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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3zJVWdGX7Bhbj7VrwqnKswD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001900004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001900004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benchimol-Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>P. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drumond Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Cant&#237;dio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bedirian</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brasil</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bomfim</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albanesi Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Manes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>388</fpage>
      <lpage>396</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) atrav&#233;s da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e correlacion&#225;-la com dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados 2 grupos pareados por sexo, idade e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: A) 10 pacientes com CMH septal (70% n&#227;o obstrutiva); B) 10 volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis. A VFC foi analisada durante quatro est&#225;gios sucessivos: repouso, respira&#231;&#227;o controlada, teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o e respira&#231;&#227;o controlada associada ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o. Compararam-se as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis entre os grupos, intragrupos durante os est&#225;gios, e no grupo A, correlacionando com as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (septo interventricular e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo). RESULTADOS: N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a na VFC entre os grupos nos 3 primeiros est&#225;gios. No 4&#186; est&#225;gio, constatamos que medidas de atividade vagal apresentaram valores maiores no grupo A [logaritmo da raiz m&#233;dia quadr&#225;tica das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR (LogRMSSD) - 1,35&#177;0,14 vs 1,17&#177;0,16; p=0,019; logaritmo do componente alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (LogAF)-4,89&#177;0,22 vs 4,62&#177;0,26; p=0,032]. Durante os est&#225;gios, tamb&#233;m verificamos que medidas vagais [propor&#231;&#227;o de pares de intervalos RR consecutivos cuja diferen&#231;a &gt; 50ms (pNN50) e LogAF] apresentaram menor redu&#231;&#227;o durante o 3&#186; est&#225;gio no grupo A, e o LogAF, um aumento no &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio (p=0,027), indicando marcante atividade parassimp&#225;tica neste grupo. A an&#225;lise da VFC do grupo A n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a entre pacientes com maior hipertrofia ou di&#226;metro atrial. CONCLUS&#195;O: 1) ocorreu predom&#237;nio parassimp&#225;tico durante estimula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica nos pacientes com CMH; 2) n&#227;o encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o entre VFC e as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2007</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt; P. R. Benchimol-Barbosa; Cant&#237;dio Drumond Neto; Ricardo Bedirian; Eduardo Corr&#234;a Barbosa; Flavia Brasil; Alfredo de Souza Bomfim; Francisco Manes Albanesi Filho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) atrav&#233;s da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e correlacion&#225;-la com dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Foram estudados 2 grupos pareados por sexo, idade e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: A) 10 pacientes com CMH septal (70% n&#227;o obstrutiva); B) 10 volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis. A VFC foi analisada durante quatro est&#225;gios sucessivos: repouso, respira&#231;&#227;o controlada, teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o e respira&#231;&#227;o controlada associada ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o. Compararam-se as m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis entre os grupos, intragrupos durante os est&#225;gios, e no grupo A, correlacionando com as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (septo interventricular e di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a na VFC entre os grupos nos 3 primeiros est&#225;gios. No 4&#186; est&#225;gio, constatamos que medidas de atividade vagal apresentaram valores maiores no grupo A [logaritmo da raiz m&#233;dia quadr&#225;tica das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR (LogRMSSD) - 1,35&#177;0,14 vs 1,17&#177;0,16; p=0,019; logaritmo do componente alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (LogAF)-4,89&#177;0,22 vs 4,62&#177;0,26; p=0,032]. Durante os est&#225;gios, tamb&#233;m verificamos que medidas vagais [propor&#231;&#227;o de pares de intervalos RR consecutivos cuja diferen&#231;a <underline>&gt;</underline> 50ms (pNN50) e LogAF] apresentaram menor redu&#231;&#227;o durante o 3&#186; est&#225;gio no grupo A, e o LogAF, um aumento no &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio (p=0,027), indicando marcante atividade parassimp&#225;tica neste grupo. A an&#225;lise da VFC do grupo A n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;a entre pacientes com maior hipertrofia ou di&#226;metro atrial. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>1) ocorreu predom&#237;nio parassimp&#225;tico durante estimula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica nos pacientes com CMH; 2) n&#227;o encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o entre VFC e as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas analisadas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</p>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica onde se destaca a hipertrofia ventricular com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (com altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento e complac&#234;ncia ventricular), na aus&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es associadas que possam produzir tal altera&#231;&#227;o. Tem curso cl&#237;nico vari&#225;vel e &#233;, usualmente, familiar, de express&#227;o heterog&#234;nea, com transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante<sup>1,2</sup>. H&#225; algum tempo se especula a possibilidade de que o desenvolvimento de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica nessa doen&#231;a possa estar relacionado a um aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica<sup>3</sup>. Brush e cols., em 1989, demonstraram que a capta&#231;&#227;o neuronal de norepinefrina encontrava-se diminu&#237;da em pacientes com CMH, refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de que desordens no sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico possam estar relacionadas a fen&#244;menos encontrados nesta doen&#231;a, especialmente a morte s&#250;bita<sup>4</sup>. Schafers e cols. constataram tamb&#233;m a diminui&#231;&#227;o na densidade dos receptores beta nesta doen&#231;a, al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o na capta&#231;&#227;o neuronal de norepinefrina<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA) vem ganhando for&#231;a, nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, na tentativa de se estabelecer padr&#245;es de comportamento em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, que possam ser correlacionadas com eventos de morte s&#250;bita<sup>6-8</sup>. Particularmente nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos (que evoluem com disautonomia) e naqueles que sofreram infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a constata&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica se correlacionam, significativamente, com o aumento da mortalidade<sup>9-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da variabilidade da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) constitui m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo simples na sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, visando avaliar o equil&#237;brio entre a atividade simp&#225;tica e vagal sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o e, conseq&#252;entemente, identificar fen&#244;menos relacionados a dist&#250;rbios do SNA que possam contribuir para a g&#234;nese de arritmias<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>Alguns trabalhos analisaram a VFC na d&#233;cada passada, com resultados controversos. Nos que utilizaram o Holter de 24h para an&#225;lise da VFC, encontrou-se predom&#237;nio da atividade simp&#225;tica em detrimento da parassimp&#225;tica, sendo estas altera&#231;&#245;es correlacionadas com a presen&#231;a de sintomas, arritmia ventricular e obstru&#231;&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>15-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este argumento foi contestado por Fei e cols. ao estudarem grupo de 31 pacientes com CMH e 31 indiv&#237;duos normais, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise da VFC no Holter de 24h. Os pacientes com CMH apresentavam componente de baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia (BF) significativamente menor, assim como a raz&#227;o baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia/alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (BF/AF), e componentes de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (AF) maiores que os indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle, indicando uma redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica durante atividade di&#225;ria normal<sup>20</sup>. