<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="editorial">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pXzsxyJPFrDZKjjNydXPPqc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001700010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001700010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Pontos de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pro&#237;bo, logo assisto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>283</fpage>
      <lpage>286</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pro&#237;bo, logo assisto</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Max Grinberg </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end"> Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>
        <italic>"Proibimos no presente para manter esperan&#231;as no futuro"</italic>
      </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Benef&#237;cio sem malef&#237;cio, um ideal na Medicina; N&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia mais do que benefic&#234;ncia, uma realidade bio&#233;tica no cotidiano do m&#233;dico<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
    <p>J&#225; faz muito tempo que Hip&#243;crates (460 a.C. 377 a.C.) nos deixou a mensagem "... <italic>n&#227;o prejudique o paciente...</italic>"; ela se tornou um s&#237;mbolo da &#233;tica m&#233;dica e, transmitida gera&#231;&#227;o a gera&#231;&#227;o, recentemente, ganhou <italic>status</italic> de princ&#237;pio da bio&#233;tica<sup>4</sup>. &#201; um conselho sobre responsabilidades e uma estrat&#233;gica de seguran&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Cada progresso da ci&#234;ncia m&#233;dica exige acautelar-se contra retrocessos na humaniza&#231;&#227;o. Descasos com o tratar soci&#225;vel e mais humano n&#227;o deixam de ser uma forma de iatrogenia. </p>
    <p>Pelo princ&#237;pio da N&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia, o m&#233;dico deve abster-se de causar um dano intencional<sup>5-7</sup>; o prop&#243;sito em salvaguardar de iatrogenia, dever juramentado &#224; Formatura, realiza-se &#224; beira do leito sob algumas formas: n&#227;o iniciar o sabidamente prejudicial (inclui condutas classe 3), evitar o que &#233; duvidoso e que est&#225; mais para classe 2b do que 2a (aus&#234;ncia de benefic&#234;ncia) e n&#227;o insistir perante mau resultado apesar de ser conduta classe 1 (N&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia priorit&#225;ria &#224; benefic&#234;ncia). </p>
    <p>Atuando tal e qual um superego, a N&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia &#233; filtro da &#233;tica para selecionar e reter aquelas com probabilidade de enquadramento no art. 29 do C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica como um ato de imprud&#234;ncia. Evitar aplicar o que a maioria dos colegas n&#227;o faria n&#227;o necessariamente &#233; N&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia, mas, altamente majorit&#225;ria, &#233; a concep&#231;&#227;o que nos educa desde a Faculdade. &#201; b&#225;sica na concep&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes m&#233;dicas. </p>
    <p>N&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia desestimula os arroubos de criatividade &#224; margem dos preceitos &#233;ticos, das comprova&#231;&#245;es por pesquisas e do bom senso. Assim, ela serve como alerta para que as asas do caduceu de Hermes n&#227;o sejam usadas quando h&#225; tenta&#231;&#227;o para certos v&#244;os "&#224; margem do cient&#237;fico". Curiosamente, quanto menos elas s&#227;o utilizadas, mais milhas &#233;ticas s&#227;o acumuladas. </p>
    <p>O cen&#225;rio da pr&#225;tica da N&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia costuma ter dois ambientes: o circunstancial e o exigido. </p>
    <p>No primeiro, h&#225; o encontro do paciente e sua situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com um perfil &#233;tico, honestidade, sigilo e efici&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico. Conjunturas infelizes acontecem e acionam os Conselhos &#201;ticos de Medicina a aplicarem advert&#234;ncias e censuras. </p>
    <p>No segundo realizam-se os ajustes das atitudes ap&#243;s se proceder &#224; triagem de conhecimentos e de capacita&#231;&#245;es; as adapta&#231;&#245;es acontecem com base tanto em convic&#231;&#245;es sobre a distin&#231;&#227;o entre mal necess&#225;rio (amputar um membro gangrenado) e desnecess&#225;rio (optar por um f&#225;rmaco sabidamente alerg&#234;nico na hist&#243;ria daquele paciente), quanto em conveni&#234;ncias socioecon&#244;micas daquela rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente. <italic>Primum non nocere </italic>os rins em insufici&#234;ncia aguda, n&#227;o aplicando contraste radiol&#243;gico; o est&#244;mago rec&#233;m v&#237;tima de uma gastrite medicamentosa, suspendendo a droga antiinflamat&#243;ria; o campo operat&#243;rio interrompendo o uso de f&#225;rmaco que h&#225; anos impede um tromboembolismo. Biopr&#243;tese ser&#225; prefer&#237;vel &#224; pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica que n&#227;o puder ser protegida por condi&#231;&#245;es pessoais e de infra-estrutura para bom controle de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o prolongada. </p>
    <p>Em nome da prud&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, evita-se "empurrar" o paciente numa ladeira escorregadia<sup>8,9</sup>, recomendando-se restri&#231;&#245;es; elas soam como antineglig&#234;ncia. A bem da verdade, uma parte delas parece n&#227;o figurar limites precisos de real utilidade; por vezes, &#233; a mem&#243;ria de um caso malsucedido que d&#225; "base pr&#225;tica" suficiente para o m&#233;dico n&#227;o querer arriscar uma repeti&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>As restri&#231;&#245;es, desta maneira, suscitam reflex&#245;es sobre o paternalismo justificado. S&#227;o, em geral, absten&#231;&#245;es de h&#225;bitos pelo paciente, &#224; guisa de minimizar quaisquer chances de um risco tornar-se um evento. Elas costumam ser verbalizadas de modo objetivo sem muita considera&#231;&#227;o com eventuais danos sociais ao paciente. O privil&#233;gio com a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com a vida do paciente e com opini&#227;o de familiares &#233; postura cl&#225;ssica, mas de certo &#233; pass&#237;vel de conflitos com a defini&#231;&#227;o de dano no <italic>New Dictionary of Medical Ethics</italic>: nada &#233; danoso a n&#227;o ser que seja sentido como ruim para quem sofre, significando que dano &#233; um conceito subjetivo. </p>
