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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Qhy7txDvkyGzSfWCqhJpNQB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001900007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001900007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Procedimento combinado entre opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e endarterectomia de car&#243;tida: an&#225;lise dos resultados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucas</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonamigo</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weber</surname>
            <given-names>Elton Luiz Schmidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lucchese</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>412</fpage>
      <lpage>420</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da cirurgia combinada (endarterectomia carot&#237;dea e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio) em pacientes com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea e coron&#225;ria concomitante. M&#201;TODOS: Os autores revisam 49 trabalhos que descrevem v&#225;rios aspectos sobre a cirurgia combinada em um total de 4.788 pacientes, analisando eventos precoces no per&#237;odo peri-operat&#243;rio. RESULTADOS: As taxas globais de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e mortalidade foram, respectivamente, de 4,3%; 2,2%; e 4,2%. Para os trabalhos mais recentes (entre 1990-2000), a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC foi significativamente inferior &#224;quela obtida por trabalhos publicados anteriormente (entre 1972-1989) (4,1% x 10,2%; p &lt; 0,05). Neste mesmo levantamento, os &#237;ndices de AVC p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram maiores nos artigos que continham uma amostra pequena (n &lt; 50) que naqueles trabalhos com uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior (n &gt; 100) (7,2% x 3,9%; p &lt; 0,05), denotando o impacto da experi&#234;ncia dos cirurgi&#245;es sobre os resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em suma, acreditamos que a cirurgia combinada &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz quando realizado por cirurgi&#245;es experientes e qualificados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>endarterectomia carot&#237;dea</kwd>
        <kwd>revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>revis&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Procedimento combinado entre opera&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e endarterectomia de car&#243;tida. An&#225;lise dos resultados</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s Lucas; Telmo Pedro Bonamigo; Elton Luiz Schmidt Weber; Fernando Ant&#244;nio Lucchese</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Santa Casa de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar os resultados da cirurgia combinada (endarterectomia carot&#237;dea e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio) em pacientes com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea e coron&#225;ria concomitante. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Os autores revisam 49 trabalhos que descrevem v&#225;rios aspectos sobre a cirurgia combinada em um total de 4.788 pacientes, analisando eventos precoces no per&#237;odo peri-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>As taxas globais de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e mortalidade foram, respectivamente, de 4,3%; 2,2%; e 4,2%. Para os trabalhos mais recentes (entre 1990-2000), a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC foi significativamente inferior &#224;quela obtida por trabalhos publicados anteriormente (entre 1972-1989) (4,1% x 10,2%; p &lt; 0,05). Neste mesmo levantamento, os &#237;ndices de AVC p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram maiores nos artigos que continham uma amostra pequena (n &lt; 50) que naqueles trabalhos com uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior (n &gt; 100) (7,2% x 3,9%; p &lt; 0,05), denotando o impacto da experi&#234;ncia dos cirurgi&#245;es sobre os resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Em suma, acreditamos que a cirurgia combinada &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz quando realizado por cirurgi&#245;es experientes e qualificados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>endarterectomia carot&#237;dea, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, revis&#227;o</p>
    <p> As indica&#231;&#245;es para a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (RM) e para a endarterectomia de car&#243;tida (EC) isoladas est&#227;o bem estabelecidas na literatura corrente<sup>1-4</sup>. Cerca de 8% a 14% dos pacientes que s&#227;o submetidos a RM possuem estenose carot&#237;dea significativa (&gt; 70%), e quase metade dos pacientes submetidos a EC tem certo grau de coronariopatia<sup>5-7</sup>, sendo controverso o manejo cir&#250;rgico desses doentes<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rias t&#225;ticas e t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias para o tratamento de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva e doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea associadas, sendo as mais descritas na literatura a cirurgia <italic>combinada</italic> (os procedimentos s&#227;o realizados sob a mesma anestesia), a cirurgia <italic>simult&#226;nea</italic> (sincr&#244;nica ou concomitante), em que h&#225; participa&#231;&#227;o de duas equipes cir&#250;rgicas ao mesmo tempo, e a cirurgia <italic>seq&#252;encial</italic>, sendo realizada primeiro a EC ou a RM em um mesmo tempo anest&#233;sico para ambas; a cirurgia <italic>estagiada</italic>, em que a EC precede a RM; e, por fim, a cirurgia <italic>estagiada reversa</italic>, em que se opta por realizar a cirurgia card&#237;aca primeiro, postergandose a corre&#231;&#227;o do defeito carot&#237;deo por alguns dias, at&#233; recupera&#231;&#227;o da primeira cirurgia<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o esteja definida uma superioridade entre os resultados da cirurgia combinada e estagiada, grande parte dos cirurgi&#245;es vasculares e cardiovasculares prop&#245;e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento combinado<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo da nossa revis&#227;o &#233; abordar aspectos do perfil cl&#237;nico desses pacientes, indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, t&#225;ticas e t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias, resultados e complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;soperat&#243;rio a respeito da cirurgia combinada em pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica avan&#231;ada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na maioria das vezes, os pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica nos dois setores arteriais (carot&#237;deo e coronariano) s&#227;o indiv&#237;duos de idade avan&#231;ada, portadores de fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica como hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, dislipidemia e diabetes. A maioria &#233; obesa, sedent&#225;ria, com hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para coronariopatia e hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de algum evento neurol&#243;gico ou cardiovascular. Em suma, esses pacientes merecem aten&#231;&#227;o e cuidados redobrados no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio, pois s&#227;o mais propensos a desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es graves ap&#243;s a cirurgia, como acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e morte.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes &#233; de 65 anos, sendo a preval&#234;ncia no sexo masculino at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes maior que no feminino<sup>12,13</sup>. Alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que pacientes com idade maior ou igual a 75 anos t&#234;m maior probabilidade de desenvolver AVC p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, quando comparado a pacientes com idade inferior a 65 anos<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de cada fator de risco est&#225; representada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref><sup>12-25</sup>. A faixa de varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores demonstra a heterogeneidade das amostras dos diversos estudos, e hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo foram os fatores mais freq&#252;entes. Al&#233;m disso, o grau de aterosclerose sist&#234;mica pode ser evidenciado tamb&#233;m pela freq&#252;&#234;ncia da arteriopatia perif&#233;rica nesses pacientes<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0412-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria cardiol&#243;gica &#233; um dado importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria dos pacientes a serem submetidos ao procedimento combinado. Os &#237;ndices de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pr&#233;vio &#224; cirurgia podem variar de 41% a 67%<sup>8,16</sup>. Cerca de 20% a 30% dos pacientes sofrem de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>16,17 </sup>e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de angina inst&#225;vel est&#225; entre 20% e 67%<sup>7,9</sup>. A maioria dos pacientes anginosos (70% a 75%) encontra-se nas classes III e IV, segundo a NYHA (<italic>New York Heart Association</italic>)<sup>12,15,16</sup>. No estudo angiogr&#225;fico pr&#233;operat&#243;rio, cerca de 60% a 80% dos doentes possuem les&#227;o de tr&#234;s vasos coronarianos e de tronco principal esquerdo<sup>10,18</sup>. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 50% pode estar presente em at&#233; 72% dos pacientes<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, os pacientes podem apresentar sintomas pr&#233;vios em at&#233; 70% dos casos<sup>16</sup>, sendo acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), o acidente neurol&#243;gico prolongado revers&#237;vel (ANPR) e a amaurose fugaz presentes em 20%-60%, at&#233; 16% e at&#233; 8%, respectivamente<sup>8,9,19</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o acidente vascular cerebral permanente (AVC) foi previamente diagnosticado em cerca de 20% dos pacientes em algumas casu&#237;sticas<sup>16,18,26,27</sup>. O grau de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea tamb&#233;m foi outro fator bem estudado. Desse modo, a m&#233;dia de estenose, em alguns estudos, ultrapassou 85%<sup>18,26</sup>. A les&#227;o significativa bilateral chega a estar presente em 60% a 90% dos casos<sup>14,16</sup>. Les&#227;o contralateral significativa chega a uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre 20% e 40%<sup>7,12</sup>, enquanto oclus&#227;o contralateral total foi encontrada entre 10% e 48% dos pacientes operados<sup>8,18</sup>. No estudo de Trachiotis &amp; Pfister<sup>18</sup>, a m&#233;dia de estenose nos pacientes com les&#227;o bilateral foi de 86,2% no lado operado, contra 81,5% no lado oposto, enquanto para Mackey e cols.<sup>26 </sup>esses &#237;ndices foram 88,8% e 75,3%, respectivamente, ressaltando o potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias desses doentes. Assim, n&#227;o raramente tratamos pacientes portadores de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea bilateral, e o manejo desses enfermos deve ser bem estudado. A maioria dos autores &#233; relutante em corrigir a les&#227;o carot&#237;dea bilateral junto com a cirurgia card&#237;aca, sendo realizada, primeiramente, a endarterectomia carot&#237;dea no lado que contribui para o maior fluxo cerebral; isto &#233;, o lado com estenose menor. No entanto, Dylewski e cols.<sup>14</sup> reportaram sua experi&#234;ncia em 33 pacientes submetidos a RM e EC bilateral simultaneamente. Noventa e quatro por cento dos pacientes tinham les&#227;o do lado direito, e 91% do lado esquerdo. N&#227;o ocorreu AVC ou IAM nessa casu&#237;stica, e mortalidade e complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares estiveram presentes em 6% e 12% dos pacientes, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o e t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alguns estudos demonstraram a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva. Assim, programas de rastreamento em candidatos a RM podem identificar de 2,8% a 8,7% dos pacientes com les&#227;o carot&#237;dea significativa (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75%)<sup>28-33</sup>.</p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia de cirurgias combinadas (RM + EC) entre as cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio varia de 0,7% a 4,2%<sup>17,18</sup>, sendo um procedimento que vem em expans&#227;o em alguns centros em raz&#227;o do aumento da confian&#231;a na efic&#225;cia dessa abordagem, bem como uma maior incid&#234;ncia de idosos portadores de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica avan&#231;ada<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o para a cirurgia combinada pressup&#245;e a exist&#234;ncia de angina inst&#225;vel, les&#227;o significativa no tronco coronariano principal esquerdo, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, les&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos vasos em paciente com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea sintom&#225;tica na presen&#231;a de estenoses significativas ou les&#227;o bilateral<sup>8</sup>. Em pacientes com les&#227;o carot&#237;dea assintom&#225;tica, a cirurgia n&#227;o estaria indicada, pois o risco de AVC &#233; similar ao risco cir&#250;rgico<sup>11</sup>. Por sua vez, a cirurgia estagiada seria realizada em pacientes mais est&#225;veis do ponto de vista hemodin&#226;mico e com les&#227;o de um ou dois vasos coronarianos<sup>9</sup>. No entanto, essa distin&#231;&#227;o de conduta n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida. Alguns autores t&#234;m demonstrado sua experi&#234;ncia com a cirurgia combinada em pacientes muitas vezes est&#225;veis e assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista neurol&#243;gico. A escolha do procedimento (estagiado ou combinado) depende das condi&#231;&#245;es do paciente, bem como da experi&#234;ncia dos cirurgi&#245;es em realizar um ou outro procedimento. Al&#233;m disso, o ideal para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico dos pacientes com ambas as les&#245;es seria a forma eletiva; por&#233;m os &#237;ndices de cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia ou de emerg&#234;ncia podem ir de 33% a 72% dos casos<sup>7,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos autores indica cirurgia de car&#243;tida quando h&#225; les&#227;o significativa unilateral, sintomas neurol&#243;gicos pr&#233;vios ou presen&#231;a de placa ateromatosa ulcerada. No entanto, o ponto de corte para estabelecer les&#227;o significativa varia de 70% a 80%<sup>1,8,18</sup>. Outras indica&#231;&#245;es, como les&#227;o bilateral <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, les&#227;o unilateral <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% com o outro lado oclu&#237;do e presen&#231;a de sopro carot&#237;deo, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o levadas em conta por outros autores9,13,15,16,18,19,26,34,35.</p>
    <p>Em alguns estudos, a EC precedeu a RM na mesma anestesia sem o aux&#237;lio da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC)<sup>7,9,12,17,26,36</sup>. No entanto, Khaitan e cols.<sup>13</sup> demonstraram bons resultados com procedimento combinado e o aux&#237;lio da CEC. Esses autores observaram que o aumento no tempo de CEC determinou um incremento na morbidade e mortalidade e no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI). De outra forma, o trabalho de Schwartz e cols.<sup>37</sup> n&#227;o mostrou influ&#234;ncia significativa da CEC sobre as taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Minami e cols.<sup>8</sup> tamb&#233;m analisaram o efeito da CEC sobre a cirurgia combinada em 340 pacientes, achando que tal abordagem poderia causar algum grau de neuroprote&#231;&#227;o, diminuindo as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;soperat&#243;rias. A hip&#243;tese seria de que a hipotermia, causada pela CEC, diminuiria o aporte de oxig&#234;nio cerebral, bem como atenuaria a produ&#231;&#227;o de metab&#243;litos an&#243;xicos cerebrais. Por&#233;m, os resultados desses autores podem ser comparados com os obtidos por outros pesquisadores que n&#227;o utilizaram CEC durante a EC.</p>
    <p>A decis&#227;o sobre para quais pacientes se deve indicar a cirurgia combinada, bem como quando realiz&#225;-la &#233; assunto de ampla discuss&#227;o. Alguns autores demonstraram que a RM sem o tratamento concomitante da les&#227;o carot&#237;dea significativa pode ter &#237;ndice de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas variando de 7% a 61% e 1,6% a 23% para les&#245;es transit&#243;rias e permanentes, respectivamente<sup>38</sup>. H&#225; um aumento no risco de AVC perioperat&#243;rio de aproximadamente tr&#234;s vezes em pacientes com hist&#243;ria de isquemia cerebrovascular pr&#233;via<sup>31</sup>. Quando realizado o procedimento combinado, esses &#237;ndices caem em torno de 10% para as les&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas<sup>26,27,39-44</sup>. Outros fatores de risco importantes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de dano neurol&#243;gico p&#243;s-RM s&#227;o idade avan&#231;ada e tempo prolongado de CEC<sup>45</sup>. Entretanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM p&#243;s-EC &#233; amplamente vari&#225;vel. Em pacientes sem hist&#243;ria de sintomatologia card&#237;aca, a incid&#234;ncia &#233; t&#227;o baixa quanto 1%, enquanto nos pacientes com sintomatologia essas taxas podem chegar de 7% a 17%<sup>46</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os fundamentos que embasam a indica&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia combinada repousam em tr&#234;s pontos principais: primeiro, a doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea n&#227;o-diagnosticada pode ser um agravante para o dano neurol&#243;gico perioperat&#243;rio em pacientes submetidos a RM; desse modo, a corre&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o carot&#237;dea antes do estabelecimento da CEC reduziria esse risco. Segundo, o procedimento seq&#252;encial, iniciandose pela EC, proporcionaria um aumento na morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular, visto que as s&#237;ndromes card&#237;acas isqu&#234;micas s&#227;o as principais complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes sujeitos a corre&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea. Por &#250;ltimo, ao propor o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de apenas um setor arterial (carot&#237;deo ou coronariano), tem-se o risco de se transformar um quadro cl&#237;nico est&#225;vel em inst&#225;vel<sup>45</sup>.</p>
