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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xZBMfcNHdtKBxgGQry8k7LS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001700009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500409</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001700009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento percut&#226;neo da &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Maur&#237;cio de Nassau</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Robson B. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leme Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Goi&#226;nia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>279</fpage>
      <lpage>282</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>A &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta &#233; uma variante da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica cl&#225;ssica, que apresenta caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas peculiares e, quando n&#227;o tratada adequadamente, evolui com taxas de morbimortalidade t&#227;o elevadas quanto as da dissec&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica, merecendo, desta forma, aten&#231;&#227;o especial com diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precisos. H&#225; a prefer&#234;ncia para o tratamento percut&#226;neo com o uso de endopr&#243;teses, pois estes pacientes s&#227;o idosos e apresentam co-morbidades, as quais elevariam as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es da cirurgia convencional. Mulher de 78 anos, admitida com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica com irradia&#231;&#227;o para regi&#227;o interescapular e lombar &#224; esquerda, com evolu&#231;&#227;o de quatro meses. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, foi encontrada uma &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta, que foi tratada de forma percut&#226;nea, com o implante de stent, com sucesso, estando a paciente em acompanhamento ambulatorial, assintom&#225;tica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Tratamento percut&#226;neo da &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gustavo Carvalho; Maur&#237;cio de Nassau Machado; Robson B. de Carvalho; Ant&#244;nio Carvalho Leme Neto </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto e Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Goi&#226;nia - S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Goi&#226;nia, GO</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end"> Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta &#233; uma variante da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica cl&#225;ssica, que apresenta caracter&#237;sticas histopatol&#243;gicas peculiares e, quando n&#227;o tratada adequadamente, evolui com taxas de morbimortalidade t&#227;o elevadas quanto as da dissec&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica, merecendo, desta forma, aten&#231;&#227;o especial com diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precisos. H&#225; a prefer&#234;ncia para o tratamento percut&#226;neo com o uso de endopr&#243;teses, pois estes pacientes s&#227;o idosos e apresentam co-morbidades, as quais elevariam as taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es da cirurgia convencional. Mulher de 78 anos, admitida com queixa de dor tor&#225;cica com irradia&#231;&#227;o para regi&#227;o interescapular e lombar &#224; esquerda, com evolu&#231;&#227;o de quatro meses. Na investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, foi encontrada uma &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta, que foi tratada de forma percut&#226;nea, com o implante de <italic>stent</italic>, com sucesso, estando a paciente em acompanhamento ambulatorial, assintom&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>Com o crescente desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico nos m&#233;todos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens, pode-se caracterizar as variantes da dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica: a &#250;lcera penetrante e o hematoma intramural<sup>1-3</sup>. A primeira trata-se de uma situa&#231;&#227;o grave, em que se n&#227;o tratada adequadamente pode acarretar a hemorragias maci&#231;as e levar a dor rebelde e refrat&#225;ria, extremamente limitante. </p>
    <p>Define-se dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta como a delamina&#231;&#227;o de suas paredes, produzida pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o de sangue em um espa&#231;o entre a advent&#237;cia e a &#237;ntima. As doen&#231;as da aorta s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade cardiovasculares e, mesmo com todo avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico dos meios diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, permanece um desafio para os cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos, intervencionistas e cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares. Se n&#227;o tratada, a mortalidade inicial &#233; estimada em 1% por hora, nas primeiras 48 horas, chegando a 75% ao final da segunda semana<sup>1-6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta &#233; definida como uma les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica, apresentando ulcera&#231;&#227;o que invade a l&#226;mina el&#225;stica interna da parede da aorta. Esta condi&#231;&#227;o predisp&#245;e &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de hematomas junto &#224; camada media do vaso em quest&#227;o<sup>7</sup>. Trata-se de uma les&#227;o semelhante &#224; &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica vista na seriografia es&#244;fago-gastroduodenal. </p>