    <p>Proibi&#231;&#245;es justificam-se pela aten&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico com o acaso, o desconhecido e as incertezas, tr&#234;s fantasmas que assombram o exerc&#237;cio profissional. Dir&#237;amos que deixar de fazer &#233; uma forma de saber-viver uma fase dif&#237;cil pretendendo o prazer, n&#227;o o do momento, obviamente, mas aquele de um futuro livre do risco. O paciente que, afinal, concorda que valeu a pena o sacrif&#237;cio, assim gratifica o m&#233;dico, mas n&#227;o nos esque&#231;amos que n&#227;o houve grupo controle, muito menos o paciente foi controle de si mesmo. Privar-se de algo rotineiro pode, todavia, ser entendido pelo paciente como mais danoso do que atrasar a cura. H&#225; os gripados obedientes e h&#225; os desobedientes com o repouso recomendado, querendo nos lembrar da pluralidade de motiva&#231;&#245;es que permeia o exerc&#237;cio da autonomia. </p>
    <p>Assim, o dia-a-dia do m&#233;dico testemunha ren&#250;ncias: a ligada ao pr&#243;prio rep&#250;dio &#224; imprud&#234;ncia, em prol da N&#227;o-malefic&#234;ncia e a ligada a comportamentos do paciente, em fun&#231;&#227;o de uma antineglig&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>"N&#227;o corra, n&#227;o coma, n&#227;o viaje, n&#227;o trabalhe, n&#227;o jogue, n&#227;o se estresse" costumam ser recomendados, quando n&#227;o se disp&#245;e ainda dos elementos seguros para uma conduta pr&#243;-ativa. &#201; a orienta&#231;&#227;o para o momento, etiquetada como "de bom senso", reativa a um zelo - quem sabe um eufemismo para excesso de autoridade ou mesmo egocentrismo em certas ocasi&#245;es - com o "pelo sim, pelo n&#227;o". &#201; uma conduta "s&#243; por enquanto". </p>
    <p>Esta modalidade de resguardo a supostos desencadeantes de eventos pela combina&#231;&#227;o da circunst&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica com peculiaridades da vida do paciente, tem como exemplo um presumido <italic>primum non nocere</italic> o cora&#231;&#227;o: quando ele &#233; inclu&#237;do na lista de &#243;rg&#227;os suspeitos de causar dor tor&#225;cica, desaconselha-se exig&#237;-lo numa atividade f&#237;sica que n&#227;o proped&#234;utica, at&#233; o esclarecimento etiopatog&#234;nico. A inten&#231;&#227;o pelo risco-evento zero caberia no "... n&#227;o prejudique o (&#243;rg&#227;o do) paciente..." </p>
    <p>O fil&#243;sofo franc&#234;s Ren&#233; Descartes (1596-1650) chegou &#224; conclus&#227;o que uma consci&#234;ncia clara de seu pensamento provava sua pr&#243;pria exist&#234;ncia. Consciente do risco do paciente, o m&#233;dico prova a raz&#227;o da sua exist&#234;ncia. Parafraseando o c&#233;lebre <italic>Cogito, ergo sum,</italic> "Penso, logo existo": Pro&#237;bo, logo assisto... o paciente a n&#227;o assistir ao evento. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Prud&#234;ncia pela proibi&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>
        <italic>"O cardiologista tem proibi&#231;&#227;o que a pr&#243;pria bio&#233;tica reconhece"</italic>
      </bold>
    </p>
    <p>A &#233;tica da prud&#234;ncia que se preocupa com as conseq&#252;&#234;ncias previs&#237;veis acolhe a inten&#231;&#227;o de risco-evento zero. Costuma-se praticar este zelo pelo futuro, inclusive, com um componente de defesa profissional. </p>
    <p>Atitudes associadas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de chances s&#227;o com freq&#252;&#234;ncia o calcanhar de Aquiles pelo qual a sociedade imerge o m&#233;dico em tribunais de &#233;tica. </p>
    <p>As incertezas sobre o futuro determinam a proibi&#231;&#227;o, afinal nunca se sabe se quem est&#225; a nossa frente ser&#225; aquele "apenas" 1% que confirmar&#225; a estat&#237;stica. </p>
    <p>O cen&#225;rio da atitude restritiva costuma ser uma situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica onde a tr&#237;ade proped&#234;utica, sons, n&#250;meros e imagens n&#227;o d&#225; suficiente clareza diagn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p>Os personagens interagem, fazendo o m&#233;dico um papel habitual e o paciente sua estr&#233;ia. Recorde-se que o m&#233;dico est&#225; sempre envolvido em refor&#231;os ao valor de uma proibi&#231;&#227;o justificada, n&#227;o somente pela viv&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica da "ci&#234;ncia das incertezas e da arte das probabilidades", como tamb&#233;m pelo condicionamento ao C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica, onde 112 (77%) dos 145 artigos t&#234;m como caput <italic>&#233; vedado ao m&#233;dico</italic>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conduta-&#233;poca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O aforismo de Peter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr01">quadro I</xref>) &#233; uma conduta-&#233;poca do tipo proibi&#231;&#227;o-&#233;poca <sup>10,11</sup>. Ele d&#225; uma medida hist&#243;rica dos conflitos, entre o desejo do paciente e a autoridade do m&#233;dico. A conduta restritiva representava a responsabilidade do m&#233;dico em preservar a vida da mulher cardiopata falando mais alto do que o instinto pela descend&#234;ncia. Paternalismo praticado em fun&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de solu&#231;&#227;o conciliat&#243;ria dos interesses. </p>
    <fig id="qdr01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0283-00010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Desde ent&#227;o, a extraordin&#225;ria melhora da rela&#231;&#227;o risco da gesta&#231;&#227;o-benef&#237;cio &#224; cardiopatia transformou o aforismo numa curiosidade da Medicina. Atualmente, cora&#231;&#227;o de m&#227;e sempre cabe na Cardiologia. </p>
