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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SKCLsSQrv35BDXywkNC9qPj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001700003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001700003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til: um marcador para altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Juarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Tranchesi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monaco</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Gianini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamashita</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Harumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Miriam C&#225;ssia Mendes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monaco</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CCNI Medicina Diagn&#243;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">OMNI </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>241</fpage>
      <lpage>246</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE) em homens com suspeita cl&#237;nica ou diagn&#243;stico j&#225; estabelecido de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana cr&#244;nica. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo com 287 pacientes que, ap&#243;s responderem o question&#225;rio IIEF-5 para diagn&#243;stico e avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de DE, foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gica e a estudo cintilogr&#225;fico da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (tecn&#233;cio - 99m sestamibi - gated SPECT), antes e ap&#243;s estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico. RESULTADOS: Em 137 pacientes (47,8%) foi detectado algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (grupo DE+) e nestes, a idade (60,60&#177;9,84 vs 50,67&#177;9,94 - p&lt;0,001)) foi significativamente maior do que naqueles sem disfun&#231;&#227;o (grupo DE-). No grupo DE+ houve maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e coronarioplastia pr&#233;vios. Independentemente do fator idade, o grupo DE+ teve maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (necrose e/ou isquemia) e de diminui&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade e do grau de espessamento sist&#243;lico do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular. CONCLUS&#195;O: Pacientes com DE tem maior probabilidade de apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o e do desempenho mioc&#225;rdico segmentar, independentemente do fator idade. Na presente amostra, a DE foi considerada n&#227;o s&#243; como um marcador da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m fortemente relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos maiores como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e necessidade de coronarioplastia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til</kwd>
        <kwd>doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>medicina nuclear</kwd>
        <kwd>perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>fatores de risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til: um marcador para altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Juarez Ortiz; Sergio Tranchesi Ortiz; Claudia Gianini Monaco; Cristina Harumi Yamashita; Miriam C&#225;ssia Mendes Moreira; Carlos Alberto F. Monaco </bold>
    </p>
    <p>OMNI-CCNI Medicina Diagn&#243;stica - S&#227;o Paulo - SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end"> Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Investigar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE) em homens com suspeita cl&#237;nica ou diagn&#243;stico j&#225; estabelecido de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Estudo prospectivo com 287 pacientes que, ap&#243;s responderem o question&#225;rio IIEF-5 para diagn&#243;stico e avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de DE, foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gica e a estudo cintilogr&#225;fico da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (tecn&#233;cio - 99m sestamibi - gated SPECT), antes e ap&#243;s estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Em 137 pacientes (47,8%) foi detectado algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (grupo DE+) e nestes, a idade (60,60&#177;9,84 vs 50,67&#177;9,94 - p&lt;0,001)) foi significativamente maior do que naqueles sem disfun&#231;&#227;o (grupo DE-). No grupo DE+ houve maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e coronarioplastia pr&#233;vios. Independentemente do fator idade, o grupo DE+ teve maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (necrose e/ou isquemia) e de diminui&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade e do grau de espessamento sist&#243;lico do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>Pacientes com DE tem maior probabilidade de apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o e do desempenho mioc&#225;rdico segmentar, independentemente do fator idade. Na presente amostra, a DE foi considerada n&#227;o s&#243; como um marcador da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m fortemente relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos maiores como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e necessidade de coronarioplastia. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, medicina nuclear, perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, fatores de risco </p>
