<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FG8K8D5WStj7JzjB8nd6Nvg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001900006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001900006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica tardia de crian&#231;as com insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica, submetidas a cirurgia reconstrutora com anel de Gregori</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Hugo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gregori J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Jo&#227;o de Freitas de Arapongas</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Londrina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>403</fpage>
      <lpage>411</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar crian&#231;as com insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica (IMR) submetidas a cirurgia reconstrutora na valva mitral com implante do anel de Gregori (CRVM), de 1987 a 2003. M&#201;TODOS: Quarenta e tr&#234;s crian&#231;as com IMR, submetidas a CRVM, com idades variando de cinco a doze anos, m&#233;dia de 9,7 &#177; 2,2 anos, sendo 25 (58,1%) pacientes do sexo feminino. Os pacientes foram avaliados mediante par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos: classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ausculta card&#237;aca, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. RESULTADOS: Quarenta e tr&#234;s pacientes foram avaliados no pr&#233;operat&#243;rio e, no p&#243;s, 31, em virtude de seis &#243;bitos e seis trocas valvares. O seguimento foi de 100%. A classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sopro sist&#243;lico mitral, &#225;rea card&#237;aca pela radiografia de t&#243;rax, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda no eletrocardiograma e o grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral pelo ecocardiograma diminu&#237;ram significativamente. Ap&#243;s 188 meses a taxa de sobrevida foi de 82% e a de mortalidade anual de 0,38%. Estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o 31 (72,6%) pacientes, e a taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o anual foi de 0,51%. CONCLUS&#195;O: A CRVM apresenta resultados eficazes no tratamento da IMR em crian&#231;as, com melhora significativa na classe funcional, sopro sist&#243;lico mitral e grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral pelo ecocardiograma.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>crian&#231;as</kwd>
        <kwd>anuloplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica tardia de crian&#231;as com insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica, submetidas a cirurgia reconstrutora com anel de Gregori</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vitor Hugo Soares Machado; Francisco Gregori J&#250;nior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina, Santa Casa de Londrina e Hospital Jo&#227;o de Freitas de Arapongas - Londrina, PR</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar crian&#231;as com insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica (IMR) submetidas a cirurgia reconstrutora na valva mitral com implante do anel de Gregori (CRVM), de 1987 a 2003. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Quarenta e tr&#234;s crian&#231;as com IMR, submetidas a CRVM, com idades variando de cinco a doze anos, m&#233;dia de 9,7 &#177; 2,2 anos, sendo 25 (58,1%) pacientes do sexo feminino. Os pacientes foram avaliados mediante par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos: classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ausculta card&#237;aca, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Quarenta e tr&#234;s pacientes foram avaliados no pr&#233;operat&#243;rio e, no p&#243;s, 31, em virtude de seis &#243;bitos e seis trocas valvares. O seguimento foi de 100%. A classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sopro sist&#243;lico mitral, &#225;rea card&#237;aca pela radiografia de t&#243;rax, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda no eletrocardiograma e o grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral pelo ecocardiograma diminu&#237;ram significativamente. Ap&#243;s 188 meses a taxa de sobrevida foi de 82% e a de mortalidade anual de 0,38%. Estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o 31 (72,6%) pacientes, e a taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o anual foi de 0,51%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A CRVM apresenta resultados eficazes no tratamento da IMR em crian&#231;as, com melhora significativa na classe funcional, sopro sist&#243;lico mitral e grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral pelo ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica, crian&#231;as, anuloplastia</p>
    <p>A reconstru&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral passou a ser empregada em v&#225;rios servi&#231;os de cirurgia card&#237;aca, ap&#243;s os trabalhos de Carpentier e cols.&#185; mostrando a superioridade dessas t&#233;cnicas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar. A partir de 1987, a cirurgia reconstrutora da valva mitral, com implante de anel de Gregori, come&#231;ou a ser realizada&#178;.</p>
    <p>A valva mitral (anel atrioventricular esquerdo) &#233; formada por anel mitral, c&#250;spides, cordas tend&#237;neas, m&#250;sculos papilares e parede ventricular esquerda subjacente ao anel. As principais altera&#231;&#245;es anatomopatol&#243;gicas que ocorrem na valva mitral s&#227;o decorrentes da mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica, ou degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa. Essas duas mol&#233;stias podem levar a insufici&#234;ncia mitral, estenose ou dupla les&#227;o mitral. A dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral &#233; a causa mais comum da insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Esse anel &#233; formado por uma parte anterior e posterior. A por&#231;&#227;o anterior est&#225; fixada pelos tr&#237;gonos fibrosos direito e esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o e a parte posterior &#233; amparada pela parede livre do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Durante a s&#237;stole ventricular, o anel se contrai como um esf&#237;ncter, permanecendo com aspecto reniforme. Quando existe dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, a parte posterior se afasta da anterior, aumentando o di&#226;metro &#226;ntero-posterior, sendo mais intensa &#224; direita. As c&#250;spides podem estar retra&#237;das ou redundantes. Geralmente, a retra&#231;&#227;o &#233; t&#237;pica de seq&#252;ela da mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica, enquanto a redund&#226;ncia, da degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa. A c&#250;spide posterior &#233; mais suscet&#237;vel &#224; retra&#231;&#227;o que a anterior. A fus&#227;o comissural &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o comum, quando a etiologia &#233; a mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica. As cordas tend&#237;neas, por sua vez, podem apresentar-se retra&#237;das, alongadas ou rotas. A retra&#231;&#227;o das cordas tend&#237;neas prim&#225;rias pode levar a fus&#227;o entre si, bem como ao m&#250;sculo papilar. As cordas tend&#237;neas secund&#225;rias ou terci&#225;rias tamb&#233;m s&#227;o importantes, pois, quando fibrosadas, levam a retra&#231;&#245;es localizadas das c&#250;spides.</p>
    <p>Na mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica, os m&#250;sculos papilares s&#227;o espessos e fibrosados, o que n&#227;o ocorre na degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa, na qual se apresentam na maioria das vezes delgados.</p>
    <p>A parede ventricular esquerda, os m&#250;sculos papilares, as cordas tend&#237;neas, as c&#250;spides e o anel t&#234;m importante papel na fisiologia da contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>As les&#245;es adquiridas na doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica podem afetar o perfeito funcionamento da valva mitral. Isso acontece em raz&#227;o da perda da sua integridade funcional, nos seguintes casos: atrav&#233;s da dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel valvar, hipoplasia da c&#250;spide posterior, fus&#227;o comissural, encurtamento, ou alongamento das cordas tendinosas, e tamb&#233;m na ruptura das cordas anteriores e/ou posteriores, apresentando, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, a insufici&#234;ncia e/ou estenose mitral.</p>
    <p>O anel de Gregori aproxima a c&#250;spide posterior da anterior, mais efetivamente &#224; direita, corrigindo, inclusive, o alargamento da comissura p&#243;stero-mediana. Esse novo anel dispensa a por&#231;&#227;o anterior, avaliada como in&#250;til e at&#233; indesej&#225;vel, principalmente quando empregado nas crian&#231;as em fase de crescimento.</p>
    <p>Este estudo avaliou crian&#231;as com insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica que foram submetidas a cirurgia reconstrutora e implante de anel de Gregori, em sua evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia atrav&#233;s de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Doppler.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudou-se uma casu&#237;stica de modo longitudinal, com componente descritivo e anal&#237;tico, dividida em duas fases: a primeira denominada pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e a segunda, p&#243;soperat&#243;rio atual.</p>
    <p>Na fase de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, as crian&#231;as foram submetidas aos exames e posteriormente encaminhadas &#224; cirurgia reconstrutora da valva mitral com implante de anel de Gregori, pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), em hospitais de Londrina e Arapongas (PR). Na fase de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados em cl&#237;nicas particulares em Londrina.</p>
    <p>No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio: crian&#231;as portadoras de insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica, num total de 43, com idade at&#233; doze anos, submetidas a cirurgia reparadora na valva mitral com implante de anel de Gregori, operadas consecutivamente pelo mesmo servi&#231;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca, entre outubro de 1987 e julho de 2002. O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 86,47 &#177; 53,27 meses, com m&#237;nimo = 0 (&#243;bito hospitalar) e m&#225;ximo = 188 meses.</p>
    <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a amostra foi obtida em 2002 e 2003, num total de 31 pacientes. Foram exclu&#237;dos seis pacientes reoperados para corre&#231;&#227;o de insufici&#234;ncia mitral e seis pacientes morreram. O tamanho da amostra foi de conveni&#234;ncia e definido de acordo com o n&#250;mero de pessoas operadas pelo Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca de Londrina.</p>
    <p>No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, os prontu&#225;rios dos 43 pacientes foram revisados, com a obten&#231;&#227;o dos endere&#231;os necess&#225;rios para a localiza&#231;&#227;o desses indiv&#237;duos. Foram avaliados a ausculta card&#237;aca, os resultados de eletrocardiogramas, radiografias de t&#243;rax e ecocardiogramas. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, os pacientes, em n&#250;mero de 31, foram registrados em protocolo espec&#237;fico e, ap&#243;s consentimento do respons&#225;vel, foram avaliados, com exame cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiograma, radiografia de t&#243;rax e ecocardiograma Doppler.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s seda&#231;&#227;o, assepsia e antisepsia, foi realizada via de acesso ao cora&#231;&#227;o por toracotomia mediana, longitudinal, transesternal, instalada a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e parada card&#237;aca, an&#243;xia por pin&#231;amento da aorta ascendente com reperfus&#227;o a cada 15 minutos, desclampeandose a aorta por 5 minutos. Foi empregada a hipotermia sist&#234;mica moderada (28 a 32&#176;C). O tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea variou de 29 a 105 minutos com m&#233;dia de 62,81 &#177; 20,8 minutos. O tempo de an&#243;xia do mioc&#225;rdio variou de 14 a 80 minutos com m&#233;dia de 35,38 &#177; 15,69 minutos. A pr&#243;tese &#233; implantada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>) no anel mitral com pontos em "U", e estes passados na face externa do anel. Foram utilizadas v&#225;rias t&#233;cnicas reparadoras isoladas ou em associa&#231;&#227;o conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A pr&#243;tese (Braile-Biom&#233;dica, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; SP) &#233; semicircular, composta de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel, revestida por fina camada de silicone e coberta com veludo de Dacron. A parte anterior &#233; aberta e a inferior, &#224; direita, &#233; retificada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>). A numera&#231;&#227;o varia de 24 a 36, existindo medidores correspondentes. A escolha ideal do anel deve ser baseada na dist&#226;ncia entre o tr&#237;gono fibroso direito e esquerdo do cora&#231;&#227;o. Foram utilizados os an&#233;is de n&#250;mero 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, e 36 mm. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica os pacientes foram considerados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional (CF) de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de acordo com a New York Heart Association<sup>10</sup>, comparativamente entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do sopro card&#237;aco cada paciente foi auscultado em ambiente hospitalar, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, pela equipe cir&#250;rgica, que relatou a intensidade e o tipo de sopro. J&#225; no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, os pacientes foram auscultados pelo autor no consult&#243;rio, seguindo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 4+.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler transtor&#225;cico no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, foi realizado por um &#250;nico ecocardiografista, utilizando transdutores mec&#226;nicos de 2,5 a 5,0 MHz, e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio pelo autor com transdutores eletr&#244;nicos com 2&#170; harm&#244;nica de 2,5 a 3,5 MHz. As incid&#234;ncias, medidas e interpreta&#231;&#245;es obedeceram &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p>As medidas das cavidades esquerda e direita, foram expressas em mil&#237;metros; a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em % (encurtamento percentual e m&#233;todo de Teichholz<sup>11</sup>; na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o). O gradiente transvalvar mitral m&#233;dio, a press&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar foram expressos em mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio (mmHg) e a massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em gramas (g). O c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea valvar mitral foi expresso em cent&#237;metros quadrados pelo m&#233;todo de Pressure Half Time (PHT). A quantifica&#231;&#227;o do grau de refluxo mitral foi obtida pelo mapeamento com Doppler colorido, atrav&#233;s da classifica&#231;&#227;o proposta por Colette<sup>12</sup>; classifica&#231;&#227;o esta que quantifica a insufici&#234;ncia mitral, baseada na extens&#227;o e magnitude do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o, durante a s&#237;stole ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se o &#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico para avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho card&#237;aco pela radiografia de t&#243;rax, com classifica&#231;&#227;o de 0 a 4+.</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga ventricular esquerda no eletrocardiograma foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios de Sokolow &amp; Lyon<sup>13</sup>, e na avalia&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga atrial esquerda o &#237;ndice de Morris Jr.&#185;<sup>4</sup>. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>Os resultados foram apresentados sob a forma de tabelas e figuras. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as fases, nas quais as vari&#225;veis eram ordinais, foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon para amostras pareadas. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas (p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio) com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia, mediana, desvio-padr&#227;o, valor m&#237;nimo, valor m&#225;ximo e quartil. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#243;bito e g&#234;nero foi calculada por meio do teste exato de Fisher. A an&#225;lise de sobrevida e do tempo da troca valvar foi realizada atrav&#233;s do produto limite de Kaplan &amp; Meier<sup>15</sup>. Todas as decis&#245;es foram tomadas admitindose erro alfa de 5%, sendo considerados significantes os valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com <italic>software</italic> SPSS 9.1 for Windows e Statistica 6.0.</p>
    <p>O protocolo foi validado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual e cada paciente foi informado antes de ser inclu&#237;do na pesquisa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O total de pacientes avaliados no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi de 43 crian&#231;as. Dezoito (41,9%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 25 (58,1%) do sexo feminino, n&#227;o apresentando diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,286). No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, foi de 31 indiv&#237;duos, j&#225; que seis faleceram (todos do sexo feminino) e seis (exclu&#237;dos) foram submetidos a troca valvar (tr&#234;s do sexo feminino e tr&#234;s do sexo masculino). Em virtude disso, o estudo, nessa fase, teve quinze pacientes do sexo masculino (48,3%) e dezesseis do sexo feminino (51,7%), n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa e representando 72% dos casos em que se iniciou o estudo, h&#225; dezesseis anos. A idade no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (n = 43) sofreu varia&#231;&#227;o de cinco a doze anos, com m&#233;dia de 9,7 &#177; 2,2. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio a idade (n = 31) variou entre onze a 26 anos, com m&#233;dia de 17,6 &#177; 4,6.</p>
    <p>Houve melhora significativa na classe funcional (CF) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233; (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>). No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, tr&#234;s (7%) pacientes estavam em CF III, e quarenta (93%) estavam em CF IV.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 23 (74,2%) pacientes estavam em CF I; tr&#234;s (9,7%) estavam em CF II; dois (6,4%) estavam em CF III e tr&#234;s (9,7%) pacientes estavam em CF IV.</p>
    <p>Houve melhora significativa (p &lt; 0,001) na intensidade do sopro sist&#243;lico mitral (SSFM) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. No pr&#233;operat&#243;rio, o SSFM com intensidade de ++++ estava presente em dezesseis (37,2%) pacientes, +++ em dezenove (44,2%) pacientes++ em seis (14%) pacientes e em dois (4,7%) n&#227;o havia relato do sopro. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, dos 31 pacientes avaliados com SSFM, um (3,2%) paciente apresentava intensidade de ++++, seis (19,4%) pacientes apresentavam +++, doze (38,7%) pacientes apresentavam ++ e doze (38,7%) pacientes apresentavam +.</p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,001) da &#225;rea card&#237;aca, demonstrada pela radiografia de t&#243;rax (RX) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, tr&#234;s (7%) pacientes apresentavam &#225;rea card&#237;aca pelo RX normal, quatro (9,3%) apresentavam discreto aumento, oito (18,6%) apresentavam aumento moderado, 25 (58,1%) apresentavam aumento importante, e em tr&#234;s (7%) n&#227;o foram encontrados relatos sobre a radiografia de t&#243;rax. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, foram avaliados 31 pacientes: desses, 22 (71%) apresentavam &#225;rea card&#237;aca pelo RX normal, tr&#234;s (9,7%) com aumento discreto, cinco (16,1%) com aumento moderado e um (3,2%) com aumento importante.</p>
    <p>Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,001) da sobrecarga ventricular esquerda ao eletrocardiograma (SVE-ECG). No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, trinta (69,8%) pacientes apresentavam SVE-ECG; nove (20,9%) pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam, e de quatro (9,3%) pacientes n&#227;o foram encontrados os eletrocardiogramas nem relatos destes. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sete (22,6%) pacientes apresentavam SVE-ECG e 24 (77,4%) n&#227;o apresentavam.</p>
    <p>O ritmo card&#237;aco, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, era sinusal em 37 (86%) pacientes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em dois (4,7%) pacientes e de quatro (9,3%) n&#227;o foram encontrados os ECGs ou relatos dos destes. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, 26 (83,9%) pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal e cinco (16,1%) estavam em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. O ritmo entre o pr&#233;e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa com p &lt; 0,083.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de sobrecarga atrial esquerda ao eletrocardiograma (SAE-ECG) no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi observada em trinta (69,8%) pacientes, aus&#234;ncia de SAE-ECG em oito (18,6%) e em cinco (11,6%) n&#227;o foram encontrados relatos dos eletrocardiogramas. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, vinte (64,5%) pacientes apresentavam SAE-ECG e onze (35,5%) n&#227;o apresentavam. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com p = 0,285.</p>
    <p>Foi realizado ecocardiograma Doppler nos 31 pacientes com o anel de Gregori, no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A massa ventricular esquerda apresentou m&#233;dia de 220,45 <bold>&#177;</bold> 94,76 gramas, com valor m&#237;nimo de 80 g e m&#225;ximo de 498 g. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, foram encontrados di&#226;metros: m&#237;nimo de 29 mil&#237;metros (mm) e m&#225;ximo de 84 mm, com m&#233;dia de 49,26 <bold>&#177;</bold> 13,20 mm. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE medido em mm apresentou m&#233;dia de 51,06 <bold>&#177;</bold> 7,07 mm, com valor m&#237;nimo de 40 e m&#225;ximo de 69 mm. A &#225;rea mitral foi medida pelo Pressure Half Time (PHT) e nela foram encontradas &#225;rea m&#237;nima de 1,0 cm&#178; e m&#225;xima de 2,8 cm&#178; com m&#233;dia de 1,9 <bold>&#177;</bold> 0,48 cm&#178;. A insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) medida pelo eco, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, demonstrava dois (4,7%) pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia moderada e 41 (95,3%) com insufici&#234;ncia importante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a insufici&#234;ncia mitral era ausente em cinco (16,1%), discreta em quatorze (45,2%), moderada em dez (32,3%) e importante em dois (6,4%) pacientes. Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da IM pelo ECO entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), avaliada pelo m&#233;todo de Teichholz<sup>7</sup>, teve valor m&#237;nimo de 54% e m&#225;ximo de 76%, com m&#233;dia de 67,78% <bold>&#177;</bold> 6,09%. A press&#227;o na art&#233;ria pulmonar (pico) com valores em mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio (mmHg) variou de 25 mmHg (m&#237;nima) a 78 mmHg (m&#225;xima) com m&#233;dia de 41,32 <bold>&#177;</bold> 13,03 mmHg. O gradiente m&#233;dio, na valva mitral medido em mmHg, variou de 3 mmHg (m&#237;nimo) a 20 mmHg (m&#225;ximo), com m&#233;dia de 7,19 <bold>&#177;</bold> 3,66 mmHg .</p>
    <p>O gradiente m&#225;ximo, pela valva a&#243;rtica medido em mmHg, teve como valor m&#237;nimo 4 mmHg e m&#225;ximo 39 mmHg, com m&#233;dia de 7,94 <bold>&#177;</bold> 6,13 mmHg.</p>
    <p>O total de &#243;bitos entre os anos de 1987 a 2003 foi de seis (14%) pacientes, estando vivos 37 (86%) pacientes. Ap&#243;s 188 meses, a taxa de mortalidade anual foi de 0,38%.</p>
    <p>O tempo de &#243;bito, p&#243;s-plastia, teve como mediana 24 meses, sendo nove e 63 meses seus respectivos quartis (1&#186;/3&#186;) e amplitude entre zero e 108 meses. Dos seis pacientes que faleceram, um (2,3%) foi hospitalar e cinco (11,6%) tardios, sendo dois (4,6%) de causas n&#227;o-cardiol&#243;gicas e tr&#234;s (6,9%) de causas cardiol&#243;gicas. Todos os pacientes que faleceram eram do sexo feminino (6/25), existindo uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#243;bito e o g&#234;nero (p = 0,03; teste exato de Fisher). Todas as seis pacientes que morreram estavam em CF IV.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">figura 4</xref> mostra a curva atuarial de Kaplan &amp; Meier<sup>15 </sup>para an&#225;lise de sobrevida. O n&#250;mero de reopera&#231;&#245;es foi de oito (18,6 %) pacientes, com taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o anual de 0,51%, e 31 (72,6%) pacientes estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#245;es aos 188 meses. A causa b&#225;sica (100%) das reopera&#231;&#245;es foi a recorr&#234;ncia da atividade reum&#225;tica e uso incorreto de profilaxia. Neste estudo, seis (14%) pacientes foram submetidos a troca de valva mitral (TVM). </p>
    <fig id="fig4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os pacientes foram operados ap&#243;s doze, 59, 84, 88, 93 e 139 meses, e tinham entre nove e doze anos. O tempo de troca valvar mitral teve como mediana 86 meses. Em dois (33,3%) pacientes foram colocadas pr&#243;teses met&#225;licas, e em quatro (66,7%) foram colocadas pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas. Todos os pacientes reoperados tiveram recorr&#234;ncia da atividade reum&#225;tica, e em dois (33,3%) pacientes a causa da troca valvar foi estenose mitral; em quatro (66,7%) a causa foi insufici&#234;ncia mitral. Todas os seis pacientes que foram submetidos a troca valvar permanecem vivos.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">figura 5</xref> mostra a curva atuarial de Kaplan &amp; Meier<sup>15 </sup>de pacientes livres de eventos (troca valvar).</p>