    <p>A li&#231;&#227;o aprendida &#233;: m&#233;dico produz o progresso cient&#237;fico e disponibiliza benefic&#234;ncia por meio de cuidados competentes, o que contribui para compatibilizar objetivos na rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente. &#201; obra maior do m&#233;dico, fruto do seu desejo em aperfei&#231;oar a Medicina, pois n&#227;o se pode esquecer que &#233; o m&#233;dico que faz a Medicina e n&#227;o a Medicina que faz o m&#233;dico. </p>
    <p>Os progressos fortalecem o princ&#237;pio da autonomia, especialmente nos atendimentos eletivos; criam-se condi&#231;&#245;es para antever benef&#237;cios, compromissar-se com os meios e honrar a decis&#227;o tomada perante acidentes de percurso; &#233; forma de estimular certas compet&#234;ncias ocultas em quem foi educado sob a heteronomia. </p>
    <p>J&#225; o paternalismo parece ter ficado mais presente em situa&#231;&#245;es de emerg&#234;ncia<sup>12</sup>, at&#233; porque o sistema costuma estar estruturado no predom&#237;nio da heteron&#237;mia. </p>
    <p>Cada um faz os ajustes que entende convenientes nesta escala bio&#233;tica entre paternalismo e autonomia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conduta-momento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>"O cardiologista esmera-se em olhar o momento do cora&#231;&#227;o para enxergar o futuro do paciente" </p>
    <p>Conduta-momento &#233; aquela que seria "s&#243; por enquanto". Ela &#233; aplicada nos prim&#243;rdios de um per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, expectativa de utilidade em antecipa&#231;&#227;o ao ideal esclarecimento cl&#237;nico-laboratorial, ou na seq&#252;&#234;ncia de um tratamento, em meio a ajustes. A conduta-momento inclui a opini&#227;o do bom senso, aquela que reage pela percep&#231;&#227;o da ponta do <italic>iceberg</italic> e aguarda o refinamento da pluralidade de diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;utica admiss&#237;vel na parte submersa. </p>
    <p>Esta conformidade com o poss&#237;vel pode dar seguran&#231;a ao paciente como um elo entre a sua habitualidade de sa&#250;de e a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o de que a doen&#231;a de fato aconteceu. </p>
    <p>A conduta-momento &#233; compromisso priorit&#225;rio do m&#233;dico com meios, mas que se faz sens&#237;vel &#224; expectativa do paciente pelo resultado, independentemente do per&#237;odo necess&#225;rio para se compor uma terap&#234;utica espec&#237;fica. Ademais, ela &#233; "eterna enquanto dura", na condi&#231;&#227;o de provis&#243;ria com a mesma responsabilidade &#233;tica da definitiva. </p>
    <p>O tipo proibi&#231;&#227;o-momento &#233; a conduta-momento que, em meio a obscuridades, privilegia o risco-evento zero. Neste ponto, a inten&#231;&#227;o &#233; evitar desde desconfortos at&#233; a morte<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Cada proibi&#231;&#227;o-momento &#233; sempre uma mexida no caleidosc&#243;pio da rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente; acontece por for&#231;a da necess&#225;ria sensibilidade profissional aos tra&#231;os da personalidade de quem ser&#225; o objeto da restri&#231;&#227;o. A imagem "de momento" resultante determina a modalidade do v&#237;nculo: ora os contornos s&#227;o percebidos como "doutor, o que o senhor disser eu cumpro", ora como "doutor, isso eu n&#227;o posso aceitar". </p>
    <p>A proibi&#231;&#227;o-momento, at&#233; pelo fato de estar longe de ser a solu&#231;&#227;o "etiopatog&#234;nica", &#233; sempre um teste para o exerc&#237;cio da autonomia. Como ela embute uma l&#243;gica difusa, ocorre uma certa grandeza de cr&#233;dito aos pr&#243;s e contras que pode ser diferentemente vislumbrada pelo paciente; h&#225; quem ouse selecionar o contra e diga <italic>"s&#243; paro de tomar minhas cervejinhas se os exames derem alguma coisa"</italic> e h&#225; quem aquiesce e simplesmente aceita os pr&#243;s com as retic&#234;ncias de <italic>vai que... </italic>ou<italic> por desencargo de consci&#234;ncia.</italic> </p>
    <p>A proibi&#231;&#227;o-momento que foi rejeitada pelo paciente como rigorosa para a sua rotina pode soar, subseq&#252;entemente, como "ele n&#227;o seguiu a minha orienta&#231;&#227;o", na vis&#227;o que tende ao paternalismo, ou como "ele resolveu assumir os riscos", na &#243;ptica da autonomia. </p>
    <p>Por isto, a proibi&#231;&#227;o-momento deve representar consenso m&#233;dico-paciente, aliando um "paternal" zelo pelo risco-evento zero com um "auton&#244;mico" direito ao livre arb&#237;trio. Desta forma, a l&#243;gica da proibi&#231;&#227;o fica no campo da &#233;tica e, tanto quanto poss&#237;vel, afastada da vis&#227;o de um tabu, cujo desrespeito exige a "purifica&#231;&#227;o" por um bode expiat&#243;rio... o m&#233;dico, por exemplo. </p>
    <p>A inten&#231;&#227;o de determinar um caminho que leve ao objetivo mais ou menos sob consenso resulta em pactos. S&#227;o v&#237;nculos que se estabelecem ap&#243;s os pressupostos da proibi&#231;&#227;o terem sido pesados. Os ajustes s&#227;o facilitados pelas boas pr&#225;ticas da comunica&#231;&#227;o. O equil&#237;brio &#233; a harmonia do aconselhado com o desejado. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Evento no descumprimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>"Mas o paciente assim quis, a &#250;ltima palavra foi dele, </italic>justifica o doutor, mas o familiar rebate de primeira:<italic> " foi mesmo, a &#250;ltima para o senhor, antes de falecer...".</italic></bold>
    </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente/fam&#237;lia costuma abalar-se quando a decis&#227;o do paciente em descumprir a proibi&#231;&#227;o aconselhada pelo m&#233;dico, materializa-se no evento que ele entendia como algo que "s&#243; acontece com o vizinho". </p>
