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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TjzGDVT8GvvG3LWkdL5gXgN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001700005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001700005</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise prospectiva de risco em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Mugayar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Timerman</surname>
            <given-names>Ari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gun</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freire</surname>
            <given-names>Ronald Brewer Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vela</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Nicolas Conde</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Aur&#233;lio de Paiva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Behrmann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piegas</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>254</fpage>
      <lpage>261</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2003</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: An&#225;lise estratificada de risco em Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM). M&#201;TODOS: Estudou-se, de forma prospectiva, 814 pacientes, aplicando-se dois &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos (IP): Parsonnet e Higgins Modificado. O IP Higgins foi Modificado por substitui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel "valor do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco" por "s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco", na admiss&#227;o &#224; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). A capacidade discriminat&#243;ria para morbimortalidade de ambos foi analisada atrav&#233;s de curva ROC (receiver operating characteristic). Identificou-se, atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, os fatores associados, de forma independente aos eventos. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade foi de 5,9% e a de morbidade, 35,5%. O IP Higgins Modificado, que analisa vari&#225;veis pr&#233;, intra-operat&#243;rias e vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas na admiss&#227;o &#224; UTI, demonstrou &#225;reas sob a curva ROC de 77% para mortalidade e de 67%, para morbidade. Por sua vez, o IP Parsonnet, que analisa somente vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, demonstrou &#225;reas de 62,2% e 62,4%, respectivamente. Doze vari&#225;veis caracterizaram-se como fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes: idade, diabete melito, baixa superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, creatinina (&gt;1,5 mg/dl), hipoalbuminemia, cirurgia n&#227;o-eletiva, tempo prolongado de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), necessidade de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico p&#243;s-CEC, s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco na admiss&#227;o do paciente &#224; UTI, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevada, queda do bicarbonato s&#233;rico e alargamento do gradiente alv&#233;olo-arterial de oxig&#234;nio nesse per&#237;odo. CONCLUS&#195;O: O IP Higgins Modificado mostrou-se superior ao IP Parsonnet na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico, salientando a import&#226;ncia da an&#225;lise de eventos intra-operat&#243;rios e vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas na admiss&#227;o do paciente &#224; UTI, quando da defini&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>&#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidade e mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> An&#225;lise prospectiva de risco em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Antonio Carlos Mugayar Bianco; Ari Timerman; &#194;ngela Tavares Paes; Carlos Gun; Rui Fernando Ramos; Ronald Brewer Pereira Freire; C&#233;sar Nicolas Conde Vela; Antonio Aur&#233;lio de Paiva Fagundes Junior; Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Behrmann Martins; Leopoldo Soares Piegas </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end"> Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>An&#225;lise estratificada de risco em Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudou-se, de forma prospectiva, 814 pacientes, aplicando-se dois &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos (IP): Parsonnet e Higgins Modificado. O IP Higgins foi Modificado por substitui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel "valor do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco" por "s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco", na admiss&#227;o &#224; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). A capacidade discriminat&#243;ria para morbimortalidade de ambos foi analisada atrav&#233;s de curva ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>). Identificou-se, atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, os fatores associados, de forma independente aos eventos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>A taxa de mortalidade foi de 5,9% e a de morbidade, 35,5%. O IP Higgins Modificado, que analisa vari&#225;veis pr&#233;, intra-operat&#243;rias e vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas na admiss&#227;o &#224; UTI, demonstrou &#225;reas sob a curva ROC de 77% para mortalidade e de 67%, para morbidade. Por sua vez, o IP Parsonnet, que analisa somente vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, demonstrou &#225;reas de 62,2% e 62,4%, respectivamente. Doze vari&#225;veis caracterizaram-se como fatores progn&#243;sticos independentes: idade, diabete melito, baixa superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, creatinina (&gt;1,5 mg/dl), hipoalbuminemia, cirurgia n&#227;o-eletiva, tempo prolongado de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), necessidade de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico p&#243;s-CEC, s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco na admiss&#227;o do paciente &#224; UTI, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca elevada, queda do bicarbonato s&#233;rico e alargamento do gradiente alv&#233;olo-arterial de oxig&#234;nio nesse per&#237;odo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O IP Higgins Modificado mostrou-se superior ao IP Parsonnet na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico, salientando a import&#226;ncia da an&#225;lise de eventos intra-operat&#243;rios e vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas na admiss&#227;o do paciente &#224; UTI, quando da defini&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos, morbidade e mortalidade </p>
    <p> A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM) tem seus resultados influenciados pelas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes, como tamb&#233;m por aspectos inerentes ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico e &#224; circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, atrav&#233;s de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, tem sua import&#226;ncia quando da indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, por&#233;m, nem sempre espelha o progn&#243;stico, quando da admiss&#227;o do paciente &#224; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). </p>
    <p>Tal fato despertou nosso interesse em aplicar o <italic>ICU Admission Score for Predicting Morbidity and Mortality Risk of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</italic>, desenvolvido, em 1997, pelo Dr. Thomas Higgins, na Cleveland Clinic, que analisa fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, intra-operat&#243;rios e vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas na admiss&#227;o do paciente na UTI e que possui, teoricamente, uma maior abrang&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Havia, entretanto, uma s&#233;ria dificuldade para sua aplica&#231;&#227;o a todos os pacientes submetidos a CRVM, representada pela vari&#225;vel: "valor do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco na admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva", cuja aferi&#231;&#227;o necessitava de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica &#224; beira do leito. </p>