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados por Limbruno e cols., utilizando protocolos de estimula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de curta dura&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise da VFC, sendo que o comprometimento da atividade simp&#225;tica foi maior nos indiv&#237;duos com CMH obstrutiva<sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Frente a estes resultados contradit&#243;rios, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo: 1) avaliar o comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em indiv&#237;duos com CMH septal assim&#233;trica comparando com grupo controle mediante an&#225;lise da VFC em repouso, com est&#237;mulo respirat&#243;rio e teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, e 2) correlacionar os achados obtidos com a an&#225;lise da VFC com grau de hipertrofia septal e tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados, no per&#237;odo entre 09/2001 e 12/2002, 20 indiv&#237;duos divididos em dois grupos pareados por sexo, idade e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC): Grupo A &#150; composto por 10 indiv&#237;duos com CMH septal assim&#233;trica, e Grupo B &#150; composto por 10 indiv&#237;duos normais.</p>
    <p>Entre os indiv&#237;duos do grupo A, a idade variou de 27 a 55 (40,3 &#177; 9,8) anos e 90% eram do sexo masculino. Entre os indiv&#237;duos do grupo B, a idade variou de 26 a 45 (37,2 &#177; 6,4) anos, sendo que 80% do sexo masculino. Entre os pacientes do grupo A, 4 estavam em uso de propranolol e 1 de verapamil.</p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de CMH septal assim&#233;trica se baseou na evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (maior que 13mm), que n&#227;o apresentava dilata&#231;&#227;o, em indiv&#237;duos sem causa identific&#225;vel para hipertrofia<sup>1,2,23</sup>. Foram exclu&#237;dos do grupo A os que tinham sido submetidos a miectomia septal ou a alcooliza&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;ria septal, que estivessem em uso de amiodarona ou onde a retirada da medica&#231;&#227;o foi considerada inaceit&#225;vel. Foram exclu&#237;dos tamb&#233;m os portadores de doen&#231;a coronariana, hipertens&#227;o arterial, estenose a&#243;rtica ou qualquer outra doen&#231;a que leve a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, ritmo n&#227;o sinusal ou bloqueios atrioventriculares avan&#231;ados, bem como aqueles com hist&#243;ria de diabete melito e etilismo cr&#244;nico.</p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a exame cl&#237;nico (anamnese e exame f&#237;sico), eletrocardiograma de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, ecocardiograma e exames laboratoriais (creatinina, colesterol total e fra&#231;&#245;es, triglicer&#237;deos, glicose e &#225;cido &#250;rico) em intervalo de tempo n&#227;o superior a seis meses &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica foi realizada em repouso e durante estimula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gica, de acordo com protocolo descrito em seguida.</p>
    <p>Para o ecocardiograma foram obtidos os cortes padronizados uni e bidimensionais, associados ao estudo de fluxos atrav&#233;s do Doppler puls&#225;til, cont&#237;nuo e colorido em aparelho Apogee CX 200 (ATL, EUA)<sup>24</sup>. Os exames foram realizados por um mesmo examinador (que n&#227;o conhecia os resultados obtidos com o protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica), visando &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o de medidas cavit&#225;rias, tipo de hipertrofia, an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, presen&#231;a de movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da valva mitral, grau de insufici&#234;ncia mitral e gradiente de press&#227;o na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As medidas cavit&#225;rias foram obtidas segundo o protocolo da Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Ecocardiografia, sendo utilizadas: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (DSVE), espessura do septo interventricular (SIV), espessura de parede posterior (PP) e di&#226;metro do AE<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica foi efetuada por m&#233;todo computadorizado de an&#225;lise da VFC de registros de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, empregando o sistema Predictor IIC (Corazonix, EUA). Para o registro da VFC, os sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram captados &#224; freq&#252;&#234;ncia de amostragem de 1kHz, utilizando conversor A/D de 16bits, e analisados em tempo real na deriva&#231;&#227;o MC5 ap&#243;s limpeza da pele com ligeira abras&#227;o, utilizando algod&#227;o e &#225;lcool a 70%, sendo o eletrodo positivo colocado no 5&#186; ou 6&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal &#224; linha hemiclavicular esquerda e o negativo na regi&#227;o infraclavicular direita. Do registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico cont&#237;nuo, os intervalos RR ou a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) instant&#226;nea (definida como o inverso do intervalo RR multiplicado por 60) foram calculados ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o dos complexos QRS normais consecutivos. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de complexos normais fidedignos foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de correla&#231;&#227;o cruzada com um "sinal modelo", obtido no in&#237;cio da capta&#231;&#227;o por inspe&#231;&#227;o visual, permitindo rejeitar eficientemente extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares ou supraventriculares e artefatos durante realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise autom&#225;tica, os intervalos RR foram reavaliados por m&#233;todo de edi&#231;&#227;o manual por dois observadores.</p>
    <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos estavam em jejum de pelo menos 4 horas e solicitou-se a suspens&#227;o do uso de produtos derivados do tabaco por 2 horas antes da capta&#231;&#227;o dos sinais para an&#225;lise do VFC. Os indiv&#237;duos do grupo A, que vinham em uso de betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, tiveram sua medica&#231;&#227;o suspensa por um per&#237;odo equivalente a 5 meias-vidas antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo<sup>18,26</sup>. Os exames foram realizados no per&#237;odo de 13 &#224;s 17 horas em ambiente claro, silencioso, com temperatura mantida em torno de 27&#186;C.</p>
    <p>Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, os sinais eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram adquiridos ap&#243;s repouso de 5 minutos em posi&#231;&#227;o supina para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da atividade auton&#244;mica seguindo-se protocolo que consistiu em 4 est&#225;gios consecutivos descritos a seguir: a) Est&#225;gio I: registro da VFC em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina a 0&#186;, durante 5 minutos; b) Est&#225;gio II: registro da VFC sob respira&#231;&#227;o controlada (vide abaixo) em dec&#250;bito dorsal a 0&#186;, durante 5 minutos; c) Est&#225;gio III: registro da VFC por 5 minutos com o indiv&#237;duo submetido &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o a 60&#186;, obtida ap&#243;s 10 minutos do in&#237;cio da inclina&#231;&#227;o; d) Est&#225;gio IV: registro da VFC durante respira&#231;&#227;o controlada, com o indiv&#237;duo submetido &#224; inclina&#231;&#227;o a 60&#186;, durante 5 minutos.</p>