    <p>A literatura tem demonstrado que a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea aumenta significativamente a probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC ap&#243;s a RM<sup>28,47,48</sup>. Assim, a EC deveria preceder a RM em car&#225;ter combinado ou estagiado, dependendo das condi&#231;&#245;es do paciente, da disponibilidade das equipes cir&#250;rgicas, bem como da experi&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica local. No intuito de elucidar qual seria a melhor abordagem para esses pacientes, Borger e cols.<sup>5</sup> publicaram uma metan&#225;lise de dezesseis estudos confrontando os resultados das cirurgias combinada e estagiada. Essa metan&#225;lise verificou que o grupo combinado (n = 844) apresentou &#237;ndices de AVC (6% x 3,2%) e mortalidade (4,75% x 2,9%) significativamente superiores aos do grupo estagiado (n = 920). Por&#233;m, a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM no grupo combinado (4,6%) n&#227;o diferiu significativamente do grupo estagiado (5,1%). Esses resultados devem ser devidos, provavelmente, &#224; maior gravidade de doen&#231;as associadas aos grupos dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento combinado nesses estudos.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Coyle e cols.<sup>10</sup>, identificaram-se maiores &#237;ndices de morbidade e mortalidade (AVC e morte) ap&#243;s cirurgia combinada quando comparada &#224; estagiada. Deve ser lembrado que os pacientes sintom&#225;ticos, do ponto de vista neurol&#243;gico, com maior grau de estenose carot&#237;dea, hipertensos, tabagistas, anginosos e com les&#227;o em tr&#234;s vasos, foram mais prevalentes no grupo combinado, quando comparado ao grupo estagiado. Esses dados comprovam a maior gravidade dos pacientes submetidos ao procedimento combinado na maioria dos ensaios. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; preciso realizar um estudo totalmente randomizado para determinar se existem ou n&#227;o diferen&#231;as entre os resultados das duas cirurgias. Tal estudo necessitaria da participa&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias institui&#231;&#245;es para adquirir amostra populacional de tamanho confi&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Segundo os c&#225;lculos de Borger e cols.<sup>5</sup>, para uma incid&#234;ncia de desfecho final (por exemplo, AVC) de 7,5%, necessitar&#237;amos uma amostra de 1.500 pacientes por grupo para detectar uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo de 33% com um n&#237;vel alfa de 0,05. De forma similar, Barnes e cols.<sup>49</sup> revisaram um total de 1.483 pacientes com doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea assintom&#225;tica subdivididos nos dois procedimentos. Esse estudo obteve menores taxas de IAM (3,8% x 11,8%) e mortalidade (4,7% x 11,1%) no grupo combinado; entretanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC entre o grupo combinado (2,8%) n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa ao grupo estagiado (3,1%), sendo esses resultados divergentes dos obtidos pela metan&#225;lise de Borger e cols.<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico em si, alguns pontos podem ser discutidos pela variabilidade de t&#233;cnicas utilizadas nos estudos. Um grande n&#250;mero de autores utiliza monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletroencefalogr&#225;fica transoperat&#243;ria para evidenciar poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es secund&#225;rias &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral<bold>,</bold> utilizando <italic>shunt</italic> a partir do momento em que tais altera&#231;&#245;es apare&#231;am<sup>8,12,16,36</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, hipotermia (temperatura entre 27-30&#186;C) e hemodilui&#231;&#227;o (hemat&#243;crito entre 20%-25%) parecem exercer algum efeito neuroprotetor durante a CEC. No entanto, a hipotermia, por vezes, pode mascarar as poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es eletroencefalogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas, retardando o uso criterioso de <italic>shunt</italic> interno no transoperat&#243;rio<sup>8</sup>. O uso desse dispositivo pode ser uma decis&#227;o do cirurgi&#227;o<sup>7</sup>, ou embasada pela presen&#231;a de oclus&#227;o contralateral<sup>15</sup>. Alguns autores abrem m&#227;o do uso da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletroencefalogr&#225;fica e n&#227;o usam <italic>shunt</italic> rotineiramente<sup>13</sup>; outros o utilizam sempre<sup>17,18</sup>. Dylewski e cols.<sup>14</sup>, ao contr&#225;rio da t&#233;cnica convencional de endarterectomia carot&#237;dea, empregaram a t&#233;cnica de evers&#227;o bilateral em 33 pacientes, obtendo &#237;ndices de AVC e IAM nulos e mortalidade de 6,1%.</p>
    <p>O emprego de remendo n&#227;o &#233; uma unanimidade, sendo utilizado rotineiramente por alguns autores<sup>8,15</sup>, e somente quando o di&#226;metro da car&#243;tida interna for menor que 4 mm, por outros<sup>15,17</sup>. Arteriorrafia prim&#225;ria sem uso de remendo &#233; relatada como procedimento de escolha em outros trabalhos<sup>7,9,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Fatores que determinam a dura&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia como tempo de CEC, tempo de clampeamento e n&#250;mero de pontes por paciente tamb&#233;m podem interferir nos resultados. O tempo de CEC &#233; um importante preditor de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, variando entre 72 a 129 minutos<sup>13,18</sup>. O tempo de pin&#231;amento a&#243;rtico situa-se entre 32 e 44 minutos<sup>10,14</sup>, e o n&#250;mero de pontes pode variar entre 2,9 e 4, por paciente<sup>8,36</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Alguns trabalhos avaliaram os resultados ap&#243;s a cirurgia combinada mediante tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI, ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, infecciosas ou renais, bem como sobrevida e aus&#234;ncia de eventos neurocardiovasculares a longo prazo. No entanto, os dados mais discutidos e apresentados foram os &#237;ndices de AVC, IAM e mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>Compilando os dados de 49 trabalhos com mais de quinze pacientes cada, em um total de 4.788 pacientes, que relataram a experi&#234;ncia de diversos centros na realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia combinada, obtivemos &#237;ndices de AVC entre 0 e 13,3%, IAM de 0 e 10,4%, e mortalidade de 0 e 11,5%. A ocorr&#234;ncia global de AVC, IAM e mortalidade foi 4,3%, 2,2% e 4,2%, respectivamente. Recentemente, um estudo conduzido por Brown e cols.<sup>50</sup>, envolvendo dez estados norte-americanos, analisou os resultados de 226 procedimentos combinados (RM + EC) em pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 72,2 anos. As taxas de AVC (12%) e mortalidade (6,7%) foram superiores &#224; maioria dos trabalhos por n&#243;s analisados, embora esses valores ainda se encontrem nas varia&#231;&#245;es expostas anteriormente. Com esses resultados, Brown e cols.<sup>50</sup> salientam a pondera&#231;&#227;o em indicar o procedimento combinado, pois a maioria dos pacientes analisados por esses autores era assintom&#225;tica do ponto de vista de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, e que os sintomas da grande parte dos AVCs no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o estavam relacionados com o territ&#243;rio cerebral correspondente ao lado operado<sup>50</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para verificar a influ&#234;ncia da data de publica&#231;&#227;o do trabalho sobre os resultados de morbidade e mortalidade, distribu&#237;mos os artigos em dois grupos: o "antigo", constitu&#237;do por 27 publica&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo entre 1972 e 1989; e o "recente", formado por 23 trabalhos publicados entre 1990 e 2000. As m&#233;dias de idade de cada grupo foram 62,2 e 68,6 anos, respectivamente. Os &#237;ndices de AVC e IAM foram 10,2% e 4,1%; e 2,5% e 2,1%, respectivamente. Para a mortalidade, as taxas ficaram em 5,4% para o grupo "antigo" e 3,8% para o "recente". Atrav&#233;s do teste do qui-quadrado (x<sup>2</sup>), considerando-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica p&lt;0,05, constatamos que a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi significativamente superior no grupo "antigo", mesmo sendo as idades dos pacientes desse grupo significativamente inferiores ao do grupo "recente" (p &lt; 0,05). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade e ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t2">
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    <p>Em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica recente, Naylor e cols.<sup>51 </sup>analisaram os resultados da cirurgia simult&#226;nea de 94 trabalhos, em um total de 7.863 procedimentos. Esses autores observaram uma taxa de AVC, IAM e morte de 4,6%; 3,6%; e 4,6%, respectivamente. Por meio da an&#225;lise dos resultados conforme a data da publica&#231;&#227;o (1972-1992 x 1993-2002), observou-se que houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na taxa de morte (5,2% x 4,4%); AVC (6,5% x 3,3%) e IAM (4,3% x 3,4%), sendo a taxa combinada de AVC/morte/IAM significativamente mais elevada no primeiro grupo (13,8% x 8,6%; p = 0,03)<sup>51</sup>.</p>