    <p>Choques de palavra contra palavra produzem estilha&#231;os verbais e os fragmentos de letras e s&#237;labas se juntam em novas palavras e devolvem a agress&#227;o. O atrito entre a oportunidade que o paciente teve para exercer o seu livre arb&#237;trio e a incapacidade em ser aut&#234;ntico quando do evento, resulta num tipo de ferida que exp&#245;e a pluralidade da natureza humana<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nestas ocasi&#245;es, abre-se a temporada de ca&#231;a a culpados e uma das armas relacionadas tem como muni&#231;&#227;o o desn&#237;vel de informa&#231;&#227;o entre m&#233;dico e paciente. A mira aponta no alvo de uma imagem de inefici&#234;ncia e a trava do gatilho &#233; o C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica. Quando o tiro sai pela culatra, o reclamante sente-se como v&#237;tima de corporativismo. Faz parte... </p>
    <p>A afirma&#231;&#227;o de que o m&#233;dico sabe mais sobre doen&#231;a e o paciente mais sobre o doente, seria um argumento equalizador? </p>
    <p>Numa vis&#227;o de parceria com simetria, o paciente-modelo do m&#233;dico que valoriza os preceitos da bio&#233;tica &#233; o que aprecia a miss&#227;o do m&#233;dico-conselheiro e, ao mesmo tempo se v&#234; bem informado pelo m&#233;dico-consultor sem a sensa&#231;&#227;o de estar sendo subjugado por imposi&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;dico-executor. </p>
    <p>A falta de familiaridade com o risco assumido por parte do "desobediente" representaria uma censura ao respeito do m&#233;dico pelo direito &#224; autonomia exercido pelo paciente<sup>14</sup>. O racioc&#237;nio heteron&#244;mico funciona como: os n&#227;o m&#233;dicos s&#227;o leigos; pacientes s&#227;o n&#227;o m&#233;dicos; logo, os pacientes s&#227;o leigos. A contrapartida auton&#244;mica deste silogismo &#233; que gente tem valores, logo pacientes t&#234;m valores e responsabilidades pela decis&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Numa discuss&#227;o, o conceito de leigo e a verbaliza&#231;&#227;o dos valores moldam-se de acordo com interesses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="qrf02">quadro II</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="qrf02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0283-00010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Observam-se tamb&#233;m alega&#231;&#245;es de desn&#237;vel de poder <sup>4</sup>. Cada m&#233;dico se v&#234; com um grau de autoridade para aplicar uma proibi&#231;&#227;o-momento perante a responsabilidade profissional; ela pode representar desde reter o paciente agradecido num pronto atendimento at&#233; a figura&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;rcere privado numa enfermaria. Neste &#250;ltimo caso est&#225; a conceitua&#231;&#227;o da alta a pedido, uma literal sa&#237;da para uma proibi&#231;&#227;o-momento que envolve a quest&#227;o do livre arb&#237;trio perante antagonismos aparentemente inconcili&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>O desn&#237;vel de poder &#233; inversamente proporcional a um n&#250;mero imagin&#225;rio daqueles travess&#245;es de in&#237;cio de di&#225;logo; a abund&#226;ncia destes sugere que decis&#245;es tiveram impacto nivelado de for&#231;as opinativas bilaterais. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>O papel do prontu&#225;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na frustra&#231;&#227;o com a perda da aposta com as realidades da vida, incompreens&#245;es por parte do paciente/fam&#237;lia v&#234;m &#224; tona e geram conflitos; em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, surgem demandas &#233;ticas e judiciais. </p>
    <p> &#201; o comportamento na rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente que refor&#231;a a pertin&#234;ncia do princ&#237;pio Ana Karenina para a rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente. Segundo o escritor russo Leon Tolstoi (1828-1910), <italic>todos os bons resultados se parecem, mas cada mau resultado &#233; peculiar ao seu modo.</italic> </p>
    <p>Modos &#233; que n&#227;o faltam na Medicina, ligados &#224; doen&#231;a, ao m&#233;dico e ao paciente. Infinitas s&#227;o as combina&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o somente porque cada paciente tem a <italic>sua</italic> doen&#231;a, como tamb&#233;m porque h&#225; discrep&#226;ncias de atitudes entre m&#233;dicos e para mesmo m&#233;dico em diferentes ocasi&#245;es. </p>
    <p>Vale lembrar que n&#227;o h&#225; vacina contra den&#250;ncia com base no art. 29 do C&#243;digo de &#201;tica M&#233;dica contra um profissional que foi honesto na d&#250;vida, sigiloso quanto ao acordo e eficiente na condu&#231;&#227;o das limita&#231;&#245;es da Medicina. Ganhos secund&#225;rios infestam os protestos injustificados, uma atividade febril de reclamantes, onde quem sente calafrios &#233; o m&#233;dico. </p>
    <p>Sem a prote&#231;&#227;o da imuniza&#231;&#227;o social, o m&#233;dico precisa do seu pr&#243;prio sistema de imunidade &#233;tica; suas defesas est&#227;o cristalizadas na qualidade da informa&#231;&#227;o que ele registrou no prontu&#225;rio. </p>
    <p>Por isso mesmo &#233; que as lembran&#231;as sobre decis&#245;es tomadas perante uma proibi&#231;&#227;o-momento, e os ajustes que formam v&#225;rias vers&#245;es, evaporam-se ou liq&#252;efazem-se perante a insatisfa&#231;&#227;o com o evento. Assim, &#233; sempre bem-vinda a solidez do prontu&#225;rio. S&#243;lido e solid&#225;rio, pois pela interdepend&#234;ncia de interesses, &#233; bom que ele seja um desejo de fidelidade com simplicidade e de prud&#234;ncia com justi&#231;a. </p>
    <p>O prontu&#225;rio &#233; a certid&#227;o de vida que registra uma conduta-momento que pretendeu adiar a certid&#227;o de &#243;bito. Ou melhor, que pretendeu "proib&#237;-la por enquanto".</p>
    <p>
      <bold>REFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Blustein J, Fleischman AR. Urban bioethics: adapting bioethics to the urban context. Acad Med. 2004; 79: 1198-202. </p>
    <p>2. Sommerville A. Juggling law, ethics, and intuition: practical answers to awkward questions. J Med Ethics 2003: 29: 281-6. </p>
    <p>3. Grinberg M. Conhe&#231;o &amp; Aplico &amp; Comporto-me. Identidade bio&#233;tica do cardiologista. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 83: 91-5. </p>
    <p>4. Gillon R. Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope. Br Med J 1994; 309: 184-8. </p>
