<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">m5RgxdtWYTdHX4X366PWL8Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001700007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001700007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estado da arte do procedimento percut&#226;neo: paciente octogen&#225;rio submetido com sucesso, em apenas uma sess&#227;o, a valvotomia pulmonar, implante de stent coron&#225;rio e implante de marcapasso definitivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson Albino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Milton de Macedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cividanis</surname>
            <given-names>Gil Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feij&#243; J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Rubens Vaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>272</fpage>
      <lpage>274</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>&#201; relatado caso de paciente de 82 anos, portador de insufici&#234;ncia renal leve, estenose valvar pulmonar (EVP) severa, estenose severa de art&#233;ria descendente anterior e bloqueio atrioventricular total, submetido a angioplastia coron&#225;ria com implante de stent coron&#225;rio, valvotomia pulmonar e implante de marcapasso definitivo no mesmo procedimento, com sucesso.</p>
      </abstract>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Estado da arte do procedimento percut&#226;neo: paciente octogen&#225;rio submetido com sucesso, em apenas uma sess&#227;o, a valvotomia pulmonar, implante de <italic><bold>stent</bold></italic> coron&#225;rio e implante de marcapasso definitivo</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Wilson Albino Pimentel Filho; Milton de Macedo Soares Neto; Gil Vicente Cividanis; Rubens Vaz Feij&#243; J&#250;nior </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end"> Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; relatado caso de paciente de 82 anos, portador de insufici&#234;ncia renal leve, estenose valvar pulmonar (EVP) severa, estenose severa de art&#233;ria descendente anterior e bloqueio atrioventricular total, submetido a angioplastia coron&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio, valvotomia pulmonar e implante de marcapasso definitivo no mesmo procedimento, com sucesso. </p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea com o implante dos <italic>stents</italic> &#233; amplamente utilizada no tratamento dos pacientes coronariopatas, incluindo os octogen&#225;rios<sup>1-5</sup>. A EVP, freq&#252;entemente diagnosticada e tratada na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia, &#233; raramente encontrada nos pacientes octogen&#225;rios. O tratamento percut&#226;neo da EVP &#233; procedimento seguro e eficaz<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a do sistema el&#233;trico de condu&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o do octogen&#225;rio &#233; achado comum e, freq&#252;entemente, h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o para o implante de marcapasso definitivo. </p>
    <p>O nosso relato refere-se a um paciente octogen&#225;rio, portador de EVP severa, associada &#224; les&#227;o grave no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior, e de bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT). Esse paciente foi submetido com sucesso a tr&#234;s procedimentos seq&#252;enciais na sala de cateterismo card&#237;aco: valvotomia pulmonar, implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio e implante de marcapasso definitivo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente masculino de 82 anos, em bom estado geral, com dispn&#233;ia h&#225; dois meses, progressiva de moderados para pequenos esfor&#231;os. Nessa ocasi&#227;o, o exame f&#237;sico apresentava press&#227;o arterial (PA) de 150 x 90 mmHg, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 60 batimentos por minuto, sopro sist&#243;lico ejetivo ++/4 em foco pulmonar com irradia&#231;&#227;o para bordo esternal esquerdo. Os raios X de t&#243;rax exibiam &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal, trama vascular pulmonar normal, importante dilata&#231;&#227;o do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar, par&#234;nquima pulmonar normal e seios c&#225;rdio e costofr&#234;nicos livres. O eletrocardiograma realizado h&#225; noventa dias evidenciava ritmo sinusal, FC de 60 bpm, SAQRS entre 90 e 180 graus e sobrecarga das c&#226;maras direitas. Os exames de laborat&#243;rio evidenciaram taxas de creatinina de 2,3 mg/ml e ur&#233;ia de 60 mg/ml. O ecocardiograma mostrou importante EVP e altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Realizou-se o procedimento ap&#243;s preparo renal, estando o paciente devidamente hidratado e tendo feito uso de 600 mg de N-acetilciste&#237;na a cada 12 horas, sendo mantida a administra&#231;&#227;o do medicamento por 48 horas. </p>
    <p>O estudo hemodin&#226;mico confirmou estenose valvar pulmonar severa com gradiente sist&#243;lico de 80 mmHg (TP = 20 / 10 mmHg e VD = 100 / 8 mmHg). A art&#233;ria descendente anterior exibia estenose exc&#234;ntrica, ulcerada de 70% no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio; as demais art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias exibiam discretas irregularidades parietais. