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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8CGn3SVpcJtZ7DXNFVc3FVw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001900003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001900003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Trinta anos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>385</fpage>
      <lpage>387</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2006</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trinta anos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Whady Hueb; Charles Mady; Jos&#233; A. F. Ramires</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>Conceitua-se p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o como toda soma de conhecimentos, formal e temporal, adquirida depois de um per&#237;odo regular acad&#234;mico de gradua&#231;&#227;o curricular. Todavia, para uma melhor compreens&#227;o do termo, imp&#245;ese distinguir entre p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>stricto sensu e</italic> p&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>lato sensu.</italic> No segundo sentido, na medicina, p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>lato sensu</italic> designa todo e qualquer curso que se segue &#224; gradua&#231;&#227;o, dentre os quais se incluem: est&#225;gios setoriais peri&#243;dicos, estudos complementares especializados e a resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Por outro lado, a p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>stricto sensu</italic> define o sistema de aprendizado que se superp&#245;e &#224; gradua&#231;&#227;o, com objetivos mais amplos e aprofundados de forma&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica de docentes e pesquisadores acad&#234;micos de carreira<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim conceituada, a p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o se imp&#245;e e se difunde em todas as &#225;reas do conhecimento, como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia natural do extraordin&#225;rio progresso do saber, tornando-se quase imposs&#237;vel proporcionar treinamento completo e adequado para as diferentes &#225;reas, no limite da gradua&#231;&#227;o<sup>1</sup>. Em face do vertiginoso aumento do conhecimento em cada sub-ramo da ci&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e da crescente subespecializa&#231;&#227;o de cada &#225;rea espec&#237;fica, o estudante contempor&#226;neo somente poder&#225; obter, durante a gradua&#231;&#227;o, os conhecimentos b&#225;sicos da sua profiss&#227;o<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o torna-se, assim, na universidade moderna, c&#250;pula dos estudos, sistema especial de cursos exigidos pelas condi&#231;&#245;es da pesquisa cient&#237;fica e, pelas necessidades de treinamento avan&#231;ado. O seu objetivo principal &#233; proporcionar aprofundamento do conhecimento, que lhe permita alcan&#231;ar elevado padr&#227;o de compet&#234;ncia e amadurecimento cient&#237;fico imposs&#237;vel de ser alcan&#231;ado no &#226;mbito da gradua&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, objetiva oferecer, dentro da universidade, ambiente e recursos adequados para que se realizem a livre investiga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica e o pleno envolvimento na elabora&#231;&#227;o dos projetos, possibilitando a afirma&#231;&#227;o de uma estrutura criadora da cultura universit&#225;ria<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Obedecendo aos fundamentos acima expostos, a p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da USP foi implantada atrav&#233;s do parecer 977/65 da Cesu do Conselho Federal de Educa&#231;&#227;o, no in&#237;cio dos anos 70. As primeiras turmas da p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, em n&#237;vel de mestrado, foram implantadas pelo ent&#227;o Professor Luiz V. D&#233;court, gerando um n&#250;cleo de excel&#234;ncia que hoje constitui o alicerce intelectual da institui&#231;&#227;o<sup>4</sup>. Ap&#243;s esta experi&#234;ncia inicial, j&#225; sob a orienta&#231;&#227;o do Professor Fulvio Pilleggi o mestrado foi encerrado dando in&#237;cio, na d&#233;cada de 80, ao curso de doutorado em medicina, com &#225;rea de concentra&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s atingir a maioridade, o curso modificou-se na forma e no conte&#250;do, com mudan&#231;as estruturais na obten&#231;&#227;o de cr&#233;ditos, na transmiss&#227;o dos conhecimentos e, tamb&#233;m, na obten&#231;&#227;o do exame de qualifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o continuou a se aprimorar em todo o ambiente da USP, e tamb&#233;m no InCor, onde a transmiss&#227;o do saber, em n&#237;vel de doutorado, estendeu-se aos profissionais n&#227;o-m&#233;dicos da &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, mudando-se a titula&#231;&#227;o de todos os p&#243;s-graduandos, para Doutor em Ci&#234;ncias. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">figura 1</xref> mostra o crescimento linear da nossa p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, desde a sua implanta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0385-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Os avan&#231;os n&#227;o pararam de acontecer. No final dos anos 90, buscando firmar parcerias com outras institui&#231;&#245;es de alto n&#237;vel de excel&#234;ncia e com a mesma voca&#231;&#227;o para o ensino e a pesquisa, o InCor associou-se ao Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, para uma troca de experi&#234;ncias que se pretendia prof&#237;cua e enriquecedora. No in&#237;cio, houve necessidade de adequa&#231;&#227;o do pessoal docente daquela institui&#231;&#227;o, pois, faltava, em grande parte deles, titula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica, para compartilhar os cursos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o bi-institucional. Contudo, mais uma vez, o InCor inovou: acolheu todo o pessoal com voca&#231;&#227;o para o ensino e para a pesquisa, proporcionando a todos a possibilidade de obter t&#237;tulos de Doutores e, para alguns deles, o de Livres-Docentes.</p>
    <p>A p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o do InCor cumpriu, assim uma das mais importantes tarefas para a qual foi criada: produzir e exportar o saber para outras institui&#231;&#245;es. Vale aqui enfatizar que a simples transfer&#234;ncia de conhecimento, por si s&#243;, n&#227;o completa esta nobre tarefa. Esta transfer&#234;ncia deve carregar em seu bojo o esp&#237;rito da diversidade cient&#237;fica, do questionamento que envolve uma pesquisa e, tamb&#233;m, a cria&#231;&#227;o de mentalidade inovadora dentro do pr&#243;prio ambiente para onde o conhecimento foi transferido.</p>
    <p>&#201; exatamente para conquistar este objetivo que a nossa p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o vem lutando dia e noite. Hoje, o InCor conta, em tempo integral, com 144 pesquisadores com t&#237;tulo de doutor, sendo parte deles, em dedica&#231;&#227;o exclusiva. Al&#233;m disso, conta com 65 pesquisadores com titulo de Livres-Docentes, em tempo integral, n&#250;mero n&#227;o compar&#225;vel a nenhuma outra institui&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de ensino e pesquisa na &#225;rea de cardiologia<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, a p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o do InCor n&#227;o busca somente titular o pesquisador para fins n&#227;o espec&#237;ficos. Ela incentiva o crescimento do titulado na pr&#243;pria institui&#231;&#227;o e, tamb&#233;m, na institui&#231;&#227;o que o originou, com programas de p&#243;s-doutorado. Desta forma, dos pesquisadores que alcan&#231;aram o t&#237;tulo de Livre-Docente, 4 deles conquistaram o t&#237;tulo de Professor Titular em outras institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Este resultado fundamentou-se na diversidade da pesquisa, na qualidade do fator humano e, tamb&#233;m, na capacidade da institui&#231;&#227;o em fornecer as ferramentas necess&#225;rias para este objetivo.</p>
    <p>No <xref ref-type="fig" rid="q1">quadro I</xref>, observamos o conjunto de linhas de pesquisas em andamento, o n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es alcan&#231;adas pelo InCor e a qualidade do peri&#243;dico em que a pesquisa foi publicada. A amplitude dessas pesquisas revela a magnitude do programa, que abrange as mais diferentes &#225;reas do conhecimento relacionadas &#224; cardiologia. Al&#233;m disso, quando se compara o desenvolvimento dos projetos de pesquisa das duas institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas, InCor e Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, observa-se maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas no laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica desta &#250;ltima institui&#231;&#227;o. Essa produ&#231;&#227;o reflete, provavelmente, uma maior express&#227;o desse servi&#231;o, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras &#225;reas. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="q2">Quadro II</xref>)</p>
    <fig id="q1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0385-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="q2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0385-00003-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Assim, ainda que o caminho seja longo e a caminhada mal tenha come&#231;ado, &#233; consenso que a p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o no InCor &#233; altamente produtiva, quando comparada a outras institui&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas ou mesmo a diversas outras institui&#231;&#245;es do contexto nacional, seja na gera&#231;&#227;o do produto final, seja na produ&#231;&#227;o intelectual. Este modelo serve de paradigma para v&#225;rias institui&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;neres, pois colabora com algumas universidades federais brasileiras, promovendo, assim, o crescimento da pesquisa cient&#237;fica em cardiologia, em v&#225;rios estados do nosso Pa&#237;s. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>REFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Motoyama S, Capozzoli U. Construindo o Futuro-35 Anos de P&#243;sGradua&#231;&#227;o da USP. S&#227;o Paulo: Editora Parma Ltda. 2004: 228p.</p>
    <p>2. Cunha LA. A expans&#227;o do ensino superior; causas e conseq&#252;&#234;ncias. Debate &amp; Critica, S&#227;o Paulo 1975; 5:27-58</p>
    <p>3. Leite CB. A p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e o papel da CAPES. Rev Bras Est Ped 1972; 128; 352-8. </p>