    <p>5. Beauchamp TL. Methods and principles in biomedical ethics. J Med Ethics 2003: 29: 269-74. </p>
    <p>6. Rajput V, Bekes CE. Ethical issues in hospital medicine. Med Clin North Am. 2002; 86: 869-86. </p>
    <p>7. Harris J. Consent and life decisions J Med Ethics 2003; 29: 10-15. </p>
    <p>8. Shivkumar K, N Weiss J. The slippery slope of human ventricular arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004; 15: 1364-5. </p>
    <p>9. Tvoci P, Pizzuto F, Romeo F. The slippery slope. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 1480-2. </p>
    <p>10. Grinberg M. Ep&#244;nimos em Cardiologia. Ed Roca, S&#227;o Paulo, 1999. </p>
    <p>11. Grinberg M, Cohen C. Falando com o cora&#231;&#227;o, auscultando a bio&#233;tica. Rev Soc Cardiol Est S&#227;o Paulo 2002; 6: 805: 20. </p>
    <p>12. Larkin GL, Fowler RL. Essential ethics for EMS: cardinal virtues and core principles. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2002; 20: 887-911. </p>
    <p>13. Father Kevin O'Rourke. Medical error: some ethical concerns. The best protection against error remains the physician's traditional sense of professional responsibility. Health Prog. 2004; 85: 28-31. </p>
    <p>14. Gomez CJ, Gomez RJ, Luna MA. Is bioethical training useful in preparing doctors to take decisions in the emergency room? Med Law. 2004; 23: 551-66. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Max Grinberg </p>
        <p> InCor </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="max.grinberg@incor.usp.br">max.grinberg@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido para publica&#231;&#227;o em 26/01/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/04/05 </p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Points of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">I forbid, therefore I assist</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>I forbid, therefore I assist </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Max Grinberg </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas - FMUSP - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>
          <italic>"We forbid in the present to keep hopes in the future"</italic>
        </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Benefit without malefaction, an ideal in Medicine; non-maleficence more than beneficence, a bioethical reality in physician's daily routine<sup>1-3</sup>. </p>
      <p>It has been a long time since Hippocrates (460 B.C. - 377 B.C.) left us the message, "... <italic>do not harm the patient ..."</italic> It has become a symbol of medical ethics and, having been sent from generation to generation, it has acquired a status of bioethics principle<sup>4</sup>. It is a piece of advice on responsibilities and a strategy of safety. </p>
      <p>Every process of medical science requires being careful against retrocession in humanization. Negligence towards sociable and more humane caring for is also a way of iatrogenesis. </p>
      <p>For the non-maleficence principle, the physician must abstain from causing an intentional damage<sup>5-7</sup>; the intention to safeguard from iatrogenesis, a sworn-in duty at graduation, is carried out by the bed under some ways: do not start the evidently harmful (including class 3 procedures), to avoid whatever is doubtful and that is more like class 2b than class 2a (absence of beneficence), and do not insist before a bad outcome, despite being class 1 procedure (non-maleficence having priority over beneficence). </p>
      <p>By acting exactly the same as a superego, non-maleficence is an ethics filter to select and keep those with a probability of being punished based on Article 29 of Medical Ethics Code as an act of imprudence. Avoiding applying what most colleagues would not do is not necessarily non-maleficence, but highly majority, it is the concept that has taught us since College. It is basic in medical guideline conception. </p>
      <p>Non-maleficence discourages the raptures of creativity aside ethical principles, evidences through researches and common sense. Thus, it is an alert so the wings of Hermes caduceus are not used when there is the temptation for certain flights "aside scientific." Curiously, the lesser they are used, the more ethic miles are accumulated. </p>
      <p>Non-maleficence practice scenario uses to have two environments: the circumstantial and the required. </p>
      <p>In the first one there is the encounter of the patient and his/her clinical situation with an ethic profile, honesty, secrecy and efficiency from the physician. Unfortunate conjunctures happen and make Medicine Ethic Councils to apply warnings and censure. </p>
      <p>In the second environment, the adaptations of behaviors after selection of understandings and abilities are carried out; adjustments take place based on either convictions on distinction between necessary (amputate and gangrened limb) and unnecessary (opt for a clearly allergenic medication in the history of that patient) evil, or in socioeconomic conveniences of that physician-patient relationship. <italic>Primum non nocere </italic>kidneys under acute failure, without using radiological contrast; the stomach just ill-taken by a medicamentous gastritis, suspending anti-inflammatory drug; operative field interrupting the use of medication that has been preventing from a thromboembolism. Bioprosthesis shall be preferable to metallic one that cannot be protected due to personal and infrastructure conditions for a good lengthened anticoagulation control. </p>
      <p>In the name of clinical prudence, it is avoided "pushing" the patient in a slippery slope<sup>8,9</sup>, by recommending restrictions; they sound as anti-negligence. In fact, part of them seems as not outline precious limits of real usefulness; sometimes, it is the memory of an unsuccessful case that provides sufficient "practical base" for the physician, so he/she does not want risk a repetition. </p>