    <p>A respira&#231;&#227;o controlada foi definida por ciclos respirat&#243;rios com dura&#231;&#227;o de 5 segundos determinada pelo investigador com o aux&#237;lio do cron&#244;metro e utilizando sinais visuais (eleva&#231;&#227;o e descida da m&#227;o para marca&#231;&#227;o dos instantes de inspira&#231;&#227;o e expira&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente) e auditivos (ordem verbal). O controle do ciclo respirat&#243;rio obedeceu &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica dos intervalos inspirat&#243;rios e expirat&#243;rios, mantida em 2:3, sendo que a profundidade da expans&#227;o tor&#225;cica se deu espontaneamente para melhor conforto do paciente. Os indiv&#237;duos eram treinados durante 30s antes do est&#225;gio II para in&#237;cio do registro.</p>
    <p>Os sinais da VFC foram analisados nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia em todos os est&#225;gios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tab. I</xref>). No dom&#237;nio do tempo, as vari&#225;veis extra&#237;das das s&#233;ries de intervalos RR normais consecutivos foram: a) m&#233;dia dos intervalos RR normais (RRm); b) desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR normais (DPNN); c) raiz m&#233;dia quadr&#225;tica das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais consecutivos (RMSSD) e d) propor&#231;&#227;o de pares de intervalos RR normais consecutivos, cuja diferen&#231;a &#233; maior ou igual a 50ms em rela&#231;&#227;o a todo o registro (pNN50). No dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia, a s&#233;rie de intervalos RR normais consecutivos foi interpolada linearmente para o c&#225;lculo da fun&#231;&#227;o densidade espectral (FDE) de pot&#234;ncia empregando o m&#233;todo n&#227;o-param&#233;trico da transformada r&#225;pida de Fourier. Antes do c&#225;lculo da transformada de Fourier, a m&#233;dia das s&#233;ries foi subtra&#237;da e as mesmas foram processadas por grampeamento, para evitar a gera&#231;&#227;o de artefatos de alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia devido &#224; descontinuidade dos extremos, utilizando uma janela Hanning. Estimativas espectrais foram calculadas elevando-se ao quadrado o espectro de amplitude da s&#233;rie de intervalos RR normais durante o tempo analisado, seguindo protocolo do sistema Predictor IIc. Os dois componentes espectrais das s&#233;ries de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, calculados como a &#225;rea sob a curva da FDE, foram: a) alta freq&#252;&#234;ncia (AF) definida entre as freq&#252;&#234;ncias 0,15 e 0,40Hz e b) baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia (BF) definida entre as freq&#252;&#234;ncias 0,05 e 0,15Hz <sup>8,27</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado teste de normalidade para cada vari&#225;vel em cada grupo e em cada um dos est&#225;gios, utilizando teste da assimetria padr&#227;o e da curtose padr&#227;o, sendo a hip&#243;tese nula de normalidade aceita quando os dois testes apresentassem valores entre -2 e +2. As vari&#225;veis onde a hip&#243;tese de normalidade foi rejeitada foram transformadas em seus logaritmos naturais e reavaliadas com o teste de normalidade.</p>
    <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis intergrupos e intraest&#225;gios, que apresentaram hip&#243;tese nula de normalidade aceita, foram realizadas utilizando o teste "t" de Student para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dia entre amostras com vari&#226;ncias iguais e desiguais. Para comparar as vari&#226;ncias foi utilizado teste da vari&#225;vel "f" de Sinedekor, sendo testada a hip&#243;tese nula de igualdade entre as vari&#226;ncias. As vari&#225;veis, cuja hip&#243;tese nula de normalidade foi rejeitada mesmo ap&#243;s transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, eram comparadas utilizando teste de Mann-Whitney. Para comparar as vari&#225;veis intragrupos interest&#225;gios utilizamos teste "t" de Student emparelhado com hip&#243;tese nula da diferen&#231;a entre os est&#225;gios sendo igual a zero. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida por um valor de p&lt;0,05 para todos os testes.</p>
    <p>Os c&#225;lculos foram efetuados utilizando o software <italic>Statgraphics Plus</italic> vers&#227;o 5.0 (<italic>Manugistic Inc</italic>, Rockville, MD, EUA).</p>
    <p>O protocolo de estudo foi submetido &#224; comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica M&#233;dica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto -UERJ e aprovado para sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. Todos os indiv&#237;duos apresentaram consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito para a participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 20 indiv&#237;duos que participaram do estudo, 2 (1 em cada grupo) n&#227;o conseguiram terminar o protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, interrompendo no est&#225;gio III, em fun&#231;&#227;o de terem apresentado quadro de tonteira, que inviabilizou o t&#233;rmino do exame. No entanto, os mesmos n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo, tendo seus dados servido para a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica nos 3 primeiros est&#225;gios. Dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos relevantes s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela II</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise da VFC intergrupos em cada est&#225;gio - A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tabela III</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise da VFC nos 2 grupos, durante o repouso. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa do RRm entre os pacientes com CMH e indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle durante o repouso [(m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o) 950,6&#177;78,3 vs 881,2 &#177; 82,3]. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;a em nenhuma das outras medidas no dom&#237;nio do tempo e dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia entre os 2 grupos.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando comparamos os 2 grupos durante os est&#225;gios II e III (respira&#231;&#227;o controlada e teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente) observamos que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o existe diferen&#231;a entre as medidas analisadas, seja no dom&#237;nio do tempo ou no dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. IV</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab5">V</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <fn id="tab5">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-e01.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>No entanto, quando analisamos o est&#225;gio IV (teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o associado &#224; respira&#231;&#227;o controlada) observamos que par&#226;metros modulados pela atividade vagal (LogRMSSD e LogAF) apresentaram valores significativamente mais altos no grupo com CMH que no grupo controle, como apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6">tabela VI</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab6">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Comportamento evolutivo das medidas de fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica durante o protocolo - Atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento dos grupos durante os est&#225;gios, observamos que em ambos os grupos o RRm apresentou tend&#234;ncia semelhante durante os est&#225;gios, revelando um aumento (ainda que n&#227;o significativo) de sua m&#233;dia durante a respira&#231;&#227;o controlada quando comparamos o est&#225;gio II com o est&#225;gio I, redu&#231;&#227;o significativa com o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o (visto ao comparar o est&#225;gio III com o est&#225;gio I), revelando a forte influ&#234;ncia da respira&#231;&#227;o controlada e da manobra de inclina&#231;&#227;o sobre as atividades vagal e simp&#225;tica, respectivamente. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">fig. 1</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Quando fizemos a avalia&#231;&#227;o das medidas que sofrem influ&#234;ncia vagal (LogRMSSD, pNN50 e LogAF), constatamos algumas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, j&#225; que durante o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o encontramos queda significativa no pNN50 e no LogAF no grupo B. J&#225; o grupo A n&#227;o apresentou queda t&#227;o expressiva. O RMSSD diminuiu de forma importante e semelhante em ambos grupos. No &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio, quando associamos a respira&#231;&#227;o controlada ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, observamos um aumento importante do LogAF nos pacientes com CMH em rela&#231;&#227;o ao est&#225;gio III, refor&#231;ando uma presen&#231;a marcante da atividade parassimp&#225;tica neste grupo de pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">fig. 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os par&#226;metros que tanto sofrem influ&#234;ncia simp&#225;tica como parassimp&#225;tica (LogDPNN e LogBF) n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os est&#225;gios em ambos os grupos, com exce&#231;&#227;o do LogBF na passagem do est&#225;gio I para o est&#225;gio II, onde ocorreu uma queda expressiva no grupo controle, o que era esperado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">fig. 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Influ&#234;ncia dos f&#225;rmacos sobre a FC - Considerando os resultados obtidos nos itens anteriores, revelando uma predomin&#226;ncia da atividade parassimp&#225;tica no 4&#186; est&#225;gio em pacientes com CMH, avaliamos a FC (expressa pelo RRm) em repouso no grupo A entre os pacientes que usavam drogas cronotr&#243;picas negativas (betabloqueadores e antagonistas do c&#225;lcio) e os que n&#227;o usavam, e n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa nos resultados obtidos (com droga = 925,8 &#177; 105,6 e sem droga = 975,6 &#177; 33,5; p=0,301).</p>
    <p>VFC e medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas - Quando comparamos dentro do grupo de pacientes com CMH, aqueles com valores de SIV <underline>&gt;</underline>2 e &lt;2, n&#227;o constatamos diferen&#231;a na an&#225;lise do LogAF, LogBF e LogRMSSD em nenhum dos 4 est&#225;gios. Este fato tamb&#233;m se repetiu quando dividimos o grupo com CMH em 2 subgrupos em fun&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do AE, utilizando como ponto de corte o valor de 4,4cm.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embora a VFC na CMH tenha sido motivo de estudo de v&#225;rios trabalhos na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, controv&#233;rsias ainda permanecem. Vale ressaltar que n&#227;o encontramos na literatura, at&#233; o momento, nenhuma experi&#234;ncia com estes objetivos realizada no nosso Pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho observamos que: a) as an&#225;lises da VFC, tanto no dom&#237;nio do tempo como no dom&#237;nio da freq&#252;&#234;ncia, trouxeram informa&#231;&#245;es similares com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s influ&#234;ncias auton&#244;micas nos pacientes com CMH e indiv&#237;duos normais durante os per&#237;odos de repouso, respira&#231;&#227;o controlada e teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o; b) as medidas determinadas pela maior influ&#234;ncia vagal foram mais elevadas nos pacientes com CMH no &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio (onde se realizou a respira&#231;&#227;o controlada com o paciente inclinado a 60&#186;); c) no decorrer dos est&#225;gios observou-se que as medidas de atividade vagal como o pNN50 e o LogAF tiveram queda menos acentuada no grupo da CMH com o teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, sendo que, ao passar para o &#250;ltimo est&#225;gio, o LogAF apresentou aumento significativo, apontando para uma tend&#234;ncia de maior atividade parassimp&#225;tica neste grupo.</p>
    <p>Ao contr&#225;rio do que foi observado em v&#225;rios estudos j&#225; citados, que analisaram a VFC atrav&#233;s do Holter 24h<sup>16-19,30-32</sup>, n&#227;o observamos comprometimento significativo da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica nos pacientes com CMH. Em nosso trabalho, as diferen&#231;as mais notadas se limitaram ao ultimo est&#225;gio da avalia&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, com predom&#237;nio da atividade parassimp&#225;tica, enquanto que nas refer&#234;ncias acima, este bra&#231;o da resposta auton&#244;mica estava comprometido. No entanto, Fei e cols. j&#225; questionavam o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica em pacientes com CMH em seu estudo publicado em 1995, onde tamb&#233;m utilizou a an&#225;lise espectral atrav&#233;s do Holter 24h<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar ainda que as medidas obtidas atrav&#233;s do registro de 24h e suas interpreta&#231;&#245;es, notadamente os componentes espectrais, possuem fidedignidade question&#225;vel, j&#225; que podem ocultar informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica dos intervalos RR<sup>7</sup>. A justificativa para este fato &#233; simples, j&#225; que os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos respons&#225;veis pela modula&#231;&#227;o da FC n&#227;o s&#227;o estacion&#225;rios durante as 24h.</p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o disso, optamos por utilizar um protocolo com registros de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e, com isto, conseguirmos maior controle sobre os est&#237;mulos realizados em ambos os grupos, permitindo maior facilidade de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, assim como fez Limbruno e cols. em seus trabalhos 21,22. Eles tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram comprometimento da atividade parassimp&#225;tica; ao contr&#225;rio, constataram redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica durante o repouso e teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o na CMH do tipo obstrutivo. No entanto, naqueles pacientes com CMH n&#227;o-obstrutiva, que constitui 70% dos nossos pacientes, Limbruno e cols. tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a significativa da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC quando compararam com indiv&#237;duos normais, este fato tamb&#233;m foi observado por Uemura e cols.<sup>17,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estes achados estabelecem uma contradi&#231;&#227;o com os estudos que abordaram a cin&#233;tica das catecolaminas na CMH e que, por encontrarem redu&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o neuronal delas nas termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas, sugerem que esta doen&#231;a se caracterizaria por aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica em fun&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a, por maior tempo, da norepinefrina na fenda sin&#225;ptica<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que talvez a baixa disponibilidade da norepinefrina nas termina&#231;&#245;es simp&#225;ticas possa induzir ao contr&#225;rio, isto &#233;, a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica, particularmente nos pacientes com maior grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o intraventricular.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o fato dos pacientes com CMH apresentarem valores mais elevados de LogRMSSD, pNN50 e LogAF durante o est&#225;gio IV (caracterizado pela respira&#231;&#227;o controlada durante inclina&#231;&#227;o a 60&#186;) merece aten&#231;&#227;o especial, j&#225; que nenhum trabalho daqueles mencionados testou este tipo de est&#237;mulo. Se acompanharmos a evolu&#231;&#227;o destas medidas entre os est&#225;gios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figs. 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>), observaremos uma tend&#234;ncia de queda amortizada para o LogRMSSD e o pNN50, e retorno para n&#237;veis superiores ao est&#225;gio anterior do LogAF em ambos os grupos, refletindo um aumento da atividade parassimp&#225;tica desencadeado pela respira&#231;&#227;o controlada, que se op&#245;e a um fator que promove o aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, que &#233; a posi&#231;&#227;o inclinada a 60&#186;. No entanto, observamos que esta resposta &#233; mais intensa no grupo com CMH, o que sugere n&#227;o s&#243; preserva&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, como tamb&#233;m a possibilidade de que reflexos vagais exacerbados possam ser deflagrados em resposta ao est&#237;mulo gerado pelo teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o, como foi sugerido por Gilligan e cols. em trabalho para investigar s&#237;ncope na CMH<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em se tratando da forma de estimula&#231;&#227;o utilizada no est&#225;gio IV do nosso trabalho, poder&#237;amos sugerir que a respira&#231;&#227;o controlada exacerbou ainda mais estes reflexos vagais, resultando em padr&#227;o de resposta auton&#244;mica que se diferenciou do grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Vale lembrar que ao analisarmos o RRm na CMH, comparando quem usava e quem n&#227;o usava drogas cronotr&#243;picas negativas, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a que pudesse justificar a a&#231;&#227;o retardada destas drogas (ainda que suspensas por um per&#237;odo de pelo menos 5 meiasvidas) nos resultados encontrados.</p>