    <p>A maioria absoluta das refer&#234;ncias dessa revis&#227;o prov&#233;m da l&#237;ngua inglesa. No Brasil, h&#225; poucos relatos sobre o assunto. Fichino e cols.<sup>52</sup> relataram seus resultados ap&#243;s a cirurgia combinada em trinta pacientes operados. N&#227;o se observou nenhum caso de IAM perioperat&#243;rio, e dois pacientes sofreram AIT (6,6%) e outros dois evolu&#237;ram para o &#243;bito (6,6%), sendo as causas AVC e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. No grupo de 46 pacientes operados por Souza e cols.<sup>53</sup>, entre janeiro de 1979 e novembro de 1994, a incid&#234;ncia de AVC e IAM foi nula, ocorrendo quatro mortes (8,6%), sendo as causas: baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco/insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (n = 1), ruptura de aorta descendente (n = 1), &#243;bito durante cirurgia para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de membros inferiores (n = 1), e insufici&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
    <p>Tais resultados talvez ilustrem o aprimoramento das t&#233;cnicas operat&#243;rias e anest&#233;sicas, bem como treinamento qualificado de cirurgi&#245;es vasculares e card&#237;acos, anestesistas e intensivas no manejo e abordagem dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia combinada. No entanto, nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o &#233; isenta de <italic>vi&#233;s</italic> na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, podendo haver diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas dos doentes que compuseram cada grupo. Mesmo assim, esses resultados gerais oferecem certa credibilidade na realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia combinada, que apresenta &#237;ndices de morbidade e mortalidade aceit&#225;veis para uma cirurgia de grande porte e, a cada dia, vem sendo mais realizada pelos cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>De forma similar, Rizzo e cols.<sup>16</sup> analisaram dezesseis trabalhos com mais de cinq&#252;enta pacientes, publicados entre 1979 e 1992, compreendendo 1.815 pacientes, e encontraram taxas globais de AVC, IAM e mortalidade de 5,6%, 3% e 4,8%, respectivamente, sendo valores similares aos nossos, embora apenas um trabalho contido nessa revis&#227;o n&#227;o tenha sido computado por n&#243;s.</p>
    <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar ap&#243;s a cirurgia combinada pode variar entre 10,3 e dezesseis dias<sup>26,36</sup>, e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI ficar entre 3,6 e quatro dias<sup>13,18</sup>. Complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias ocorreram em at&#233; 12% dos pacientes<sup>14</sup>; insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda em 6%<sup>14,36</sup>; sangramento necessitando de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em 5%<sup>36</sup>; infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria e hematoma em 4%<sup>10,36</sup>; s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco entre 0,6% e 4%<sup>8,36</sup>; arritmias em at&#233; 33%<sup>26</sup>; e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de 0 a 34%<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro dado interessante foi a freq&#252;&#234;ncia de AVC contralateral, que pode alcan&#231;ar at&#233; 50% dos casos de AVC no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, salientando a possibilidade de haver outras causas para essas complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, como embolia de origem cardiog&#234;nica ou a&#243;rtica, hemorragia intracraniana e diminui&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o cerebral, como acontece nos momentos de hipotens&#227;o arterial<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A taxa de pacientes livres de AVC varia entre 67% e 96,4%<sup>7,26</sup>, e a taxa dos pacientes livres de IAM, entre 60% e 84%<sup>7,16</sup>. Em alguns trabalhos, a incid&#234;ncia de AVC ap&#243;s dez anos de cirurgia &#233; de 11,8% no lado oposto e 9,3% no ipsilateral<sup>8</sup>. A sobrevida em dois, tr&#234;s, cinco e dez anos pode chegar a 94,2%, 81%, 78,9% e 56,1%, respectivamente<sup>10,12</sup>. A mortalidade tardia nesses pacientes &#233; atribu&#237;da principalmente a eventos card&#237;acos (62%), sendo disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, reopera&#231;&#227;o, idade avan&#231;ada e hist&#243;ria de IAM os fatores mais freq&#252;entes<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para verificarmos a influ&#234;ncia da experi&#234;ncia dos autores em realizar a cirurgia combinada sobre os resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, subdividimos em tr&#234;s grupos os resultados dos 49 trabalhos, conforme o n&#250;mero de pacientes por artigo estudado, sendo o primeiro grupo composto por artigos com menos de cinq&#252;enta pacientes; o segundo, com um n&#250;mero de doentes entre cinq&#252;enta e 99; e o &#250;ltimo grupo com trabalhos contendo cem ou mais pacientes cada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tab. III</xref>). Por esse &#226;ngulo, &#224; medida que aumenta a amostra populacional dos estudos, a ocorr&#234;ncia da complica&#231;&#227;o mais tem&#237;vel ap&#243;s a cirurgia combinada &#150; o AVC &#150; vai diminuindo significativamente de 7,2% no grupo com menos de cinq&#252;enta pacientes, para 3,9% naqueles trabalhos com cem pacientes ou mais cada (p &lt; 0,05). Tal diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi observada pela an&#225;lise das ocorr&#234;ncias de IAM e mortes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t3">
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    </p>
    <p>Esses resultados s&#227;o similares &#224;queles apresentados por Takach e cols.<sup>54</sup>, que obtiveram &#237;ndices de AVC significativamente superiores no grupo operado entre 1975-1985, quando comparado ao grupo de 1986-1996 (5,4% x 1,9%; p &lt; 0,05). Para esses mesmos autores, a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM e mortes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos. No entanto, n&#227;o disting&#252;imos em nossa an&#225;lise a densidade de pacientes operados pelo tempo de estudo. Assim, um estudo compreendendo 49 pacientes tratados cirurgicamente em um ano poderia pertencer ao mesmo grupo de um estudo que analisou 150 casos operados em tr&#234;s anos, sendo equivalentes pela densidade de casos operados por ano de estudo, que nesse exemplo seria de aproximadamente cinq&#252;enta pacientes/ano.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela IV</xref> demonstra resultados com rela&#231;&#227;o a dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e desfechos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de estudos recentes com cem ou mais pacientes cada. Os resultados dizem respeito a 1.663 pacientes operados em centros diferentes, cujas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o apresentadas. Podemos observar que a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC, IAM e mortes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato (&lt; trinta dias) s&#227;o de 4,6%, 5,0%, e 1,7%, respectivamente, sendo semelhantes &#224;quelas obtidas pela an&#225;lise mais ampla (n = 4.788) anteriormente apresentada. Nota-se tamb&#233;m que h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia de os cirurgi&#245;es vasculares e cardiovasculares operarem, mais freq&#252;entemente, pacientes mais idosos, visto que a m&#233;dia de idade para Rizzo e cols.<sup>16</sup> e Khaitan e cols.<sup>13</sup> variou de 65 a 69,2 anos, respectivamente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t4">
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    </p>
    <p>Como foi dito anteriormente, sintomatologia neurol&#243;gica, doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea bilateral, envolvimento do tronco coronariano principal esquerdo, bem como les&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos vasos denotam uma maior gravidade para os pacientes e, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela IV</xref>, apresentam uma variabilidade de freq&#252;&#234;ncia consider&#225;vel. A m&#233;dia global de ocorr&#234;ncia para essas caracter&#237;sticas foi de 44,3%, 42,6%, 28%, e 89%, respectivamente, significando que quase metade dos pacientes operados tem sintomas neurol&#243;gicos pr&#233;vios e doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea bilateral, enquanto em m&#233;dia um ter&#231;o da amostra possui les&#227;o de tronco principal esquerdo e grande parte dos pacientes tem les&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos vasos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>INFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea e coronariana concomitantes &#233; um achado freq&#252;ente em pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica avan&#231;ada por in&#250;meros fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, dislipidemia, obesidade e diabetes. O rastreamento de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de RM &#233; um importante instrumento para a programa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica desses pacientes, visto que em v&#225;rios trabalhos tem-se demonstrado que a doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea aumenta o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas ap&#243;s a RM, e que, se realizada a EC antes da RM, pode haver um impacto significativo nos resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios a longo prazo. Entre as diferentes abordagens para o manejo cir&#250;rgico da doen&#231;a associada, a cirurgia combinada (simult&#226;nea) tem se demonstrado um procedimento seguro e eficaz, com &#237;ndices de morbidade e mortalidade aceit&#225;veis. O procedimento combinado possibilita apenas uma interna&#231;&#227;o, com &#250;nico procedimento anest&#233;sico, tratando duas doen&#231;as de morbidade e mortalidade importantes, diminuindo os riscos da doen&#231;a que teria o tratamento postergado, bem como reduzindo os custos hospitalares.</p>