    <p>Visando simplific&#225;-lo e ampliar sua aplica&#231;&#227;o, substitu&#237;mos a vari&#225;vel representada por &#237;ndice card&#237;aco &lt; 2,1 l.min<sup>-1</sup>/m<sup>-2</sup>, quando da admiss&#227;o do paciente na UTI<sup>3</sup>, por "s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco", caracterizada por: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia inferior a 60 mmHg; necessidade de vasoconstritor (noradrenalina), na tentativa de se manter press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia superior a 60 mmHg, ou necessidade do uso de dopamina em dose superior a 6 mg/kg/min. </p>
    <p>A partir de ent&#227;o, denominamos este escore de "&#237;ndice progn&#243;stico de Higgins Modificado". </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, entre 5 de mar&#231;o de 2002 e 3 de junho de 2003. </p>
    <p>Aplicou-se, prospectivamente, dois &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos (IP): o IP Parsonnet (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabs. I</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab02">II</xref>)<sup>4</sup>, que analisa somente vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias; e o IP Higgins<sup>3</sup> Modificado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabs. III</xref> e<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab04"> IV</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab02"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab04"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>A coleta dos dados foi realizada pelo investigador principal no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise da ficha de perfus&#227;o e descri&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, e coleta dos valores de par&#226;metros fisiol&#243;gicos do paciente nos primeiros 20 minutos de sua admiss&#227;o na UTI. </p>
    <p>Foram consideradas como vari&#225;veis dependentes os &#243;bitos, por todas as causas e todas as complica&#231;&#245;es s&#233;rias<sup>3</sup>, assim como aquelas com menor interfer&#234;ncia progn&#243;stica, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), broncoespasmo, infec&#231;&#227;o de cicatriz de safenectomia e outras. Os desfechos, mortalidade e morbidade, foram analisados no per&#237;odo compreendido entre a admiss&#227;o do paciente ao bloco cir&#250;rgico at&#233; o trig&#233;simo dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. </p>
    <p>Calculou-se uma amostra com 814 pacientes, com base em experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e dados retrospectivos, com uma incid&#234;ncia estimada de &#243;bitos e de complica&#231;&#245;es em 15%, considerando-se uma precis&#227;o absoluta de 2,5% e um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05. </p>
    <p> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade e da especificidade do IP Parsonnet e do IP Higgins Modificado foi feita por meio de curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> - ROC). A capacidade discriminat&#243;ria de ambos para mortalidade e morbidade foi obtida por meio do c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea sob a curva. </p>
    <p>Todos os fatores de risco inclu&#237;dos nos &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos, acrescidos de outros julgados como pertinentes pelos autores, foram analisados. Inicialmente, foi avaliada a associa&#231;&#227;o de cada vari&#225;vel com a mortalidade, identificando-se aquelas com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,100). </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram avaliadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado e as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, ap&#243;s categoriza&#231;&#227;o, pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>. </p>
    <p>Posteriormente, as vari&#225;veis selecionadas (p &lt; 0,100) foram analisadas conjuntamente por meio de um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (<italic>odds ratio</italic>), determinando seu peso progn&#243;stico<sup>5-9</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS </bold>
    </p>
    <p>A idade dos pacientes estudados variou entre 30 e 85 anos, sendo a m&#233;dia de idade (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o) de 61,8 &#177; 10,2. Destes, 557 (68,4%) eram do sexo masculino e 34,6% eram diab&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tinha valores iguais ou superiores a 50% em 71,5% dos pacientes e encontravam-se em valores entre 30% a 49% em 22,5% deles, apenas 6% apresentavam uma fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 30%. Seu valor foi de 62%. </p>
    <p>Foram eletivos 677 procedimentos (83,2%), 89 (10,9%) caracterizaram-se como urg&#234;ncias e 48 (5,9%) como emerg&#234;ncias. Somente dois (0,2%), caracterizaram-se como emerg&#234;ncias p&#243;s-acidente no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica. </p>
    <p>A maioria dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos constou da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de duas a quatro art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. </p>
    <p>Os dados relativos aos eventos m&#243;rbidos, ocorridos na UTI, encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabela V</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de um &#250;nico evento m&#243;rbido significou um aumento de 50% no tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. </p>
    <p>A morbidade ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar resumiu-se, basicamente, a problemas em cicatriz de safenectomia, como edema localizado, rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria local ou processos infecciosos leves. </p>
    <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI variou amplamente, desde uma hora (&#243;bito precoce) at&#233; 1.730 horas (pacientes cr&#244;nicos). Na aus&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, &#233; representado por uma mediana de 44 horas. O tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar quantificado em dias, a partir do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, foi em m&#233;dia de oito dias, variando entre um dia (&#243;bito precoce) at&#233; o m&#225;ximo de 173 dias (pacientes cr&#244;nicos). </p>
    <p>Ocorreram 48 &#243;bitos durante os primeiros 30 dias de evolu&#231;&#227;o, representando taxa de mortalidade de 5,9%. </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi o fator respons&#225;vel pelo &#243;bito em 26 (54,2%) pacientes. Em 75% das vezes, o &#243;bito ocorreu precocemente, nas primeiras 48 horas de evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio transoperat&#243;rio foi seu fator desencadeante em 30% dos casos. </p>
    <p>Os &#243;bitos ocorridos na fase hospitalar tardia relacionaram-se com uma gama maior de fatores. O seu principal representante foi o acidente vascular cerebral grave. </p>
    <p>Os &#243;bitos extra-hospitalares foram representados exclusivamente por morte s&#250;bita. </p>