    <p>Na amostra de pacientes com CMH que utilizamos, 80% eram sintom&#225;ticos, fato este que vai contra os resultados encontrado por Bonaduce<sup>18</sup> e Counihan<sup>30</sup>, que observaram maior redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC nestes pacientes, por&#233;m estes trabalhos, como j&#225; foi comentado, utilizaram o registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico de 24h em sua avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Considerando a correla&#231;&#227;o da VFC com medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, ao analisarmos dentro do grupo de pacientes com CMH medidas como o AE e espessura do SIV, n&#227;o constatamos que estes dados possam ser considerados vari&#225;veis independentes interferindo no comportamento da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Neste campo do estudo, as opini&#245;es tamb&#233;m s&#227;o controversas, com autores defendendo a import&#226;ncia destes dados na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<sup>22,26 </sup>e contra esta hip&#243;tese<sup>16</sup>. O fato &#233; que mesmo aqueles que encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o destes dados (particularmente a espessura septal) com dist&#250;rbios da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica n&#227;o apresentaram uniformidade em seus resultados, sendo que Gilligan e cols. encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o com o comprometimento da atividade parassimp&#225;tica enquanto que Limbruno e cols. observaram comprometimento da atividade simp&#225;tica<sup>22,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Vale ainda ressaltar que as diferen&#231;as significativas encontradas nas vari&#225;veis, que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, permitem identificar a exist&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es de modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica caracter&#237;sticos da CMH. Entretanto, devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de elementos das amostras estudadas, estas conclus&#245;es devem ser validadas com aumento das amostras, a fim de refor&#231;ar o valor estat&#237;stico das diferen&#231;as encontradas.</p>
    <p>Desta forma, conclu&#237;mos que: 1) o estudo demonstrou que a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica de pacientes com CMH avaliada por teste de estimula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica n&#227;o diferiu da observada em um grupo controle ajustado para idade, sexo e FC durante o repouso, respira&#231;&#227;o controlada e teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o; 2) observou-se aumento significativo da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica durante respira&#231;&#227;o controlada associada ao teste de inclina&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com CMH; 3) n&#227;o encontramos correla&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es na VFC e as medidas de SIV e AE.</p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas encontradas nas vari&#225;veis que avaliam a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica permitem identificar a exist&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es de modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica caracter&#237;sticos da CMH. Entretanto, devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de elementos das amostras estudadas, estas conclus&#245;es devem ser validadas com aumento das amostras, a fim de refor&#231;ar o valor estat&#237;stico das diferen&#231;as encontradas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt </p>
        <p> Rua Dona Maria, 71/902-Bl. 1 </p>
        <p> 20541-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mib@cardiol.br">mib@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 13/01/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 21/01/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessing autonomic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Assess the autonomic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) through heart rate variability (HRV) and to correlate it to echocardiographic data. METHODS: Two groups were studied, and compared for gender, age and HR:A) Ten (10) patients reporting septal HCM (70% non-obstructive); B) ten (10) healthy volunteers. HRV was analyzed along four successive stages: at rest, under controlled breathing, while bending, and controlled breathing associated to bending. Variables means were compared between groups and intra-groups in the different stages; in Group A, variables means were correlated to echocardiographic measurements (interventricular septum and left atrial diameter). RESULTS: No HRV difference was reported among groups in the first 3 stages. In the fourth stage vagal activity was shown to be higher in Group A [quadratic mean log between RR intervals (RMSSD) - 1.35&#177;0.14 vs 1.17&#177;0.16; p=0.019; high frequency component logarithm (LogHF)- 4.89&#177;0.22 vs 4.62&#177;0.26; p=0.032]. Along the stages, vagal measurements [rate of pairs of consecutive RR intervals whose difference is &gt; 50ms (pNN50) and LogHF] also showed lower reduction in the third stage in Group A, while LogHF showed some increase in last stage (p=0.027), thus indicating marked parasympathetic activity in that group. Group A HRV analysis showed no difference among patients reporting larger hypertrophy or atrial diameter. CONCLUSION: 1) parasympathetic prevalence was shown during autonomic stimulation in HCM patients; 2) no correlation was found between HRV and echocardiographic measurements under analysis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>autonomic ner vous system (ANS)</kwd>
        <kwd>hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)</kwd>
        <kwd>heart rate (HR)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Assessing autonomic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt; P. R. Benchimol-Barbosa; Cant&#237;dio Drumond Neto; Ricardo Bedirian; Eduardo Corr&#234;a Barbosa; Flavia Brasil; Alfredo de Souza Bomfim; Francisco Manes Albanesi Filho</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>Assess the autonomic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) through heart rate variability (HRV) and to correlate it to echocardiographic data.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Two groups were studied, and compared for gender, age and HR<bold>:</bold> A) Ten (10) patients reporting septal HCM (70% non-obstructive); B) ten (10) healthy volunteers. HRV was analyzed along four successive stages: at rest, under controlled breathing, while bending, and controlled breathing associated to bending. Variables means were compared between groups and intra-groups in the different stages; in Group A, variables means were correlated to echocardiographic measurements (interventricular septum and left atrial diameter).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>No HRV difference was reported among groups in the first 3 stages. In the fourth stage vagal activity was shown to be higher in Group A [quadratic mean log between RR intervals (RMSSD) &#150; 1.35&#177;0.14 vs 1.17&#177;0.16; p=0.019; high frequency component logarithm (LogHF)-4.89&#177;0.22 vs 4.62&#177;0.26; p=0.032]. Along the stages, vagal measurements [rate of pairs of consecutive RR intervals whose difference is <underline>&gt;</underline> 50ms (pNN50) and LogHF] also showed lower reduction in the third stage in Group A, while LogHF showed some increase in last stage (p=0.027), thus indicating marked parasympathetic activity in that group. Group A HRV analysis showed no difference among patients reporting larger hypertrophy or atrial diameter.