      <p>So, restrictions give rise to reflections on justified paternalism. In general they are abstentions of habits by the patient, just as minimizing any opportunities of a risk becoming an event. They use to be objectively verbalized, without much consideration and with occasional social damages to the patient. Privilege with clinical evolution, with patient's life and opinion from relatives is a classic behavior, but surely subjected to conflicts with the definition of damage in the <italic>New Dictionary of Medical Ethics</italic>: nothing is harmful unless it is felt as bad for who suffers, meaning that damage is a subjective concept. </p>
      <p>Prohibitions are justified for the attention from the physician with the chance, the unknown and uncertainties, which are three ghosts haunting professional practice. We would say that not doing is a way of knowing how to experience a difficult stage intending the pleasure, obviously not the one of the moment, but that of a risk-free future. The patient who, after all, agrees that the sacrifice was worthy, thus gratifies the physician, but we should not forget that there was no control group, nor the patient was control of himself/herself. Depriving himself/herself from something customary can, nevertheless, be understood by the patient as more harmful than delaying the cure. There are patients seized with influenza who are compliant and those who are disobedient with recommended rest, wishing to remind us on motivation plurality that permeates the exercise of autonomy. </p>
      <p>So, the daily routine of a physician witnesses resignations: the one connected to the own denial to imprudence, in favor of non-maleficence, and the one connected to patient's behaviors, in terms of anti-negligence. </p>
      <p>"Don't run, don't eat, don't travel, don't work, don't play, don't stress" are used to being recommended, when safe elements for a proactive procedure are not available yet. It is the guidance for the moment, labeled as "of common sense", related to a dedication perhaps an euphemism for excess of authority or even egocentrism in some occasions with the "in the view of the doubt." It is a "just for a while" procedure. </p>
      <p>Such modality of caution towards supposed event unleashing agents through the combination of clinical circumstance with patient's life's peculiarities, has a presumed <italic>primum non nocere</italic> the heart as an example: when it is included in the list of organs suspected from causing thoracic pain, it is not advisable to ask for it in a physical activity other than propaedeutical, until etiopathogenic clarifying. The intention for zero risk-event would fit in the "... do not harm the (organ of the) patient..." </p>
      <p>The French philosopher Ren&#233; Descartes (1596-1650) got to the conclusion that a clear conscience of his thinking proved his own existence. Aware of the patient's risk, the physician proves the reason for his/her existence. By paraphrasing the famous <italic>Cogito, ergo sum,</italic> "I think, therefore I am": I forbid, therefore I assist... the patient to not assist the event. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prudence due to prohibition</bold>
      </p>
      <p>"<bold><italic>The cardiologist has a prohibition that bioethics itself recognizes</italic></bold>" </p>
      <p>Prudence ethics that worries about predictable consequences protects the intention of a zero risk-event. Such dedication is usually practiced for the future, inclusive, with a professional defense component. </p>
      <p>Behavior associated to chance assessment are frequently the Achilles' heel through which society submerges the physician in ethics courts. </p>
      <p>Uncertainties on the future determine the prohibition, as one never knows if the one before us is that "only" 1% that will confirm statistics. </p>
      <p>The scenery of restrictive behavior is usually a clinical situation in which propaedeutical trinity, sound, figures, images, does not give sufficient diagnostic clarity. </p>
      <p>Characters interact. The physician plays a usual role and the patient his/her debut. Remind that the physician is always involved in additional forces at the value of a justified prohibition, not only due to the clinical experience of the "science of uncertainties and art of probabilities", but also through conditioning to the Medical Ethics Code, in which 112 (77%) from the 145 articles have <italic>it is vetoed to the physician </italic>as a caput. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Era-procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aphorism of Peter (<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="smr01-body2">Summary I</xref>) is an era-procedure of era-prohibition-type<sup>10,11</sup>. It provides a historic dimension on conflicts, between the patient's wish and the physician's authority. The restrictive procedure represented the responsibility of the physician in preserving the life of the cardiac woman by speaking louder than the instinct for lineage. Paternalism exerted in terms of the absence of conciliatory solution of interests. </p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="smr01-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0283-00010-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Since then the extraordinaire improvement of risk of pregnancy-benefit to cardiopathy relationship has transformed aphorism into an object of interest of Medicine. Currently, a mother's heart has always fit in Cardiology. </p>
      <p>The lesson learnt is: what physicians produce scientific progress and make beneficence available by means of competent care contributes to make objectives in physician-patient relationship compatible. It is the greatest achievement of the physician, fruit from his desire in improve Medicine, as it cannot be forgotten that the physician makes Medicine and not Medicine that makes the physician. </p>
      <p>Progresses strengthen the principle of autonomy, especially in elective care; conditions are created to foresee benefits, be committed with the means and honor the decision made in the presence of mishaps in the way; it is a way to encourage certain hidden competences in who was brought up under heteronomy. </p>
