop signs of mineralocorticoid deficiency such as hypokalemia, hyponatremia and hypovolemia. The explanation in some cases is glucocorticoid therapy. In other cases this mineralocorticoid deficiency appears before treatment due to mechanisms that are still in the discovery stages and are attributed to the loss of peripheral sensitivity to these metabolites<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Virilization <bold><italic>-</italic></bold> New-born females with 11-b-hydroxylase deficiency present some degree of virilization at birth. This process starts from the sixth week of gestation. Clitoromegaly can be so severe that it may be mistaken for a penis<sup>6-8</sup>. The urinary meatus and genital opening are displaced to the front and can blend into the urogenital sinus. In extreme cases the labia may be fused presenting no differences from a masculine scrotum.</p>
      <p>Unlike the external genitalia, gonads and internal structures (ovarian tubes, uterus and cervix) that are derivatives of the Mullerian ducts are preserved since the substance that normally causes the involution of these structures in men (mullerian inhibiting factor) is not produced by the fetal ovary.</p>
      <p>Other signs of androgen overproduction include rapid somatic growth during childhood and early closing of the skeleton epiphysis (short stature). This was not noted in the related patient due to the tall stature of his parents. There could be amenorrhea or low spermatogenesis due to the dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis as well as hirsutism and acne.</p>
      <p>Treatment - Glucocorticoid therapy<bold><italic>-</italic></bold> Glucocorticoid administration restores the cortisol deficit and reduces the secretion of ACTH. This therapy should be evaluated by monitoring the growth curve, bone age advancement, adrenarche and measurements of cortisol androgen precursors such as 4-androstenedione. Oral hydrocortisone is the preferred therapy during childhood. If the epiphysis closing is complete, the therapeutic treatment could be changed to prednisone or dexamethasone.</p>
      <p>Hypertension Therapy <bold><italic>-</italic></bold> Spironolactone or amiloride can be used to correct hypokalemia and treat slight hypertension (not present in this case). If these agents do not prove to be sufficient or they are not available calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine or verapamil can be used<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>A prenatal diagnosis can be made by injecting a dose of 11-deoxycortisol into the amniotic fluid<sup>10</sup> . Ambiguous genitalia can be corrected with surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Alexandre Tosatti</p>
          <p> Al. dos Jatob&#225;s S/N - Qd. 19 - Lt.8</p>
          <p> 74351-018 Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="aletosatti@yahoo.com">aletosatti@yahoo.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 11/12/03</p>
      <p> Accepted on 07/01/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