    <p>4. Mady C, Dini NR, Ramires JAF. The postgraduate program of the Heart Institute of the School of Medicine, University of S&#227;o Paulo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82(5): 409-10.</p>
    <p>5. Perfil da p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Bras&#237;lia. CAPES 2004. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.capes.gov.br/scripts/p.prog.ide">www.capes.gov.br/scripts/p.prog.ide</ext-link> acesso em junho de 2005.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p>Whady Hueb </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44/114 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mass@incor.usp.br">mass@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 15/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 09/08/05</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Thirty years of postgraduation in cardiology</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty years of postgraduation in cardiology</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Whady Hueb; Charles Mady; Jos&#233; A. F. Ramires</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#150; FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>The concept of postgraduation refers to the amount of knowledge, formal and continually updated, acquired after the completion of a regular graduate program at a university or college. However, in order to better understand this term, it is necessary to make a distinction between a <italic>lato sensu</italic> postgraduate program and a <italic>stricto sensu</italic> postgraduate program. In the medical field, a <italic>lato sensu</italic> postgraduate program refers to the activites and courses that follow graduation from medical school, such as: rotation training, complementary speciality studies and medical residency. A <italic>stricto sensu</italic> postgraduate program, on the other hand, refers to the specific learning system a student undertakes after graduating from medical school. This program has broader and more in-depth scientific research objectives which are needed to prepare a physician for a career as an academic faculty member and researcher<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to these concepts, postgraduate training has become mandatory and it has spread to all disciplines, as a natural consequence of the extensive advancement in knowledge.Today, it is virtually impossible to undergo a complete and adequate training in the different areas within the limits of the graduate program.<sup>1</sup> Due to the overwhelming amount of knowledge in each subspeciality of medical science, and the increasing demand for medical specialization in each specific area, the standard graduate program can provide only basic knowledge of the medical profession<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the postgraduate program in the modern university, is the highest point of studies, a special system of courses required to comply with scientific research and advanced training requirements. Its main objective is to provide physicians with a deeper knowledge so they can attain high standards of competence and full scientific evolvement, impossible to be attained within the limits of medical school. Moreover, the program aims to offer an appropriate environment and resources for scientific investigation and total involvement in research designing. It also aims to establish cultural ideals within the university<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the above reasons, the postgraduate program in cardiology of the <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#150; USP</italic> (InCor - Heart Institute of the University of S&#227;o Paulo's Medical School) was created under <italic>Conselho Federal de Educa&#231;&#227;o's Cesu</italic> Opinion no. 977/65 (CESU is the Higher Education Chamber of the Federal Council of Education), in the beginning of the 1970s. The first postgraduate classes, master's degree level, were implemented by then Professor Luiz V. Decourt, generating a standard of excellence that still constitutes the intellectual foundation of the institution today<sup>4</sup>.After this initial experience and under Professor Fulvio Pilleggi's orientation, the master's program was discontinued and the medical doctor's degree course was established in the 1980s, with a major in cardiology.</p>
      <p>After more than 20 years, the program was modified both in its format and content, with structural changes made to the system of credits, the transmission of knowledge and also the qualification exam.</p>
      <p>The postgraduate program continued to be improved within USP and also at InCor, and the transmission of knowledge at doctoral levels was also extended to non-medical health-care professionals. As a consequence, the degree of all postgraduates was changed to Doctor of Sciences. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure no.1</xref> displays the linear advancement of our postgraduate program from its beginning.</p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0385-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Advancements were taking place on a continued basis. At the end of the 1990s, in an effort to initiate partnerships with other teaching and research-oriented institutions of the same high level of excellence, InCor joined the <italic>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</italic> (Dante Pazzanese Heart Institute) to exchange experiences. As most faculty members in this institution did not have an academic degree, at the beginning it was necessary to make adjustments so they would be able to enroll in the postgraduate programs in both institutions. However, once again, InCor led the way. Welcoming all faculty members who had teaching and research skills, InCor provided them with the resources to obtain their doctors' degrees and, for some of them, that of associate professors.</p>
