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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Fcfkc4G9W5jRgXgxtx5XjyL</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001900005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001900005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica na les&#227;o uniarterial: papel da ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castier</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrinho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Raul Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carrinho</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albanesi Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Manes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro Villela de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morcerf</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Portugal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">ECOR Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ECOR Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>397</fpage>
      <lpage>402</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Estudar um grupo de pacientes com les&#227;o significativa em apenas uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e demonstrar se a ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina (EED) tem boa sensibilidade e especificidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica nesse grupo de pacientes. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 20 pacientes submetidos a angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea (ATC). Esse grupo foi avaliado 2 a 7 (3,65 &#177; 1,69) dias antes do procedimento, e 2 a 5 (4 &#177; 0,80) dias depois, realizando-se EED. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica foi utilizado ecocardiograma bidimensional tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. Doze pacientes foram submetidos a ATC de art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA), 7 de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD) e 1 de circunflexa (CX). Apenas um procedimento (CD) n&#227;o obteve pleno &#234;xito. RESULTADOS: Dos 340 segmentos estudados, 99 (29,18%) demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis, sendo 63 hipocin&#233;ticos (63,4%), 28 acin&#233;ticos (28,28%) e 8 discin&#233;ticos (8,08%). Quanto aos segmentos envolvidos, obtivemos sensibilidade de 92,59%, especificidade de 84,45%, acur&#225;cia de 88,88% para o exame EED. O &#250;nico caso de ATC de CX demonstrou sensibilidade de 100%; para DA, sensibilidade de 88,58%, especificidade de 95% e acur&#225;cia de 90,91%. Para segmentos da CD, sensibilidade de 91,30%, especificidade de 83,33% e acur&#225;cia de 88,71%. Todos os segmentos discin&#233;ticos eram invi&#225;veis. Dos 63 hipocin&#233;ticos, a EED previu recupera&#231;&#227;o em 91,48%. CONCLUS&#195;O: A EED &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com les&#227;o significativa de apenas uma art&#233;ria.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiograma de estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>les&#227;o uniarterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica na les&#227;o uniarterial: papel da ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcia Bueno Castier; Jos&#233; Raul Alves Carrinho; M&#225;rcia Alves Carrinho; Francisco Manes Albanesi Filho; &#193;lvaro Villela de Moraes; Fernando Portugal Morcerf</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e ECOR Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados 20 pacientes submetidos a angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea (ATC). Esse grupo foi avaliado 2 a 7 (3,65 &#177; 1,69) dias antes do procedimento, e 2 a 5 (4 &#177; 0,80) dias depois, realizando-se EED. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica foi utilizado ecocardiograma bidimensional tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o procedimento. Doze pacientes foram submetidos a ATC de art&#233;ria descendente anterior (DA), 7 de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (CD) e 1 de circunflexa (CX). Apenas um procedimento (CD) n&#227;o obteve pleno &#234;xito. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Dos 340 segmentos estudados, 99 (29,18%) demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis, sendo 63 hipocin&#233;ticos (63,4%), 28 acin&#233;ticos (28,28%) e 8 discin&#233;ticos (8,08%). Quanto aos segmentos envolvidos, obtivemos sensibilidade de 92,59%, especificidade de 84,45%, acur&#225;cia de 88,88% para o exame EED. O &#250;nico caso de ATC de CX demonstrou sensibilidade de 100%; para DA, sensibilidade de 88,58%, especificidade de 95% e acur&#225;cia de 90,91%. Para segmentos da CD, sensibilidade de 91,30%, especificidade de 83,33% e acur&#225;cia de 88,71%. Todos os segmentos discin&#233;ticos eram invi&#225;veis. Dos 63 hipocin&#233;ticos, a EED previu recupera&#231;&#227;o em 91,48%. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>A EED &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com les&#227;o significativa de apenas uma art&#233;ria.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>ecocardiograma de estresse, viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, les&#227;o uniarterial</p>