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>1) parasympathetic prevalence was shown during autonomic stimulation in HCM patients; 2) no correlation was found between HRV and echocardiographic measurements under analysis<bold>.</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>autonomic nervous system (ANS), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), heart rate (HR)</p>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease where ventricular hypertrophy associated with preserved systolic function and diastolic dysfunction stand out (with changes in ventricular relaxation and compliance) under no associated conditions to produce such change. Clinical development of the condition is variable, usually family-related, heterogeneously expressed, with autosomic dominant transmission<sup>1,2</sup>. It has for some time been speculated that the development of myocardial hypertrophy in that condition might be related to some increase in sympathetic activity<sup>3</sup>. Brush and collaborators (1989) demonstrated that neuronal uptake of norepinephrine was reduced in HCM patients, thus emphasizing the assumption that sympathetic nervous system disorders might be related to phenomena found in that condition, particularly sudden death<sup>4</sup>. Schafers and collaborators also verified decrease in beta receptors density in that condition, in addition to reduction in norepinephrine neuronal uptake<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has been gaining strength in most recent decades as an attempt to set behavior patterns for the different diseases that may be correlated to sudden death events<sup>6-8</sup>. Particularly for diabetics (whose evolution is disautonomic), and for those who have had acute myocardial infarction (AMI), autonomic function changes are significantly correlated to increased mortality rate<sup>9-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a simple, invasive method, and aims at assessing the balance between sympatho-vagal activity on the heart; consequently, at identifying the phenomena related to ANS disorders that may contribute for the genesis of arrhythmias<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some works have analyzed HRV in the last decade, with conflicting results. Those using 24-hour Holter for HRV analysis found sympathetic prevailing over parasympathetic activity. Such changes were found to be correlated to the presence of symptoms, ventricular arrhythmia, and left ventricle outflow tract obstruction (LVO)<sup>15-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Such argument was contested by Fei and collaborators while studying a group of thirty-one (31) HCM patients and thirty-one (31) normal individuals through 24-hour HRV Holter analysis. HCM patients reported significantly lower low frequency (LF) component, and lower low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF), and high frequency (HF) components that were higher as compared to control group individuals, thus indicating a reduction in sympathetic activity in their normal, day-today activities<sup>20</sup>. Similar results were found by Limbruno and collaborators while using autonomic short-term stimulating protocols for HRV analysis. Sympathetic activity compromising was found to be higher in individuals with obstructive HCM <sup>21,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Against such conflicting results, the present paper has the purpose of: 1) assessing the behavior of the autonomic function in individuals with asymmetric septal HCM as compared to control group through HRV at rest, under respiratory stimulus, and bend tests, and 2) correlating findings to the analysis of septally hypertrophic HRV, and left atrium (LA) size.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the period between 09/2001 and 12/2002, twenty (20) individuals were split into two groups paired by gender, age, and heart rate (HR): Group A &#150; made up of ten (10) individuals with asymmetric, septal HCM; and Group B &#150; made up of ten (10) normal individuals.</p>
      <p>Among the individuals in Group A, age ranged from 27 to 55 years of age (40.3 &#177; 9.8), being 90% males. Among Group B individuals, age ranged from 26 to 45 years of age, (37.2 &#177; 6.4), being 80% males. Among Group A patients, four (4) were on propranolol and one (1) on verapamil.</p>
      <p>Asymmetric septal HCM was diagnosed based on echocardiographic evidence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy of left ventricle (larger than 13mm), which did not present dilation, in individuals with no identifiable cause for hypertrophy<sup>1,2,23</sup>. Those who had been submitted to septal myectomy or to alcoholization of septal artery, those on amiodarone, or those for whom medication discontinuation was considered unacceptable were excluded from Group A. Also excluded were those reporting coronary heart disease, hypertension, aortic stenosis or any other condition that would lead to myocardial hypertrophy, nonsinosoidal rhythm, or advanced atrioventricular blockings, and those with a history of diabetes mellitus and chronic alcohol abuse.</p>
      <p>All individuals were submitted to clinical examination (anamnesis and physical exam), 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest, echocardiogram, and laboratory exams (creatinine, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, glucose and uric acid) at timepoints no longer than six months as of assessment of autonomic cardiac function. Assessment of autonomic function was carried out at rest and under non-pharmacological stimulus following protocol, as described below.</p>
      <p>Standard, unidimensional and bidimensional representations were obtained for the echocardiogram, together with flow study through continuous, pulsed Apogee CX 200 (ATL, EUA)<sup>24</sup> color Doppler. Exams were carried out by the same person (who was not aware of results obtained by protocol for the assessment of autonomic function), aiming at determining cavity measures, the type of hypertrophy, analysis of systolic and diastolic function, the presence of anterior systolic movement of the mitral valve, mitral failure level, and pressure gradient in left ventricle outflow. Cavity measures were obtained following the American Society of Echocardiography protocol in use: diastolic diameter of LV (DDLV), systolic diameter of LV (SDLV), interventricular septum thickness (IVST), posterior wall thickness (PWT) and LA diameter (LAD)<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Assessment of autonomic function was carried out by computerized short term data collection for HRV analysis, through the use Predictor IIC (Corazonix, EUA) system. For HRV data, electrocardiographic signals were taken at 1kHz sampling rate, using a 16-Bit A/D converter, and real time analysis of MC5 lead (T wave abnormalities) after skin was cleaned with slight abrasion by using cotton wool at alcohol at 70%, with positive electrode placed on 5th or 6th intercostal space to left hemiclavicular line, and negative electrode in the left infraclavicular region. Based on continuous electrocardiographic records, RR intervals or instant heart rate (HR) (defined as RR interval inversion multiplied by 60) were calculated after normal consecutive QRS complexes were detected. The identification of trustworthy, normal complexes was carried out by cross-correlation method with a "model signal" obtained at early capturing through visual inspection, thus allowing efficient rejection of ventricular or supraventricular extrasystoles as well as artifacts during the course of protocol. After automatic analysis, RR intervals were reevaluated by two observers using a manually editing method.</p>
      <p>All individuals had been fasting for at least 4 hours, and were asked not to consume any tobacco product for 2 hours prior to signal capturing for HRV analysis. Individuals in Group A - who had been on betablockers or calcium channel blockers &#150; had their medication discontinued for a period equivalent to 5 half-lives before protocol was carried out<sup>18,26</sup>. Exams took place from 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. at a silent, clear setting, at approximately 27&#186;C temperature.</p>