      <p>Therefore, InCor's postgraduate program has fullfiled one of the most important tasks for which it was created: to produce and export knowledge to other institutions. It is worth mentioning that the transfer of knowledge alone does not complete such noble task. The very environment to where knowledge is transferred must have within itself the spirit of scientific diversity, the questioning involved in research, as well as an innovative mentality.</p>
      <p>Our postgraduate program has strived day and night to attain exactly this objective. Today, InCor has 144 full-time researchers with doctor's degrees, part of them exclusively dedicated to their research. In addition, it has 65 full-time researchers with associate professor degrees, (there is no other medical teaching and research institution in the cardiology field with this many large number of faculty members)<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the postgraduate program at InCor aims not only to provide the researcher with a degree. It also encorages the growth of the degree holder within InCor, as well as within the originated institution, by offering postdoctoral programs. Therefore, out of the researchers who obtained the associate professor degree, four of them obtained also their full professor degree at other institutions.</p>
      <p>Such achievements were based on the diversity of the research, the quality of the human factor, as well as the institution's capacity to provide the necessary tools for these objectives.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="cha1-body2">Chart I</xref> displays the set of current research lines, the number of studies published by InCor and the quality of the journal in which the research was published. The broad scope of such research indicates the magnitude of the program, which covers all different areas of knowledge related to cardiology. Moreover, by analyzing the development of the research projects undertaken by both institutions - <italic>InCor and Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia -</italic> it is possible to see that the majority of the research focuses on the hemodynamics laboratory of the latter institution. Most probably, this production reflects the predominance of this service when compared to the others (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="cha2-body2">Chart II</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="cha1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0385-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="cha2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-06-0385-00003-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Thus, although we have only begun and there is still much progress to be made, it is evident that the InCor postgraduate program is highly productive when compared to other medical institutions or even to several other institutions in the country, be in the generation of the final product or the research process. This structure of postgradute program can serve as the basis for several similar institutions. It cooperates with some Brazilian federal universities, promoting the development of scientific research in cardiology in several states of our country. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Motoyama S, Capozzoli U. Construindo o Futuro-35 Anos de P&#243;sGradua&#231;&#227;o da USP. S&#227;o Paulo: Editora Parma Ltda. 2004: 228p.</p>
      <p>2. Cunha LA. A expans&#227;o do ensino superior; causas e conseq&#252;&#234;ncias. Debate &amp; Critica, S&#227;o Paulo 1975; 5:27-58</p>
      <p>3. Leite CB. A p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e o papel da CAPES. Rev Bras Est Ped 1972; 128; 352-8. </p>
      <p>4. Mady C, Dini NR, Ramires JAF. The postgraduate program of the Heart Institute of the School of Medicine, University of S&#227;o Paulo. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004; 82(5): 409-10.</p>
      <p>5. Perfil da p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o. Bras&#237;lia. CAPES 2004. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.capes.gov.br/scripts/p.prog.ide">www.capes.gov.br/scripts/p.prog.ide</ext-link> acesso em junho de 2005.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing Address:</p>
          <p> Whady Hueb</p>
          <p> InCor</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44/114</p>
          <p> 05403-000 S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mass@incor.usp.br">mass@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 07/15/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 08/09/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