    <p> Por se tratar de um m&#233;todo n&#227;o-invasivo, reprodut&#237;vel, de custo baixo, e poss&#237;vel de ser realizado &#224; beira do leito, o ecocardiograma tornou-se amplamente utilizado para detec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana. Uma das t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame durante a infus&#227;o de agentes produtores de estresse, como a dobutamina, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de isquemia e/ou de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, j&#225; que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a coronariana pelo ecocardiograma de repouso tem valor limitado, pois &#233; necess&#225;rio que haja redu&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica do fluxo sang&#252;&#237;neo coronariano para que haja altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til detect&#225;vel. A detec&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia na defini&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica nos pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana e se relaciona diretamente com o progn&#243;stico destes. A decis&#227;o da realiza&#231;&#227;o de algum procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com viabilidade tamb&#233;m implica modifica&#231;&#227;o no progn&#243;stico<sup>1</sup>. Desde 1990, o ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina (EED) vem sendo utilizado para a detec&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, podendo ser utilizado tanto na fase aguda como na fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>2</sup>. A presen&#231;a de resposta bif&#225;sica, em que h&#225; aumento da contratilidade seguido de piora desta com o aumento da dose do f&#225;rmaco, &#233; descrita como muito sens&#237;vel para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas vi&#225;veis<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora o m&#233;todo n&#227;o seja novo, vem ganhando crescente interesse por parte dos cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos, pela ajuda que pode oferecer na decis&#227;o quanto &#224; melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica para o paciente. Os trabalhos j&#225; publicados para o uso e import&#226;ncia do EED na avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica misturam v&#225;rios subgrupos de pacientes (exemplo: aqueles com e sem interven&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, uni e multivasculares). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de estudar um grupo de pacientes que possu&#237;a les&#227;o significativa em apenas uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e demonstrar se a ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina tem boa sensibilidade e especificidade na avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica nesse grupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 22 pacientes consecutivos encaminhados para angioplastia coronariana percut&#226;nea transluminal (ACPT), visando ao tratamento de les&#227;o coronariana obstrutiva de um vaso. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o neste estudo foram: estenose arterial maior que 70% em um &#250;nico vaso, altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til na ventriculografia, na regi&#227;o correspondente &#224; les&#227;o arterial, aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es obstrutivas em outros vasos coronarianos superiores a 50%. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: quadro cl&#237;nico de angina inst&#225;vel, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com menos de seis semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o, janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada para obten&#231;&#227;o de imagens, les&#227;o orovalvar associada, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio e piora do quadro cl&#237;nico ao longo do acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>Dos 22 pacientes iniciais, dois foram exclu&#237;dos ao longo do trabalho por apresentarem, ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da ACPT, quadro cl&#237;nico de angina e achado de reestenose coronariana. Assim sendo, vinte pacientes conclu&#237;ram o estudo. Desses, doze eram do sexo masculino (60%), com idades entre 36 e 74 anos (55 &#177; 10 anos). Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, doze (60%) tinham hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com mais de oito semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o e oito (40%), de angina est&#225;vel. Os pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio apresentavam 9 a 106 semanas de evolu&#231;&#227;o (33 &#177; 29). Apenas um j&#225; havia se submetido a angioplastia pr&#233;via de outro vaso. O grau de les&#227;o coronariana variou de obstru&#231;&#245;es de 70% a 95% (m&#233;dia de 84,75 &#177; 8,03).</p>
    <p>Este estudo constou de tr&#234;s etapas. A primeira foi realizada dois a sete dias (3,65 &#177; 1,69) antes do procedimento de ACPT e, no mesmo dia, foram feitos o ecocardiograma uni e bidimensional. Nenhum paciente apresentou altera&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico entre os exames e a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por angioplastia. A segunda etapa foi realizada 2 a 5 dias (4,0 &#177; 0,8) ap&#243;s essa interven&#231;&#227;o, e tanto o ecocardiograma basal quanto o EED foram repetidos. Durante esse intervalo, os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente com eletrocardiogramas e exames ergom&#233;tricos seriados. Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses do procedimento (terceira etapa), o ecocardiograma uni e bidimensional foi realizado para determinar a presen&#231;a de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, foram revistos os exames bidimensionais pr&#233;-procedimento, p&#243;sprocedimento imediato (dois a cinco dias) e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s. Os segmentos que apresentaram incremento de contratilidade no ecocardiograma realizado ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses foram considerados vi&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados em aparelhos da marca ATL, modelo HDI 3000. Todos os exames foram gravados em videocassete para posterior an&#225;lise, al&#233;m de arquivados em disco &#243;tico.</p>