      <p>For the autonomic evaluation, electrocardiographic signals were obtained after 5-minute resting time in supine position for the stabilization of autonomic activity in compliance with four- consecutive-stage protocol requirement, as described below: a) Stage I: record of HRV at rest, in supine position at 0&#186; during 5 minutes; b) Stage II: record of HRV under controlled breathing (see below) in dorsal decubitus at 0&#186; during 5 minutes; c) Stage III: record of HRV for 5 minutes with individual submitted to bend tests at 60&#186;, obtained after 10 minutes as of bending position; d) Stage IV: record of HRV under controlled breathing, with individual submitted to bending at 60&#186; during 5 minutes.</p>
      <p>Controlled breathing was defined as 5-second respiratory cycles monitored by investigator through the use of a chronometer and visual signs (hand raising and lowering for inspiration and expiration time points, respectively) and auditive signs (verbally). Respiratory cycle control followed physiologic ratio between inspiratory and expiratory intervals, kept at 2:3, with spontaneous thoracic expansion depth for patient's higher comfort. Individuals were trained for 30 seconds prior to Stage II before records were taken.</p>
      <p>HRV signals were analyzed for time domain and frequency domain at all stages ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_27409t1-body2">Table I</xref>). In regard to time domain, variables extracted from normal, consecutive RR intervals series were: a) mean of normal RR intervals (RRm); b) SD of normal RR intervals (SDNN); c) quadratic mean between normal, consecutive RR intervals (RMSSD), and d) ratio of normal, consecutive RR intervals, whose difference is equal to or higher than 50ms as compared to record (pNN50). As for frequency domain, the series of normal, consecutive RR intervals was linearly interpolated for the calculation of power spectral density function (PSDF) through the use of fast Fourier transformation (FFT). Before FFT was calculated, mean of series was subtracted, and series processed by stapling through the use of a Hanning window to avoid artifacts due to the discontinuity of the end points. Spectral estimates have been calculated by elevating the spectrum of amplitude of normal RR intervals series to square values during the time of analysis, in compliance with Predictor IIc protocol. The two spectrum components in the short term series &#150; calculated as area under the curve (AUC) for PSDF - were: a) high frequency (HF), defined between 0.15 to 0.40Hz frequencies; and b) low frequency (LF), defined between 0.05 - 0.15Hz frequencies<sup>8,27</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_27409t1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A normality test was carried out for each variable in each group and at each stage through standard asymmetry and standard curtosis test. Null normality hypothesis was accepteded when the two tests reported values between -2 and +2. Variables where normality hypothesis was rejected were turned into their natural logarithms and reevaluated by normality test.</p>
      <p>Intergroups and intrastages comparisons for variables reporting null, accepted normality hypothesis were carried out through the use of Student's "t" test to compare mean values for samples with equal and unequal variances. For the purpose of comparison of variances, Sinedekor's "f" test was used, when the null hypothesis for equality among variances was tested. Variables whole null hypothesis for normality was rejected - even after logarithmic transformation &#150; were compared through Mann-Whitney test. For intragroups, intrastage comparison of variables, paired "t" Student test was used with zero difference null hypothesis between the stages. Statistical significance was defined by p&lt;0.05 for all tests.</p>
      <p>Calculations were carried out using the software <italic>Statgraphics Plus</italic>, Version 5.0 (<italic>Manugistic Inc</italic>, Rockville, MD, EUA).</p>
      <p>Study Protocol was submitted to the Ethics Committee at Pedro Ernesto University Hospital at Rio de Janeiro Federal University -Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto &#150; UERJ), where it was approved. All individuals presented a written informed consent to be enrolled in the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the twenty (20) individuals enrolled in the study, two (2) &#150; one (1) in each group &#150; did not complete the protocol for autonomic evaluation. Patients' withdrawal at Stage III &#150; as a result of a dizziness condition - did not allow exam completion. However, those patients were not excluded from the sudy. Their records were incorporated to the analysis for autonomic function in the 3 first stages. Relevant clinical and echocardiographic data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">Table II</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Comparison of intergroup HRV analysis at each stage - <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">Table III</xref> shows at rest HRV in the 2 groups. No statistically significant difference was reported for RRm between HCM patients and control group individuals at rest [(mean+ SD) 950.6+78.3 vs 881.2+ 82.3]. No difference was reported, either, for any of the other measures in the time domain and in the frequency domain between the 2 groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When the 2 groups were compared for Stages I and II (under control breathing and bend test, respectively), no difference was reported for the measures under study &#150; either in the time domain or in the frequency domain (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">Table IV</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab5-body2">V</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fn id="tab5-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>However, when analyzing Stage IV (bend test associated to controlled breathing) authors observed that parameters modulated by vagal activity (LogRMSSD and LogHF) reported values significantly higher in the HCM group as compared to control groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab6-body2">Table VI</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab6-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Progressive behavior of autonomic function measures during protocol - while analyzing group behavior in the two groups during stages - both groups reported similar tendency for RRm during stages, showing some increase (although not significant at that point) in mean values during controlled breathing when Stage II was compared to Stage I; significant reduction at tend test (reported when comparing Stage III to Stage I), thus revealing strong influence of controlled breathing and of bend maneuvre on vagal and sympathetic activities respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>While evaluating those measures under vagal influence (LogRMSSD, pNN50 and LogHF), some differences were reported between groups, since the bend test showed significant decrease in pNN50 and in LogHF in Group B. Group A, in its turn, did not report such significant decrease. RMSSD reported significant, similar decrease in both groups. In the last stage, when controlled breathing was associated to the bend test, significant increase in HCM patients' LogHF in regard to Stage III, thus reinforcing marked parasympathetic activity in this group of patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27409f2-body2">figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_27409f2-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Parameters under both sympathetic and parasympathetic influence (LogDPNN and LogLF) did not report significant changes between stages in either group, except for LogLF in the transition from Stage I to Stage II, when excpected significant decrease was reported by the control group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_27409f3-body2">figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_27409f3-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0388-00004-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>How drugs affect HR - Considering the results obtained in the previous sections in this paper showing the predominance of parasympathetic activity at 4<sup>th</sup> stage for HCM patients, the authors evaluated HR (RRm expressed) at rest in Group A for patients on negative chronotropic drugs (betabloquers and calcium antagonists), and those off drugs. No significant difference was found in results obtained (on drugs = 925.8 + 105.6, off drugs = 975.6 + 33.5; p=0.301).</p>