    <fig id="fig5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Foram submetidas a replastia duas (4,6%) crian&#231;as, operadas inicialmente aos cinco anos de idade cada uma, e ambas tiveram recorr&#234;ncia da atividade reum&#225;tica, vindo a apresentar &#243;bito tardio, decorridos seis e 52 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia inicial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia reconstrutora da valva mitral vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada, gra&#231;as &#224; preocupa&#231;&#227;o dos cirurgi&#245;es com a preserva&#231;&#227;o do aparelho valvar e sua import&#226;ncia na manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular culminando com menor &#237;ndice de morbidade e mortalidade. Essa boa evolu&#231;&#227;o tem sido observada tamb&#233;m em crian&#231;as com classe funcional elevada (CF III e CF IV). Neste estudo, a classe funcional melhorou de forma significativa entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, conforme ilustra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">fig. 2</xref>, confirmando os resultados de trabalhos anteriores<sup>16-23</sup>. Antunes e cols.<sup>20</sup> analisaram doentes com mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica, e de todos os pacientes que estavam em CF III ou IV, 85% passaram para CF I. Essa melhora apresentada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio se deve &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o da continuidade entre as cordas tend&#237;neas e o anel mitral.</p>
    <p>O grau de intensidade do sopro sist&#243;lico, em foco mitral, diminuiu significativamente ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Os resultados s&#227;o semelhantes aos de outros trabalhos<sup>17</sup>, que revelaram predom&#237;nio de sopro discreto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, havendo melhora em 93% dos casos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Carvalho e cols.<sup>23 </sup>demonstraram que 92,4% dos pacientes avaliados apresentaram-se com predom&#237;nio de sopro discreto ou sua aus&#234;ncia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>A &#225;rea card&#237;aca avaliada pelo RX e a presen&#231;a de SVE pelo ECG apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral pelo ecocardiograma Doppler entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;soperat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">fig. 3</xref>). O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler foi um grande avan&#231;o para avaliar n&#227;o somente a indica&#231;&#227;o, como tamb&#233;m os resultados da cirurgia. Sendo um m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo, substituiu o estudo hemodin&#226;mico na maioria dos casos, principalmente em crian&#231;as. &#201; considerado padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o de valvas card&#237;acas, gra&#231;as aos recursos em tecnologia na imagem, tais como segunda harm&#244;nica, eco transesof&#225;gico, eco com contraste e reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional em tempo real. No estudo realizado, todas as crian&#231;as, at&#233; 2000, foram previamente submetidas a cateterismo card&#237;aco no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. A partir dessa data, por&#233;m, a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi feita com base nos dados resultantes do ecocardiograma Doppler, juntamente com os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos. Existem v&#225;rios trabalhos relacionando os estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos Doppler com os resultados da pl&#225;stica da valva mitral<sup>16,19,22,24-29</sup>. Pelos resultados de Spencer e cols.<sup>24</sup>, no total de 95 pacientes acompanhados, 82 n&#227;o apresentaram refluxo, e em doze o refluxo foi leve. Segundo Carvalho e cols.<sup>23</sup>, o refluxo foi ausente, ou leve, em 85% dos pacientes, com diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s o tratamento. Essa mesma incid&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi observada por Gregori Jr. e cols.<sup>22</sup>, os quais utilizaram o mesmo anel e a mesma t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica de Carpentier.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a do refluxo leve ou moderado, &#233; comum no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de pl&#225;stica mitral, como descreveram alguns autores<sup>16,19,22-26,29</sup>, e a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia &#233; sempre satisfat&#243;ria. Fix e cols.<sup>28</sup> realizaram estudo pioneiro, comparando a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia dos pacientes que apresentaram refluxo de + ou ++ de intensidade (76 pacientes). Ap&#243;s quatro anos, observaram que mortalidade, tromboembolismo, grau funcional, sobrevida (86%) e reinterna&#231;&#245;es eram iguais. Houve, todavia, uma pequena diferen&#231;a quanto ao &#237;ndice de reopera&#231;&#245;es nos pacientes com refluxo leve e/ou moderado (83% x 94%).</p>
    <p>A baixa mortalidade hospitalar de um (2,3%) paciente, observada neste estudo, est&#225; dentro dos resultados da literatura<sup>17,18,20,26,30-36</sup>. Pomerantzeff e cols.<sup>34</sup> apresentaram mortalidade de 2,6% em 301 pacientes operados. Gregori Jr. e cols.<sup>22</sup> mostraram mortalidade de 1,9% em 105 pacientes operados. Lessana e cols.<sup>37</sup>, em 275 pacientes, apresentaram mortalidade de 4%. Em 1983, Carpentier e cols.<sup>32</sup>, com a maior casu&#237;stica mundial (1.421 pacientes), obtiveram 3,6% de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Cosgrove e cols.<sup>18</sup> relacionaram a classe funcional com a mortalidade. Doentes em CF III apresentaram &#237;ndice de 4,9%, e na CF IV 12,5%.</p>
    <p>Conforme demonstrado na literatura<sup>38</sup>, a mortalidade cir&#250;rgica &#233; maior na fase aguda da febre reum&#225;tica, sendo a opera&#231;&#227;o indicada para os pacientes com severa disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar cujo tratamento cl&#237;nico se torna ineficaz. Mesmo nesses pacientes, a pl&#225;stica apresenta melhores resultados do que a substitui&#231;&#227;o valvar, pois preserva todo o aparelho subvalvar, o que deve resultar em melhor fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo Kumar e cols.<sup>39</sup>, o &#237;ndice de mortalidade operat&#243;ria em crian&#231;as e adolescentes acometidos de mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica submetidos a cirurgia reconstrutora com at&#233; quinze anos de idade foi de 4,8%. Nesse estudo, o total de &#243;bitos foi de seis (14%), estando vivos 37 (86%), e a taxa de mortalidade anual foi de 0,38%. Um total de cinco (11,6%) pacientes apresentaram mortalidade tardia. Houve um (2,3%) &#243;bito hospitalar. Foram reoperados oito (18,6%) com taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o anual de 0,51%, e 31 (72,6%) pacientes ficaram livres de reopera&#231;&#245;es durante o m&#225;ximo de 188 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>Carpentier e cols.<sup>31</sup>, estudando 551 pacientes, apresentaram mortalidade de 7% em dez anos, com sobrevida de 82%.</p>
    <p>Deloche e cols.<sup>16</sup>, ap&#243;s dezessete anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o, apresentaram mortalidade de 19%, com sobrevida de 72,4%. A evolu&#231;&#227;o foi melhor nos pacientes portadores de mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica do que nos de degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa, com 81,1% e 71,1% respectivamente.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia reconstrutora &#233; tecnicamente mais dif&#237;cil, com elevadas falhas no grupo com reumatismo, ficando a taxa de reopera&#231;&#227;o em 4,8% a 27%<sup>40-43</sup>. A taxa de reopera&#231;&#245;es cresce inversamente com a idade<sup>41,44</sup>. Antunes e cols.<sup>20</sup> tamb&#233;m comentaram que a mol&#233;stia reum&#225;tica &#233; a principal causa de reopera&#231;&#227;o. Em sua experi&#234;ncia com 201 pacientes operados, a incid&#234;ncia de reopera&#231;&#227;o foi de 10,4%, em um prazo m&#233;dio de 9,9 meses. Observaram ainda que a causa mais comum de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar era a retra&#231;&#227;o da c&#250;spide. Ap&#243;s 54 meses, 78% dos pacientes estavam livres de reopera&#231;&#227;o. Justificaram a alta incid&#234;ncia, tendo em vista que 44,4% dos pacientes tinham menos de quinze anos de idade.</p>
    <p>A mortalidade e a morbidade na reconstru&#231;&#227;o mitral t&#234;m sido menor em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; troca valvar, conforme publicaram alguns autores<sup>18,20,35,45-48</sup>. A taxa de mortalidade em troca valvar mitral isolada &#233; de 3% a 8% em v&#225;rios centros, com uma m&#233;dia de 6,4%<sup>49</sup>, com 13.936 pacientes operados por insufici&#234;ncia e/ou estenose. No mesmo banco de dados (National Cardiac Surgery Database), a taxa de mortalidade para cirurgia reparadora isolada em valva mitral foi de 3% em 4.167 pacientes.</p>
    <p>Adebo &amp; Ross<sup>27</sup> observaram que a sobrevida nos doentes submetidos a pl&#225;stica, ap&#243;s os seis anos, &#233; de 95%, enquanto na troca por pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica &#233; de 66% a 78%, e na por pr&#243;tese biol&#243;gica, de 82% a 90%. Na experi&#234;ncia de Galloway e cols.<sup>45</sup>, 75% dos pacientes estavam livres de eventos ocasionados pelo procedimento conservador, e 45% estavam livres, quando submetidos a troca valvar, incid&#234;ncia essa com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Existe uma controv&#233;rsia quanto &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is, sendo, provavelmente, a d&#250;vida maior no que toca ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. David e cols.<sup>50 </sup>afirmaram o bom desempenho do anel flex&#237;vel, ap&#243;s estudar 27 pacientes portadores de anel flex&#237;vel e r&#237;gido. Observaram, ainda, importante diminui&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) para ambos os an&#233;is, e o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (DSVE) diminuiu mais com o anel flex&#237;vel. Ap&#243;s quatro meses, notaram melhor desempenho do VE na s&#233;rie do anel flex&#237;vel. Comentaram tamb&#233;m que o anel r&#237;gido impede o final da contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular, recomendando o seu uso, sobretudo, quando a etiologia &#233; degenera&#231;&#227;o mixomatosa. Segundo esses autores, o anel r&#237;gido n&#227;o altera a contra&#231;&#227;o do VE porque o anel do paciente j&#225; se encontra mais r&#237;gido pela pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a. Melhor fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na parte &#237;nfero-basal do VE foi observada em estudos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios realizados por Duran &amp; Ubago<sup>51</sup> nos pacientes portadores de an&#233;is flex&#237;veis. No entanto, Deloche e cols.<sup>16</sup> mostraram n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as entre os dois tipos, apontando que a incid&#234;ncia de deisc&#234;ncia do anel flex&#237;vel e r&#237;gido era de 2,8% e 0,5%, respectivamente. O anel flex&#237;vel interferiu menos no movimento do anel mitral e levou a menor diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade basal do VE. J&#225; o anel r&#237;gido produziu leve insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica subvalvar pela sua compress&#227;o, diminuindo tamb&#233;m o movimento da c&#250;spide posterior, mas sem significado cl&#237;nico. Esses fatos foram observados por videoendoscopia em trabalho experimental em porcinos<sup>52</sup>.</p>
    <p>O anel empregado nas cirurgias analisadas no presente trabalho &#233; considerado r&#237;gido, sendo fixo na parte posterior e aberto na anterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig.1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A cirurgia reconstrutora da valva mitral, com implante de anel de Gregori, apresenta resultados eficazes no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia mitral reum&#225;tica em crian&#231;as, com melhora significativa na classe funcional, no sopro sist&#243;lico mitral e no grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral avaliado pelo ecocardiograma Doppler. Al&#233;m disso os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mostraram que o implante de pr&#243;tese aberta permitiu o crescimento do anel mitral durante o desenvolvimento normal das crian&#231;as.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Vitor Hugo Soares Machado </p>
        <p> Rua Takabumi Murata, 769 </p>