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) apresentava fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til conservada. Foi realizado preparo renal pr&#233;-procedimento com hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequada e administra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de N-acetilciste&#237;na por 48 horas, bem como institu&#237;da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria com AAS e clopidogrel nas doses habituais. Houve regress&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de creatinina e ur&#233;ia para 1 mg/ml e 40 mg/ml, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>No dia do procedimento, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o o paciente apresentou bloqueio atrioventricular de 2&#186; grau, tipo 2. Na sala de hemodin&#226;mica apresentou BAV total com FC de 40 bpm antes do in&#237;cio do procedimento. Sob seda&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, puncionou-se a veia femoral esquerda, posicionou-se o introdutor 6 F e implantou-se fio de marcapasso provis&#243;rio. Por meio de pun&#231;&#227;o venosa &#224; direita, posicionou-se o introdutor 8F pelo qual se progrediu o cateter Lehman para realiza&#231;&#227;o de recuo press&#243;rico TP-VD. A seguir, realizou-se no VD a angiografia, que evidenciou EVP e importante dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Por meio da pun&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria femoral direita, introduziu-se o cateter guia Judkins 3,5, pelo qual se progrediu a corda guia 0.014 polegadas e se realizou o implante direto do <italic>stent</italic> Expresss II 3.5 x 13 com 14 atmosferas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Na seq&#252;&#234;ncia, posicionou-se o guia extra stiff 0.35 de 220 cm distalmente &#224; art&#233;ria pulmonar, avan&#231;ou-se o bal&#227;o 25 x 40 mm e realizou-se a valvotomia pulmonar. Com esse procedimento, ocorreu regress&#227;o total da ampulheta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">fig. 2</xref>) e redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente sist&#243;lico entre o VD e o TP para 15 mmHg. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0272-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0272-00007-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Utilizaram-se aproximadamente 150 ml de contraste n&#227;o-i&#244;nico e optou-se por n&#227;o realizar a ventriculografia direita p&#243;s-procedimento em raz&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal pr&#233;via. Ambos os procedimentos de angioplastia coron&#225;ria e valvotomia pulmonar foram realizados em 120 minutos. Ainda na sala de hemodin&#226;mica, imediatamente p&#243;s-procedimento, foi realizado pela equipe cir&#250;rgica o implante de marcapasso definitivo. </p>
    <p>O paciente teve alta hospitalar 48 horas ap&#243;s os procedimentos, assintom&#225;tico e com o ritmo card&#237;aco comandado pelo marcapasso. </p>
    <p>No seguimento de um ano, em contato telef&#244;nico com o m&#233;dico que referendou o paciente, fomos informados de que este se encontrava assintom&#225;tico. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes octogen&#225;rios representam um subgrupo especial de idosos, em que a limita&#231;&#227;o do tempo de vida &#233; conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da idade muito avan&#231;ada, o que dificulta qualquer an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia. H&#225; que considerar o risco-benef&#237;cio independente para cada paciente, quando submetido a procedimentos invasivos, com a an&#225;lise criteriosa do estado cl&#237;nico geral e da expectativa aproximada de vida. </p>
    <p>No octogen&#225;rio, o implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio &#233; op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para os pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento medicamentoso. Utilizando esse m&#233;todo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o nesse subgrupo de pacientes, a mortalidade global tem variado de 2,2% a 3,5% nos casos eletivos, e 14,1% nas s&#237;ndromes agudas representadas pela angina inst&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. Os fatores que mais influenciam na eleva&#231;&#227;o dessa mortalidade s&#227;o: doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria multiarterial grave, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda deprimida, presen&#231;a de diabetes insulino-dependente, insufici&#234;ncia renal e necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o em car&#225;ter emergencial. </p>
    <p>No nosso paciente n&#227;o havia hist&#243;ria de diabetes, a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria era uniarterial, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda era normal e o implante de <italic>stent</italic> foi realizado de maneira eletiva, obtendo-se resultado angiogr&#225;fico bastante satisfat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia renal, traduzida por n&#237;veis de creatinina &gt; 1,5 em pacientes idosos submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, est&#225; associada &#224; maior comorbidade e &#233; preditora independente de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores<sup>7,8</sup>. Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da administra&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via da N-acetilciste&#237;na tornam-se cada vez mais evidentes com as recentes publica&#231;&#245;es<sup>9,10</sup>. &#201; importante para o sucesso do procedimento o conhecimento pr&#233;vio da insufici&#234;ncia renal, a fim de que sejam tomadas medidas como a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da menor quantidade de contraste poss&#237;vel, preferencialmente em doses n&#227;o superiores a 2 ml/kg, priorizando o uso de contrastes n&#227;o-i&#244;nicos, ou de baixa osmolalidade, associados &#224; adequada hidrata&#231;&#227;o do paciente<sup>11,12</sup>. Tais medidas de prote&#231;&#227;o renal aqui descritas foram observadas rigorosamente no nosso paciente. </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia da EVP &#233; muito pouco freq&#252;ente em pacientes octogen&#225;rios, havendo apenas um relato na literatura mundial<sup>13</sup>. Quando diagnosticada essa cardiopatia na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia, o tratamento de primeira escolha &#233; a valvotomia pulmonar percut&#226;nea utilizando o bal&#227;o, desde que haja situa&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica favor&#225;vel. A valvotomia pulmonar no idoso &#233; considerada op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica de primeira escolha, naturalmente respeitando-se os aspectos anat&#244;micos, por exemplo: a presen&#231;a de calcifica&#231;&#227;o importante e/ou de grandes deformidades do anel e/ou c&#250;spides do aparelho valvar. </p>