      <p>Paternalism seems to be more present in emergency situations<sup>12</sup>, even because the system is usually structured in heteronomy prevalence. </p>
      <p>Every one does the adaptations that may understand as convenient in this bioethical scale between paternalism and autonomy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Moment-procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>"The cardiologist does his/her best to look at the moment of the heart to see the future of the patient" </p>
      <p>Moment-procedure is the one that would be "just for a while." It has been applied in the beginning of an observation period, expectation of usefulness in anticipation to the ideal clinical-laboratorial clarifying, or in the sequence of a treatment, among adaptations. Moment-procedure includes the common sense opinion, the one that reacts through the perception of the iceberg tip and expects the refining of diagnosis plurality and admissible treatment in the submerged part. </p>
      <p>Such conformity with the possible may provide security to the patient, as a link between his/her customariness of health and the awareness that the disease, in fact, took place. </p>
      <p>Moment-procedure is a priority commitment of the physician with means, but that makes itself sensitive to patient's expectation for the result, regardless of the necessary period to compose a specific treatment. Furthermore, it is "eternal as long as it lasts," in the condition of temporary with the same ethical responsibility as definitive. </p>
      <p>Moment-prohibition-type is moment-procedure that, among obscurities, favors zero risk-event. At that point, the intention is to avoid discomforts until death<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Each moment-prohibition is always a touch in physician-patient relationship kaleidoscope. It happens due to the necessary professional sensibility of who will be the object of restriction. The resulting image "of the moment" determines the modality of the bond: the profiles are either perceived as "doctor, I'll do whatever you tell me to," or as "doctor, I cannot take that." </p>
      <p>Moment-prohibition, even for the fact of being far from being the "etiopathogenic" solution, is always a test for autonomy practice. As it builds in a diffuse logics, a certain credit magnitude to pros and cons takes place, which can be differently surmised by the patient; there are those who dare choosing cons and say, <italic>"I'll only stop having my beers if the exams show something"</italic> and those who acquiesce and simply take pros with ellipses of <italic>what if... </italic>or<italic> for the sake of conscience....</italic> </p>
      <p>Moment-prohibition that was rejected by the patient for being strict for his/her routine may sound, subsequently, as "he/she did not follow my guidance," in the view that tends to paternalism, or as "he/she decided to take the risks," in autonomy's view. </p>
      <p>For that reason, moment-prohibition must represent a physician-patient consensus, by allying a "paternal" dedication through zero risk-event with a right for free will. So, the logics of prohibition remains in the field of ethics and, as much as possible, far from the view of a taboo, whose disrespect requires "purification" through a scapegoat..., for example, the physician. </p>
      <p>The intention of determine a way that leads to the more or less under consensus objective results in pact. They are bonds that are set after presuppositions of prohibition having been weighed. Adaptations are facilitated through good practices of communication. Balance is the harmony of the advised with the wished. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Event at non-compliance</bold>
      </p>
      <p>"<bold><italic>But the patient wanted it like that, he had the last word</italic>, justifies the doctor, but the relative says right after, "yes, and the last word to you, before dying...</bold>" </p>
      <p>The physician-patient/family relationship uses to shake when the decision from the patient of non-complying with the prohibition recommended by the physician, materializes in the event that he/she understood as something that "only happens to the others." </p>
      <p>Clashes of word against word produce verbal splinters and the fragments from letters and syllables joint themselves in new words and throw back the abuse. Friction between the opportunity the patient has to exert his/her free will and the inability in being authentic at the moment of the event, results in a kind of wound that exposes the plurality of human nature<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>In those occasions, the guilty person hunting season starts and one of the weapons listed has the difference of level of information between physician and patient as ammunition. The sight points at the target of an inefficiency image and the trigger lock is the Medical Ethics Code. When it backfires, the claimer feels as a victim of corporativism. It is part of the game. </p>
      <p>Would the assertion that the physician knows more about diseases and the patient knows more about the sick person be an equalizer argumentation? </p>
      <p>In a view of partnership with symmetry, the model patient of the physician who values the principles of bioethics is the one who enjoys the mission of the advisor-physician and, at the same time, feels well-informed by the consultant-physician without the feeling of being subjugated by impositions by the executor-physician. </p>
      <p>The lack of familiarity with the risk run by the "disobedient" would represent a censure to physician's respect for the right for autonomy exerted by the patient<sup>14</sup>. The heteronomical thought works as follows: the non-physicians are lay people; patients are non-physicians; therefore patients are lay people. The autonomic compensation of such syllogism is that people have values and responsibilities on the decision. </p>