    <p>As causas de &#243;bito encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06">tabela VI</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab06">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab07">tabela VII</xref>, encontra-se a mortalidade prevista pelo IP Parsonnet<sup>4</sup> nos diferentes grupos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e a obtida na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab07">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab08">tabela VIII</xref> demonstra a mortalidade prevista pelo IP de Higgins<sup>3 </sup>e a obtida neste estudo, atrav&#233;s da aplica&#231;&#227;o do IP Higgins Modificado. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab08">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliada a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria do IP Parsonnet e do IP Higgins Modificado em prever a mortalidade e eventos m&#243;rbidos, por meio da curva de opera&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica (ROC). </p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; mortalidade, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico de Higgins Modificado tem valor de 77% (IC 95%, 68,2-86,0), ao passo que o valor da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC do &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico de Parsonnet &#233; de 62,2% (IC 95%, 51,8 - 72,6). </p>
    <p>As &#225;reas sob as curvas ROC t&#234;m, respectivamente, os valores de 67% e 62,4%, com intervalos de confian&#231;a variando de 62,9 a 71,0 para o &#237;ndice de Higgins e de 58,2 a 66,6, para o de Parsonnet. </p>
    <p>Aplicou-se o teste do <italic>x</italic><sup>2</sup>, buscando-se a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis qualitativas e &#243;bito e, atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t </italic>de<italic> Student,</italic> comparou-se a m&#233;dia dos valores de cada vari&#225;vel quantitativa entre os pacientes que faleceram e os que sobreviveram. </p>
    <p>Com o intuito de simplificar a an&#225;lise, as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram categorizadas em duas classes, conforme um ponto de corte escolhido com base em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, dados da literatura e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica (curva ROC e teste <italic>x</italic><sup>2</sup>). Este ponto de corte permaneceu inalterado para os valores de albumina s&#233;rica, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, e teve seus valores alterados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IP original para: idade (e" 70 anos para &gt; 65 anos), creatinina (1,9 mg/dl para 1,5 mg/dl), tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (e" 160 minutos para &gt;100 minutos), freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (e" 100 bpm para &gt; 110 bpm) e gradiente alv&#233;olo-arterial pulmonar (e" 250 mmHg para &gt; 320 mmHg). Portanto, foram "recategorizadas". </p>
    <p>Dentre as vari&#225;veis com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, 12 foram selecionadas para an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09">tabs. IX</xref> e <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab10">X</xref>). O crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o de uma vari&#225;vel baseou-se em sua baixa freq&#252;&#234;ncia, no fato de se caracterizar como uma complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, ou por ser redundante em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras. Foram exclu&#237;dos: estados catastr&#243;ficos, tipos de enxerto utilizados durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, necessidade de aminas simpatomim&#233;ticas por per&#237;odo prolongado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio perioperat&#243;rio e reopera&#231;&#227;o nas fases precoces de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas maiores e estado de coma persistente. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab09">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <fn id="tab10">
        <p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-e03.jpg"/></p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis, como dosagem de albumina s&#233;rica, tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco por ocasi&#227;o da admiss&#227;o na UTI e dosagem de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio na gasometria inicial do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, s&#227;o dotadas de elevado valor progn&#243;stico para mortalidade. Ao se analisar a morbidade, essas mesmas vari&#225;veis s&#227;o identificadas como portadoras de alta signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, somando-se a outras, como idade do paciente e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por ocasi&#227;o da admiss&#227;o na UTI. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nota-se uma maior mortalidade e morbidade nas cirurgias de urg&#234;ncia/emerg&#234;ncia, com um risco relativo de 1,17 (IC 95%, 0,55-2,46; p = 0,844) para mortalidade e de 0,99 (IC 95%, 0,62-1,57; p = 0,955) para morbidade. </p>
    <p>As cirurgias com uso exclusivo de enxertos venosos (15,1%) cursaram com uma maior morbimortalidade que aquelas em que se realizou pelo menos um enxerto arterial (art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda<sup>10</sup>, direita e/ou art&#233;rias radiais). Comprova-se, j&#225; nas fases precoces de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, um efeito ben&#233;fico da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de enxertos arteriais, que n&#227;o se restringe &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda, mas &#233; extensivo ao uso de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna direita e art&#233;rias radiais. </p>
    <p>Comparando-se as curvas ROC para mortalidade e morbidade, observa-se que o &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico de Higgins Modificado tem capacidade discriminat&#243;ria superior ao &#237;ndice de Parsonnet, que &#233; mais acentuada quando se analisa mortalidade. </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com idade superior a 65 anos<sup>1,11-13</sup> e os diab&#233;ticos<sup>14-17</sup> t&#234;m um pior progn&#243;stico evolutivo. Outro importante fator de risco &#233; a baixa superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (&lt;1,72m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>3,18,19</sup>. Gera um risco relativo de 1,35 (IC 95%, 0,66-2,77; p = 0,405) para mortalidade e de 1,17 (IC 95%, 0,83-1,65; p = 0,360), para morbidade. </p>
    <p>Considerou-se a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal pr&#233;via ao procedimento, caracterizada por uma dosagem de creatinina s&#233;rica em n&#237;veis superiores a 1,5mg/dl<sup>3</sup>, como um fator de risco independente para morbimortalidade. De modo similar, a hipoalbuminemia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria associa-se a uma maior morbimortalidade, fato justificado por sua associa&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, maior perman&#234;ncia em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, maior incid&#234;ncia de sangramentos gastrointestinais e de infec&#231;&#227;o nosocomial<sup>3,19-22</sup>. Os pacientes hipoalbumin&#234;micos (17,7%) cursaram com risco relativo de 1,37 (IC 95%, 1,07-5,35; p = 0,0360) para mortalidade e de 2,67 (IC 95%, 1,74-4,10; p = 0,179), para morbidade. </p>