    <p>Nosso paciente n&#227;o apresentava excessivas deformidades do aparelho valvar pulmonar nem calcifica&#231;&#227;o exagerada na regi&#227;o das comissuras valvares. Portanto, a dilata&#231;&#227;o de sua valva ocorreu com sucesso, utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica convencional com bal&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O implante de marcapasso definitivo &#233; tratamento eficaz para o bloqueio atrioventricular total<sup>14,15</sup>. Nos octogen&#225;rios, s&#227;o freq&#252;entes as queixas de fraqueza geral, dispn&#233;ia e perda moment&#226;nea da consci&#234;ncia na presen&#231;a de graus variados de bloqueios atrioventriculares. No entanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de bloqueio atrioventricular total intermitente por vezes &#233; de dif&#237;cil diagn&#243;stico, sendo encontrado com freq&#252;&#234;ncia em pacientes idosos sintom&#225;ticos. Portanto, &#233; l&#237;cita, nessa circunst&#226;ncia, a investiga&#231;&#227;o plena e cuidadosa do paciente, quando se deve utilizar a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica cont&#237;nua de 24 horas, por meio do sistema Holter. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico de bloqueio atrioventricular de 2&#186; grau foi estabelecido no nosso paciente na fase de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, evoluindo para bloqueio atrioventricular total na sala de cateterismo card&#237;aco, poucos minutos antes do in&#237;cio dos procedimentos. Portanto, como primeira medida, implantou-se o marcapasso provis&#243;rio e, na seq&#252;&#234;ncia, discutiu-se o procedimento com o cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco, que implantou com sucesso o marcapasso definitivo, ap&#243;s ter sido conclu&#237;da a valvotomia pulmonar e a angioplastia coron&#225;ria com sucesso. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, dentro do nosso conhecimento, trata-se de caso raro, sem descri&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via na literatura, por isso se torna alvo de grande interesse cient&#237;fico. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Milton de Macedo Soares Neto </p>
        <p> Rua Tibiri&#231;&#225;, 11 </p>
        <p> 11055-250 - Santos, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="miltonms@cardiol.br">miltonms@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 01/11/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 17/03/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Fischman DL, Leon MF, Baim DS et al. A randomized    comparison of coronary -stent placement and ballon angioplasty. N Engl J Med    1994;331:496-501. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A randomized comparison of coronary -stent placement and ballon angioplasty</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>496</fpage>
          <lpage>501</lpage>
          <volume>331</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fischman</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baim</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F et al.    A comparison of ballon-expandable-stent, in N Engl J Med. 1994;331:489-95. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A comparison of ballon-expandable-stent</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med.</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <volume>331</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Serruys</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Jaegere</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiemeneij</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Weintraub WS, Veledar E, Thompson T et al.    Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Outcomes. American Journal of Cardiology    2001;88:1407. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Outcomes</article-title>
          <source>American Journal of Cardiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1407</fpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weintraub</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veledar</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Mu&#241;oz JC, Alonso JJ, Duran JM et al.    Coronary stent implantation in patients older than 75 years of age:. Am Heart    J 2002;143:620-6. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Coronary stent implantation in patients older than 75 years of age:</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>620</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <volume>143</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mu&#241;oz</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alonso</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duran</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Graham MM, Ghali WA, Faris PD et al. Survival    after coronary revascularization in the elderly. Circulation 2002;105:2378-84.    </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Survival after coronary revascularization in the elderly</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2378</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Graham</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghali</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faris</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Kan JS, White RI Jr, Mitchell SE et al. Percutaneous    balloon valvuloplasty: a new method for treating congenital pulmonary valve    stenosis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:540. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty: a new method for treating congenital pulmonary valve stenosis</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>540</fpage>