    <p>Embora o n&#250;mero de cirurgias combinadas venha aumentando a cada ano, alguns estudos como o de Borger e cols.<sup>5</sup> demonstram que os melhores resultados s&#227;o obtidos com o procedimento estagiado; por&#233;m, n&#227;o devemos nos esquecer de que os pacientes de maior risco e gravidade podem ser mais prevalentes no grupo combinado, e que nenhum ensaio totalmente randomizado foi realizado para esclarecer qual &#233; o melhor procedimento.</p>
    <p>O manejo dos pacientes com doen&#231;a associada deve ser individualizado e bem ponderado; no entanto, algumas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas merecem destaque: s<italic>opro carot&#237;deo assintom&#225;tico</italic>: a indica&#231;&#227;o de RM parece ser o procedimento de elei&#231;&#227;o; por&#233;m, quando a estenose carot&#237;dea for cr&#237;tica (90%), estaria indicada a cirurgia combinada; <italic>AVC pr&#233;vio</italic>: na presen&#231;a de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea importante (80%) e angina est&#225;vel, indica-se a cirurgia seq&#252;encial. No entanto, na presen&#231;a de angina inst&#225;vel, les&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas coron&#225;rias ou les&#227;o no tronco coronariano esquerdo, a cirurgia combinada poder&#225; ser a melhor escolha; <italic>AIT pr&#233;vio</italic>: na presen&#231;a de les&#227;o carot&#237;dea cr&#237;tica, sugere-se a cirurgia combinada; caso contr&#225;rio, o primeiro procedimento seria a RM; c<italic>irurgia carot&#237;dea pr&#233;via (reestenose da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida)</italic>: se a les&#227;o for maior que 50%, a cirurgia seq&#252;encial seria a escolha<sup>45</sup>.</p>
    <p>De modo geral, a indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia combinada seria em pacientes com angina inst&#225;vel, les&#227;o em m&#250;ltiplos vasos coronarianos, associada a les&#227;o carot&#237;dea significativa (sintom&#225;tica). Apesar de existirem algumas condutas t&#233;cnicas controversas, como realiza&#231;&#227;o de endarterectomia carot&#237;dea sob circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, utiliza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de remendos e deriva&#231;&#245;es, emprego de bombas de perfus&#227;o card&#237;aca, bem como outros artif&#237;cios para tentar diminuir o dano e as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, consideramos aceit&#225;vel um &#237;ndice de morbidade e mortalidade total (ocorr&#234;ncia de acidentes vasculares cerebrais, infartos agudos do mioc&#225;rdio e mortes) pr&#243;ximo a 10%-12%, visto que, pela nossa an&#225;lise, a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC, IAM e mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios gira em torno de 4,3%, 2,2% e 4,2%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Outro dado interessante &#233; que a ocorr&#234;ncia de acidentes vasculares cerebrais ap&#243;s a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada pode chegar a 2%-3%; e, ap&#243;s a endarterectomia carot&#237;dea isolada, at&#233; 2%-3%; logo, a morbidade para esse desfecho nas cirurgias, se realizadas isoladamente, ficaria entre 4% e 6%, n&#237;veis bem pr&#243;ximos &#224;queles obtidos em nossa an&#225;lise pelo procedimento combinado (4,3%).</p>
    <p>Em suma, embora pare&#231;a eficaz e segura, a cirurgia combinada para os pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica sintom&#225;tica nos setores carot&#237;deo e coronariano deve ser bem indicada e realizada por cirurgi&#245;es, anestesiologistas e cl&#237;nicos bem treinados, dedicados e capazes, amparados por uma equipe param&#233;dica qualificada, na tentativa de sempre obter os melhores resultados para os pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s Lucas </p>
        <p> Rua Independ&#234;ncia, 44/905 </p>
        <p> 92000-010 Porto Alegre, RS </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mlucasvasc@ig.com.br">mlucasvasc@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 19/12/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 30/03/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting: analysis of the results</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of combined surgery (carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting) in patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease. METHODS: The authors reviewed 49 different reports describing several aspects of the combined surgery in 4788 patients to analyze early events in the perioperative period. RESULTS: Overall stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and mortality rates were 4.3%, 2.2%, and 4.2%, respectively. Most recent papers (1990 to 2000) show significant lower incidence of strokes compared to those published earlier (1972 to 1989) (4.1% x 10.2%; p &lt; 0.05). In this same survey, the incidence of postoperative stroke was higher in the series with a small sample (n &lt; 50) than in those with a larger population (n &gt; 100) (7.2% x 3.9%; p &lt; 0.05), denoting the impact of surgeons' experience on postoperative results. CONCLUSION: In sum, we believe that combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting is a safe and effective procedure when performed by experienced and qualified surgeons.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>carotid endarterectomy</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery bypass grafting</kwd>
        <kwd>review</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting. Analysis of the results</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s Lucas; Telmo Pedro Bonamigo; Elton Luiz Schmidt Weber; Fernando Ant&#244;nio Lucchese</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Santa Casa de Porto Alegre - Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To evaluate the results of combined surgery (carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting) in patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The authors reviewed 49 different reports describing several aspects of the combined surgery in 4788 patients to analyze early events in the perioperative period.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Overall stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and mortality rates were 4.3%, 2.2%, and 4.2%, respectively. Most recent papers (1990 to 2000) show significant lower incidence of strokes compared to those published earlier (1972 to 1989) (4.1% x 10.2%; p &lt; 0.05). In this same survey, the incidence of postoperative stroke was higher in the series with a small sample (n &lt; 50) than in those with a larger population (n &gt; 100) (7.2% x 3.9%; p &lt; 0.05), denoting the impact of surgeons' experience on postoperative results.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In sum, we believe that combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting is a safe and effective procedure when performed by experienced and qualified surgeons.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>carotid endarterectomy, coronary artery bypass grafting, review</p>
      <p> Indications for isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and carotid endarterectomy (CE) are well established in current literature <sup>1-4</sup>. About 8% to 14% of patients undergoing CABG have significant carotid artery stenosis (&gt; 70%), and nearly half the patients undergoing CE have some degree of heart disease <sup>5-7</sup>, and the surgical management of these patients is controversial <sup>8,9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several surgical tactics and techniques are available to treat patients with associated obstructive coronary artery disease and carotid artery disease. The most commonly described in literature are the <italic>combined</italic> approach (CE and CABG performed under the same anesthesia); the <italic>simultaneous</italic> approach (synchronous or concomitant), in which two surgical teams work at the same time; the <italic>sequential</italic> approach, in which either CE or CABG is peformed first in a single anesthetic period; the <italic>staged</italic> approach, with CE preceding CABG; and finally the <italic>reverse staged</italic> approach, addressing the coronary disease first and delaying the carotid endarterectomy for some days so the patient can recover from the first operation <sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the superiority of combined <italic>versus</italic> staged approach has not yet been established, most vascular surgeons favor the combined approach <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>This review aims at addressing aspects of patients' clinical profile, surgical indications, operative tactics and techniques, results and postoperative complications of combined surgery in patients with advanced atherosclerotic disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold> Patients' clinical profile</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Most patients with atherosclerotic disease in two different arterial territories (carotid and coronary) are elderly individuals with risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, such as high blood pressure, smoking, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. The majority are obese, sedentary, have family history of coronary heart disease and past history of some kind of neurological or cardiovascular event. In short, these patients require extra care and close monitoring during the perioperative period, because they tend more to develop serious postoperative complications, such as stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and death.</p>
