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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pn8zHwZws5KfwrWbx8fs4kQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001800009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001800009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pseudo-aneurisma femoral mic&#243;tico ap&#243;s onze anos de cateterismo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almaz&#225;n</surname>
            <given-names>Arturo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lozano</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salamanca</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Salamanca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Salamanca </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Cirurgia Vascular</institution>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>343</fpage>
      <lpage>345</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Relatamos o caso incomum de um alpinista de 52 anos que apresentava dor e edema em sua coxa direita, o que revelou ser um pseudoaneurisma mic&#243;tico roto, sem hist&#243;rico de trauma recente ou outra causa aparente. O paciente relatou uma hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio onze anos antes, com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de dois cateterismos femorais para cineangiocoronariografia. Ele negou qualquer epis&#243;dio de febre ou diagn&#243;stico de bacteremia naquele momento ou mais tarde, como tamb&#233;m outra queixa durante esses onze anos. A raridade do caso, a apar&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o extremamente tardia, juntamente com o tipo de atividade esportiva do paciente sugeriram-nos publicar o caso.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pseudo-aneurisma femoral mic&#243;tico ap&#243;s onze anos de cateterismo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcello Barbosa Barros; Arturo Almaz&#225;n; Francisco S. Lozano</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Unidade de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Salamanca - Universidade de Salamanca - Salamanca, Espanha</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Relatamos o caso incomum de um alpinista de 52 anos que apresentava dor e edema em sua coxa direita, o que revelou ser um pseudoaneurisma mic&#243;tico roto, sem hist&#243;rico de trauma recente ou outra causa aparente. O paciente relatou uma hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio onze anos antes, com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de dois cateterismos femorais para cineangiocoronariografia. Ele negou qualquer epis&#243;dio de febre ou diagn&#243;stico de bacteremia naquele momento ou mais tarde, como tamb&#233;m outra queixa durante esses onze anos. A raridade do caso, a apar&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o extremamente tardia, juntamente com o tipo de atividade esportiva do paciente sugeriram-nos publicar o caso.</p>
    <p>Cineangiocoronariografia &#233; um procedimento complexo, invasivo e potencialmente prejudicial, indicado, na maioria das vezes, em situa&#231;&#245;es como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Podemos listar muitas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a esse procedimento, como situa&#231;&#245;es como a bacteremia, tromboembolismo, f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas, esvaziamento arterial, infec&#231;&#227;o arterial e forma&#231;&#245;es de pseudo-aneurisma.</p>
    <p>Pseudo-aneurismas femorais mic&#243;ticos tipicamente aparecem em dois meses ou mais ap&#243;s viola&#231;&#227;o arterial e geralmente em pacientes com hist&#243;ria anterior de bacteremia e/ou cateterismo seguido de endocardite<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoce de pseudo-aneurisma infectado s&#227;o essenciais para prevenir ruptura ou emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal. Isso fez que avali&#225;ssemos um caso de apresenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica e extremamente tardia de um pseudo-aneurisma infectado em um alpinista de 52 anos de idade, onze anos depois da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O paciente deu seu consentimento para a publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DO CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente branco, do sexo masculino, 52 anos de idade, com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio onze anos antes e hipertens&#227;o arterial, sob uso de aspirina e medicamentos antidepressivos, chegou ao pronto-socorro queixando-se de dor e incha&#231;o na coxa direita, os quais haviam iniciado na semana anterior, enquanto escalava montanha. O paciente disse que teve febre de 39&#186;C e calafrios no primeiro dia. O exame f&#237;sico revelou um homem de apar&#234;ncia saud&#225;vel, sem febre, com sua coxa direita com aumento do di&#226;metro, quente e sens&#237;vel ao toque. A panturrilha encontrava-se normal. Pulsa&#231;&#245;es estavam presentes em todos os n&#237;veis do membro inferior direito. O ultra-som abdominal n&#227;o constatou anormalidades e no Doppler da art&#233;ria femoral direita esta foi relatada como normal naquele momento. Dados anormais n&#227;o foram observados