        <p> 86055-580 Londrina, PR </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="drvitor@sercomtel.com.br">drvitor@sercomtel.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 10/05/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 01/06/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Carpentier A, Deloche A, Dauptain J et al. A new reconstructive operation for correction of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1971; 61: 1-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A new reconstructive operation for correction of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1971</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carpentier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deloche</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dauptain</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Gregori Jr F. Cirurgia reparadora da valva mitral com novo modelo de anel prot&#233;tico. S&#227;o Paulo, 1990. Tese (Doutorado em Medicina) - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <source>Cirurgia reparadora da valva mitral com novo modelo de anel prot&#233;tico</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gregori Jr</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Lillehei CW, Levy MJ, Bonnabeau RC. Mitral valve replacement with preservation of the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1964; 47: 532-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral valve replacement with preservation of the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1964</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>532</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lillehei</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonnabeau</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. David TE, Burns RJ, Bacchus CM, Druck MN. Mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation with and without preservation of chordae tendineae. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1984; 88: 718-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation with and without preservation of chordae tendineae</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>718</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>David</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burns</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacchus</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Druck</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Sarris GE, Cahill PD, Hansen DE, Derby GC, Miller DC. Restoration of left ventricular systolic performance after reattachment of mitral chordae tendineae: the importance of valvular-interaction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988; 95: 969-79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Restoration of left ventricular systolic performance after reattachment of mitral chordae tendineae: the importance of valvular-interaction</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1988</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>969</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarris</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cahill</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derby</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Frater RWM, Gabbay S, Shore D, Factor S, Strom J. Reproducible replacement of elongated or ruptured mitral valve chordae. Ann Thorac Surg1983; 35: 14-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reproducible replacement of elongated or ruptured mitral valve chordae</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>14</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frater</surname>
              <given-names>RWM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabbay</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shore</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Factor</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strom</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Wooler GH, Nixon PGE, Grimshaw VA. Experiences with repair of the mitral valve in mitral incompetence. Thorax 1962; 17: 49-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Experiences with repair of the mitral valve in mitral incompetence</article-title>
          <source>Thorax</source>
          <date>
            <year>1962</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wooler</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nixon</surname>
              <given-names>PGE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grimshaw</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. De Vega NG. La anuloplastia selectiva, regulable y permanente. Una tecnica original para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia tricuspide. Rev Esp Cardiol 1972; 25: 555-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Una tecnica original para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia tricuspide</article-title>
          <source>Rev Esp Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1972</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>555</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De</surname>
              <given-names>Vega NG. La anuloplastia selectiva</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>regulable</surname>
              <given-names>y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Cox JL, Boineau JP, Schuessler RB, Kater KM, Lappasd DG. Five-year experience with the maze procedure for atrial fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 56: 814-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Five-year experience with the maze procedure for atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>814</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cox</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boineau</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schuessler</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kater</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lappasd</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. New York Heart Association Criteria Committee Inc.: Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis. 6th ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1964: 114.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis</source>
          <date>
            <year>1964</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>114</fpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Teichholz LE,    Kreulen T, Herman MV, Gorlin R. Problems in graphic correlations in the presence    or absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 1976; 37: 7. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Problems in graphic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Teichholz</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreulen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herman</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorlin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Colette V.    Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic indices for assessing mitral regurgitation.    Br Heart J 1984; 51: 130-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic indices for assessing mitral regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1984</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>130</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Colette</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J 1949; 37: 161.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1949</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>161</fpage>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sokolow</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lyon</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Morris Jr JJ, Dunlap WM, Thompson Jr HK, Mc Intosh HD, Estes Jr EH. P wave analysis in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1965; 32 (suppl II): 154.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>P wave analysis in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1965</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>154</fpage>
          <issue>suppl II</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>Jr JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunlap</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>Jr HK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mc</surname>
              <given-names>Intosh HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Estes</surname>
              <given-names>Jr</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Kaplan EL, Meier, P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1958; 53: 457-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations</article-title>
          <source>Journal of the American Statistical Association,</source>
          <date>
            <year>1958</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>457</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplan</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meier,</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Deloche A, Jebara VA, Relland JYM et al. Valve repair with Carpentier techniques: the second decade. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 99: 990-1002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valve repair with Carpentier techniques: the second decade</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>990</fpage>
          <lpage>1002</lpage>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deloche</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jebara</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Relland</surname>
              <given-names>JYM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Lessana A, Carbone C, Romano M et al. Mitral valve repair: results and the decision-making process in reconstruction: report of 275 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 99: 622-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral valve repair: results and the decision-making process in reconstruction: report of 275 cases</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>622</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lessana</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carbone</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Cosgrove DM, Chavez AM, Lytle BM et al. Results of mitral valve reconstruction Circulation 1986; 74 (3 Pt 2): 182-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Results of mitral valve reconstruction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cosgrove</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chavez</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lytle</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. David TE, Armstrong S, Sun Z, Daniel L. Late results of mitral valve repair regurgitation due to degenerative disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 56: 7-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Late results of mitral valve repair regurgitation due to degenerative disease</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>David</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daniel</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Antunes MJ, Magalh&#227;es MP, Colsen PR et al. Valvoplasty for rheumatic mitral valve disease: a surgical challenge. J Torac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 94: 44-56.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valvoplasty for rheumatic mitral valve disease: a surgical challenge</article-title>
          <source>J Torac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>44</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colsen</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Gregori Jr F, Takeda R, Fa&#231;anha L et al. Nova t&#233;cnica reconstrutora na insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral por alongamento das cordas tend&#237;neas da c&#250;spide anterior. Arq Bras Cardiol 1990; 54: 205-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nova t&#233;cnica reconstrutora na insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral por alongamento das cordas tend&#237;neas da c&#250;spide anterior</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>205</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gregori</surname>
              <given-names>Jr F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takeda</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fa&#231;anha</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Gregori Jr F, Silva SS, Hayashi SS, Aquino W, Cordeiro C, Silva LR. Mitral valvuloplasty with a new prosthetic ring: analysis of the first 105 cases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1994; 8: 168-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral valvuloplasty with a new prosthetic ring: analysis of the first 105 cases</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>168</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gregori</surname>
              <given-names>Jr F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayashi</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Carvalho RG, Giublin PR, Lopes LR, Mulinari L, Loures DRR. Pl&#225;stica da valva mitral com emprego do anel de Gregori-Braile: an&#225;lise de 66 pacientes. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 1998; 13(4): 295-316.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pl&#225;stica da valva mitral com emprego do anel de Gregori-Braile: an&#225;lise de 66 pacientes</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>295</fpage>