    <p> A circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea prolongada predisp&#245;e &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e a necessidade do uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico espelha a presen&#231;a de acentuada instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Notou-se que uma circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, em tempo superior a 100 minutos, caracterizou-se como um fator independente para morbimortalidade. A necessidade do uso do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA), por sua vez, ocorreu em um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes (2,1%). A mortalidade neste grupo foi de 47,8%, contra 5% naqueles que n&#227;o necessitaram de seu uso (p &lt; 0,001). Esta mortalidade superior &#224; prevista na literatura (30% a 40%)<sup>23</sup> justifica-se pela resist&#234;ncia &#224; sua indica&#231;&#227;o precoce, ficando seu uso restrito a situa&#231;&#245;es de extrema gravidade. </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, por ocasi&#227;o da admiss&#227;o na UTI, poder&#225; ser transit&#243;ria e responder a medidas como reposi&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica e curtos per&#237;odos de suporte inotr&#243;pico. Sua dura&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de 24 horas, descarta a possibilidade de estar ligada aos efeitos do <italic>stunned myocardium </italic>e da s&#237;ndrome de resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, os quais, teoricamente, j&#225; se reverteram, e se relaciona com uma elevada mortalidade (39%)<sup>24</sup>. </p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, identificada por ocasi&#227;o da admiss&#227;o &#224; UTI, atrav&#233;s dos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos anteriormente mencionados, mesmo que transit&#243;ria, tem elevada capacidade em prever a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos. Esse grupo de pacientes cursou com uma mortalidade de 27,3%, comparativamente a 2,7% no restante do grupo. Portanto, manifesta&#231;&#245;es de baixo d&#233;bito, mesmo nas fases iniciais de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, geraram um elevado risco relativo, 5,78 (IC 95%, 2,58-12,96; p &lt; 0,001) para mortalidade e 11,53 (IC 95%, 5,42-24,54; p &lt; 0,001), para morbidade. </p>
    <p>Higgins e cols.<sup>3</sup> consideraram como fatores progn&#243;sticos cinco vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas aferidas na admiss&#227;o do paciente na UTI: gradiente alv&#233;olo-arterial pulmonar, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, press&#227;o venosa central e dosagem de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio no sangue arterial. Dessas, o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco foi substitu&#237;do pela vari&#225;vel s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, e a press&#227;o venosa central n&#227;o demonstrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando analisada. </p>
    <p>O gradiente alv&#233;olo-arterial pulmonar alarga-se nas fases iniciais de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em raz&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es, como aumento na permeabilidade vascular pulmonar, ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido no interst&#237;cio e aumento do <italic>shunt</italic> intrapulmonar, secund&#225;rio ao estabelecimento de atelectasias. Caracterizou-se como alargado valores superiores a 320 mmHg. Demonstrou-se que os pacientes com alargamento do gradiente alv&#233;olo-arterial cursam com um risco relativo de 1,60 (IC 95%, 0,70-3,63; p = 0,266) para mortalidade e de 0,93 (IC 95%, 0,66-1,30; p = 0,652), para morbidade. </p>
    <p>A freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi considerada como fator de risco quando em valores superiores a 110 bpm e confere um risco relativo de 1,09 (IC 95%, 0,50-2,36; p = 0,833) para mortalidade e de 1,40 (IC 95%, 0,96-2,03; p = 0,787), para morbidade<sup>23</sup>. A taquicardia nas fases precoces de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio gera um incremento no gasto energ&#233;tico e consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio, quando iguais ou inferiores a 19 mmol/l, geraram, por sua vez, um risco relativo de 3,09 (IC 95%, 1,46-6,56; p = 0,003) para mortalidade e de 1,54 (IC 95%, 0,98-2,42; p = 0,059), para morbidade<sup>25</sup>. Sua redu&#231;&#227;o, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, significa a presen&#231;a de hip&#243;xia tissular. </p>
    <p>Embora n&#227;o fosse nosso objetivo prim&#225;rio, algumas complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias tiveram uma importante interfer&#234;ncia evolutiva. Dentre essas destacamos: a persist&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, caracterizada pela necessidade do uso de aminas simpatomim&#233;ticas por tempo igual ou superior &#224; 40 horas de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio transoperat&#243;rio<sup>26-28</sup>; as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas do tipo 1 ou maiores, plegias, estupor e coma<sup>29-32</sup>; a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria<sup>33</sup> e a necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada (tempo e" 72 horas); a insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda<sup>34-38</sup>; as infec&#231;&#245;es graves em ferida operat&#243;ria, pneumonias extensas e sepse<sup>39-42</sup>. Os pacientes que cursaram com uma dessas complica&#231;&#245;es apresentaram uma eleva&#231;&#227;o em sua taxa de mortalidade (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p>Outras complica&#231;&#245;es, como infec&#231;&#227;o em s&#237;tio de safenectomia, infec&#231;&#227;o do trato urin&#225;rio e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>43</sup>, n&#227;o demonstraram nenhuma interfer&#234;ncia na mortalidade, entretanto, ganham import&#226;ncia por prolongarem o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A morbidade global foi de 35,5%. Encontra-se em uma taxa superior &#224; encontrada na literatura, que gira entre 15% a 30%<sup>44,45</sup>. Isto se prende ao fato de identificarmos as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em sua totalidade. Quando analisamos qual era o significado da ocorr&#234;ncia de uma &#250;nica complica&#231;&#227;o, independente de sua gravidade, obtivemos como resultado um acr&#233;scimo em 50% no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A maioria dos trabalhos consultados descreve uma mortalidade hospitalar ao redor de 1%, a qual varia em cifras entre 1% a 6%. Em publica&#231;&#227;o recente, Almeida e cols<sup>46</sup> descrevem mortalidade p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica de 11,3%. </p>
    <p>Pode-se afirmar, com base nestes dados, que a mortalidade prevista para os pacientes de baixo risco, submetidos &#224; cirurgia eletiva, &#233; de 1%. Entretanto, poder&#225; variar na depend&#234;ncia de fatores, como a presen&#231;a de co-morbidades e complica&#231;&#245;es transoperat&#243;rias. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade identificada at&#233; o trig&#233;simo dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo, foi de 5,9%. Embora elevada, &#233; aceit&#225;vel, justificando-se pela grande incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e por um longo per&#237;odo de acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, at&#233; o trig&#233;simo dia de evolu&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>A mortalidade obtida nos diferentes grupos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco merece alguns coment&#225;rios. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IP Parsonnet, nota-se maior mortalidade nos pacientes estratificados como de baixo risco. Nas demais faixas, obt&#233;m-se mortalidade inferior &#224; prevista. Por sua vez, quando se compara a mortalidade estratificada obtida com a prevista pelo IP Higgins, observa-se que os valores encontrados s&#227;o pr&#243;ximos aos previstos, havendo um discreto acr&#233;scimo nesta para os pacientes classificados como de alto risco. </p>
    <p>A maior mortalidade nos pacientes de baixo risco, estratificados pelo IP Parsonnet, deveu-se &#224; elevada incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral e coma nesse grupo. </p>
    <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o de uma maior mortalidade nos pacientes estratificados como de alto risco pelo IP Higgins Modificado serve, por sua vez, como um alerta para a necessidade de uma conduta inicial mais agressiva nesse grupo. </p>