    <p>O protocolo do EED utilizado consistiu da realiza&#231;&#227;o de etapas de infus&#227;o de 3 minutos, nas doses de 5, 10, 20, 30 e 40 &#181;g/kg/minuto em cada uma<sup>3</sup>. Quando n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel atingir a freq&#252;&#234;ncia subm&#225;xima, utilizou-se atropina, at&#233; 1 mg, por via endovenosa, na &#250;ltima etapa. Os exames foram revisados posteriormente, sendo a avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade segmentar realizada em dezessete diferentes segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>4</sup>. Para podermos avaliar de forma semiquantitativa a contratilidade ventricular esquerda utilizamos o escore de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi feito atrav&#233;s das m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias obtidas nos escores estudados foi utilizado o teste n&#227;oparam&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de efici&#234;ncia dos testes diagn&#243;sticos foram usados sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP), valor preditivo negativo (VPN) e acur&#225;cia. O erro alfa utilizado para os testes foi de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nos vinte pacientes que conclu&#237;ram o estudo, a angioplastia coronariana transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP) foi realizada na DA em doze (60%), na CD em sete (35%), e em um (5%) na CX.</p>
    <p>Em cada etapa do estudo foram analisados 340 segmentos no total. No ecocardiograma realizado antes da ACTP, 99 segmentos (29,18%) apresentavam altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til. Nesse primeiro exame, 63 segmentos (63,64%) foram considerados hipocin&#233;ticos, 28 acin&#233;ticos (28,28%) e oito discin&#233;ticos (8,08%), correspondendo a uma m&#233;dia de 4,95 segmentos por paciente.</p>
    <p>No segundo exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, realizado na primeira semana imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento, observamos que todos os 241 segmentos que possu&#237;am contratilidade normal no exame inicial mantiveram o padr&#227;o contr&#225;til. Houve melhora da contra&#231;&#227;o em vinte segmentos (20,20%) dos 99 previamente comprometidos; dezoito (28,57%) dos 63 segmentos hipocin&#233;ticos tornaram-se normais e dois (7,14%) dos 28 acin&#233;ticos tornaram-se hipocin&#233;ticos. N&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a naqueles que eram discin&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia do escore de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar no primeiro exame (pr&#233;-angioplastia) foi de 1,42 &#177; 0,31. No exame ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses foi de 1,23 &#177; 0,33, sendo essa varia&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa (z = -3,7, p &lt; 0,001). Esses dados est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref>. Quando comparados os exames inicial e p&#243;s-imediato, n&#227;o observamos varia&#231;&#227;o significativa da m&#233;dia do escore de contratilidade (1,42 &#177; 0,31 x 1,36 &#177; 0,35, z = -1,13 , p = 0,255). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa quando a compara&#231;&#227;o foi feita em vig&#234;ncia do uso de dobutamina na dose de 10 &#181;g/kg/minuto (1,27 &#177; 0,38 x 1,26 &#177; 0,38, z = -1,00, p = 0,317).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0397-00005-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Um total de 54 segmentos foi considerado vi&#225;vel no exame realizado tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a angioplastia. O EED detectou viabilidade em cinq&#252;enta (92,59%) desses segmentos. Os segmentos considerados n&#227;ovi&#225;veis ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses totalizaram 45 e 38 desses foram corretamente identificados pelo ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina; os outros sete segmentos que se mostraram n&#227;o-vi&#225;veis foram identificados como vi&#225;veis (sensibilidade de 92,59%, especificidade de 84,45%, VPP de 87,72%, acur&#225;cia de 88,88%). Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2">figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0397-00005-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Em apenas um paciente deste estudo a angioplastia foi realizada na CX. Nesse paciente, o EED demonstrou que todos os nove segmentos que apresentavam altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til eram invi&#225;veis, o que se confirmou no ecocardiograma realizado tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos doze pacientes submetidos a angioplastia da DA, 35 segmentos foram considerados vi&#225;veis (61,36%) e vinte, n&#227;o-vi&#225;veis (38,64%). EED identificou 31 desses segmentos (88,58%) como vi&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Nos sete pacientes que foram submetidos a angioplastia de CD, 23 segmentos (65,71%) foram considerados vi&#225;veis e doze, n&#227;o-vi&#225;veis (34,29%). EED identificou 21 desses segmentos (91,30%) como vi&#225;veis (sensibilidade de 92,3%, especificidade de 83,33%, VPP de 91,3%, VPN de 83,33% e acur&#225;cia de 88,71%).