          <lpage>316</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giublin</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulinari</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loures</surname>
              <given-names>DRR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Spencer FC, Colvin SB, Culiford AT, Isom OW. Experiences with the Carpentier techniques of mitral valve reconstruction in 103 patients (1980-1985). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 90: 341-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Experiences with the Carpentier techniques of mitral valve reconstruction in 103 patients (1980-1985)</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>341</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spencer</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Culiford</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isom</surname>
              <given-names>OW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Pomerantzeff PMA, Azevedo JG, Ratti M et al. Pl&#225;stica da valva mitral em pacientes consecutivos. Como &#233; a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia?: avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Rev Bras Cardiovasc 1991; 6: 63-79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pl&#225;stica da valva mitral em pacientes consecutivos. Como &#233; a evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia?: avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiovasc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>63</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
              <given-names>PMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ratti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Galler M, Kronzon I, Slater J et al. Long-term follow-up after mitral valve reconstruction: incidence of postoperative left ventricular outflow obstruction. Circulation 1986; 74(3 pt 2): 99-103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term follow-up after mitral valve reconstruction: incidence of postoperative left ventricular outflow obstruction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>99</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
          <issue>3 pt 2</issue>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Galler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kronzon</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Slater</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Adebo OA, Ross JK. Conservative surgery for mitral valve disease: clinical and echocardiographic analysis of results. Thorax 1983; 38: 565-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Conservative surgery for mitral valve disease: clinical and echocardiographic analysis of results</article-title>
          <source>Thorax</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>565</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adebo</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Fix J, Isada L, Cosgrove D et al. Do patients with less than "echo-perfect" results from mitral valve repair by intraoperative echocardiography have a different outcome? Circulation 1993; 88 (5 Pt 2): 39-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Do patients with less than "echo-perfect" results from mitral valve repair by intraoperative echocardiography have a different outcome?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>39</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fix</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isada</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosgrove</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Souza Uva M, Grare P, Jebara V et al. Transposition of chordae in mitral valve repair: mid-term results. Circulation 1993; 88 (5 Pt 2): 35-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transposition of chordae in mitral valve repair: mid-term results</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>5 Pt 2</issue>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>Uva M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grare</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jebara</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Carpentier A, et al. Conservative management of the prolapsed mitral valve. Ann Thorac Surg 1978; 26: 294-302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Conservative management of the prolapsed mitral valve</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1978</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>294</fpage>
          <lpage>302</lpage>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carpentier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>et</surname>
              <given-names>al</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Carpentier A, Chauvaud S, Fabiani JN et al. Reconstructive of mitral incompetence: ten years appraisal. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 79: 338-48.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reconstructive of mitral incompetence: ten years appraisal</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>338</fpage>
          <lpage>48</lpage>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carpentier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chauvaud</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabiani</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Carpentier    A Cardiac valve surgery: the "French Correction". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983;    86: 323-37.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac valve surgery: the "French Correction</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>323</fpage>
          <lpage>37</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carpentier</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Lessana A,    Tran Viet T, Ades F et al. Mitral reconstructive operations: a series of 130    cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 553-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral reconstructive operations: a series of 130 cases</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1983</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>553</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lessana</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tran</surname>
              <given-names>Viet T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ades</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Pomerantzeff PMA, Brand&#227;o CM, Monterio AC et al. Pl&#225;stica da valva mitral no InCor HC-FMUSP: resultados tardios de doze anos de evolu&#231;&#245;es das t&#233;cnicas. Arq Bras Cardiol 1993; 61 (Supl.II): 175.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pl&#225;stica da valva mitral no InCor HC-FMUSP: resultados tardios de doze anos de evolu&#231;&#245;es das t&#233;cnicas</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>175</fpage>
          <issue>Supl.II</issue>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
              <given-names>PMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monterio</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, Danielson GK et al. Mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae: early and late results of valve repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 89: 491-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae: early and late results of valve repair</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1985</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>491</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Orszulak</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaff</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danielson</surname>
              <given-names>GK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Scott ML, Stowe CL, Nunnaly LC et al. Mitral valve reconstruction in the elderly population. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 48: 213-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral valve reconstruction in the elderly population</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scott</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stowe</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nunnaly</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Lessana A, Herreman F, Boffety C et al. Hemodynamic and cineangiography study before and after mitral valvuloplasty (Carpentier's technique). Circulation 1981; 64 (2 Pt 2): 195-202.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodynamic and cineangiography study before and after mitral valvuloplasty (Carpentier's technique)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>195</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
          <issue>2 Pt 2</issue>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lessana</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herreman</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boffety</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Pomerantzeff PMA, Snitcowsky R, Trevisan IV, Marcial MB, Verginelli G, Jatene AD. Surgical treatment of acute episodes of rheumatic fever. Cardiol Young 1992; 2: 244-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surgical treatment of acute episodes of rheumatic fever</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>244</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
              <given-names>PMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Snitcowsky</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trevisan</surname>
              <given-names>IV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcial</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verginelli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Kumar AS, Rao PN, Saxena A. Results of mitral valve reconstruction in children with rheumatic heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 1044-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Results of mitral valve reconstruction in children with rheumatic heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1044</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rao</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saxena</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <mixed-citation>40. Chauvaud SM, Deleuze P, Perier PM, Carpentier AF. Failures in reconstructive mitral valve surgery [Abstract]. Circulation 1986; 74 (Suppl 2): 393.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Failures in reconstructive mitral valve surgery</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1986</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>393</fpage>
          <issue>Suppl 2</issue>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chauvaud</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deleuze</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perier</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carpentier</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <mixed-citation>41. Skoularigis J, Sinovich V, Joubert G, Sareli P. Evaluation of long term results of mitral valve repair in 254 young patients with rheumatic mitral regurgitation. Circulation 1994; 90 (Suppl 2): 167-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Evaluation of long term results of mitral valve repair in 254 young patients with rheumatic mitral regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <issue>Suppl 2</issue>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skoularigis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sinovich</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joubert</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sareli</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <mixed-citation>42. Prabhakar G, Kumar N, Gometza B, Galal O, Al-Haless Z, Duran CMG. Triple valve operation in the young rheumatic patient. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 1492-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Triple valve operation in the young rheumatic patient</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1993</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1492</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Prabhakar</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gometza</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galal</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Haless</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duran</surname>
              <given-names>CMG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <mixed-citation>43. Aharon AS, Laks H, Drinkwater DC et al. Early and late results of mitral valve repair in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107: 1262-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early and late results of mitral valve repair in children</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1262</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aharon</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laks</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drinkwater</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <mixed-citation>44. Duran CMG, Gometza B, De Vol EB. Valve repair in rheumatic mitral valve disease. Circulation 1991; 84 (Suppl 3): 125-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Valve repair in rheumatic mitral valve disease</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>Suppl 3</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duran</surname>