no perfil hematol&#243;gico ou exames bioqu&#237;micos de sangue. O paciente foi ent&#227;o encaminhado para casa com analg&#233;sicos e antiinflamat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s uma semana, ele retornou ao hospital reclamando de dor aguda e mais inflama&#231;&#227;o na sua coxa direita. A dor irradiava desde a virilha at&#233; o joelho ao longo do lado medial da coxa correspondente. Manifestava anorexia e ter perdido 12 kg em duas semanas. N&#227;o houve surtos de febre ou calafrios. Durante o exame, o paciente apresentava-se em regular estado geral, p&#225;lido e sudor&#233;ico. N&#227;o foi registrada febre. A coxa direita estava edematosa, dura e bastante sens&#237;vel ao toque. Uma massa puls&#225;til e dolorida era palp&#225;vel na virilha direita, que se estendia at&#233; o ter&#231;o superior da coxa, com seu limite superior n&#227;o sendo sentido como se estendesse para cima, atrav&#233;s do ligamento inguinal. O joelho estava flexionado a 45&#186; e muito dolorido para movimentos. Exames de sangue mostraram uma leve anemia, leucocitose com alta contagem neutrof&#237;lica. Exames bioqu&#237;micos n&#227;o apresentaram anormalidades. O perfil de coagula&#231;&#227;o estava normal, bem como as radiografias abdominal e peitoral. O eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou sinais de antigo infarto de mioc&#225;rdio de parede posterior.</p>
    <p>Sob questionamento, referiu ter tido um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio onze anos antes, com dois cateterismos femorais direitos com objetivo diagn&#243;stico, sem complementa&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. O paciente negou intercorr&#234;ncia na ocasi&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nenhum sopro card&#237;aco anormal foi auscultado. O Doppler naquele momento mostrou um aneurisma femoral direito comum roto, bem como trombose das veias femorais direitas superficiais e comuns. Foi indicada interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica imediata. Um pseudo-aneurisma femoral comum roto foi extra&#237;do e reparado com veia safena invertida a partir da perna contra-lateral modo t&#233;rmino-terminal. Sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o local n&#227;o eram aparentes. O ferimento foi fechado ap&#243;s irriga&#231;&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o salina e povidona-iodo. Um dreno de suc&#231;&#227;o foi deixado no local.</p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o paciente seguiu tratamento antibi&#243;tico com amoxicilina/&#225;cido clavul&#237;nico. O co&#225;gulo do aneurisma foi reportado como colonizado por um <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> sens&#237;vel a meticilina. Febre e calafrios desenvolveram-se 72 horas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com cultura de sangue apresentando, em tr&#234;s inst&#226;ncias, <italic>S. aureus</italic> sens&#237;vel a vancomicina. Um abscesso foi drenado do ferimento, com a cultura tamb&#233;m apresentando o mesmo agente. Naquele momento, o antibi&#243;tico foi trocado por vancomicina e mantido por duas semanas. O ecocardiograma n&#227;o apresentou sinais de endocardite ou vegeta&#231;&#245;es. Quinze dias ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o, a febre desapareceu e n&#227;o houve repeti&#231;&#227;o de calafrios. O ferimento cicatrizou bem em 25 dias e o paciente recebeu alta com um &#237;ndice de Doppler tornozelo-braquial de 1,0. Ele foi mantido com amoxicilina/&#225;cido clavul&#226;nico via oral por um m&#234;s.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Bacteremia ap&#243;s o cateterismo arterial percut&#226;neo &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o bastante conhecida, com o <italic>S. aureus</italic> sendo o respons&#225;vel em 54%-57% dos casos<sup>1,2</sup>. Aneurismas mic&#243;ticos da art&#233;ria femoral tamb&#233;m s&#227;o freq&#252;entes, seguindo invas&#227;o percut&#226;nea e bacteremia, em raz&#227;o de coloniza&#231;&#227;o de uma &#225;rea &#237;ntima danificada, particularmente se for repetido ou se a presen&#231;a do cateter perdurar por mais de dois dias. Outras etiologias s&#227;o muito raras<sup>3,4</sup>. Essa complica&#231;&#227;o parece ser mais freq&#252;ente em idosos, pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica ou imunodeficientes, aparecendo em alguns dias ou meses ap&#243;s o cateterismo. Geralmente, os pseudo-aneurismas se desenvolvem com rapidez, sendo potencialmente vulner&#225;veis para ruptura. Da mesma maneira, diagn&#243;stico precoce e tratamento s&#227;o fundamentais. Esses aneurismas s&#227;o, em geral, facilmente diagnosticados em bases cl&#237;nicas. No entanto, em raras inst&#226;ncias, a inflama&#231;&#227;o peri-aneurism&#225;tica e n&#243;dulos linf&#225;ticos locais podem disfar&#231;ar a massa puls&#225;til, que pode ser erroneamente confundida com um abscesso ou trombose venosa<sup>5</sup>; um alto grau de suspeita &#233;, ent&#227;o, essencial.</p>