</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar encontrada, dos 63 segmentos hipocin&#233;ticos, 47 eram vi&#225;veis no exame realizado tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a angioplastia (74,60%) e a EED foi capaz de identificar 43 (91,48%) desses (sensibilidade de 91,49%, especificidade de 68,75%, VPP de 88,58%, VPN de 73,34% e acur&#225;cia de 85,71%). Dos 28 segmentos acin&#233;ticos, dois (7,14%) se tornaram hipocin&#233;ticos ap&#243;s a primeira reavalia&#231;&#227;o e foram corretamente identificados pelo EED. Outro segmento acin&#233;tico mostrou-se hipocin&#233;tico no estudo realizado tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s ACPT (sensibilidade de 66,67%, especificidade de 96,15%, VPP de 66,67%, VPN de 96,15% e acur&#225;cia de 96,42%).Todos os oito segmentos discin&#233;ticos eram n&#227;o-vi&#225;veis ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses e foram corretamente avaliados pelo EED. Estes dados est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">figura 3</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="fig3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0397-00005-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O EED &#233; um m&#233;todo seguro, com baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos significativos<sup>6</sup>, como arritmias graves ou de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, que ocorrem em menos de 0,5% dos pacientes<sup>6,7</sup>. Nos vinte pacientes avaliados no nosso trabalho, n&#227;o encontramos nenhum efeito colateral grave decorrente do uso da dobutamina. Apesar da amostra pequena, nossos dados corroboram o estudo de Mertes<sup>8</sup>, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o relatou efeitos colaterais graves em 1.118 pacientes estudados.</p>
    <p>A detec&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o do EED tamb&#233;m p&#244;de ser feita na fase p&#243;s-infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, tendo sido bem demonstrada em v&#225;rias casu&#237;sticas<sup>2,9,10,11,12,13</sup>, com valores de sensibilidade variando entre 77% e 89%, e de especificidade entre 68% e 93%.</p>
    <p>Na fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a coronariana, os estudos tamb&#233;m mostram resultados satisfat&#243;rios para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica com a dobutamina. Marzullo e cols.<sup>14</sup> estudaram quatorze pacientes e encontraram sensibilidade de 82% e sensibilidade de 92%. Outros autores encontraram, no total de 224 pacientes, &#237;ndices de sensibilidade de 78% a 92%, e especificidade entre 60% e 95%<sup>1,15-20</sup> e, exceto Afridi e cols.<sup>1</sup>, uma acur&#225;cia superior a 83%.</p>
    <p>Quando a ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina &#233; comparada &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, demonstra-se boa concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos<sup>17,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>As varia&#231;&#245;es nos &#237;ndices de efici&#234;ncia encontrados nos diversos estudos podem ser explicadas por diferen&#231;as nas popula&#231;&#245;es avaliadas, nos protocolos utilizados e, at&#233; mesmo na experi&#234;ncia dos observadores, j&#225; que este &#233; um dos fatores que interferem no resultado do EED. A acur&#225;cia do m&#233;todo tamb&#233;m pode ser influenciada por outros fatores, como demonstrado por Afridi e cols.<sup>1</sup>. Nesta casu&#237;stica, a presen&#231;a de resposta bif&#225;sica, caracterizada por melhora da contratilidade em doses baixas e posterior piora com incremento das doses da dobutamina, apresentou 90% de sensibilidade e 80% de especificidade, sugerindo que esse tipo de resposta talvez seja o que melhor detecta a presen&#231;a de viabilidade.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, os achados de sensibilidade s&#227;o semelhantes aos encontrados por Afridi e cols.<sup>1</sup> e La Canna e cols.<sup>16</sup>, e mais elevados que os encontrados em outras casu&#237;sticas da literatura<sup>17,19</sup>, corroborando a id&#233;ia de que nos pacientes portadores de les&#227;o uniarterial a sensibilidade do EED &#233; semelhante &#224; encontrada nos multiarteriais, o que n&#227;o acontece quando o EED &#233; empregado para pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Essa maior sensibilidade encontrada no nosso estudo tamb&#233;m pode, em parte, ser explicada por caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, como a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o em apenas um vaso e a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til em repouso nos segmentos por ele irrigados.</p>
    <p>Quando comparados os escores de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar antes e ap&#243;s dois a cinco dias da angioplastia n&#227;o notamos altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da m&#233;dia do escore de contratilidade (1,42 &#177; 0,31 antes e 1,36 &#177; 0,35 depois, p = 0,255). Esses achados s&#227;o concordantes com os de Mcneill e cols.<sup>21</sup>, mas discordantes de outros autores<sup>22,23</sup>, que j&#225; encontraram melhora nos escores de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar nos exames realizados nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s o procedimento. Outros trabalhos<sup>24,25</sup> demonstram que somente pacientes com m&#237;nimas altera&#231;&#245;es ultra-estruturais apresentariam melhora precoce na contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar, e essa melhora aconteceria, na grande maioria dos pacientes, em at&#233; tr&#234;s meses, mas poderia levar at&#233; quatro a seis meses para um retorno completo da contratilidade. Baseados nesses trabalhos, acreditamos que, mesmo nos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o que obtiveram sucesso, &#233; necess&#225;rio um tempo maior para o retorno completo da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e essa impress&#227;o se confirmou nos nossos resultados de escore de contratilidade segmentar no exame realizado tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s a angioplastia.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise o tipo de art&#233;ria tratada n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas na sensibilidade, quando comparamos os pacientes com les&#227;o na DA com aqueles que apresentavam les&#227;o na coron&#225;ria direita, e esses achados s&#227;o diferentes dos estudos que avaliaram isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e demonstraram que havia menor sensibilidade nos portadores de les&#227;o na CD<sup>2,26</sup>. A partir desses dados, acreditamos que na pesquisa de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes uniarteriais o tipo de art&#233;ria tratada n&#227;o influenciaria na sensibilidade do exame.</p>