    <p>Finalmente, observou-se que 0,9% dos &#243;bitos ocorreu no centro cir&#250;rgico e esteve ligado &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o de grave disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Os &#243;bitos hospitalares precoces (39,6%) ocorreram, em sua totalidade, na UTI e tiveram como causa principal a s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Os &#243;bitos hospitalares tardios (41,6%) deveram-se a uma gama maior de fatores e seus principais representantes foram: o acidente vascular cerebral, as infec&#231;&#245;es graves e arritmias incontrol&#225;veis. Os &#243;bitos extra-hospitalares (0,2%) foram ligados exclusivamente &#224; morte s&#250;bita. </p>
    <p>A principal causa de &#243;bitos, quando analisados globalmente, foi &#224; s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p>Conclui-se que o IP Higgins Modificado mostrou-se superior ao IP Parsonnet na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico. Salienta-se, atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise comparativa de ambos e do estudo individualizado dos fatores progn&#243;sticos, a import&#226;ncia de eventos intra-operat&#243;rios e das vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas na admiss&#227;o do paciente &#224; UTI. Portanto, o &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico de Higgins Modificado caracteriza-se como uma alternativa concreta e vi&#225;vel para a an&#225;lise estratificada de risco do paciente submetido &#224; CRVM, quando de sua admiss&#227;o &#224; UTI. Salientamos que os &#237;ndices progn&#243;sticos, usados em terapia intensiva geral existentes (APACHE, SOFA, MPM), apresentam s&#233;rias limita&#231;&#245;es para a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRVM. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Antonio Carlos Mugayar Bianco </p>
        <p> Rua Pelotas, 323/113 </p>
        <p> 04012-001 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mugayarb@terra.com.br">mugayarb@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Recebido em 22/12/03 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 4/03/05</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prospective risk analysis in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To perform a stratified risk analysis in Myocardial Revascularization Surgery (MRS). METHODS: 814 patients were prospectively studied by applying two prognostic indexes (PI): Parsonnet and Modified Higgins. The Higgins PI was modified by substituting the variable "cardiac index value" by "low cardiac output syndrome" at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. The discriminatory capacity for morbimortality of both indexes was analyzed by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. Logistic reaction identified the associated factors, independently from the events. RESULTS: Mortality and morbidity rates were 5.9% and 35.5%, respectively. The Modified Higgins PI, which analyzes pre- and intra-operative and physiological variables at the ICU admission showed areas under the ROC curve of 77% for mortality and 67% for morbidity. The Parsonnet PI, which only analyzes pre-operative variables, showed areas of 62.2% and 62.4%, respectively. Twelve variables were characterized as independent prognostic factors: age, diabetes mellitus, low body surface, creatinine levels (&gt;1.5 mg/dL), hypoalbuminemia, non-elective surgery, prolonged time of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), necessity of post-ECC intra-aortic balloon, low cardiac output syndrome at the ICU admission, elevated cardiac frequency, decrease in serum bicarbonate concentrations and increase of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient within this period. CONCLUSION:The Modified Higgins PI showed to be superior to the Parsonnet PI at the surgical risk stratification, showing the importance of the analysis of intraoperative events and physiological variables at the patient's ICU admission, when prognostic definition is achieved.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>myocardial revascularization surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>prognostic indexes</kwd>
        <kwd>morbidity and mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Prospective risk analysis in patients submitted to myocardial revascularization surgery</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Antonio Carlos Mugayar Bianco; Ari Timerman; &#194;ngela Tavares Paes; Carlos Gun; Rui Fernando Ramos; Ronald Brewer Pereira Freire; C&#233;sar Nicolas Conde Vela; Antonio Aur&#233;lio de Paiva Fagundes Junior; Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Behrmann Martins; Leopoldo Soares Piegas </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil Conclusion </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To perform a stratified risk analysis in Myocardial Revascularization Surgery (MRS).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>814 patients were prospectively studied by applying two prognostic indexes (PI): Parsonnet and Modified Higgins. The Higgins PI was modified by substituting the variable "cardiac index value" by "low cardiac output syndrome" at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. The discriminatory capacity for morbimortality of both indexes was analyzed by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. Logistic reaction identified the associated factors, independently from the events.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Mortality and morbidity rates were 5.9% and 35.5%, respectively. The Modified Higgins PI, which analyzes pre- and intra-operative and physiological variables at the ICU admission showed areas under the ROC curve of 77% for mortality and 67% for morbidity. The Parsonnet PI, which only analyzes pre-operative variables, showed areas of 62.2% and 62.4%, respectively. Twelve variables were characterized as independent prognostic factors: age, diabetes mellitus, low body surface, creatinine levels (&gt;1.5 mg/dL), hypoalbuminemia, non-elective surgery, prolonged time of extracorporeal circulation (ECC), necessity of post-ECC intra-aortic balloon, low cardiac output syndrome at the ICU admission, elevated cardiac frequency, decrease in serum bicarbonate concentrations and increase of the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient within this period.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold>The Modified Higgins PI showed to be superior to the Parsonnet PI at the surgical risk stratification, showing the importance of the analysis of intraoperative events and physiological variables at the patient's ICU admission, when prognostic definition is achieved. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>myocardial revascularization surgery, prognostic indexes, morbidity and mortality </p>
      <p> The results of myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) are influenced by the clinical characteristics of patients, as well as by the aspects that are inherent to the surgical procedure and extracorporeal circulation<sup>1,2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The prognostic definition, through pre-operative clinical parameters, is important for the surgical indication; however, it does not always reflect the prognosis, when the patient is admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Such fact has called our attention to the possibility of applying the ICU Admission Score for Predicting Morbidity and Mortality Risk of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, developed in 1997 by DR Thomas Higgins at the Cleveland Clinic, which analyzes pre-operative and intra-operative factors and physiological variables when the patient is admitted at the ICU, and which has, in theory, a broader prognostic range<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>There was, however, a significant problem regarding its use for all patients submitted to MRS, represented by the variable "cardiac index value at the ICU admission", whose measurement required bedside hemodynamic monitoring. </p>