    <p>O tratamento &#233; urgente. As melhores op&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o ressec&#231;&#227;o do aneurisma, com a elimina&#231;&#227;o de secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta, detritos e tecido morto, e reconstitui&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o sang&#252;&#237;nea com revasculariz&#231;&#227;o aut&#243;gena arterial ou venosa, seja <italic>in situ</italic> ou em um modo extra-anat&#244;mico. O reparo arterial <italic>in situ</italic> acarreta o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o de enxerto, at&#233; mesmo se for utilizado material prot&#233;tico e isso pode resultar em rompimento de anastomose ou trombose<sup>6</sup>. No caso de aneurismas femorais comuns ou aneurismas de art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comuns, o cirurgi&#227;o poder&#225; optar pela n&#227;o-reconstru&#231;&#227;o no momento da primeira opera&#231;&#227;o e realiz&#225;-la mais tarde, se necess&#225;rio<sup>7</sup>. Antibi&#243;ticos devem ser mantidos por, pelo menos, um m&#234;s. Esse ponto, no entanto, est&#225; aberto para discuss&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nosso caso &#233; incomum, por causa de sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (onze anos ap&#243;s cateterismo arterial), sem hist&#243;ria pregressa de bacteremia ou endocardite, ocorrido em jovem saud&#225;vel atleta (alpinista). Um outro aspecto incomum foram os primeiros sinais cl&#237;nicos confusos, sem massa categoricamente detectada que, em m&#227;os inexperientes, atrasaram o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>H&#225; controv&#233;rsia sobre o in&#237;cio da forma&#231;&#227;o do pseudo-aneurisma: no momento do cateterismo repetido, com uma poss&#237;vel bacteremia "silenciosa", ou a partir de contamina&#231;&#227;o local. A &#250;ltima possibilidade &#233; menos prov&#225;vel pelo n&#250;mero de anos que se passaram. De maneira alternativa, considera-se que o cateterismo arterial rompeu minimamente a parede arterial, talvez at&#233; produzindo um pseudo-aneurisma assintom&#225;tico, sendo mais tarde infectado por uma bacteremia assintom&#225;tica de <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Essa possibilidade &#233; freq&#252;ente, uma vez que o <italic>S. aureus</italic> &#233; uma coloniza&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea comum ao homem. Von Eiff e cols.<sup>8</sup> mostraram, com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, que pelo menos 50% de bacteremia por <italic>S. aureus</italic> ocorreram em pacientes colonizados nas narinas anteriores com o mesmo clone que foi isolado no sangue. O <italic>S. aureus</italic> resistente a meticilina tamb&#233;m foi cultivado a partir do nariz e axilas em 11% de um grupo de pacientes estudado por Lecomte e cols., bem como em 40% das les&#245;es, tais como &#250;lceras venosas ou p&#233; diab&#233;tico<sup>9</sup>. Outros pacientes sob risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o nasal com o <italic>S. aureus</italic> s&#227;o aqueles com eczemas e psor&#237;ase<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tudo o que foi mencionado mostra-nos que a possibilidade de bacteremia por <italic>S. aureus</italic> a partir da contamina&#231;&#227;o nasal pode ocorrer freq&#252;entemente, n&#227;o apenas ap&#243;s cateterismo, mas tamb&#233;m a partir de feridas de pele ou trato respirat&#243;rio inferior<sup>8</sup> e, esse pode ter sido o caso de nosso paciente. Nesse caso, profilaxia antibi&#243;tica poderia, talvez, ser de import&#226;ncia em pacientes de alto risco, tais como aqueles com &#250;lceras venosas ou les&#245;es de p&#233; diab&#233;tico, para eliminar fontes potenciais de <italic>S. aureus</italic> a partir do nariz, al&#233;m de seguir as diretrizes b&#225;sicas de profilaxia em radiologia intervencional.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcello Barbosa Barros </p>
        <p> Vascular Surgery Unit. University Hospital </p>
        <p> Calle Pe&#241;uelas de San Blas, 22, 2&#186; B </p>
        <p> E-37007 </p>
        <p> Salamanca, Espa&#241;a </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="marcellobarros@usal.es">marcellobarros@usal.es</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcellobb@bol.com.br"> marcellobb@bol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 01/17/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 03/04/05</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Mycotic femoral pseudoaneurysm after 11 years of catheterism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The authors report the unusual case of a 52-year-old mountain climber that presented with pain and swelling in his right thigh which revealed to be a ruptured mycotic pseudoaneurysm with no history of recent trauma or other apparent cause. The patient reported a past history of myocardial infarction 11 years before, with the performing of two femoral catheterisms for coronary angiography. He denied any episode of fever or diagnosis of bacteraemia at that time or later, nor any other complaint during these 11 years. The rarity of the case, the appearance of this extremely late complication together with the patient's kind of sportive activity prompted us to publish the case.