    <p>Quando analisamos o tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, encontramos sensibilidade de 91,49% para os segmentos hipocin&#233;ticos e de 66,67% para os acin&#233;ticos. Essa menor sensibilidade encontrada nos segmentos acin&#233;ticos est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com outros estudos<sup>22,27</sup>. A menor sensibilidade da dobutamina em detectar viabilidade nas &#225;reas acin&#233;ticas deve estar relacionada a uma maior quantidade de tecido fibr&#243;tico e, conseq&#252;entemente, menor quantidade de mi&#243;citos vi&#225;veis nessas &#225;reas. Os segmentos discin&#233;ticos foram todos considerados n&#227;ovi&#225;veis pelo EED, o que se confirmou no exame realizado ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses e est&#225; de acordo com os achados encontrados por De Filippi e cols.<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, vertificamos que o ecocardiograma de estresse com dobutamina &#233; &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica, mesmo em pacientes uniarteriais, nos quais os &#237;ndices do exame na detec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria s&#227;o inferiores aos outros subgrupos de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>M&#225;rcia Bueno Castier </p>
        <p> Av. Epit&#225;cio Pessoa, 4254/201 </p>
        <p> 22471-001 Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mcastier@cardiol.br">mcastier@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 22/01/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/06/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Myocardial viability in a single-vessel disease: the role of a dobutamine stress echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To investigate a group of patients that have a significant lesion in a single-vessel and to demonstrate whether or not the sensitivity and specificity of a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) was valuable in the evaluation of myocardial viability for these patients. METHODS: Twenty patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were studied. This group was evaluated 2 to 7 days (3.65 &#177; 1.69) before the procedure and 2 to 5 days (4 &#177; 0.80) after the procedure with a DSE. Myocardial viability was assessed three months after the procedure using a two dimensional echocardiogram. Twelve patients underwent PTCA on the left anterior descending artery (LAD), 7 on the right coronary artery (RC) and 1 on the circumflex artery (CX). Only one right coronary artery procedure was not 100% successful. RESULTS: From the 340 segments that were studied, 99 (29.18%) demonstrated contractile alterations of which 63 were hypokinetic (63.4%), 28 akinetic (28.28%) and 8 dyskinetic (8.08%). In reference to the segments involved, we obtained a sensitivity of 92.59%, specificity of 84.45%, and accuracy of 88.88% for the DSE. The solitary case of PTCA for the circumflex artery demonstrated 100% sensitivity. The LAD demonstrated a sensitivity of 88.58%, specificity of 95% and accuracy of 90.91%. For the RC segments, sensitivity was 91.30%, specificity 83.33% and accuracy 88.71%. All dyskinetic segments were unviable. The DSE predicted a 91.48% recovery rate for the 63 hypokinetic segments. CONCLUSION: The DSE is an effective test for evaluating myocardial viability in patients with a significant single-vessel disease.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>stress echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial viability</kwd>
        <kwd>single-vessel disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Myocardial viability in a single-vessel disease: the role of a dobutamine stress echocardiography</p>
      <p>
        <bold>M&#225;rcia Bueno Castier; Jos&#233; Raul Alves Carrinho; M&#225;rcia Alves Carrinho; Francisco Manes Albanesi Filho; &#193;lvaro Villela de Moraes; Fernando Portugal Morcerf - Brazil</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e ECOR Servi&#231;o de Ecocardiografia - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To investigate a group of patients that have a significant lesion in a single-vessel and to demonstrate whether or not the sensitivity and specificity of a dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) was valuable in the evaluation of myocardial viability for these patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Twenty patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) were studied. This group was evaluated 2 to 7 days (3.65 &#177; 1.69) before the procedure and 2 to 5 days (4 &#177; 0.80) after the procedure with a DSE. Myocardial viability was assessed three months after the procedure using a two dimensional echocardiogram. Twelve patients underwent PTCA on the left anterior descending artery (LAD), seven on the right coronary artery (RC) and 1 on the circumflex artery (CX). Only one right coronary artery procedure was not 100% successful.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>From the 340 segments that were studied, 99 (29.18%) demonstrated contractile alterations of which 63 were hypokinetic (63.4%), 28 akinetic (28.28%) and 8 dyskinetic (8.08%). In reference to the segments involved, we obtained a sensitivity of 92.59%, specificity of 84.45%, and accuracy of 88.88% for the DSE. The solitary case of PTCA for the circumflex artery demonstrated 100% sensitivity. The LAD demonstrated a sensitivity of 88.58%, specificity of 95% and accuracy of 90.91%. For the RC segments, sensitivity was 91.30%, specificity 83.33% and accuracy 88.71%. All dyskinetic segments were unviable. The DSE predicted a 91.48% recovery rate for the 63 hypokinetic segments.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The DSE is an effective test for evaluating myocardial viability in patients with a significant single-vessel disease.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>stress echocardiography, myocardial viability, single-vessel disease</p>