      <p>Mean age of these patients is 65, with a 3:1 male-to-female prevalence <sup>12,13</sup>. Some studies have demonstrated that patients age 65 and above are more likely to develop postoperative stroke when compared to patients under 65 <sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The frequency of each risk factor is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table I</xref><sup>12-25</sup>. The range of values shows the heterogeneity of samples from several studies, and high blood pressure and smoking were the most frequent factors. In addition, the degree of systemic atherosclerosis may also be shown by the frequency of peripheral artery disease in these patients <sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0412-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Cardiac history is important information in the preoperative evaluation of patients who will be submitted to a combined procedure. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rates prior to surgery may range from 41% to 67%<sup>8,16</sup>. Approximately 20% to 30% of the patients have congestive heart failure (CHF)<sup>16,17</sup>, and between 20% and 67% have unstable angina<sup>7,9</sup>. Most patients with angina (70% to 75%) are in NYHA III and IV functional class (New York Heart Association)<sup>12,15,16</sup> . In the preoperative angiographic study, around 60% to 80% of the patients have left main and three-vessel CAD <sup>10,18</sup>. Ejection fraction lower than 50% may be present in up to 72% of the patients<sup>18</sup> .</p>
      <p>In the neurological assessment, up to 70% of the patients may have prior symptoms<sup>16</sup>, with transient ischemic attack (TIA), prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND) and amaurosis fugax being found in 20% to 60%, up to 16% and 8% respectively<sup>8,9,19</sup>. Moreover, permanent stroke was previously diagnosed in about 20% of the patients in some series<sup>16,18,26,27</sup>. The degree of carotid lesion was also studied. Thus, is some studies, mean stenosis exceeded 85%<sup>18,26</sup> . Significant bilateral lesion was present in up to 60% to 90% of the cases<sup>14,16</sup>. Significant contralateral lesion was found in 20% to 40%<sup>7,12</sup>, whereas total contralateral occlusion ranged from 10% to 48% in the operated patients<sup>8,18</sup>. In the study by Trachiotis and Pfister<sup>18</sup>, the average for stenosis on the operated side in patients with bilateral lesion was 86.2% <italic>versus</italic> 81.5% on the opposite side, whereas in the Mackey et al<sup>26</sup> study these rates were 88.8% and 75.3%, respectively, emphasizing these patients potential for postoperative complications. Therefore, it is not uncommon for us to treat patients with bilateral carotid lesion, and the management of these patients must be well thought out. Most authors are reluctant to correct the bilateral carotid lesion together with the cardiac surgery, first performing the carotid endarterectomy on the side that most contributes to cerebral blood flow, that is, the less stenotic side. However, Dylewski et al<sup>14</sup> reported their experience with 33 patients who underwent simultaneous CABG and bilateral CE. Ninety-four per cent of the patients had right-side lesion and 91%, left-side lesion. Neither stroke nor AMI was found in this series, and both mortality and pulmonary complications were present in 6% and 12% of the patients, respectively</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgical indication and technique</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The occurrence of preoperative carotid lesion in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease was demonstrated by some studies. Therefore, screening programs in CABG candidates may identify from 2.8% to 8.7% of the patients with significant carotid lesion (<underline>&gt;</underline> 75%)<sup>28-33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The frequency of combined surgeries (CABG + CE) among myocardial revascularization surgeries ranges from 0.7% to 4.2%<sup>17,18</sup> and is expanding in some centers as the effectiveness of this procedure is increasingly recognized, as well as the higher incidence in elderly patients with advanced atherosclerotic disease<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recommendation for combined procedure presupposes the presence of unstable angina, significant left main lesion, hemodynamic instability, and multiple-vessel disease in patients with symptomatic carotid disease and significant stenoses or bilateral lesion<sup>8</sup>. This surgery is not indicated for patients with asymptomatic carotid lesion, because the risk for stroke is similar to the surgical risk<sup>11</sup>. Staged surgery is indicated for patients more hemodynamically stable and having single- or two-vessel disease<sup>9</sup>. This distinction, however, is not well defined. Some authors have demonstrated their experience with the combined surgery in often stable and neurologically asymptomatic patients. Deciding on the surgical option (staged or combined) depends on the patient's condition, as well as the surgeons' experience in performing one or the other. Ideally, surgical treatment of patients with both lesions should be elective; however, the incidence of urgent or emergency surgery ranges from 33% to 72%<sup>7,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Most authors recommend that carotid surgery be performed in cases of significant unilateral lesion, previous neurological symptoms or the presence of ulcerated atheromatous plaque. Nevertheless, cutoff point for establishing significant lesion ranges from 70% to 80%<sup>1,8,18</sup>. Other indications, such as bilateral lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50%, unilateral lesion <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% with the other side occluded and presence of carotid bruit, are also taken into account by other authors9,13,15,16,18,19,26,34,35.</p>
      <p>In some series, CABG was preceded by CE under the same anesthesia without extracorporeal circulation (ECC)<sup>7,9,12,17,26,36</sup>. Still, Khaitan et al<sup>13</sup> have reported good results with the combined procedure using ECC. These authors have noted that longer ECC time was associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates and prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Conversely, ECC did not significantly affect morbidity and mortality rates in the study of Schwartz et al<sup>37</sup> Minami et al<sup>8</sup> have likewise analyzed the effect of ECC on combined surgery in 340 patients, to check whether this approach could provide some degree of neuroprotection, reducing postoperative complications. The rationale was that the hypothermia caused by ECC would decrease oxygen delivery to the brain, as well as attenuate production of anoxic brain metabolites. The results obtained by these authors, however, may be compared to those of other researchers who did not use ECC during CE.</p>
      <p>Decision regarding which patients should be referred to combined surgery, as well as how it should be performed, has been largely debated. Some authors have shown that CABG without concomitant management of significant carotid lesion may have neurological complications ranging from 7% to 61% plus 1.6% and 23% for transient and permanent lesions, respectively<sup>38</sup>. Risk of perioperative stroke increases nearly three-fold in patients with history of cerebrovascular ischemia<sup>31</sup>. With the combined approach, these rates drop to around 10% for neurological lesions<sup>26,27,39-44</sup>. Other major risk factors for neurological damage following CABG include advanced age and prolonged ECC time<sup>45</sup>. However, AMI incidence after CE varies widely. For patients with no history of cardiac symptoms, the incidence is as low as 1%, whereas for patients with history of cardiac symptoms these rates may be as high as 7% a 17%<sup>46</sup>.</p>
      <p>The rationale for combined surgery indication is threefold: first, undiagnosed carotid artery disease may be an aggravating factor for perioperative neurological damage in patients who undergo CABG; therefore, management of carotid lesion prior to ECC decreases such risk. Second, the sequential procedure, CE followed by CABG, would lead to an increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, because ischemic heart syndromes are the primary complications in patients submitted to management of carotid disease. Finally, by proposing surgical treatment for only one arterial territory (carotid or coronary), the risk exists that an stable condition becomes unstable<sup>45</sup>.</p>