      <p>In an attempt to simplify it and amplify its use, we substituted the variable represented by the cardiac index &lt; 2.1 1.min<sup>-1</sup>/m<sup>-2</sup>, at the patient's admission to the ICU<sup>3</sup>, by "low cardiac output syndrome", characterized by arterial pressure &lt; 60 mmHg; need for vasoconstrictor (noradrenaline) when trying to keep the mean arterial pressure &gt; 60 mmHg or the need for dopamine at a dose &gt; 6 &#181;g/kg/min. </p>
      <p>We then named this score "Modified Higgins prognostic index". </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study was developed at Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, between March 5, 2002 and June 3, 2003. </p>
      <p>Two prognostic indexes (PI) were prospectively applied: the Parsonnet PI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Tables I</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab02-body2">II</xref>)<sup>4</sup> , which analyzes only pre-operative variables and the Modified Higgins<sup>3</sup> PI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables III</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab04-body2">IV</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab02-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab04-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Data collection was carried out by the main investigator during the pre-operative period through the perfusion record analysis and surgical description, and collection of the patient's physiological parameters in the first 20 minutes of his/her ICU admission. </p>
      <p>Death due to all causes as well as all severe complications<sup>3</sup> were considered dependent variables, in addition to those with a lower prognostic significance such as atrial fibrillation (AF), bronchospasm, bypass surgery scar infection and others. The outcomes, mortality and morbidity were analyzed within a period that went from the surgical ward admission up to 30 days of post-operative evolution. </p>
      <p>A sample of 814 patients was calculated based on the clinical experience and retrospective data, with an estimated incidence of deaths and complications of 15%, considering an absolute precision of 2.5% and a level of significance of 0.05%. </p>
      <p>Sensitivity and specificity assessment of Parsonnet and Modified Higgins PI was carried out by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. The discriminatory capacity of both indexes for mortality and morbidity was obtained by calculating the area under the curve. </p>
      <p>All risk factors included in the prognostic indexes as well as others considered pertinent by the authors, were analyzed. Initially, the association of each variable with mortality was evaluated, and the statistically significant ones were identified (p&lt; 0.100). </p>
      <p>The qualitative variables were evaluated by Chi-square test and the quantitative ones by Student's T-test. </p>
      <p>Subsequently, the selected variables (p&lt; 0.100) were analyzed together through a logistic regression model (odds ratio), in order to determine their prognostic weight<sup>5-9</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The studied patients' age ranged from 30 and 85 years, with a mean age (mean &#177; SD) of 61.8 &#177; 10.2 yrs. Of the 814 individuals studied, 557 (68.4%) were male and 34.6% were diabetic patients. </p>
      <p>Regarding ejection fraction, 71.5% of them presented 50% or higher, 22.5% had between 30% and 49% and 6% had lower than 30%; the mean was 62%. </p>
      <p>Of the procedures that were carried out, 677 (83.2%) were considered elective, 89 (10.9%) were characterized as urgent procedures and 48 (5.9%) were emergency procedures. Only two (0.2%) were characterized as post-accident emergencies at the hemodynamics laboratory. </p>
      <p> Most of the surgical procedures consisted of revascularization of 2 to 4 coronary arteries. The data regarding the morbid events that took place in the ICU are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Table V</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The occurrence of only one morbid event meant an increase of 50% in hospital stay duration. Morbidity after hospital release was basically restricted to healing problems of the bypass surgery scar, such as localized edema, local inflammatory reaction or minor infectious processes. </p>
      <p>ICU stay duration varied broadly, from one hour (early death) to 1,730 hours (chronic patients). In the absence of complications, this time is represented by a median of 44 hours. Hospital stay duration, when measured in days starting from the day of the surgical procedure, was in average 8 days, ranging from 1 day (early death) to a maximum of 173 days (chronic patients). </p>
      <p>There were 48 deaths during the first 30 days of evolution, representing a mortality rate of 5.9%. </p>
      <p>Low cardiac output syndrome was the main factor responsible for death in 26 (54.2%) patients. In 75% of the times, death occurred prematurely, within the first 48 hours of post-operative evolution. Acute transoperative myocardial infarction was the triggering factor in 30% of the cases. </p>
      <p>The deaths that occurred during the late hospital phase were related to a wider range of factors. Its main representative was severe stroke or cerebral vascular accident. The extra-hospital deaths were represented exclusively by sudden death. The causes of death are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab06-body2">Table VI</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab06-body2">
        <label>Table VII</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><sup>4</sup> PI at the different risk stratification groups and the one obtained for the studied population. </p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab07-body2">
        <label>Table VIII</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><sup>3</sup> PI and the one obtained for this study with the use of the Modified Higgins PI. </p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab08-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>At a second phase, the discriminatory capacity of Parsonnet PI and Modified Higgins PI was evaluated when predicting mortality and morbid events, through the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve. </p>
      <p>Regarding mortality, the area under the ROC curve of the Modified Higgins PI presents a value of 77% (CI 95%, 68.2-86.0), whereas this value for the Parsonnet PI is 62.2% (CI 95%, 51.8-72.6). </p>
      <p>The areas under the ROC curve have, respectively, the values of 67% and 62.4%, with confidence intervals ranging from 62.9 to 71.0 for the Higgins PI and 58.2 to 66.6 for the Parsonnet PI. </p>
      <p>The x<sup>2</sup> test was used in search for an association between the qualitative variables and death, and Student's T test was used to compare the means of each quantitative variable value between the patients who died and those who survived. </p>
      <p>With the objective of simplifying the analysis, the quantitative variables were categorized in two classes, according to a cutoff chosen based on clinical criteria, literature data and statistical analysis (ROC curve and x<sup>2</sup> test). This cutoff remained unaltered for serum albumin values in the pre-operative period and body surface area, and showed altered values regarding the original PI for age (<underline>&gt;</underline> 70 yrs to 65 yrs), creatinine (1.9 mg/dL to 1.5 mg/dL), time of extra-corporeal circulation (<underline>&gt;</underline> 160 min to &gt; 100 min), cardiac frequency (<underline>&gt;</underline> 100 bpm to &gt; 110 bpm) and alveolar-arterial pulmonary gradient (<underline>&gt;</underline> 250 mmHg to 320 mmHg). Therefore, they were re-categorized. </p>