          <volume>307</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kan</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>RI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Rubenstein MH, Harrel LC, Sheynberg BV et    al. Are patients with renal failure good candidates for percutaneous coronary    revascularization in the new device era? Circulation 2000;102:2966. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Are patients with renal failure good candidates for percutaneous coronary revascularization in the new device era?</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2966</fpage>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rubenstein</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrel</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sheynberg</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Rihal CS, Textor SC, Grill DE et al. Incidence    and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary    intervention. Circulation 2002;105:2259. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Incidence and prognostic importance of acute renal failure after percutaneous coronary intervention</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2259</fpage>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rihal</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Textor</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grill</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Tepel M, Zidek W. Acetylcysteine and contrast    media nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002;11:503. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acetylcysteine and contrast media nephropathy</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>503</fpage>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tepel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zidek</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Birck R, Krzossok BR, Markowetz F et al.    Acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast nephropathy: meta-analysis. Lancet    2003;362:589. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast nephropathy: meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>589</fpage>
          <volume>362</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Birck</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krzossok</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markowetz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Tepel M, van der Giet M, Schwazfeld C et    al. Prevention of radiographic contrast agent induced reductions in renal function    by acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med 2000;343:180-4. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevention of radiographic contrast agent induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>180</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <volume>343</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tepel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Giet</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwazfeld</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Shyu KG, Cheng JJ, Kuan P et al.Acetylcysteine    protects against acute renal damage in patients with abnormal renal function    undergoing a coronary procedure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1383-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acetylcysteine protects against acute renal damage in patients with abnormal renal function undergoing a coronary procedure</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1383</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shyu</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Tentolouris CA, Kyriakidis MK, Gavaliatsis    IP et al. Percutaneous Pulmonary Valvuloplasty in a Octogenarian with calcific    pulmonary stenosis. Chest 1992;101:1456-8. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous Pulmonary Valvuloplasty in a Octogenarian with calcific pulmonary stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1456</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tentolouris</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kyriakidis</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gavaliatsis</surname>
              <given-names>IP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Gregoratos G, Cheitlin MD, Conill A et al.    ACC/AHA guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia    devices. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1175-209. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ACC/AHA guidelines for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1175</fpage>
          <lpage>209</lpage>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gregoratos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheitlin</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conill</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Shen WK, Hammill SC, Hayes DL et al. Long-term    survival after pacemaker implantation for heart block in patients &gt; or =    65 years. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:560-64. </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term survival after pacemaker implantation for heart block in patients &gt; or = 65 years</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1994</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>560</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shen</surname>