      <p> Since an echocardiogram is a non-invasive, reproducible, low cost procedure that can be performed at the side of the patient's bed, it is now used extensively to detect coronary diseases. One of the techniques used during an echocardiography test is the infusion of stress producing agents such as dobutamine to evaluate the presence of ischemia and/or myocardial viability since coronary disease evaluation using an echocardiogram at rest is limited due to the necessity to have a critical reduction of coronary blood flow in order to have a detectible contractile alteration. Myocardial viability detection is crucial to define the therapeutic strategy for patients with coronary disease and is directly related to the prognosis. The decision to conduct a revascularization procedure in patients with myocardial viability also involves prognosis modifications<sup>1</sup>. Since 1990, the dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) has been used to detect myocardial viability as it can be used for both the acute and chronic phases of coronary disease<sup>2</sup>. The presence of a biphasic response, in which there is an increase of contractibility followed by a deterioration as the drug dosage is increased, is said to be too sensitive for the identification of viable areas<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the method is not new, clinical cardiologists have been showing a greater interest in the procedure because of the assistance it can offer when deciding the best therapeutic strategy for the patient. The studies published to date on the use and importance of DSE in the evaluation of myocardial viability combine various subgroups of patients (for example: those with and without previous intervention, single and multi-vessel diseases). Consequently, the objective of this study was to investigate a group of patients with a significant lesion in a single-vessel and to demonstrate whether or not the sensitivity and specificity of a dobutamine stress echocardiography was valuable in the evaluation of myocardial viability for these patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty-two patients, scheduled consecutively for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for the treatment of an obstructive single coronary vessel desease were studied. The study inclusion criteria were: artery stenosis greater than 70% in a single-vessel, contractile alteration in the ventriculography in the corresponding region of the artery lesion, lack of obstructive damage in other coronary vessels greater than 50%. The exclusion criteria were: instable angina symptoms, myocardial infarction within six weeks of the start of the study, an inadequate echocardiography window to obtain images, valvular lesions, previous history of myocardial revascularization surgery and a deterioration of the clinical picture during follow-up.</p>
      <p>From the initial 22 patients, two were excluded in the course of the study since after PTCA surgery they presented angina symptoms and coronary restenosis was discovered. Consequently, twenty patients concluded the study. From these, twelve were male (60%), between the ages of 36 and 74 (55 &#177; 10 years). In relation to clinical characteristics, twelve (60%) had a previous history of myocardial infarction that had occurred more than eight weeks before the start of the study and eight (40%), had stable angina. The myocardial infarction patients had suffered the attack nine to 106 weeks before the start of the study (33 &#177; 29). Only one of the patients had previously undergone angioplasty surgery for another vessel. The coronary lesions varied in severity with obstructions between 70% and 95% (average of 84.75 &#177; 8.03).</p>
      <p>This study consisted of three stages. The first was conducted two to seven days (3.65 &#177; 1.69) before the PTCA procedure. On the same day, one and two dimensional echocardiograms were performed. The symptoms of all patients remained stable between the tests and the angioplasty revascularization procedure. The second stage was conducted two to five days (4.0 &#177; 0.8) after this intervention and both the basal echocardiogram and the DSE were repeated. During this interval, patient clinical follow-up was conducted by means of electrocardiograms and a series of stress tests. Three months after the procedure (third stage) myocardial viability was determined using one and two dimensional echocardiograms. Myocardial viability was evaluated by comparing the two dimensional tests that had been performed before the procedure, two to five days after the procedure and three months after the procedure. The segments that presented an increase in contractibility in the echocardiogram performed three months after the procedure were considered viable.</p>
      <p>The echocardiography tests were performed using an ATL instrument, model HDI 3000. All tests were recorded on video tapes for later analysis and filed on optical disks.</p>