      <p>Among the variables with statistical significance, 12 were selected for analysis through logistic regression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab09-body2">Tables IX</xref> and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="tab10-body2">X</xref>). The exclusion criterion of a variable was based on the variable's low incidence, its characterization as a post-operative complication or for being redundant in relation to the others. The following were excluded: catastrophic states, types of grafting used during the surgical procedure, need for sympathomimetic amines for a prolonged period in the post-operative period, acute perioperative myocardial infarction, and reoperation in the early phases of the post-operative period, major neurological complications, and persistent coma. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab09-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fn id="tab10-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0254-00005-e03-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Variables such as serum albumin measurement, time of extra-corporeal circulation, low cardiac output syndrome at ICU admission and sodium bicarbonate measurement at the initial post-operative gasometry present a high prognostic value for mortality. When analyzing morbidity, these same variables are identified as having high statistical significance, adding to others such as the patient's age and cardiac frequency at the ICU admission. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A higher mortality and morbidity was observed in the urgency/emergency surgeries with a relative risk of 1.17 (relative risk of 1.17 (CI 95%, 0.55-2.46; p = 0.844) for mortality and 0.99 (IC 95%, 0.62-1.57; p = 0.955) for morbidity. </p>
      <p>The surgeries that were carried out exclusively with venous graft (15.1%) presented a higher morbimortality than those carried out with at least one arterial graft (left internal thoracic artery<sup>10</sup>, right left internal thoracic artery and/or radial arteries). It has been shown, right in the early phases of the post-operative period, a beneficial effect of using arterial grafts, which is not restricted to the use of the left internal thoracic artery, but also includes the use of the right left internal thoracic artery and radial arteries. </p>
      <p>Comparing the ROC curves for mortality and morbidity, we observed that the Modified Higgins PI has a higher discriminatory capacity when compared to Parsonnet PI, which is accentuated when mortality is analyzed. </p>
      <p>Patients older than 65 yrs<sup>1,11-13</sup> and diabetic ones<sup>14-17</sup> have a poorer evolution prognosis. Another important risk factor is the low body surface (&lt;1.72m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>3,18,19</sup>. It generates a relative risk of 1.35 (CI 95%, 0.66-2.77; p=0.405) for mortality and 1.17 (CI 95%, 0.83-1.65; p = 0.360), for morbidity. </p>
      <p>The importance of the presence of renal dysfunction prior to the surgical procedure as an independent prognostic factor was confirmed (serum creatinine levels &gt; 1.5 mg/dL<sup>3</sup>). Similarly, pre-operative albumin levels are associated to a higher morbimortality, justified by its association to complications such as cardiac failure, acute respiratory failure, acute renal failure, longer periods of mechanical ventilation support, higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding and nosocomial infections<sup>3,19-22</sup>. The hypoalbuminemic patients (17.7%) presented a relative risk of 1.37 (CI 95%, 1.07-5.35; p = 0.0360) for mortality and 2.67 (CI 95%, 1.74-4.10; p = 0.179), for morbidity. </p>
      <p>The prolonged extra-corporeal circulation predisposes to post-operative complications, and the need for intra-aortic balloon reflects the presence of accentuated hemodynamic instability. It was observed that an extra-corporeal circulation time &gt; 100 min characterized as an independent factor for morbimortality. The need for intra-aortic balloon (IAB), however, occurred in a small number of patients (2.1%). Mortality in this group was 47.8%, against 5% who did not need it (p&lt; 0.001). This mortality rate above the one predicted in the literature (30 to 40%) is justified by the resistance to its early indication, making its use restricted to extremely severe situations. </p>
      <p>The low cardiac output syndrome at the ICU admission can be transitory and respond to measures such as volemic replacement and short periods of inotropic support. Its duration beyond 24 hours rules out the possibility of being connected to the effects of stunned myocardium and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which, in theory, have been reverted and is correlated with a high mortality (39%)<sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>The low cardiac output syndrome, identified at the ICU admission through the previously mentioned clinical criteria, has a high capacity to predict death, even when the syndrome is transitory. This group of patients presented a mortality of 27.3%, compared to 2.7% in the rest of the group. Therefore, low output manifestations, even when at its initial post-operative phases, generated a high relative risk of 5.78 (CI 95%, 2.58-12.96; p &lt; 0.001) for mortality and 11.53 (CI 95%, 5.42-24.54; p &lt; 0.001), for morbidity. </p>
      <p>Higgins and cols<sup>3</sup> considered as prognostic factors five physisological variables measured at ICU admission: arterial-alveolar pulmonary gradient, cardiac frequency, cardiac index, central venous pressure, and arterial blood sodium bicarbonate measurement. Of these, the cardiac index was substituted by the variable "low cardiac output syndrome" and the central venous pressure did not show statistical significance when analyzed. </p>
      <p>The arterial-alveolar pulmonary gradient is increased during the initial phases of the post-operative period due to alterations such as increase of the pulmonary vascular permeability, accumulation of interstitial liquid and increase of intrapulmonary shunt, secondary to the appearance of atelectasias. The gradient was considered increased when its values were &gt; 320 mmHg. It was demonstrated that patients with an increased arterial-alveolar pulmonary gradient presented a relative risk of 1.60 (CI 95%, 0.70-3.63; p = 0.266) for mortality and 0.93 (CI 95%, 0.66-1.30; p = 0.652), for morbidity. </p>
      <p>Cardiac frequency was considered a risk factor when it was &gt; 110 bpm and it confers a relative risk of 1.09 (CI 95%, 0.50-2.36; p = 0.833) for mortality and 1.40 (CI 95%, 0.96-2.03; p = 0.787), for morbidity<sup>23</sup>. Tachycardia in the early phases of the pre-operative period generates an increment in energy consumption and oxygen consumption by the myocardium. </p>
      <p>Serum bicarbonate levels <underline>&lt;</underline> 19 mmol/L generated a relative risk of 3.09 (CI 95%, 1.46-6.56; p = 0.003) for mortality and 1.54 (CI 95%, 0.98-2.42; p = 0.059), for morbidity<sup>25</sup>. Its decrease, ultimately, means the presence of tissue hypoxia. </p>
      <p>Although it was not our primary objective, some post-operative complications showed to be important development interferences. Among them we cite persistent left ventricular dysfunction, characterized by the need for sympathomimetic amines for a period of time <underline>&gt;</underline> 40 of post-operative phase; acute transoperative myocardial infarction<sup>26-28</sup>, and the type 1 or major neurological complications, plegias, stupor and coma<sup>29-32</sup>; respiratory failure<sup>33</sup> and the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation (time <underline>&gt;</underline> 72 hs); acute renal failure<sup>34-38</sup>; severe infections of the surgical wound, extensive pneumonias and sepsis<sup>39-42</sup>. The patients who presented one of these complications has an elevation in their mortality rate (p&lt; 0.001). </p>
      <p>Other complications, such as bypass grafting site infections, urinary tract infections and atrial fibrillation<sup>43</sup> did not show interference in mortality; however, they are noteworthy due to fact that they increased hospital stay duration. </p>