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mycotic femoral pseudoaneurysm after 11 years of catheterism</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marcello Barbosa Barros; Arturo Almaz&#225;n; Francisco S. Lozano</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Unidade de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Salamanca - Universidade de Salamanca - Salamanca, Espanha</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors report the unusual case of a 52-year-old mountain climber that presented with pain and swelling in his right thigh which revealed to be a ruptured mycotic pseudoaneurysm with no history of recent trauma or other apparent cause. The patient reported a past history of myocardial infarction 11 years before, with the performing of two femoral catheterisms for coronary angiography. He denied any episode of fever or diagnosis of bacteraemia at that time or later, nor any other complaint during these 11 years. The rarity of the case, the appearance of this extremely late complication together with the patient's kind of sportive activity prompted us to publish the case.</p>
      <p>Coronary angiography is an invasive complex and potentially harmful procedure that is indicated most of the times in situations like myocardial infarction. A number of complications related to this procedure can be listed &#150; among them, for example, situations like bacteraemia, thromboembolism, arteriovenous fistulas, arterial dissections, infection and pseudoaneurysm formations.</p>
      <p>Typically, mycotic femoral pseudoaneurysms appear at two or more months after the arterial violation, and generally in patients with a previous history of bacteraemia and/or endocarditis following catheterism<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Early diagnosis and treatment of infected pseudoaneurysm are essential in order to prevent rupture or distal embolization. This has prompted us to present a case of atypical and extremely late presentation of an infected pseudoaneurysm on a 52-years-old mountain climber, 11 years after the catheterization. The patient has given his consent for the publication.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 52-year-old white male patient, with a history of myocardial infarction eleven years previously, and arterial hypertension, taking aspirin and anti-hypertensive drugs, presented in the emergency room complaining of pain and swelling of his right thigh which had started a week before while mountaineering. The patient said to have had fever of 39&#186;C and chills in the first day. Physical examination revealed a healthy-looking man, without fever, his right thigh increased in diameter, warm and tender to touching. The calf was normal. Pulses were present at all levels in the right lower limb. Abdominal ecography was normal and a dupplex scan of the right femoral artery was reported as normal at that time. No abnormal data was observed in the haematological profile or biochemistry blood tests. The patient was then sent home with analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs.</p>
      <p>A week later, he returned to hospital complaining of severe pain and more inflammation of his right thigh, and pain irradiating from the groin to the knee along the medial side of the corresponding thigh. He now declared anorexia and having lost 12 kg in two weeks. No repeated bouts of fever or chills. On examination, the patient sowed an ill-looking, pale, and sweating appearance. No fever was recorded. The right thigh was very edematous, hard and very tender to touching. A painful pulsatile mass was palpable in the right groin, which extended to the upper third of the thigh, its upper limit not being felt as it appeared to extend upwards through the inguinal ligament. The knee was in 45&#186; flexion and very painful to mobilization. Blood tests showed a slight anaemia, leucocytosis with high neutrophilic counting. Biochemistry didn't showed abnormalities. Coagulation profile normal. Abdominal and chest radiographs were normal. ECG showed signs of old posterior infarct. ELISA VIH was negative.</p>
      <p>On questioning, he had had a myocardial infarct 11 years back, with two right femoral catheterisms for diagnostic purposes. No coronary angioplasty or stent had been placed. The patient denied having had fever or diagnosis of bacteraemia or endocarditis at that time or later, presenting no symptoms of suspicion.</p>
      <p>No abnormal heart murmurs were heard. An arterial dupplex scan at this time showed a right common femoral aneurism ruptured, as well as thrombosis of the superficial and common right femoral veins. The vascular surgeons were called in and the patient, taken to the operation room. A common femoral ruptured pseudoaneurysm was elicited and repaired with inverted saphenous vein from the contra lateral leg in an end-to-end fashion. No pus or signs of local infection were apparent. The wound was closed after irrigation with saline and povidone-iodine. A suction drain was left.</p>