              <given-names>CMG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gometza</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De</surname>
              <given-names>Vol</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <mixed-citation>45. Galloway AC,    Colvin SB, Baumann FG et al. A comparison of mitral valve reconstruction with    mitral valve replacement: intermediate  term results. Ann Thorac Surg    1989; 47: 655-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A comparison of mitral valve reconstruction with mitral valve replacement: intermediate - term results</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>655</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Galloway</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumann</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <mixed-citation>46. Angel WW, Oury JII, Shah P. A comparison of replacement and reconstruction in patients with mitral regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 93, 665-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A comparison of replacement and reconstruction in patients with mitral regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>665</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Angel</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oury</surname>
              <given-names>JII</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <mixed-citation>47. Sand ME, Naftel DC, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, Karp RB. A comparison of repair and replacement for mitral valve incompetence. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987; 94: 208-19.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A comparison of repair and replacement for mitral valve incompetence</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>19</lpage>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sand</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naftel</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blackstone</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirklin</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karp</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <mixed-citation>48. Yacoub M, Halim M, Radley-Smith R et al. Surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation caused by floppy valves: repair versus replacement. Circulation 1981; 64 (supl.II): 210-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation caused by floppy valves: repair versus replacement</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1981</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>210</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>supl.II</issue>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yacoub</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halim</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radley-Smith</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <mixed-citation>49. Jamieson WRE, Edwards FH, Schwartz M et al. Risk stratification for cardiac valve replacement. National Cardiac Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67: 943.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk stratification for cardiac valve replacement</article-title>
          <source>National Cardiac Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jamieson</surname>
              <given-names>WRE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <mixed-citation>50. David TE, Komeda M, Pollick C, Burns R J. Mitral valve annuloplasty: the effect of the type on left ventricular function. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 47: 524-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mitral valve annuloplasty: the effect of the type on left ventricular function</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>524</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>David</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Komeda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pollick</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burns</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <mixed-citation>51. Duran CG, Ubago JL. Clinical and hemodynamic performance of a totally flexible prosthetic ring for atrioventricular valve reconstruction. Ann Thorac Surg 1976; 22: 458-6</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical and hemodynamic performance of a totally flexible prosthetic ring for atrioventricular valve reconstruction</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>458</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duran</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ubago</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <mixed-citation>52. Van Rijk-Zwikker    GL, Mast F, Schipperheyn JJ, Huysmans HA, Bruschke AV. Comparison of rigid and    flexible ring for annuloplasty of the porcine mitral valve. Circulation 1990;    82(5 Suppl.): 58-64.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of rigid and flexible ring for annuloplasty of the porcine mitral valve</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1990</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>58</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <issue>5 Suppl.</issue>
          <volume>82</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Van</surname>
              <given-names>Rijk-Zwikker GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mast</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schipperheyn</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huysmans</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruschke</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Late heart evaluation of children with rheumatic mitral regurgitation submitted to reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Assess late cardiological evolution of children with rheumatic mitral regurgitation (RMR) who underwent mitral valve reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring (MVR), from 1987 to 2003. METHODS: A study was conducted to analyze a series of cases of 43 children with RMR who underwent MVR with ages ranged from five to twelve years (mean age 9.7 &#177; 2.2 years); 25 of the patients were females (58.1%). Patients were evaluated as per the following clinical parameters: functional class of heart failure, heart auscultation, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and echocardiographic findings. RESULTS: Forty-three patients underwent preoperative evaluation during the postoperative period, the number of patients evaluated decreased to 31 due to the fact that 6 patients had died and 6 others underwent valve replacement surgery. Follow-up was carried out for 100% of the patients. A significant reduction of heart failure functional class was observed. Mitral systolic murmur became lesss intense during the postoperative period. The cardiac area on chest X-ray and the presence of left ventricular overload on electrocardiogram were reduced, as well as the mitral regurgitation level on echocardiographic study. After 188 months, the survival rate was 82%, and the annual mortality rate, 0.38%. Thirty-one (72.6%) patients did not require reoperation and the annual rate of patients who required further surgery was 0.51%. CONCLUSION: MVR is an effective procedure for treating RMR in children, resulting in a significant improvement of functional class, mitral systolic murmur and level of mitral regurgitation, as shown on Doppler echocardiogram.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>rheumatic mitral regurgitation</kwd>
        <kwd>children</kwd>
        <kwd>annuloplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Late heart evaluation of children with rheumatic mitral regurgitation submitted to reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vitor Hugo Soares Machado; Francisco Gregori J&#250;nior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Londrina, Santa Casa de Londrina e Hospital Jo&#227;o de Freitas de Arapongas - Londrina, PR - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Assess late cardiological evolution of children with rheumatic mitral regurgitation (RMR) who underwent mitral valve reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring (MVR), from 1987 to 2003.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A study was conducted to analyze a series of cases of 43 children with RMR who underwent MVR with ages ranged from five to twelve years (mean age 9.7 &#177; 2.2 years); 25 of the patients were females (58.1%). Patients were evaluated as per the following clinical parameters: functional class of heart failure, heart auscultation, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and echocardiographic findings.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Forty-three patients underwent preoperative evaluation during the postoperative period, the number of patients evaluated decreased to 31 due to the fact that six patients had died and six others underwent valve replacement surgery. Follow-up was carried out for one hundred percent of the patients. A significant reduction of heart failure functional class was observed. Mitral systolic murmur became lesss intense during the postoperative period. The cardiac area on chest X-ray and the presence of left ventricular overload on electrocardiogram were reduced, as well as the mitral regurgitation level on echocardiographic study. After 188 months, the survival rate was 82%, and the annual mortality rate, 0.38%. Thirty-one (72.6%) patients did not require reoperation and the annual rate of patients who required further surgery was 0.51%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>MVR is an effective procedure for treating RMR in children, resulting in a significant improvement of functional class, mitral systolic murmur and level of mitral regurgitation, as shown on Doppler echocardiogram.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>rheumatic mitral regurgitation, children, annuloplasty</p>
      <p> Mitral valve reconstructive surgery started to be used in several cardiac surgery centers after the development of the technique by Carpentier et al<sup>1</sup>, which proved to be superior to valve replacement techniques. In 1987, mitral valve reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring started to be performed.</p>
      <p>The mitral valve (left atrioventricular ring) is made up of the mitral annulus, the leaflets, the chordae tendineae, the papillary muscles and the left ventricle wall underlying the annulus. The main anatomopathological changes affecting the mitral valve are caused by rheumatic disease or myxomatous degeneration. These two diseases may lead to mitral regurgitation, stenosis or double mitral lesion. The dilatation of the mitral valve annulus is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation. The annulus is made up of an anterior portion and a posterior portion. The anterior portion is attached by the right and left fibrous trigones of the heart, whereas the posterior portion is supported by the left ventricular free wall. During the ventricular systole, the annulus contracts like a sphincter taking on a kidney-shaped appearance. When the mitral annulus is dilated, the posterior portion pulls away from the anterior portion, increasing the anteroposterior diameter mainly to the right. Leaflets may be retracted or redundant. In general, leaflet retraction is typical of rheumatic disease sequelae, whereas redundancy usually results from myxomatous degeneration. The posterior leaflet is more susceptible to retraction than the anterior leaflet. Commissural fusion is a common feature when the etiology is rheumatic mitral valve disease. The chordae tendineae may be retracted, elongated or ruptured. The retraction of the primary chordae tendineae may cause them to fuse together or adhere to the papillary muscles. Secondary or tertiary chordae tendineae are also important because, when fibrosed, they may cause localized retractions of the leaflets.</p>
      <p>In the rheumatic disease, papillary muscles are thick and fibrous, while this is not the case with myxomatous degeneration in which the muscles are usually slender.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular wall, the papillary muscles, the chordae tendineae, the leaflets and the annulus all play an important role in the physiology of the left ventricle contraction&#179;<sup>-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Lesions produced by rheumatic disease can impair mitral valve function due to the loss of its functional integrity in the following cases: dilatation of the valve annulus, hypoplasia of the posterior leaflet, commissural fusion, chordae shortening or elongation, and rupture of anterior and/or posterior chordae, which consequently leads to mitral regurgitation and/or stenosis.</p>
      <p>Gregori's ring draws the anterior and posterior leaflets together, more effectively to the right, even correcting the posteromedial commissure widening. This new ring leaves aside the anterior portion, considered useless and even undesirable, especially when it is used in growing children.</p>