    <p>As &#250;lceras ateroscler&#243;ticas penetrantes ocorrem, com maior freq&#252;&#234;ncia, na aorta tor&#225;cica, mais especificamente nos ter&#231;os m&#233;dio e distal deste vaso. Os achados radiol&#243;gicos de &#250;lcera focal com hematoma subintimal adjacente na tomografia computadorizada s&#227;o corroborativos desta condi&#231;&#227;o<sup>8</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na atualidade, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o perfil dos pacientes com &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta, no que se refere a sua faixa et&#225;ria e &#224;s co-morbidades associadas, prefere-se que sua abordagem terap&#234;utica seja realizada com o implante de endopr&#243;teses de sustenta&#231;&#227;o luminal por via femoral, reservando o procedimento cir&#250;rgico cl&#225;ssico para os casos mais graves de dif&#237;cil abordagem percut&#226;nea<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 78 anos, branca, natural e procedente de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (SP), com hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica de longa data, em uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o h&#225; 25 anos. Foi admitida com queixa de dor cont&#237;nua na regi&#227;o interescapular, que teve in&#237;cio insidioso h&#225; mais ou menos 2 anos e com piora progressiva nos &#250;ltimos 4 meses, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para regi&#227;o lombar esquerda flanco ipislateral, n&#227;o havia rela&#231;&#227;o da dor com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico por v&#225;rias vezes, sendo medicada em todas elas com antiinflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o hormonais, sem sucesso. </p>
    <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, encontrava-se em regular estado geral, com f&#225;cies de dor, corada, hidratada, eupn&#233;ica, afebril e cooperativa. PA = 150 x 80 mmHg; FC = 90 bpm. Apresentava ritmo card&#237;aco regular em dois tempos, bulhas normofon&#233;ticas, pulsos perif&#233;ricos amplos e sim&#233;tricos. Pulm&#245;es limpos, sem ru&#237;dos advent&#237;cios; abdome com ru&#237;dos presentes, fl&#225;cido, indolor e sem massas palp&#225;veis. </p>
    <p>Diante do quadro descrito, foram feitas as seguintes hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda com apresenta&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica, radiculopatia compressiva por h&#233;rnia de disco intervertebral e urolit&#237;ase (mesmo sendo a dor cont&#237;nua). </p>
    <p>O hemograma e a bioqu&#237;mica do sangue eram normais, assim como os marcadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Os radiogramas de t&#243;rax e abdome foram inespec&#237;ficos com alguns oste&#243;fitos e calcifica&#231;&#245;es parietais da aorta. Os eletrocardiogramas seriados demonstraram ritmo sinusal com altera&#231;&#245;es difusas e inespec&#237;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, sem altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas do segmento ST. O ecocardiograma evidenciou disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tipo relaxamento anormal. A ultra-sonografia abdominal total foi normal, excluindo-se a hip&#243;tese de urolit&#237;ase. A tomografia t&#243;raco-abdominal evidenciou aus&#234;ncia de radiculopatia compressiva e a presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica no ter&#231;o distal da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente, com imagem sugestiva de &#250;lcera penetrante da aorta ou aneurisma sacular com trombo no seu interior ao n&#237;vel da oitava v&#233;rtebra tor&#225;cica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Assim sendo, foi realizada a aortografia que confirmou a presen&#231;a da &#250;lcera penetrante da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente na sua parede postero-lateral esquerda com trombo no seu interior, considerando que, por uma quest&#227;o sem&#226;ntica, seu diagn&#243;stico diferencial viria a ser um aneurisma sacular da aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Diante do quadro cl&#237;nico sintom&#225;tico persistente e considerando o perfil da paciente, no que se refere &#224;s suas co-morbidades, optou-se pela abordagem percut&#226;nea e implante de endopr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica auto-expans&#237;vel, que foi realizado com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">5</xref>). </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>No seguimento cl&#237;nico, houve melhora completa dos sintomas com redu&#231;&#227;o dos riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta &#233; uma das emerg&#234;ncias cardiovasculares mais temidas, em que ocorre a degenera&#231;&#227;o da camada m&#233;dia, resultando na delamina&#231;&#227;o de suas paredes, criando uma falsa luz entre a advent&#237;cia e a &#237;ntima. Estima-se que a incid&#234;ncia anual seja em torno de 15 casos por milh&#227;o de habitantes/ano. Nos casos n&#227;o tratados, apresenta mortalidade de 1% por hora, nas primeiras 48 horas, 74%, em duas semanas e de 90%, em tr&#234;s meses<sup>2,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>No final do s&#233;culo XX, com o surpreendente avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico dos m&#233;todos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem, observou-se o redescobrimento das variantes da dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta. Descritas inicialmente por Shennan em 1934, as &#250;lceras penetrantes da aorta foram, posteriormente, caracterizadas por Stanson, em 1986<sup>3,4</sup>. </p>
    <p>As &#250;lceras de aorta s&#227;o les&#245;es compostas por placas ateroscler&#243;ticas, que se ulceram e desorganizam as camadas da parede a&#243;rtica, penetrando profundamente, atingindo at&#233; mesmo a advent&#237;cia. Segundo Stanson e cols., a maioria das &#250;lceras de aorta s&#227;o les&#245;es &#250;nicas<sup>4</sup>. </p>