              <given-names>WK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammill</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hayes</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">State of the art percutaneous procedure: octogenarian patient successfully submitted, in a single session, to a pulmonary valvotomy, coronary stent implant and permanent pacemaker implant</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>This report describes a case involving an 82 year old patient with mild renal insufficiency, severe pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS), severe anterior descending artery stenosis and complete atrioventricular block, who successfully underwent, in a single session, coronary angioplasty and a stent implant, pulmonary valvotomy and a permanent pacemaker implant.</p>
      </abstract>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>State of the art percutaneous procedure: octogenarian patient successfully submitted, in a single session, to a pulmonary valvotomy, coronary stent implant and permanent pacemaker implant </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Wilson Albino Pimentel Filho; Milton de Macedo Soares Neto; Gil Vicente Cividanis; Rubens Vaz Feij&#243; J&#250;nior </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p> This report describes a case involving an 82 year old patient with mild renal insufficiency, severe pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS), severe anterior descending artery stenosis and complete atrioventricular block, who successfully underwent, in a single session, coronary angioplasty and a stent implant, pulmonary valvotomy and a permanent pacemaker implant. </p>
      <p>Coronary percutaneous interventions with stent implants are extensively used in the treatment of coronary patients, including octogenarians<sup>1-5</sup>. PVS, frequently diagnosed and treated during childhood or adolescence, is rarely found in octogenarian patients. Percutaneous treatment of PVS is a safe and efficient procedure <sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>A cardiac conduction system disease in an octogenarian is common and an indication for a permanent pacemaker implant is frequently recommended. </p>
      <p>Our report refers to an octogenarian patient with severe PVS, a serious lesion in the mid third of the anterior descending artery and complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). This patient was submitted successfully to three consecutive procedures in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: pulmonary valvotomy, coronary stent implant and permanent pacemaker implant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is an 82 year old male in good general condition, with dyspnea for two months, progressively increasing from moderate to mild exertions. A physical examination presented blood pressure (BP) of 150/90 mmHg, cardiac frequency of 60 beats per minute and a systolic ejection murmur ++/4 over the pulmonary area radiating toward the left sternal edge. The chest x-rays show a cardiac silhouette within normal limits, pulmonary vasculature within normal limits, prominent dilation of the pulmonary artery trunk, pulmonary parenchyma within normal limits, blunted cardiophrenic and costophrenic angles. An electrocardiogram, taken ninety days earlier, revealed a sinus rhythm, CF of 60 bpm, SAQRS between 90 and 180 degrees and an increased strain on the right chambers. The laboratory tests presented creatinine levels of 2.3 mg/ml and urea of 60 mg/ml. The echocardiogram revealed severe PVS and an alteration in the left ventricle relaxation phase. </p>
      <p>The procedure was performed after renal preparation. The patient was adequately hydrated and given 600 mg of N-acetylcysteine every twelve hours, maintaining the drug administration for 48 hours. </p>
      <p>The hemodynamic study confirmed severe pulmonary valve stenosis with a systolic gradient of 80 mmHg (PT = 20/10 mmHg and RV = 100/8 mmHg). anterior descending artery presented eccentric stenosis, 70% ulcerated in its mid third; the other arteries presented discrete wall motion irregularities. The left ventricle (LV) presented normal contractile function. The renal preparation was performed before the procedure with adequate hydration and previous administration of N-acetylcysteine for 48 hours as well as antiplatelet therapy with ASA and clopidogrel in the normal dosages. There was a reduction in the levels of creatinine and urea to 1 mg/ml and 40 mg/ml, respectively. </p>
      <p>On the day of the procedure, during admission, the patient presented a 2<sup>nd</sup> degree, type 2 atrioventricular block. In the hemodynamic laboratory the patient presented complete atrioventricular block and CF of 40 bpm before the start of the procedure. Sedated and monitored, the left femoral vein was punctured, the 6F introducer was positioned and a temporary pacemaker wire was implanted. By means of a venous puncture to the right, an 8F introducer was positioned over which the Lehman catheter was passed to perform the PT-RV pressure pullback. Next, an angiography of the right ventricle (RV) was performed that showed PVS and prominent dilation of the pulmonary artery. Through a puncture in the right femoral artery, a Judkins 3.5 guide catheter was inserted and a 0.014 inch guide wire was passed through it to directly place the Express II 3.5 x 13 stent implant with a pressure of 14 atmospheres (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). Subsequently, an extra stiff 0.35 by 220 cm guide wire was positioned distally to the pulmonary artery and the 25 x 40 mm balloon was advanced to perform the pulmonary valvotomy. Complete ablation of the isthmus was achieved with the procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">fig. 2</xref>) and the systolic gradient between the RV and the PT was reduced to 15 mmHg. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0272-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0272-00007-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Approximately 150 ml of nonionic contrast agent was used, however, due to the previous renal insufficiency a right heart ventriculography was not performed after the procedure. Both the coronary angioplasty and the pulmonary valvotomy procedures were completed within 120 minutes. While still in the hemodynamic lab, immediately following the procedures, the surgery team performed the permanent pacemaker implant. </p>