      <p>The literature has shown that a carotid disease greatly increases the likelihood of stroke following CABG<sup>28,47,48</sup>. Therefore, CE should precede CABG in both the combined and the staged approach, depending on patient condition, availability of surgical teams, and local surgical experience. To clarify what would be the best approach to treat these patients, Borger et al<sup>5</sup> published a meta-analysis of sixteen studies comparing the results of combined and staged surgeries. This meta-analysis found that the combined group (n = 844) had stroke (6% x 3.2%) and mortality (4.75% x 2.9%) rates significantly higher compared to those of the staged group (n = 920). However, incidence of AMI in the combined group (4.6%) did not greatly differ from those of the staged group (5.1%). Such results are probably due to the higher severity of the diseases associated to the group of patients who underwent combined procedure in these studies.</p>
      <p>In their study, Coyle et al<sup>10</sup> identified higher rates of morbidity and mortality (stroke and death) after combined surgery when compared to staged surgery. It should be remembered that neurologically symptomatic patients with higher degree of carotid stenosis, hypertension, smoking habits, angina and three-vessel disease, were more prevalent in the combined group, when compared to the staged group. These findings show the higher gravity of the condition of patients who underwent combined procedure in most studies. Moreover, a randomized study to determine whether there are differences in outcomes between both surgeries is needed. Such study would require the involvement of several institutions so that a reliable population sample size may be obtained.</p>
      <p>According to the calculations of Borger et al<sup>5</sup>, to an incidence of final outcome (for example, stroke) of 7.5%, we would need a sample of 1500 patients per group in order to detect a relative risk decrease of 33% with an alpha level of 0.05. Similarly, Barnes et al<sup>49</sup> reviewed 1483 patients with asymptomatic carotid artery disease, sudivided in both procedures. This study found lower AMI (3.8% x 11.8%) and mortality rates (4.7% x 11.1%) in the combined group; however, stroke incidence in the combined group (2.8%) did not show a statistically significant difference from the staged group (3.15), and these results differ from those obtained by Borger et al's meta-analysis<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>With respect to the surgical procedure itself, some points may be addressed regarding several techniques used in said studies. A great number of authors use intraoperative electroencephalographic monitoring to show potential changes secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion, using shunt from the moment such changes are seen<sup>8,12,16,36.</sup> Moreover, hypothermia (temperature between 27 &#186;C and 30 &#186;C) and hemodilution (hematocrit between 20% and 25%) seem to play a role in neuroprotection during CEE. However, hypothermia may sometimes mask potential electroencephalographic ischemic changes, delaying judicious use of internal shunt intraoperatively<sup>8</sup>. This device may be used at the surgeon's discretion<sup>7</sup>, or be based on the presence of contralateral occlusion<sup>15</sup>. Some authors do not routinely use either electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring or shunting<sup>13</sup>, while others always do<sup>17,18</sup>. Dylewski et al<sup>14</sup>, contrary to the conventional technique for carotid endarterectomy, performed the bilateral eversion technique in 33 patients, and obtained stroke and AMI rates of zero percent and mortality rate of 6.1%.</p>
      <p>Use of patch angioplasty is not consensual; some authors use this technique routinely<sup>8,15</sup>, while others use it only when the diameter of the internal carotid is lower than 4 mm<sup>15,17</sup>. Primary arteriography with no patch is the procedure of choice in other papers<sup>7,9,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Factors that determine the length of surgery, such as ECC time, clamping time, and number of grafts for patient also may affect results. ECC time is an important risk predictor for postoperative complications, ranging from 72 to 129 minutes.<sup>13,18</sup> Aortic clamping time ranges from 32 to 44 minutes<sup>10,14</sup>, and number of grafts may vary from 2.9 to 4 per patient<sup>8,36</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some papers evaluated postoperative outcomes in combined CE/CABG with regard to length of hospital stay, ICU stay, pulmonary and renal complications, infections, survival and absence of long-term neurocardiovascular events. However, the most discussed and presented data were postoperative rates of stroke, AMI, and mortality.</p>
      <p>Compiling data from 49 papers with over fifteen patients each (total of 4788 patients) reporting the experience of several centers in combined surgery, we have found rates of stroke between 0 and 13.3%, AMI between 0 and 10.4%, and mortality between 0 and 11.5%. Global incidence of stroke, AMI, and mortality was 4.3%, and 2.2%, respectively. A recent study by Brown et al<sup>50</sup>, involving ten US states, assessed the results of 226 combined procedures (CE + CABG) in patients with mean age of 72.2 Rates of stroke (12%) and mortality (6.7%) were higher than those found in most papers we reviewed, although these values still fall into the variations stated previously. Based on these results, Brown et al<sup>50</sup> emphasize that judgment must be exercised in indicating combined procedure, since most patients reviewed by these authors were asymptomatic in terms of cerebrovascular disease, and that postoperative stroke symptoms were mostly unrelated to the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to the operated side<sup>50</sup> .</p>
      <p>To assess how date of publication affected morbidity and mortality results, we divided the papers into two groups: the "old", consisting of 27 papers published between 1972 and 1989, and the "new", consisting of 23 papers published between 1990 and 2000. Mean age of each group was 62.2 and 68.6 years, respectively. Stroke and AMI rates were 10.2% and 4.1%; and 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively. As for mortality, rates were 5.4% for the "old" group and 3.8% for the "new" group. Using the chi-square test (x<sup>2</sup>), considering p &lt; 0.05 statistically significant, we have found that postoperative stroke was significantly higher in the "old" group, even though patients' age in this group was considerably lower than in the "new" group (p &lt; 0.05). No difference was found between groups regarding mortality and postoperative AMI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_27412t2-body2">tab. II</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_27412t2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0412-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In a recent systematic review, Naylor et al<sup>51</sup> analyzed the results of simultaneous surgery in 94 papers, in a total of 7863 procedures. Rates of stroke, AMI, and death found by these authors were 4.6%, 3.6%, and 4.6%, respectively. Analysis of results according to publication date (1972-1992 vs. 1993-2002), showed a decrease in death rate (5.2% vs. 4.4%), stroke (6.5% vs. 3.3%), and AMI (4.3% vs. 3.4%); combined rates of stroke/death/AMI was significantly higher in the first group (13.8% vs. 8.6%; p = 0.03)<sup>51</sup>.</p>
      <p>The overwhelming majority of references used in this review are from the English literature. In Brazil, little has been published on the subject. Fichino et al<sup>52</sup> reported their outcomes after combined surgery in thirty patients. No perioperative AMI was found; two patients had TIA (6.6%) and two others died (6.6%) of stroke and low cardiac output. In the group of 46 patients operated by Souza et al<sup>53</sup>, between January 1979 and November 1994, neither stroke nor AMI was found, and the four deaths (8.6%) were due to: low cardiac output/respiratory failure (n = 1), rupture of the descending aorta (n = 1), death during lower extremity revascularization surgery (n = 1), and multiple organ failure.</p>
      <p>Such results may reflect refinements in surgical and anesthetic techniques, as well as qualified training of vascular and cardiac surgeons, anesthetists, and intensivists in the management and approach of patients undergoing combined surgery. This analysis, however, is not free from bias regarding selection of patients, and there may be differences in demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics of patients comprising each group. Still, these overall results lend some credence tocombined surgery, which has acceptable mortality and morbidity rates for such a major surgery and has been increasingly performed by cardiovascular surgeons.</p>