    <p> Os pacientes acometidos por esta variante de dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta est&#227;o, na sua grande maioria, entre a sexta e oitava d&#233;cadas de vida, diferente do perfil et&#225;rio dos pacientes acometidos pela dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta tipo A cl&#225;ssica e semelhante &#224;queles acometidos pela dissec&#231;&#227;o do tipo B. S&#227;o portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, enfisema pulmonar, dislipidemias, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e diabete melito. Geralmente acometem aorta descendente com maiores di&#226;metros e n&#227;o tem predile&#231;&#227;o por sexo. Clinicamente, a dor tor&#225;cica constitui um achado comum com irradia&#231;&#227;o para as regi&#245;es caudais, acompanhando o envolvimento da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente<sup>3,6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Os m&#233;todos de imagem s&#227;o essenciais para o diagnostico da &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta. Uma quest&#227;o freq&#252;ente &#233; quanto ao exame que deve ser realizado em primeiro lugar, que na verdade depender&#225; do quadro cl&#237;nico em quest&#227;o e a disponibilidade no servi&#231;o que estiver recebendo o paciente. A angiografia, apesar de ser um m&#233;todo invasivo, &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as vasculares. Alguns servi&#231;os disp&#245;em de m&#233;todos t&#227;o bons quanto a angiografia e menos invasivos, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e a tomografia computadorizada helicoidal ultra-r&#225;pida (<italic>multi-slice</italic>), que s&#227;o extremamente &#250;teis no diagn&#243;stico destas afec&#231;&#245;es<sup>3,6,9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Reconhece-se, hoje, a gravidade das &#250;lceras de aorta como fonte de hemorragia maci&#231;a em potencial, ou mesmo dor cr&#244;nica refrat&#225;ria. Sendo assim, trata-se de uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que o tratamento deve ser institu&#237;do a medida do poss&#237;vel, da forma cir&#250;rgica cl&#225;ssica ou com a coloca&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de endopr&#243;teses por via femoral. Este &#250;ltimo procedimento tem sido adotado com maior seguran&#231;a, com menores taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es para estes pacientes, uma vez que apresentam alto risco operat&#243;rio por serem idosos e pelas co-morbidades associadas<sup>3,5</sup>. </p>
    <p>No caso em quest&#227;o, trata-se de uma paciente idosa e hipertensa, com dor tor&#225;cica cr&#244;nica refrat&#225;ria ao uso de antiinflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o hormonais em que, incidentalmente, foi diagnosticada uma &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta no seu segmento tor&#225;cico descendente, sendo devidamente investigadas e descartadas as hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas de s&#237;ndrome isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica inst&#225;vel, h&#233;rnia de disco intervertebral e urolit&#237;ase. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico diferencial entre a &#250;lcera ateroscler&#243;tica penetrante de aorta e um aneurisma sacular, que em muitas ocasi&#245;es se confundem, &#233; confirmado com o estudo anatomopatol&#243;gico e, al&#233;m disso, podem estar associados. No entanto, seu tratamento e suas complica&#231;&#245;es respeitam a mesma linha de racioc&#237;nio, merecendo, assim, reconhecimento diagn&#243;stico e tratamento r&#225;pidos e adequados. </p>
    <p>Considerando-se a faixa et&#225;ria e as co-morbidades, foi optado pelo tratamento percut&#226;neo com implante de <italic>stent</italic> auto-expans&#237;vel de aorta, que foi realizado com sucesso angiogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico, estando a paciente em acompanhamento ambulatorial sem queixas e livre do risco iminente de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas inerentes &#224; &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta. </p>
    <p> A &#250;lcera penetrante de aorta, apesar de ser infreq&#252;ente em nosso meio, deve ser sempre considerada como hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica em pacientes idosos com cardiopatias e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, que se apresentam com dor tor&#225;cica subaguda e cr&#244;nica de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico, sem ind&#237;cios de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Nesses casos, prefere-se o tratamento percut&#226;neo com o implante de endopr&#243;teses via femoral, observando-se &#243;timos resultados angiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos, como no caso anteriormente discutido. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Gustavo Carvalho </p>
        <p> Rua Mario Porto, 42 </p>
        <p> 16400-677 - Lins, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gustavocarvalho@cardiol.br">gustavocarvalho@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 11/02/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 13/04/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous management of penetrating aortic ulcer</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Penetrating aortic ulcer is a variant of classic aortic dissection having distinct histopathological characteristics. If not appropriately treated, it evolves to combined morbidity and mortality rates as high as those of classic dissection. This condition, therefore, warrants special attention with accurate diagnosis and treatment. Percutaneous management using endoprosthesis is the method of choice, since the patients are usually elderly and have comorbidities that would increase the complication rates of traditional surgery. A 78-year-old woman complaining of thoracic pain was admitted to the hospital; her pain had been radiating to the interscapular and left lumbar regions for four months. Upon diagnostic investigation, a penetrating aortic ulcer was found, and after being successfully treated percutaneously with stent implantation, the patient became asymptomatic and is under outpatient follow-up.