      <p>HRV and echocardiographic measures - When comparing within the HCM group those patients reporting interventricular septum values (IVS) &gt;2 and &lt;2, no difference was found in the analysis of LogHF, LogLF and LogRMSSD at any of the 4 stages.</p>
      <p>The same happened when the HCM group was split into 2 subgroups following LA size, and using 4.4cm as the cut point.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although HRV in HCM has been the focus of a number of research papers in the last decade, controversies are still pending. It should be pointed out that literature has not reported &#150; up to this point in time &#150; any experiment pursuing the same objectives in this country.</p>
      <p>In the present work authors have observed that: a) the HRV analysis &#150; both in the time domain and in frequency domain &#150; has brought similar information in regard to autonomic influences in patients with HCM and normal individuals while at rest, under controlled breathing, and during bend test; b) measures taken by higher vagal influence were higher in patients with HCM at the last stage (where controlled breathing took place with patient bent at 60&#186;); c) along the two stages, measures of vagal activity &#150; such as pNN50 and LogHF &#150; reported less marked increase in the HCM group at bend test; when in transition to the last stage, LogHF showed significant increase, pointing towards a tendency to report higher parasympathetic activity in that group.</p>
      <p>Contrarily to what was observed by a number of studies already cited that have analyzed HRV through the use of 24 hours Holter<sup>16-19,30-32</sup>, no significant compromising of the autonomic function was observed in HCM patients. In the present paper, the most observed differences were those in the last stage of autonomic evaluation, with parasympathetic activity predominating, while as previously referred to in this paper, that arm of the autonomic response was compromised. However, Fei and collaborators questioned the increase in sympathetic activity reported by patients with HCM in a study published in 1995, when spectral analysis through 24-hour Holter was also used<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>It should also be pointed out that the reliability of measures from the 24-hour recording and corresponding interpretation &#150; particularly spectral components &#150; are questionable, since they may hide information on the autonomic modulation of RR intervals<sup>7</sup>. The explanation is simple, since physiologic mechanisms responsible for HR modulation are not stationary in the 24-hour period.</p>
      <p>Taking that inco account, the authors have chosen to use a protocol with short-term records, which allowed better control over stimuli in the two groups, which in its turn led to easer interpretation, as done by Limbruno and collaborators in their work<sup>21,22</sup>. They did not find any compromising in parasympathetic activity, either; quite the opposite, they confirmed sympathetic activity reduction at rest and at bend test in obstructive HCM. However, for those patients with non-obstructive HCM &#150; 70% of our patients &#150; Limbruno and collaborators have not found significant difference in HRV spectral analysis either while comparing with normal individuals. The same was observed by Uemura and collaborators<sup>17,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Such findings reflect a contradiction with studies that have addressed the kinetics of catecholamines in HCM. When detecting a reduction of neuronal uptake in nervous terminations, those studies suggest that the disease would be characterized by the increase in sympathetic activity due to the longer presence of norepinephrine in the synaptic gap<sup>3-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our hypothesis is that low availability of norepinephrine in sympathetic terminations may induce the opposite, which means to say, to sympathetic activity reduction, particularly in patients with higher level of intraventricular obstruction.</p>
      <p>Additionally, the fact that patients with HCM report higher values of LogRMSSD, pNN50 and LogHF at Stage IV (characterized by controlled breathing while at 60&#186; bend) deserves special attention, since none of the research works mentioned earlier has tested that kind of stimulus. If one follows the evolution of those measures across the stages (Illustrations 1, 2 and 3), a tendency towards amortizing decrease for LogRMSSD and pNN50, and the return to higher levels as compared to previous LogHF stage both groups will be observed, thus reflecting increased parasympathetic activity triggered by controlled breathing, which is opposed to a factor that promotes sympathetic activity &#150; the 60&#186; bend position. However, such response can be seen to be more intense in the HCM groups, which suggests not only the preservation of parasympathetic modulation, but the possibility that exacerbated vagal reflexes may be triggered in response to the stimulus generated by the bend test, as suggested by Gilligan and collaborators in their research work to investigate syncope in HCM<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>In regard to the form of stimulation used in Stage IV in our work, it could be suggested that controlled breathing exacerbated vagal reflexes even more, thus resulting in a pattern of autonomic response that differed from the control group.</p>
      <p>It should be reminded, at this point, that while analysing RRm in HCM, and comparing those on negative chronotropic drugs and those off those drugs, no difference was found to justify the delayed action of those drugs (even though withheld for a period of 5 half-lives at least) in findings.</p>
      <p>From the sample of patients with HCM used for the study, 80% was symptomatic, which does not agree with findings by Bonaduce<sup>18</sup> and Counihan<sup>30</sup>, who observed higher HRV reduction in those patients. But those works, as already discussed previously, were based on 24-hour electrocardiographic records.</p>
      <p>Considering the correlation between HRV and echocardiographic measures such as LA and IVS thickness while analyzing HCM patients, such data were not seen to be independent variables to interfere in autonomic function behavior. Opinions are controversial in that area, too, with some authors in defense of the relevance of such for autonomic modulation<sup>22,26</sup> and other opposing that assumption<sup>16</sup>. The fact is that even those who did find the correlation of such data (particularly septal thickness) with autonomic function disorders did not report uniform results. Gillian and collaborators found correlation in parasympathetic activity compromising while Limbruno and collaborators observed sympathetic activity compromising<sup>22,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>It should also be pointed out that the significant differences found in the variables - that evaluate autonomic function - allow the identification of autonomic modulation patterns typical of HCM. However, due to the small number of samples under study, those conclusions must be validated by larger samples so as to reinforce statistical power for the differences found.</p>
      <p>So, we have concluded that: 1) the study showed that autonomic function of patients with HCM evaluated by non-pharmacologic stimulation did not differ from that observed in a control group adjusted for age, gender, and HR at rest, under controlled breathing, and at bend test; 2) significant increase in parasympathetic modulation was observed during controlled breathing when associated to bed test in patients with HCM; 3) no correlation was found between changes in HRV and IVS and LA measures.</p>
      <p>The statistically significant differences found in the variables that evaluate autonomic function allow the identification of autonomic modulation patterns typical of HCM. However, due to the small number of samples under study, those conclusions must be validated by larger samples so as to reinforce statistical power for the differences found.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Marcelo Imbroinise Bittencourt</p>
          <p> Rua Dona Maria, 71/902-Bl. 1</p>
          <p> 20541-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mib@cardiol.br">mib@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 01/13/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 01/21/05</p>
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