      <p>In a discussion, the concept of lay person and the verbalization of the values adapt in accordance with interests (<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="smr02-body2">Summary II</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <undefined id="smr02-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0283-00010-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Power unevenness allegations are also observed<sup>4</sup>. Each physician sees himself/herself with a level of authority to apply a moment-prohibition before professional responsibility; it may represent since keeping the thankful patient in a ready medical care to the figuration of being illegally captive in a ward. In that latter case lies the concept of discharge at request, a literal exit to a moment-prohibition that involves the matter of free will in the presence of apparently irreconcilable incompatibilities. </p>
      <p>Power unevenness is inversely proportional to an imaginary number of those quotation marks of beginning of a dialogue: the abundance of those suggests the decision had a leveled impact of bilateral opinion forces. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>The role of the patient's record</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the frustration due to the lost of the bet against realities of life, incomprehension from patient/family comes to surface and generate conflicts. Consequently, ethical and legal demands appear. </p>
      <p> It is the behavior in physician-patient relationship that reinforces the pertinence of Anna Karenina principle for the physician-patient relationship. According to the Russian writer Leon Tolstoy (1828-1910), <italic>all good results are alike, but every bad result is peculiar in its way.</italic> </p>
      <p>Ways are not few in Medicine, connected to the disease, the physician, and to the patient. Combinations are infinite, not only because each patient has his/her own disease, but also because there are differences of behaviors among physicians and even for the same physician in different occasions. </p>
      <p>It is important to remember that there is no vaccine against indictment based on the Article 29 of Medical Ethics Code against a professional who was honest in doubt, secret concerning the agreement and efficient at managing the limitations of Medicine. Secondary victories infest unjustifiable protests, a hectic activity of claimers, in which the physician is the one who shivers. </p>
      <p>Without the protection of social immunity, the physician needs his/her own system of ethical immunity; his/her defenses are crystallized in the quality of information he/she recorded in the patient's record. </p>
      <p>For that reason the remembrances on decisions taken in the presence of a moment-prohibition, and the adaptations that form many versions, either vanish or liquefy before dissatisfaction towards the event. So, the reliance of the patient's records is always welcome. Reliable and solidary, as due to the interdependence of interests, it is important that it is a wish of fidelity with simplicity and of prudence with justice. </p>
      <p>Patient's record is the life certificate that records a moment-procedure that intended to postpone the death certificate, or better, that intended to "prohibit it for a while." </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Blustein J, Fleischman AR. Urban bioethics: adapting bioethics to the urban context. Acad Med. 2004; 79: 1198-202. </p>
      <p>2. Sommerville A. Juggling law, ethics, and intuition: practical answers to awkward questions. J Med Ethics 2003: 29: 281-6. </p>
      <p>3. Grinberg M. Conhe&#231;o &amp; Aplico &amp; Comporto-me. Identidade bio&#233;tica do cardiologista. Arq Bras Cardiol 2004; 83: 91-5. </p>
      <p>4. Gillon R. Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope. Br Med J 1994; 309: 184-8. </p>
      <p>5. Beauchamp TL. Methods and principles in biomedical ethics. J Med Ethics 2003: 29: 269-74. </p>
      <p>6. Rajput V, Bekes CE. Ethical issues in hospital medicine. Med Clin North Am. 2002; 86: 869-86. </p>
      <p>7. Harris J. Consent and life decisions J Med Ethics 2003; 29: 10-15.</p>
      <p>8. Shivkumar K, N Weiss J. The slippery slope of human ventricular arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2004; 15: 1364-5. </p>
      <p>9. Tvoci P, Pizzuto F, Romeo F. The slippery slope. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25: 1480-2. </p>
      <p>10. Grinberg M. Ep&#244;nimos em Cardiologia. Ed Roca, S&#227;o Paulo, 1999. </p>
      <p>11. Grinberg M, Cohen C. Falando com o cora&#231;&#227;o, auscultando a bio&#233;tica. Rev Soc Cardiol Est S&#227;o Paulo 2002; 6: 805: 20. </p>
      <p>12. Larkin GL, Fowler RL. Essential ethics for EMS: cardinal virtues and core principles. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2002; 20: 887-911. </p>
      <p>13. Father Kevin O'Rourke. Medical error: some ethical concerns. The best protection against error remains the physician's traditional sense of professional responsibility. Health Prog. 2004; 85: 28-31. </p>
      <p>14. Gomez CJ, Gomez RJ, Luna MA. Is bioethical training useful in preparing doctors to take decisions in the emergency room? Med Law. 2004; 23: 551-66.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address</p>
          <p> Max Grinberg</p>
          <p> InCor</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44</p>
          <p> 05403-000 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="max.grinberg@incor.usp.br">max.grinberg@incor.usp.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 01/26/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/29/05 </p>
      <p>A falta de familiaridade com o risco assumido por parte do "desobediente" representaria uma censura ao respeito do m&#233;dico pelo direito &#224; autonomia exercido pelo paciente<sup>14</sup>. O racioc&#237;nio heteron&#244;mico funciona como: os n&#227;o m&#233;dicos s&#227;o leigos; pacientes s&#227;o n&#227;o m&#233;dicos; logo, os pacientes s&#227;o leigos. A contrapartida auton&#244;mica deste silogismo &#233; que gente tem valores, logo pacientes t&#234;m valores e responsabilidades pela decis&#227;o. </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