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Percutaneous management of penetrating aortic ulcer </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gustavo Carvalho; Maur&#237;cio de Nassau Machado; Robson B. de Carvalho; Ant&#244;nio Carvalho Leme Neto </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto e Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Goi&#226;nia S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Penetrating aortic ulcer is a variant of classic aortic dissection having distinct histopathological characteristics. If not appropriately treated, it evolves to combined morbidity and mortality rates as high as those of classic dissection. This condition, therefore, warrants special attention with accurate diagnosis and treatment. Percutaneous management using endoprosthesis is the method of choice, since the patients are usually elderly and have comorbidities that would increase the complication rates of traditional surgery. A 78-year-old woman complaining of thoracic pain was admitted to the hospital; her pain had been radiating to the interscapular and left lumbar regions for four months. Upon diagnostic investigation, a penetrating aortic ulcer was found, and after being successfully treated percutaneously with stent implantation, the patient became asymptomatic and is under outpatient follow-up.</p>
      <p>With the expanding technological development in the field of imaging techniques, the variants of aortic dissection can be characterized as: penetrating ulcer and intramural hematoma<sup>1-3</sup>. The first refers to a serious condition that, if not appropriately treated, may cause massive bleeding as well as a persistent, refractory, and extremely limiting pain. </p>
      <p>Dissection of the aorta is defined as the delamination of its walls by blood infiltration in the space formed between the adventitia and intima. Aortic diseases are associated with high cardiovascular mortality and morbidity rates and, despite all technological advances achieved in diagnostic and therapeutic methods, they remain a challenge for clinical cardiologists, interventionists and cardiovascular surgeons. If left untreated, early mortality rate is estimated at 1% per hour within the first 48 hours and up to 75% by the end of the second week<sup>1-6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Penetrating aortic ulcer is defined as an ulcerating atherosclerotic lesion that invades the internal elastic lamina of the aortic wall. This condition predisposes to hematoma formation within the aortic media layer<sup>7</sup>. This lesion is similar to the peptic ulcer observed in the esophageal-gastroduodenal seriography. </p>
      <p>Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers occur most commonly in the thoracic aorta, particularly in its mid and distal thirds. Radiographic findings of focal ulcer with adjacent subintimal hematoma on computed tomography corroborate this diagnosis<sup>8</sup>. </p>
      <p>Currently, considering the profile of patients with penetrating aortic ulcer, regarding age group and associated comorbidities, endoprosthesis implantation via the femoral artery is the preferred treatment. The classical surgical procedure should be reserved only for the more severe cases in which the percutaneous approach is difficult to perform<sup>3,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT </bold>
      </p>
      <p>A seventy-eight-year-old white female, born and residing in the city of S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (SP) with a long-standing history of systemic arterial hypertension and taking medications regularly for 25 years. The patient was admitted with a complaint of continuous pain in the interscapular region of insidious onset which commenced about two years earlier and had gradually worsened over the past four months, radiating to the left lumbar region of the ipsilateral flank. Her pain was not related to physical exertion. She had sought medical assistance several times, and on all these occasion was medicated unsuccessfully with non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs. </p>
      <p>On physical examination, the patient was in regular general condition, well hydrated, eupneic, afebrile, and with normal complexion. Although in great pain, she was cooperative. BP = 150/80 mmHg; HR = 90 bpm. Her heart rhythm was regular and no abnormal sounds were detected; her peripheral pulses were wide and symmetrical. Her lungs were clear, with no adventitious sounds; her abdomen was soft, painless, with normal bowel sounds and no palpable masses. </p>
      <p> Based on the clinical condition described, the following diagnostic hypotheses were considered: atypical acute coronary syndrome, compressive radiculopathy from intervertebral disc herniation, and urolithiasis (despite the continuous nature of the pain). </p>
      <p>Blood cell count and blood chemistry were found to be normal, as well as the myocardial injury markers. Chest and abdomen radiographs were non-specific, with the presence of some osteophytes and parietal calcifications of the aorta. Serial electrocardiograms showed sinus rhythm with diffuse, non-specific changes of ventricular repolarization without dynamic changes in the ST segment. The echocardiogram showed diastolic dysfunction, such as abnormal relaxation. The abdominal ultrasonography was normal. A thoracoabdominal CT scan revealed the absence of compressive radiculopathy and the presence of aneurysmal dilatation at the distal third of the descending thoracic aorta, the image being suggestive of penetrating aortic ulcer or saccular aneurysm with intraluminal thrombus at T-8 level (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Therefore, aortography was performed and confirmed the presence of penetrating aortic ulcer in the left posterior lateral wall of the descending thoracic aorta with intraluminal thrombus, determining saccular aneurysm of the aorta as the differential diagnosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig 2</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In view of the persistent symptomatic clinical condition, and also considering the patient comorbidities, it was decided for a percutaneous approach using a self-expandable aortic stent-graft, which was successfully performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">figs. 