      <p>The DES protocol consisted of three minute infusion stages in the dosages of 5, 10, 20, 30 e 40 &#181;g/kg/minute<sup>3</sup>. When it was not possible to reach the sub-maximum frequency, up to 1 mg of atropine was administered via intravenous in the final stage. The tests were reviewed later, evaluating the wall motion of the seventeen left ventricle segments<sup>4</sup>. In order to evaluate in a semi quantitative manner, the wall motion score index was used to evaluate contractibility in the left ventricle<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Averages and standard deviations were used to study continuous variables. The Mann-Whitney non-parametric test was used to compare the averages of the scores. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and accuracy were used to evaluate the efficiency of the diagnostic tests. A 5% alpha error was used for the tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the twenty patients that concluded the study, twelve (60%) underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) on the left descending artery (LAD), seven (35%) on the right coronary artery (RC) and one (5%) on the circumflex artery (CX).</p>
      <p>A total of 340 segments were analyzed during each stage of the study. In the echocardiogram performed before the PTCA, 99 segments (29.18%) presented contractile alterations. In this first test, 63 segments (63.64%) were considered hypokinetic, 28 akinetic (28.28%) and eight dyskinetic (8.08%), corresponding to an average of 4.95 segments per patient.</p>
      <p>In the second echocardiography that was performed during the week immediately following the procedure, it was observed that all of the 241 segments that had normal wall motion in the initial exam maintained the contractile standard. There was wall motion improvements in twenty (20.20%) of the 99 segments that had previous obstructions. Eighteen (28.57%) of the 63 hypokinetic segments were repaired and two (7.14%) of the 28 akinetic segments became hypokinetic. There was no change in the dyskinetic segments.</p>
      <p>The average wall motion score in the first test (preangioplasty) was 1.42 &#177; 0.31. The average score for the test performed three months after the procedure was 1.23 &#177; 0.33, which is a significant statistical variation (z = -3.7, p &lt; 0.001). These data are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">figure 1</xref>. When compared with the initial exams and those conducted in the week following the procedure, no significant variations in the wall motion score averages were observed (1.42 &#177; 0.31 vs. 1.36 &#177; 0.35, z = -1.13 , p = 0.255). Likewise, comparisons made during the administration of dobutamine in the dosage of 10 &#181;g/kg/minute did not reveal any significant variations (1.27 &#177; 0.38 vs 1.26 &#177; 0.38, z = -1.00, p = 0.317).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0397-00005-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>A total of 54 segments was considered viable in the test performed three months after the angioplasty. The DSE detected viability in fifty (92.59%) of these segments. The test conducted three months after the procedure revealed a total of 45 unviable segment of which 38 had been correctly identified by the DSE. The other seven unviable segments were identified as viable (sensitivity 92.59%, specificity 84.45%, positive predictive value 87.72%, accuracy 88.88%). These data are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig2-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0397-00005-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Only one patient underwent CX angioplasty. The DSE for this patient demonstrated that the nine segments with contractile alterations were all unviable, which was confirmed by the echocardiogram performed three months after the percutaneous intervention.</p>
      <p>In relation to the twelve patients that underwent LAD angioplasty, 35 segments were considered viable (61.36%) and 20 unviable (38.64%). The DSE identified 31 of these segments (88.58%) as viable.</p>
      <p>In the seven patients that underwent RC angioplasty, 23 segments were considered viable (65.71%) and 12 unviable (34.29%). The DSE identified 21 of these segments (91.30%) as viable (sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 83.33%, positive predictive value 91.3%, negative predictive value 83.33% and accuracy 88.71%).</p>
      <p>In regard to the type of segment alteration found, of the 63 hypokinetic segments, 47 were viable in the exam performed three months after the angioplasty (74.60%), and the DSE was able to identify 43 (91.48%) of these segments (sensitivity 91.49%, specificity 68.75%, positive predictive value 88.58%, negative predictive value 73.34% and accuracy 85.71%). Of the 28 akinetic segments, two (7.14%) became hypokinetic after the first reevaluation and were correctly identified by the DSE. Another akinetic segment was found to be hypokinetic in the study performed three months after the PTCA (sensitivity 66.67%, specificity 96.15%, positive predictive value 66.67%, negative predictive value 96.15% and accuracy 96.42%). All of the eight dyskinetic segments showed to be unviable after three months and were correctly evaluated by the DSE. These data are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3-body2">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="fig3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0397-00005-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A DSE is a safe method with a low incidence of significant events<sup>6</sup>, such as serious arrhythmias or acute myocardial infarction that occur in less than 0.5% of the patients<sup>6,7</sup>. In the twenty patients evaluated in our study, we did not find any serious collateral effects due to the use of dobutamine. Despite the small sample, our data coincide with those of the Mertes study<sup>8</sup>, that also did not report any serious collateral effects in the 1,118 patients studied.</p>