      <p>Similarly, Rizzo et al<sup>16</sup> reviewed sixteen papers covering over fifty patients; the papers were published between 1979 and 1992 (total of 1815 patients) and found global rates of stroke, AMI, and mortality of 5.6%, 3%, and 4.8%, respectively. These values are similar to ours, although we compiled only one of the papers included in this review.</p>
      <p>Mean hospitalization following combined surgery may range from 10.3 to sixteen days,<sup>26,36</sup> and mean ICU stay, from 3.6 to four days<sup>13,18</sup>. Respiratory complications occurred in up to 12% of the patients<sup>14</sup>, acute renal failure in 6%<sup>14,36</sup>, bleeding requiring surgical reintervention in 5%<sup>36</sup>; wound infection and hematoma in 4%<sup>10,36</sup>; low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) from 0.6% to 4%<sup>8,36</sup>, arrhythmias in up to 33%, and atrial fibrillation from 0 to 34%<sup>15</sup> .</p>
      <p>Another interesting piece of data was the frequency of contralateral stroke, which may account for up to 50% of all postoperative stroke, emphasizing the likelihood of other causes for these neurological complications, such as aortic or cardiogenic embolism, intracranial hemorrhage, and reduced cerebral perfusion associated with arterial hypotension<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Stroke-free rates range from 67% and 96.4%<sup>7,26</sup>, and AMI-free rates range from 60% to 84%<sup>7,16</sup>. In some papers, the ten-year incidence of contralateral stroke after surgery is 11.8%, and ipsilateral stroke, 9.3%<sup>8</sup>. The two-year, three-year, five-year, and ten-year survival rates may be as high as 94.2%, 81%, 78.9%, and 56.1%, respectively<sup>10,12</sup>. Late mortality is attributed mainly to cardiac events (62%), caused primarily by left ventricle dysfunction, reoperation, advanced age, and history of AMI<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the influence of the authors' combined surgery experience on postoperative results, we further divided the results of the 49 papers into three groups, according to the number of patients of the studied paper. The first group is composed of papers with less than fifty patients; the second, with fifty to 99 patients; and the third with a hundred or more patients each (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_27412t3-body2">Table III</xref>). From this perspective, as the study population sample increases, the occurrence of the most feared complication following the combined surgery <italic>&#150;</italic> stroke <italic>&#150;</italic> significantly decreases from 7.2% in the group of less than fifty patients to 3.9% in the groups with a hundred or more patients each (p &lt; 0.05). Said difference was not found regarding the incidence of postoperative AMI and death.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>These findings are similar to those of Takach et al<sup>54</sup>, who found rates of stroke significantly higher in the group operated between 1975 and 1985, when compared with the group operated between 1986 and 1996 (5.4% x 1.9%; p &lt; 0.05). For these same authors, postoperative AMI and death rates showed no significant difference between groups. However, in our analysis, we made no distinction regarding the number of patients operated and the period of study. Thus, a study consisting of 49 patients operated over a one-year period could belong to the same group of another study that evaluated 150 patients operated over a three-year period, because both are equivalent in terms of the number of patients operated by year of study, which, in this instance, is approximately fifty patients/year.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_27412t4-body2">Table IV</xref> shows results regarding demographics and clinical data, as well as postoperative outcomes, of recent studies performed with a hundred or more patients. These are the results of 1663 patients operated in different centers, whose demographic, clinical and angiographic characteristics are presented. It can be noted that the incidence of stroke, AMI, and death in the immediate postoperative period (<underline>&lt;</underline> thirty days) is 4.6%, 5.0% and 1.7%, respectively, similar to that found in the broader analysis (n = 4.788) shown previously. It can also be noted that vascular and cardiovascular surgeons tend to operate elderly patients more often, since mean age in the study of Rizzo et al<sup>16</sup> and Khaitan et al<sup>13</sup> ranged from 65 to 69.2 years, respectively.</p>
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      <p>As previously stated, neurological symptoms, bilateral carotid artery disease, left main coronary trunk involvement, and multiple-vessel lesion are more severe and, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_27412t4-body2">Table IV</xref>, their frequency varies considerably. Mean global rates of these characteristics were 44.3%, 42.6%, 28% and 89%, respectively, meaning that nearly half of the operated patients have prior neurological symptoms and bilateral carodid artery disease, whereas, on average, one third of the sample has left main coronary artery, and a great part of the patients have multiple-vessel disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of concomitant carotid and coronary disease is a frequent finding in patients with advanced atherosclerotic disease secondary to numerous cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, and diabetes. Screening for carotid artery disease in candidates for CABG is an important tool in surgical planning, since several papers have shown that carotid disease increases the risk for neurological complications following CABG, and that, when CE is performed before CABG, there may be significant impact on long-term postoperative results. Among the different approaches for the operative management of the associated disease, combined surgery (simultaneous) has proved to be safe and effective, with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. Combined procedure allows a single anesthetic and hospitalization to treat two diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, decreasing the risks posed by delayed treatment and reducing hospital costs.</p>
      <p>Although combined surgery has been increasing in number annually, some studies, such as that of Borger et al's<sup>5</sup> show that optimal results are attained by the staged procedure; however, it must be remembered that gravely ill, higher risk patients may be more prevalent in the combined group and that no totally randomized trial has been carried out to clarify which procedure is the best.</p>
      <p>Management of patients with associated disease should be individualized and well-thought out; however, some clinical conditions merit underscoring:</p>
      <p> &#149; <italic>Asymptomatic carotid bruit:</italic> CABG seems to be the treatment of choice; however, when carotid stenosis is critical (90%), combined surgery is indicated.</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Previous stroke:</italic> in the presence of a major carotid lesion (80%) and unstable angina, sequential surgery is indicated. Yet, in the presence of unstable angina, multiple-vessel disease or left main trunk lesion, combined surgery may be the best choice.</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Previous TIA:</italic> in the case of critical carotid artery lesion, the combined surgery is suggested; otherwise, CABG should be performed first.</p>
      <p>&#149; <italic>Previous carotid surgery (restenosis of the carotid artery):</italic> when lesion exceeds 50%, sequential surgery is the choice<sup>45</sup>.</p>
      <p>The classical indication for combined surgery has usually been for patients with unstable angina and multiple-vessel disease associated with significant carotid lesion (symptomatic). While there are some controversial techniques, such as on-pump carotid endarterectomy, the use or not of patches and bypasses, the use of heart perfusion pumps, as well as other means in an attempt to decrease damage and postoperative complications, we believe that a total morbidity and mortality rate (occurrence of stroke, acute myocardial infarction, and death) around 10% to 12% is acceptable, since, according to our analysis, postoperative stroke, AMI, and mortally rates are about 4.3%, 2.2%, and 4.2%, respectively.</p>
      <p>Another interesting piece of information is that isolated post-CABG stroke may be as high as 2% to 3%, and isolated post-CE stroke may be as high as 2% to 3%; hence, mortality for this outcome in surgeries, if performed isoladedly, would be between 4% and 6%, close to the rates found in our analysis of combined procedure (4.3%).</p>
      <p>In sum, although seemingly safe and effective, combined surgery in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease in both the carotid and coronary artery territories should be recommended and performed by well-trained, dedicated, skilled surgeons, anesthetists, and clinicians, supported by a qualified paramedic team, in an attempt to ensure the best results for patients always.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> M&#225;rcio Lu&#237;s Lucas</p>
          <p> Rua Independ&#234;ncia, 44/905</p>
          <p> 92000-010 Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mlucasvasc@ig.com.br">mlucasvasc@ig.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 12/19/03</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/30/05</p>
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