      <p>Global morbidity was 35.5%, which is a higher rate than that found in the literature that ranges from 15% to 30%<sup>44,45</sup>. This is related to the fact that we identified post-operative complications as a whole. When we analyzed what was the significance of the occurrence of a single complication, regardless of its severity, we obtained an increase of 50% in hospital stay duration as a result. </p>
      <p>Most of the studies in literature describe a hospital mortality of around 1%, which ranges from 1% to 6%. In a recent report, Almeida and cols<sup>46</sup> described a post-surgical mortality of 11.3%. </p>
      <p>One can affirm, based on such data, that the predicted mortality for low-risk patients submitted to elective surgery is 1%. Nevertheless, it can depend on factors such as the presence of co-morbidities and transoperative complications. </p>
      <p>The mortality rate identified up to 30 days of post-operative evolution in this study was 5.9%. Although high, it is acceptable, justified by the great incidence of complications and for a long period of post-operative follow-up, which lasted thirty days. </p>
      <p> The mortality rates obtained for the different groups of risk stratification deserve a few comments. </p>
      <p>Regarding the Parsonnet PI, a higher mortality is observed in patients stratified as being low-risk. In the other groups, it is observed a lower mortality than the predicted one. However, when the obtained stratified mortality is compared to the one predicted by the Higgins PI, we observe that the values are close to the predicted ones, with a slight increase in patients classified as being high-risk. </p>
      <p>The higher mortality found in low-risk patients that were stratified by the Parsonnet PI, was due to the elevated incidence of cerebral vascular accident and coma in this group. </p>
      <p>The higher mortality observed among the patients stratified as being high-risk by the Modified Higgins PI serve as an alert for the need to conduct a more aggressive initial approach in this group. </p>
      <p>Finally, we observed that 0.9% of the deaths occurred in the surgical ward and were linked to severe left ventricular dysfunction. The early hospital deaths (39.6%) occurred all at the ICU and their main cause was the low cardiac output syndrome. Late hospital deaths (41.6%) were due to a broader range of factors and their main factors were: cerebral vascular accident, severe infections and uncontrollable arrhythmias. The extra-hospital deaths (0.2%) were exclusively linked to sudden death. </p>
      <p>The main cause of deaths, when analyzed as a whole, was low cardiac output syndrome. </p>
      <p>We conclude that the Modified Higgins PI was superior to the Parsonnet PI at surgical risk stratification. It is noteworthy, through a comparative analysis of both indexes and the individualized study of prognostic factors, the importance of intra-operative events and the physiological variables at the patient's ICU admission. Hence, the Modified Higgins PI characterizes as a concrete and viable alternative for the stratified risk analysis in patients submitted to MRS, when he or she is admitted to the ICU. It is worth mentioning that the current prognostic indexes used in general intensive care (APACHE, SOFA, MPM), present severe limitations to their use in patients who undergo MRS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>29. Atra M, D'Alessandro JR. Altera&#231;&#245;es do sistema nervoso central e perif&#233;rico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Rev Soc Cardiol Est S&#227;o Paulo 2001; 5: 964-9. </p>
      <p>30. Ridderstolpe L, Ahlgren L, Rutberg H. Risk factor analysis and delayed cerebral complications after cardiac surgery. Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2002; 16: 278-85. </p>
      <p>31. Bucerius J, Gummert JF, Borger MA et al. Stroke after cardiac surgery: a risk factor analysis of 16,184 consecutive adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75: 472-8. </p>
      <p>32. Hogue CW, De Wet CJ, Schechtman KB, Davila-Roman VG. The importance of prior stroke for the adjusted risk of neurologic injury after cardiac surgery for women and men. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 823-9. </p>
      <p> 33. Bianco ACM. Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Rev Soc Cardiol Est S&#227;o Paulo 2001; 5: 927-38. </p>
      <p>34. Provenchere S, Plantefeve G, Hufnagel G et al. Renal dysfunction with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: incidence, risk factors, and effect on clinical outcome. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1258-64. </p>
      <p>35. Ryckwaert F, Boccara G, Frappier JM, Colson PH. Incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of a moderate increase in plasma creatinine early after cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1495-8. </p>
      <p>36. Penta De Peppo A, Nardi P, De Paulis R et al. Cardiac surgery in moderate end-stage renal failure: analysis of risk factors. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 74: 378-83. </p>
      <p>37. Lucini N, Nasso G, D'alessandro C et al. Heart surgery interventions in chronic dialysis patients: short and long-term results. Ital Heart J 2002; 3: 746-52. </p>
      <p>38. Bojar MR. Post-ICU care and other complications. In: Bojar M.R. Manual of perioperative care in cardiac surgery. Boston. Blackwell Scientific Publications 1999: 261-97. </p>
      <p>39. Abboud C.S. Infec&#231;&#245;es em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Rev Soc Cardiol Est S&#227;o Paulo 2001; 15: 915-21. </p>
      <p>40. Kohli M, Yuan L, David T, Gillis G, Comm B, Conly J. A risk index for sternal surgical wound infection after cardiovascular surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2003; 24: 17-25. </p>
      <p>41. Leal-Noval SR, Jara-Lopez I, Garcia-Garmendia JL et al. Influence of erythrocyte concentrate storage time on post surgical morbidity in cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 815-22. </p>
      <p>42. Gummert JF, Barten MJ, Hans C et al. Mediastinitis and cardiac surgery an updated risk factor analysis in 10,373 consecutive adults. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 50: 87-91. </p>
      <p>43. Moreira EAR. Arritmias no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Rev Soc Cardiol Est S&#227;o Paulo 2001; 15: 941-52. </p>
      <p>44. Hall RE, Ash AS, Ghalli WA. Hospital cost of complications associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1680-5. </p>
      <p>45. Becker RB, Zimmerman JE, Knaus WA et al. The use of APACHE III to evaluate ICU length of stay, resource use, and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 36: 1-11. </p>
      <p>46. Almeida FF, Barreto SM, Couto BRGM, Starling CEF. Preditores de mortalidade hospitalar e de complica&#231;&#245;es per-operat&#243;rias graves em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Arq Bras Cardiol 2003; 80: 41-50.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address</p>
          <p> Antonio Carlos Mugayar Bianco</p>
          <p> Rua Pelotas, 323/113</p>
          <p> 04012-001 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mugayarb@terra.com.br">mugayarb@terra.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 12/22/03</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/04/05 </p>
      <p>  Mailing address</p>
      <p> Antonio Carlos Mugayar Bianco</p>
      <p> Rua Pelotas, 323/113</p>
      <p> 04012-001 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p> E-mail: <email xlink:href="mugayarb@terra.com.br">mugayarb@terra.com.br</email></p>
      <p>Received on 12/22/03</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/04/05 </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