      <p>This study assessed, by means of clinical and Doppler echocardiography parameters, children with rheumatic mitral regurgitation who underwent mitral valve reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring during their late clinical evolution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cases were analyzed by means of a longitudinal study featuring descriptive and analytical components and divided into two phases: the first one is called the preoperative phase, and the second one, the current postoperative phase.</p>
      <p>During the preoperative phase, children were submitted to examinations and tests, and were then referred to mitral valve reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring, through the <italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de &#150; SUS</italic> (Unified Health System) in hospitals located in Londrina and Arapongas (state of Paran&#225;). For the postoperative phase, patients were evaluated in private clinics in Londrina.</p>
      <p>During the preoperative phase, a total of 43 children, up to twelve years of age with rheumatic mitral regurgitation were submitted to mitral valve reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring in consecutive operations, by the same cardiac surgery service, between October 1987 and July 2002. The mean follow-up was 86.47 +/- 53.27 months, with a minimum of 0 (inhospital death) and a maximum of 188 months.</p>
      <p>For the postoperative phase, a thirty-one patient sample was obtained during 2002 and 2003. Six patients who had to be reoperated for mitral regurgitation correction were excluded, and six other patients died. Sample size was determined as was convenient and established according to the number of patients who had undergone surgery at the <italic>Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca de Londrina</italic> (Cardiac Surgery Service in Londrina).</p>
      <p>During the preoperative phase, medical charts of the 43 patients were reviewed and the addresses necessary to locate these individuals were obtained. Patients underwent heart auscultation, electrocardiograms, chest X-rays, and Doppler echocardiograms. During the postoperative phase, a total of 31 patients were enrolled in a specific protocol and, after the consent form was signed by the person responsible for the child, they were evaluated with clinical examinations, electrocardiograms, chest X-rays and Doppler echocardiograms.</p>
      <p>After sedation, asepsis and antisepsis, the access route was established by median thoracotomy with longitudinal sectioning of the sternum. Extracorporeal circulation was installed and cardiac arrest was induced; myocardial anoxia was produced by clamping the ascending aorta with reperfusion every 15 minutes, and unclamping it for 5 minutes. Moderate systemic hypothermia was used (28 &#176;C to 32 &#176;C). Duration of extracorporeal circulation ranged from 29 to 105 minutes (mean 62.81 &#177; 20.8 minutes); myocardial anoxia lasted from 14 to 80 minutes (mean 35.38 &#177; 15.69 minutes). The prosthesis was implanted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>) in the mitral annulus using U-stitches passed through the outer surface of the annulus. Several reconstructive techniques were employed alone or in combination with others, as shown on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_27411t1-body2">Table I</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_27411t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The Braile-Biom&#233;dica (S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#150; SP) prosthesis is semicircular and made of stainless steel coated with a thin layer of silicon and Dacron velvet. The anterior portion is open and the lower portion, to the right side, is straightened (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Fig. 1</xref>). Ring sizes range from 24 to 36, with corresponding ring sizers. The selection of the ideal ring size should be based on the distance between right and left fibrous trigones of the heart. Ring sizes 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, and 36 mm were used.</p>
      <p>During the clinical evaluation, patients were analyzed as to the functional class of their heart failure according to the New York Heart Association Criteria Committee<sup>10</sup>, comparing preoperative and postoperative values.</p>
      <p>During the preoperative phase, each patient was auscultated for cardiac murmurs in the hospital by the surgical team who reported on the intensity and type of murmur. During the postoperative phase, patients underwent auscultation performed by the author in the medical office and rated according to an auscultation scale scored from 0 to 4+.</p>
      <p>The preoperative Doppler echocardiography transthoracic study was performed by one single echocardiographist using mechanical transducers ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 MHz; after surgery, it was done by the author using electrical transducers ranging from 2.5 to 3.5 MHz with second harmonic signals. The incidences, measurements and interpretations abided by the recommendations of the American Association of Echocardiography.</p>
      <p>Measurements of right and left cavities were expressed in millimeters; the ventricular function, in % (shortening percentage and Teichholz<sup>11</sup> method; in the ejection fraction). The mean mitral valve gradient and the pulmonary artery pressure were expressed in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and the left ventricular mass, in grams (g). The calculation of the mitral valve area was expressed in square centimeters according to the Pressure Half Time (PHT) method. The quantification of the mitral reflux was obtained by color Doppler mapping, as per Colette<sup>12</sup> classification that quantifies mitral regurgitation based on the extension and magnitude of the regurgitation jet during left ventricular systole.</p>
      <p>The cardiothoracic index was utilized to estimate heart size on chest X-rays, using a scale of scores from 0 to 4+.</p>
      <p>To assess the left ventricle overload on the electrocardiogram, Sokolow &amp; Lyon<sup>13</sup> criteria were used, and for the left atrial overload evaluation, the Morris Jr.<sup>14</sup> index was used. Patients were evaluated as to the presence or absence of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>Results were displayed in tables and figures. The Wilcoxon test (paired samples) was used for the comparison between phases with ordinal variables. The (postoperative) numerical variables with normal distribution were presented as mean, median, standard deviation, minimum value, maximum value and quartile values. The association between death and gender was calculated using Fisher's exact test. Survival analysis and the time to valve replacement were performed using the Kaplan &amp; Meier product-limit estimation<sup>15</sup>. All decisions were based on a 5% alpha error, and P values * 0.05 were considered significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS 9.1 software for Windows and Statistica 6.0.</p>
      <p>The protocol was validated by the Research Ethics Committee of the State University, and each patient was informed before being enrolled in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 43 children underwent preoperative evaluations. Eighteen (41.9%) patients were males and 25 (58.1%) were females, with no significant gender difference (p = 0.286). The postoperative evaluation was performed with only 31 participants, as 6 patients died (all females) and 6 (excluded) were submitted to valve replacement (3 females and 3 males). This explains why, at this phase, the study had fifteen male patients (48.3%) and sixteen female patients (51.7%), with no significant difference between the genders; these patients represented 72% of the cases enrolled at the beginning of the study sixteen years before. Patients' ages during the preoperative phase (n = 43) ranged from five to twelve years (mean age 9.7 &#177; 2.2 years). During the postoperative phase (n = 31), ages ranged from eleven to twenty-six years (mean age 17.6 &#177; 4.6).</p>
      <p>A significant improvement in the functional class was observed in the postoperative period as compared to the preoperative period (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>). During the preoperative phase, three patients (7%) were classified as FC III and forty (93%) were classified as FC IV.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In the postoperative period, 23 patients (74.2%) were classified as FC I; three (9.7%) were FC II; two (6.4%) were FC III, and three (9.7%) were classified as FC IV.</p>
      <p>A significant decrease (p &lt; 0.001) in the intensity of the mitral systolic murmur (MSM) was seen in the postoperative phase compared to the preoperative phase. During the preoperative period, 16 (37.2%) patients were MSM IV, 19 (44.2%) were MSM III, six (14%) were MSM II and 2 (4.7%) had no report of a murmur. During the postoperative, of the 31 MSM patients evaluated, one (3.2%) was MSM IV, six (19.4%) were MSM III, 12 (38.7%) were MSM II and 12 (38.7%) were MSM I. </p>
      <p>There was a significant reduction (p &lt; 0,001) in the cardiac area as shown on the postoperative chest X-ray. In the preoperative phase, three patients (7%) had a normal cardiac area on the X-ray, four (9.3%) had a slight increase, eight (18.6%) had a moderate increase, 25 (58.1%) had a significant increase in the cardiac area, and for 3 patients (7%) no chest X-ray reports were found. Thirty-one patients were evaluated in the postoperative period: 22 (71%) of them had a normal cardiac area on the X-ray, 3 (9.7%) showed a slight increase, five (16.1%) had a moderate increase and 1 (3.2%) had a significant increase in the cardiac area.</p>
      <p>A significant reduction (p &lt; 0.001) in left ventricle overload was seen on the electrocardiogram (LVO-ECG). In the preoperative phase, thirty patients (69.8%) had LVO-ECGs exams performed; nine (20.9%) did not have this test and for four patients (9.37%) no electrocardiograms or reports were found. During the postoperative phase, seven patients (22.6%) had LVOECGs and 24 (77.4%) did not.</p>
      <p>During the preoperative phase, 37 (86%) patients showed sinus cardiac rhythm, 2 (4.7%) had atrial fibrillation and 4 (9.3%) had no ECGs or reports. Postoperatively, 26 patients (83.9%) were in sinus rhythm and 5 (16.1%) were in atrial fibrillation. No significant difference in rhythm was observed between the pre- and postoperative phases (p &lt; 0.083).</p>
      <p>Thirty patients (69.8%) had left atrial overload on the electrocardiogram (LAO-ECG) in the preoperative phase, eight (18.6%) did not, and for five patients (11.6%) no electrocardiogram reports were found. During the postoperative period, twenty patients (64.5%) had LAOECGs and 11 (35.5%) did not. No significant difference was observed between the pre- and postoperative phases (p &lt; 0.285).</p>
      <p>Thirty-one patients with Gregori's ring underwent Doppler echocardiograms during the postoperative phase. The left ventricular mass had an average of 220.45 <bold>&#177;</bold> 94.76 grams, with a minimum value of 80 g and a maximum value of 498 g. As to the left atrium size, minimum and maximum diameters were 29 mm and 84 mm, respectively (mean diameter 49.26 <bold>&#177;</bold> 13.20 mm). The left ventricle diastolic diameter measured in millimeters had an average of 51.06 <bold>&#177;</bold> 7.07 mm, with value of 40 mm, minimum, and of 69 mm, maximum. The mitral area was estimated using the Pressure Half Time (PHT) method; minimum area was 1.0 cm&#178; and maximum area was 2.8 cm&#178; (mean area 1.9 <bold>&#177;</bold> 0.48 cm&#178;). Echocardiograms performed during the preoperative period indicated that two (4.7%) patients had moderate mitral regurgitation, and 41 (95.3%) had significant insufficiency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>During the postoperative phase, five patients (16.1%) showed no mitral regurgitation, fourteen had mild insufficiency, ten (32.3%) had moderate insufficiency, and two (6.4%) had significant mitral regurgitation. A significant decrease in mitral regurgitation was observed on echocardiograms comparing the pre- and postoperative phases (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>The ejection fraction (EF) estimated by the Teichholz<sup>7 </sup>method indicated a minimum value of 54% and a maximum value of 76% (mean: 67.78% <bold>&#177;</bold> 6.09%). Peak pulmonary artery pressures measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) ranged from 25 mmHg (minimum) to 78 mmHg (maximum) with a mean value of 41.32 <bold>&#177;</bold> 13.03 mmHg. Mitral valve mean gradient measured in mmHg ranged from 3 mmHg (minimum) to 20 mmHg (maximum) with a mean value of 7.19 <bold>&#177;</bold> 3.66 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Aortic valve maximum gradient measured in mmHg ranged from 4 mmHg (minimum) to 39 mmHg (maximum), with a mean value of 7.94 <bold>&#177;</bold> 6.13 mmHg.</p>