      <p>The detection of myocardial viability using a DSE could also be performed after an acute myocardial infarction, and was demonstrated in various case studies<sup>2,9,10,11,12,13</sup>, with sensitivity figures that vary from 77% to 89%, and specificity figures between 68% and 93%.</p>
      <p>In the chronic phase of coronary disease, studies have also demonstrated satisfactory results for the evaluation of myocardial viability with dobutamine. A study involving fourteen patients conducted by Marzullo et al<sup>14</sup> revealed a sensitivity rate of 82% and a specificity rate of 92%. Other authors have found, in a total of 224 patients, sensitivity rates from 78% to 92%, specificity rates between 60% and 95%<sup>1,15-20</sup> and excluding Afridi et al<sup>1</sup>, an accuracy higher than 83%.</p>
      <p>In comparison with a myocardial scintillography, a dobutamine stress echocardiography has proven to provide equivalent information<sup>17,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>The efficiency index variations found in various studies can be explained by differences in the populations evaluated, the protocols used and even the experience of observers, since this is one factor that interferes with DSE results. As demonstrated by Afridi et al.<sup>1</sup> other factors can also affect method accuracy. In this case study, the presence of a biphasic response, characterized by improved contractibility at low dosages of dobutamine followed by a deterioration as the dosage is increased, revealed a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 80%, suggesting that a biphasic response could be the best detection method for viability.</p>
      <p>The sensitivity findings in this study are similar to those found by Afridi et al<sup>1</sup> and La Canna et al<sup>16</sup>, and higher than those found in other documented case studies<sup>17,19</sup>. This is in agreement with the concept that the DSE sensitivity for patients with a single-vessel desease is comparable with that found in multi-vessel cases which does not occur when a DSE is used to detect myocardial ischemia. This higher degree of sensitivity found in our study could also be partially explained by specific characteristics of our population, such as a single-vessel desease and the presence of contractile alterations at rest in the segments that it supplies blood to.</p>
      <p>The comparison between the wall motion score averages before and in the week following the angioplasty surgery did not reveal any significant differences (1.42 &#177; 0.31 before and 1.36 &#177; 0.35 after, p = 0.255). These findings are comparable to those of McNeill et al<sup>21</sup>, but contrary to the findings of other authors<sup>22,23</sup>, that noted improvements in the wall motion index scores for the tests performed in the first few days after the procedure. Other studies<sup>24,25</sup> demonstrate that early wall motion improvement occurs only in patients with hibernating myocardium. This improvement, in the majority of patients, occurs within three months but can take as long as four to six months for a complete recovery of contractile function. Based on these studies, we believe that even successful revascularization procedures require more time for a complete recovery of contractile function and this impression was confirmed in our segmental wall motion score results in the test performed three months after the angioplasty.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the types of arteries treated did not reveal any significant sensitivity differences in a comparison between patients with LAD lesions and RC lesions. These findings are contrary to evaluation studies for myocardial ischemia which demonstrate a lower sensitivity rate for patients with RC lesions<sup>2,26</sup>. From these data, we believe that in myocardial viability research for patients with a single-vessel desease, the type of artery treated has no influence on test sensitivity.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the type of contractile alteration revealed a sensitivity of 91.49% for hypokinetic segments and 66.67% for akinetic segments. This lower sensitivity rating for akinetic segments is in agreement with other studies<sup>22,27</sup>. A lower dobutamine sensitivity to detect viability in akinetic areas is probably related to the higher quantity of fibrous tissue and consequently a lower quantity of viable myocytes in these areas. The DSE considered all dyskinetic segments as unviable, which was confirmed in the test performed three months after the procedure and is in accordance with the findings of De Filippi et al<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, we have verified that a dobutamine stress echocardiogram is a valuable tool in the evaluation of myocardial viability, even in patients with single-vessel deseases, in which the test detection rates for coronary disease are lower than for other patient subgroups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p>M&#225;rcia Bueno Castier</p>
          <p> Av. Epit&#225;cio Pessoa, 4254/201</p>
          <p> 22471-001 Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mcastier@cardiol.br">mcastier@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 01/22/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/08/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
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