      <p>Postoperatively, the patient followed antibiotic treatment with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid. The blood clot from the aneurysm was reported as being colonized by a methicillin-sensitive <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. Fever and chills developed 72 hours postoperatively, with blood culture showing, in three instances, S. aureus sensitive to vancomycin. An abscess was drained form the wound with culture also showing the same agent. At this time, the antibiotic was changed to vancomycin, and maintained for two weeks. Echocardiogram did not show signs of endocarditis or vegetations. Fifteen days after the operation, fever disappeared and no chills repeated. The wound healed well at twenty five days and the patient was discharged with a doppler ankle-brachial index of 1. He was maintained with amoxycillin/clavulanic acid orally at home for one month.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Bacteraemia following percutaneous arterial catheterism is a well known complication, S. aureus being responsible in 54-57% of cases<sup>1, 2</sup>. Mycotic aneurysms of the femoral artery are also frequent following percutaneous invasion and bacteraemia, due to a colonization of a damaged intimal area, particularly if repeated or if the catheter presence is constant for more than two days. Other aetiologies are very rare<sup>3, 4</sup>. This complication appears to be more frequent in elderly people, atherosclerotic patients or immunodeficient, appearing in a few days or months after the catheterism. Usually, they grow quite rapidly, being potentially dangerous for rupturing. Accordingly, early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory. These kind of aneurysms are usually easily diagnosed in clinical grounds. However, in rare instances, the peri-aneurysmal inflammation and local lymph nodes may disguise the pulsatile mass, which may be erroneously confounded with an abscess or venous thrombosis<sup>5</sup>, so a high degree of suspicion (paying special attention to past history [arterial catheterisms, drug abuse, etc]) is, in order, essential.</p>
      <p>Treatment is urgent. Aneurysm resection, with elimination of pus, debris and dead tissue, and reconstitution of blood flow with autogenous arterial or venous bypass, either in situ or in an extra-anatomic fashion, are the best options. In situ arterial repair carries, of course, the risk of graft infection even more if prosthetic material is used, and this could result in disruption of anastomosis or thrombosis<sup>6</sup>. In case of a common femoral or a common iliac artery aneurysms, the surgeon can choose not to reconstruction at the time of the first operation, and perform it later, if needed<sup>7</sup>. Antibiotics must be maintained for at least one month, this point is, however, opened to discussion.</p>
      <p>Our case is unusual, for its very late presentation (eleven years after arterial catheterism), no past history of bacteraemia or endocarditis, and occurring in a young and, otherwise, healthy athlete (mountaineering). Another unusual aspect was the confusing early clinical signs, with no categorically detected mass which, in inexperienced hands, delayed the diagnostic.</p>
      <p>One question to be answered is if the pseudoaneurysm started at the time of the repeated catheterism, with a possible "silent" bacteraemia, or from local contamination. The latter possibility is less probable for the number of years elapsed. Alternatively, we can consider that the arterial catheterism minimally ruptured the arterial wall, perhaps even producing an asymptomatic pseudoaneurysm, being infected later by a S. aureus bacteraemia that the patient did not notice or remember. This possibility is not infrequent as the S. aureus is quite a common companion of man. Von Eiff et al<sup>8</sup> showed with a 95% confidence interval that at least 50% of S. aureus bacteraemia occurred in patients colonized in the anterior nares with the same clone that was isolated from the blood. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus have also been cultured from the nose and armpits in 11% of a group of patients studied by Lecomte et al, as well as in 40% of lesions such as venous ulcers or diabetic foot<sup>9</sup>. Other patients at risk of nasal contamination with S. aureus are those with eczemas and psoriasis<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>All the above shows us that the possibility of S. aureus bacteraemia in nasal carriers could happen quite easily, not only after catheterism, but also from skin lesions or lower respiratory tract<sup>8</sup>, and this could have been our patient's case. In such case, antibiotic prophylaxis could, perhaps, be of importance in high risk patients, such as those with venous ulcers or diabetic foot lesions, to eliminate potential sources of S. aureus from the nose, apart from following the basic guidelines of prophylaxis in interventional radiology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing address</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Marcello Barbosa Barros</p>
          <p> Vascular Surgery Unit. University Hospital</p>
          <p> Calle Pe&#241;uelas de San Blas, 22, 2&#186; B</p>
          <p> E-37007</p>
          <p> Salamanca, Espa&#241;a</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="marcellobarros@usal.es">marcellobarros@usal.es</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="marcellobb@bol.com.br"> marcellobb@bol.com.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 01/17/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/04/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