      <p>A total of six patients died between 1987 and 2003 (14%), whereas 37 (86%) survived. After 188 months, annual mortality rate was 0.38%.</p>
      <p>The median postoperative time to death was 24 months, with corresponding quartiles of nine and sixty-three months (1st and 3rd) and an amplitude between zero and 108 months. Of the six patients who died, one (2.3%) died in-hospital and five (11.6%) died later, two (4.6%) due to non-cardiac causes and three (6.9%) due to cardiac causes. All patients who died were females (6/25), which shows an association between death and gender (p = 0.03 as per Fisher's exact test). All six patients who died were FC IV.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4-body2">Figure 4</xref> shows the actuarial curve (Kaplan &amp; Meier<sup>15</sup>) for the survival analysis.</p>
      <fig id="fig4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Eight patients (18.6 %) had to undergo reoperation (annual reoperation rate of 0.51%), and 31 patients (72.6%) were free of reoperations at 188 months. The main cause (100%) for reoperation was the recurrence of rheumatic activity and incorrect prophylaxis use. In this study, six (14%) patients had to undergo mitral valve replacement (MVR). Patients aged from nine to twelve years underwent the new surgery after 12, 59, 84, 88, 93 and 139 months. The median time for mitral valve replacement was 86 months. Two patients (33.3%) received metal prostheses and four (66.7%) received bioprostheses. All patients who underwent reoperation had recurrence of rheumatic activity; the reason for valve replacement for two of them (33.3%) was mitral stenosis and four (66.7%) had mitral regurgitation. All six patients who underwent valve replacement survived.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5-body2">Figure 5</xref> displays the actuarial curve (Kaplan &amp; Meier<sup>15</sup>) for patients free of events (valve replacement).</p>
      <fig id="fig5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0403-00006-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Two children (4.6%) who had initially undergone surgery at the age of five had to be reoperated; both experienced recurrences of rheumatic activity and had late deaths, six and 52 months after the first surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral valve reconstructive surgery has increasingly become the method of choice thanks to the concern of surgeons with the preservation of the valvar apparatus, and its importance in maintaining ventricular function, which resulted in decreased morbidity and mortality rates. This favorable evolution has also been observed in children with high functional class (FC III and IV). In this study, functional class improved significantly between the pre- and postoperative phases, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Fig. 2</xref>, confirming the results of former studies<sup>16-23</sup>. Antunes et al<sup>20</sup> analyzed patients with rheumatic disease, and of all the patients formerly classified as FC III or IV, 85% became FC I. This improvement observed during the postoperative period is due to the preservation of the continuity between the chordae tendineae and the mitral annulus.</p>
      <p>The systolic murmur intensity level in the mitral area decreased significantly after surgical correction. These results are similar to those indicated by other studies<sup>17</sup> that showed the predominance of a mild murmur during the postoperative phase with an improvement in 93% of the cases, in comparison with the preoperative period. Carvalho et al<sup>23</sup> demonstrated that 92.4% of all patients evaluated presented predominantly with just a mild murmur or no murmur at all during the postoperative phase.</p>
      <p>The cardiac area on the X-ray and the presence of LVO on ECG showed significant reductions after surgical correction.</p>
      <p>A significant decrease was observed in the degree of mitral regurgitation on echocardiogram from the preoperative to the postoperative phase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Fig. 3</xref>). The Doppler echocardiographic study was a great advance in assessing not only the indication, but also the results of the surgery. This non-invasive method in most cases replaces the hemodynamic study, especially in children. It is considered a "gold standard" for the evaluation of cardiac valves due to its image technology features such as second harmonic imaging, transesophagic echocardiography, contrast echocardiogram and real-time tridimensional reconstruction. Until the year 2000, all children underwent previous cardiac catheterization during the preoperative phase. From that time on, however, the indication for surgery was made based on the results from the Doppler echocardiogram, as well as on clinical parameters. There are several studies correlating Doppler echocardiographic studies with the results of mitral valvoplasty<sup>16,19,22,24-29</sup>. According to the results achieved by Spencer et al<sup>24</sup>, from a total of 95 patients who were followed, 82 did not have regurgitation, whereas 12 had mild regurgitation. According to Carvalho et al<sup>23</sup>, 85% of the patients had no regurgitation at all, or a very mild one, with a significant decrease after treatment. This same incidence was also observed by Gregori Jr. et al<sup>22</sup>, who used the same ring and the same Carpentier surgical technique.</p>
      <p>The presence of a mild or moderate regurgitation is very common during the postoperative phase of mitral valvoplasty, as described by some authors<sup>16,19,22-26,29</sup>, and the late clinical evolution is always satisfactory. Fix et al<sup>28</sup> conducted a pioneer study comparing the late evolution of patients who were classified as having regurgitation intensity of I or II (76 patients). After four years, they observed that mortality, thromboembolism, functional classification, survival (86%) and number of re-hospitalizations were the same. There was, however, a small difference in the rate of reoperations in patients with a mild and/or moderate regurgitation (83% x 94%).</p>
      <p>The low in-hospital mortality rate (one patient &#150; 2.3%) in this study is within the results reported in medical literature<sup>17,18,20,26,30-36</sup>. Pomerantzeff et al<sup>34</sup> reported a mortality rate of 2.6% in 301 patients who had undergone surgery. Gregori Jr. et al<sup>22</sup> noted a 1.9% mortality rate in 105 patients who underwent surgery. In a study conducted with 275 patients, Lessana et al<sup>37 </sup>registered a 4% mortality rate. In 1983, Carpentier et al<sup>32</sup> conducted a study with the largest number of cases worldwide (1,421 patients) and registered a 3.6% inhospital mortality rate.</p>
      <p>Cosgrove et al<sup>18</sup> correlated functional class and mortality. FC III patients had a 4.9% rate and those in FC IV, a 12.5% rate.</p>
      <p>As described in medical literature<sup>38</sup>, intraoperative mortality is higher in the acute phase of rheumatic fever, and surgery is indicated for patients with severe valve dysfunction for whom clinical treatment is ineffective. But even for these patients, annuloplasty proved to be more effective than valve replacement since it preserves the whole subvalvar apparatus, which should result in better ventricular function after the postoperative period <sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Kumar et al<sup>39</sup>, the intraoperative mortality rate in children and adolescents up to 15 years of age with rheumatic disease undergoing reconstructive surgery was 4.8%. In this study, a total of six patients died (14%), 37 survived (86%), and the annual mortality rate was 0.38%. Five patients (12.6%) had late deaths. One death (2.3%) occurred in-hospital. Eight patients (18.6%) had to be reoperated, with an annual reoperation rate of 0.51%, and 31 patients (72.6%) were free of reoperations during the 188-month follow-up period.</p>
      <p>In a study with 551 patients, Carpentier et al<sup>31 </sup>registered a 7% mortality rate in a ten-year period, with survival rate of 82%.</p>
      <p>After 17 years of clinical evolution, Deloche et al<sup>16 </sup>registered a 19% mortality rate and a 72.4% survival rate. The evolution was better in patients with rheumatic disease than in those with myxomatous degeneration (81.1% and 71.1%, respectively).</p>
      <p>Reconstructive surgery is technically more difficult to perform, with high rates of failure for the group of patients with rheumatic disease (reoperation rate ranges from 4.8% to 27%) <sup>40-43</sup>. The rate of reoperations increases inversely with age<sup>41,44</sup>. Antunes et al<sup>20</sup> have also reported that rheumatic disease is the main cause for reoperation. In his experience with 201 patients who had undergone surgery, reoperation incidence was 10.4% during an average period of 9.9 months. The authors of the study also observed that leaflet retraction was the most common cause of valve dysfunction. After 54 months, 78% of patients were free from reoperation. This high rate of success was justified by the fact that the technique preserves the natural valve of the organism (and it is advantageous even though 44.4% of the patients were under 15 years of age).</p>
      <p>Compared to valve replacement, mortality and morbidity rates associated with mitral valve reconstructive surgery have decreased, as has been published by other authors<sup>18,20,35,45-48</sup>. Mortality rate due to isolated mitral valve replacement ranges from 3% to 8% in several medical centers (mean value of 6.4%)<sup>49</sup> with 13,936 patients having undergone surgery due to mitral regurgitation and/or stenosis. According to the same database (National Cardiac Surgery Database), the mortality rate for isolated reconstructive surgery was 3%, in a total of 4,167 patients.</p>
      <p>Adebo &amp; Ross<sup>27</sup> observed that, after six years, the survival rate of patients who had undergone annuloplasty was 95%, whereas that of patients who underwent valve replacement ranged from 66% to 78% with mechanical prostheses, and 82% to 90% with biological prostheses. Galloway et al<sup>45</sup> observed in their practice that 75% of the patients were free of events caused by the conventional procedure, whereas 45% were free of events when submitted to valve replacement, a statistically significant incidence.</p>
      <p>There is controversy about the utilization of rings, probably due to the impairment of ventricular function. After analyzing 27 patients who received flexible and rigid rings, David et al<sup>50</sup> confirmed the good performance of the flexible ring. They observed also that both rings caused an important decrease in the left ventricle diastolic diameter (LVDD), whereas the systolic diameter (LVSD) was reduced mainly with the flexible ring. After four months, they noted a better LV performance in the series of patients who received the flexible ring. They also reported that the rigid ring hinders final ventricular contraction and recommended its use mostly in cases of myxomatous degeneration. According to these authors, the rigid ring does not alter LV contraction because the patient's natural ring has been hardened by the disease itself. A better systolic function in the inferobasal portion of the LV was observed in postoperative studies conducted by Duran &amp; Ubago<sup>51</sup> in patients with flexible rings. However, Deloche et al<sup>16</sup> showed that there were no differences between the two types of rings, pointing out that the incidence of dehiscence with flexible and rigid rings was 2.8% and 0.5%, respectively. The flexible ring interfered less with mitral annulus motion and caused less reduction in the basal contractility of the LV. The rigid ring caused mild aortic subvalvar insufficiency due to its compression, reducing the posterior leaflet motion as well, though without any clinical significance. These facts were observed by video-endoscopy in experimental work with porcines<sup>52</sup>.</p>
      <p>The ring used in the surgeries analyzed in the present study is considered a rigid, and is fixed in its posterior portion and open in the anterior one (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Fig.1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral valve reconstructive surgery with implantation of Gregori's ring is an effective procedure to treat children with rheumatic mitral regurgitation. The procedure significantly improves heart failure functional class, mitral systolic murmur and degree of mitral regurgitation evaluated by Doppler echocardiogram. Moreover, echocardiographic findings showed that the implantation of an open prosthesis allowed the development of the mitral annulus during the child's normal development and growth.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Vitor Hugo Soares Machado</p>
          <p> Rua Takabumi Murata, 769</p>
          <p> 86055-580 Londrina, PR - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="drvitor@sercomtel.com.br">drvitor@sercomtel.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 05/10/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/01/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