      <p>The patient was released 48 hours after the procedures, asymptomatic and with his heartbeat regulated by the pacemaker. </p>
      <p>In a follow-up telephone conversation one year later with the patient's regular doctor, we were informed that the patient remained asymptomatic. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Octogenarian patients represent a special subgroup of the elderly. Life expectancy limits are a consequence of an advanced age that hinders any survival analyses. Risks and benefits must be considered independently for each patient when they are submitted to invasive procedures as well as a critical analysis of the patient's general health condition and approximate life expectancy. </p>
      <p>In octogenarians, a coronary stent implant is a therapeutic option for patients with coronary disease that do not respond to medicinal treatment. Global mortality rates for this subgroup of patients using this revascularization method vary between 2.2% and 3.5% for elective cases and 14.1 % for acute syndromes that include unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction. The factors that are directly related to the elevation of this mortality rate are: severe multiartery coronary disease, diminished left ventricle function, presence of insulin-dependent diabetes, renal insufficiency and the need to perform emergency interventions. </p>
      <p>Our patient did not have a history of diabetes, the coronary disease was in a single vessel, the left ventricle function was normal and the stent implant was an elective procedure which resulted in a highly satisfactory angiography result. </p>
      <p>Renal insufficiency, or creatinine levels &gt; 1.5 in elderly patients submitted to percutaneous interventions, is associated with a higher comorbidity rate and is an independent indicator of more adverse coronary events<sup>7,8</sup>. Recent publications have emphasized, on a regular basis, the beneficial effects of administering N-acetylcysteine before any procedures<sup>9,10</sup>. The success of the procedure depends on previous knowledge of the renal insufficiency condition. Special considerations that should be arranged beforehand include the use of the lowest quantity of contrast agent possible, preferably in doses that do not exceed 2 ml/kg, and the use of nonionic or low osmolality contrast agents, associated with keeping the patient adequately hydrated<sup>11,12</sup>. These renal protection measures were rigorously followed in our patient. </p>
      <p>PVS is rarely found in octogenarian patients and there is only one other documented case in the world medical literature<sup>13</sup>. When this coronary condition is diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, the treatment of choice is a percutaneous pulmonary balloon valvotomy, provided there is a favorable anatomical situation. Pulmonary valvotomy in an elderly patient is also considered the best therapeutic option. Of course anatomical aspects will be considered as, for example, the presence of severe calcification and/or large deformities of the valve annulus and/or cuspids. </p>
      <p>Our patient did not present excessive pulmonary valve deformities nor exaggerated calcification in the region of the valve commissures. Therefore, the valve dilation was completed successfully using the conventional balloon technique. </p>
      <p>A permanent pacemaker implant is an effective treatment for complete atrioventricular block<sup>14,15</sup>. In octogenarians, complaints of general weakness, dyspnea and temporary loss of consciousness caused by various degrees of atrioventricular blocks are common. Nevertheless, intermittent complete atrioventricular blocks are at times difficult to diagnose and are often found in symptomatic elderly patients. Therefore, a complete and careful examination of the patient including Holter electrocardiography monitoring over a 24 hour time frame is warranted in these circumstances. </p>
      <p>Diagnosis of the 2<sup>nd</sup> degree atrioventricular block for our patient was made during hospital admission and deteriorated to a complete atrioventricular block in the coronary catheterization laboratory a few minutes before the start of the procedures. Consequently, as a first measure, a temporary pacemaker was implanted and subsequently the procedure was discussed with the coronary surgeon who successfully implanted the permanent pacemaker after the pulmonary valvotomy and coronary angioplasty were successfully completed. </p>
      <p>In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is a rare case and to date no other similar case has been published making it the target of great scientific interest. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address</p>
          <p> Milton de Macedo Soares Neto</p>
          <p> Rua Tibiri&#231;&#225;, 11 - Gonzaga</p>
          <p> 11055-250 - Santos, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="miltonms@cardiol.br">miltonms@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 11/01/03</p>
      <p> Accepted on 3/17/05</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