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fig05-body2">5</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <fn id="fig05-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0279-00009-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>On clinical follow-up, a complete resolution of symptoms with reduced risk of hemorrhagic complications was noted. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aortic dissection is one of the most feared cardiovascular emergencies, as it results in degeneration of the media layer and thus the delamination of its walls, creating a false lumen between the intima and adventitia. Its incidence has been estimated at about 15 cases per million inhabitants per year. Mortality rate from untreated dissection of the ascending aorta is 1% per hour in the first 48 hours, 74% within 2 weeks, and 90% within three months<sup>2,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>At the end of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, with the remarkable technological advances in the field of imaging techniques, the variants of aorta dissection were rediscovered. First described by Shennan in 1934, penetrating aortic ulcers were characterized later by Stanson in 1986<sup>3,4</sup>. </p>
      <p>These lesions result from the ulceration of atheromatous plaques that disrupt the aortic wall layers, penetrating deeply into the adventitia. According to Stanson et al, the majority of aortic ulcers are single lesions<sup>4</sup>. </p>
      <p>Most patients with this variant of aortic dissection are between the sixth and eighth decades of life, different from the age group of patients with classic type-A aortic dissection and similar to those with type-B dissection. These patients have systemic hypertension, pulmonary emphysema, dislipidemias, chronic renal failure, and diabetes mellitus. Aortic ulcers usually occur in a larger descending aorta, irrespective of gender. Thoracic pain radiating to the caudal regions is a common clinical finding, following the involvement of the descending thoracic aorta<sup>3,6</sup>. </p>
      <p>Imaging techniques are essential for the diagnosis of penetrating aortic ulcer. A common issue refers to the examination that should be performed first, and this actually depends on the clinical condition and on the availability at the institution in which the patient is being treated. Angiography, despite being an invasive method, is considered the golden standard for diagnosis of vascular diseases. Some institutions offer less invasive techniques, just as effective as angiography, such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultra-fast helical computed tomography (multi-slice), which are extremely useful in the diagnosis of these conditions<sup>3,6,9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Aortic ulcers are now recognized as a potential source of massive hemorrhage or even chronic, refractory pain. Therefore, treatment should be instituted whenever possible, using either traditional surgery or percutaneous endovascular stenting via the femoral artery. The latter has been shown to be a safer procedure, as it results in lower complication rates for these patients who are at a higher surgical risk due to their more advanced age and associated comorbidities<sup>3,5</sup>. </p>
      <p>In this specific case the patient is an elderly and hypertensive woman with chronic thoracic pain refractory to non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs and who, incidentally, was diagnosed with a penetrating aortic ulcer in its descending thoracic segment. The presence of unstable myocardial ischemic syndrome, disc herniation and urolithiasis was properly investigated and ruled out. </p>
      <p> The differential diagnosis between penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer and saccular aneurysm, which are often mistaken, is confirmed by the pathological study. These conditions can be associated. The management and complications of this condition, however, follow the same line of thought, thus requiring expeditious and appropriate diagnosis and treatment. </p>
      <p>Due to the age group and comorbidities, a percutaneous approach using self-expandable aortic stenting was performed, with angiographic and clinical success. Having no complaints and free of impending risk of the hemorrhagic complications associated with the penetrating aortic ulcer, the patient is now under outpatient follow-up. </p>
      <p>While uncommon, penetrating aortic ulcer should be always suspected in elderly patients with heart disease and systemic hypertension presenting with subacute and chronic thoracic pain difficult to be clinically controlled and no evidence of myocardial ischemia. Under these circumstances, percutaneous treatment by means of endovascular stenting via the femoral artery is preferred because of the excellent angiographic and clinical results achieved, as in the case just discussed. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address</p>
          <p> Jos&#233; Ramos Filho</p>
          <p> Rua Benjamin Arruda, 126/1</p>
          <p> 12914-560 - Bragan&#231;a Paulista, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jramos-uti@uol.com.br">jramos-uti@uol.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 02/11/05 </p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/13/05 </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