    <p> O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), como manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; importante evento cardiovascular, desafiando a cardiologia moderna com sua alta taxa de morbimortalidade e repercuss&#227;o s&#243;cio-econ&#244;mica. Sabe-se que a aterosclerose coronariana significativa pode ocorrer mesmo sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica exuberante, podendo ser o IM a sua primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o. Sendo assim, h&#225; um grande esfor&#231;o mundial para se detectar o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel a doen&#231;a coronariana ateroscler&#243;tica. Da mesma forma, a doen&#231;a arterial peniana, incluindo a aterosclerose, &#233; a maior causa de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE), contribuindo com at&#233; 80% dos casos<sup>1-4</sup>. J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a DE e os principais fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>5,6</sup>, tais como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o <sup>1,2,7-12</sup> que, como indutores de les&#227;o endotelial, podem provocar obstru&#231;&#227;o arterial, aterosclerose, ruptura de placas e trombose. Portanto, a DE pode ser considerada como um sintoma de dano endotelial vascular que pode coexistir ou mesmo preceder a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da DAC. Nestas condi&#231;&#245;es, a DE comportar-se-ia como um verdadeiro marcador da DAC e, portanto, de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til peniana e perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com suspeita ou diagn&#243;stico j&#225; firmado de DAC. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De agosto a outubro de 2004, foram estudados 300 homens, consecutivos, que se apresentaram em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o para estudo da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com objetivo diagn&#243;stico ou de avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC e que assinaram o consentimento esclarecido para participar do estudo. Destes, treze (4,3%) foram exclu&#237;dos por apresentarem DE iatrog&#234;nica como conseq&#252;&#234;ncia de prostatectomia radical pr&#233;via. Portanto, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 287 homens que, ap&#243;s consulta cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gica detalhada, responderam o question&#225;rio confidencial auto-aplic&#225;vel do Index Internacional de Fun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til (IIEF-5)<sup>13, </sup>que determinou a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de DE. </p>
    <p>Imagens da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, realizados com tecn&#233;cio-99m (Tc-99 sestamibi) atrav&#233;s de cintilografia nuclear SPECT, foram obtidas em duas situa&#231;&#245;es: a) repouso e b) ap&#243;s estresse f&#237;sico ou farmacol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>Na situa&#231;&#227;o de repouso, injetou-se dose apropriada de Tc-99 sestamibi em veia perif&#233;rica para obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens com o objetivo de avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o regional do radiof&#225;rmaco no mioc&#225;rdio. A ocorr&#234;ncia de segmentos hipoperfundidos, identificadores de necrose pr&#233;via, p&#244;de ser, dessa forma, evidenciada. </p>
    <p>Na situa&#231;&#227;o de estresse, objetivando a detec&#231;&#227;o de &#225;reas isqu&#234;micas, uma nova dose do radiof&#225;rmaco foi injetada no pico do exerc&#237;cio realizado em esteira ergom&#233;trica de acordo com protocolo convencional (estresse f&#237;sico) ou ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de 80mg de dipiridamol (estresse farmacol&#243;gico). Novas imagens foram ent&#227;o obtidas, 45 minutos ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ou da infus&#227;o do dipiridamol. </p>
    <p>As imagens nas condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso e sob estresse foram avaliadas por dois m&#233;dicos independentes e devidamente treinados em cardiologia nuclear, sem o conhecimento dos dados obtidos durante a entrevista e aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio. Em caso de diverg&#234;ncia de opini&#227;o entre os dois especialistas, o resultado final foi obtido por consenso. Em nenhum caso, a opini&#227;o de um terceiro avaliador foi necess&#225;ria. </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis analisadas encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tac01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tac01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Exames pr&#233;vios de colesterol s&#233;rico, angiografia coron&#225;ria e medica&#231;&#245;es em uso n&#227;o foram considerados na an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>Com base na ocorr&#234;ncia pr&#233;via de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (infarto ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio por via cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) e nos resultados dos estudos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, os pacientes foram agrupados em tr&#234;s possibilidades diagn&#243;sticas considerando a ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de DAC: a) DAC+; b) DAC; c) DAC indefinida. </p>
    <p>Os dados categorizados foram analisados atrav&#233;s do teste de Fisher ou qui-quadrado, quando aplic&#225;veis. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi feita usando o teste-t de "Student" ou o teste de Bonferroni. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usada para estabelecer a probabilidade de DAC de acordo com fun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e outras vari&#225;veis. <italic>Odds ratio</italic> e <italic>Odds ratio</italic> ajustado para idade foram calculados para a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e outras vari&#225;veis que se mostraram diferentes nos grupos com e sem DE. Todos os testes foram realizados bilateralmente e conduzidos a um intervalo significativo de 0,05. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til e idade - </italic>150 pacientes (52,3%) apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til normal (grupo DE-) enquanto que em 137 (47,8%) foi detectado algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (grupo DE+). Na amostra, as idades variaram entre 24 e 83 anos com m&#233;dia de 55,41 &#177; 11,05 anos, sendo significativamente maior no grupo DE+ (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02">tab. II</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas </italic>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03">tabs. III</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab04">IV</xref>) - Em toda a amostra, a hipertens&#227;o arterial ocorreu em 135 pacientes (47%) e o diabetes em 49 (17,1%). Ambas com preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior no grupo DE+. Entretanto, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre estes fatores de risco e altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, tanto em repouso como sob estresse. Antecedente pessoal de IM ocorreu em 65 pacientes (22,6%) e angioplastia percut&#226;nea em 57 (19,9%). A exemplo do diabetes e da hipertens&#227;o, estes fatores tiveram preval&#234;ncia significativamente maior no grupo DE+, embora apenas o IM tenha se relacionado significativamente com altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos DE+ e DE-, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas analisadas. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab04"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p><italic>Vari&#225;veis cintilogr&#225;ficas e diagn&#243;stico final de DAC </italic>(<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05">tabs. V</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab06">VI</xref>) Altera&#231;&#245;es da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram observadas em 65 pacientes (22,6%) na condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso e em 72 (25%) sob estresse, com maior preval&#234;ncia no grupo DE+ em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DE-. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, esta diferen&#231;a foi ratificada, independentemente do fator idade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01">gr&#225;fico I</xref>). </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <fig id="grf01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab06"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Em 75 pacientes (26,1%) foi detectado comprometimento do grau de espessamento sist&#243;lico da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e em 73 pacientes (25,4%) havia anormalidade da sua movimenta&#231;&#227;o. Tais comprometimentos prevaleceram significativamente no grupo DE+, tamb&#233;m independentemente do fator et&#225;rio (p&lt;0,036 e p&lt;0,043, respectivamente). </p>
    <p>Diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi observada em 74 pacientes (25,78%) com maior preval&#234;ncia no grupo DE+ em rela&#231;&#227;o ao DE-. </p>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo de coronariopatia (DAC+) foi firmado em 120 pacientes (41,8%). No grupo DE+, a preval&#234;ncia de DAC+ foi significativamente maior independentemente do fator idade (<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab06">tab. VI</xref> - <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf002">gr&#225;fico II</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="grf002">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p> A preval&#234;ncia de DE na amostra foi de aproximadamente 50%, compar&#225;vel &#224; maioria dos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, apesar da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada ter alta incid&#234;ncia de DAC <sup>14,15 </sup>. </p>
    <p> Al&#233;m de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, fatores de risco conhecidos para DAC e DE<sup>10-12</sup>, os pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til comprometida tiveram tamb&#233;m maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos maiores no passado, tais como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica percut&#226;nea. Este dado aponta para a import&#226;ncia na detec&#231;&#227;o da DE, o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel, sendo ela n&#227;o s&#243; marcador de DAC como possivelmente relacionada &#224; sua gravidade. Outros fatores de risco como fumo e abuso de &#225;lcool n&#227;o tiveram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos com ou sem DE. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o a este fato &#233; a baixa porcentagem de fumantes e alco&#243;licos encontrada na amostra. Hist&#243;ria familiar de acidentes vasculares encef&#225;licos e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, embora tamb&#233;m conhecidos fatores de risco para DAC, n&#227;o mostraram rela&#231;&#227;o, na amostra estudada, com a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de DE. Investiga&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada para o melhor entendimento sobre esta rela&#231;&#227;o, baseada em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos mais espec&#237;ficos, deve ser realizada. </p>
    <p>A alta influ&#234;ncia da idade na ocorr&#234;ncia tanto da DE como na DAC e, tamb&#233;m, pelo fato da idade m&#233;dia ter sido maior no grupo DE+, imp&#244;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises atrav&#233;s da <italic>Odds-ratio</italic> ajustado para a idade, de modo a se poder estabelecer com maior precis&#227;o a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e cintilogr&#225;ficas de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e a DE. </p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es na perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mobilidade da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e grau de espessamento mioc&#225;rdico durante a s&#237;stole foram mais freq&#252;entes no grupo DE+, independentemente da idade. Desta forma, foi poss&#237;vel observar que pacientes com DE tem maior probabilidade de apresentar d&#233;ficits de perfus&#227;o segmentar mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, e, portanto de DAC, independentemente da idade. </p>
    <p>Estudos t&#234;m mostrado uma alta incid&#234;ncia de DE em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, incluindo hipertens&#227;o e DAC. A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa, independente da idade, entre a presen&#231;a de DE e repercuss&#245;es funcionais da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, n&#227;o s&#243; envolvendo a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica mas tamb&#233;m o desempenho ventricular esquerdo. </p>
    <p>Nesta amostra, os pacientes com DE tiveram risco 2,35 vezes maior de apresentar perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anormal em repouso e 2,29 vezes maior sob estresse do que aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til preservada. Estes n&#250;meros, por si s&#243;, j&#225; identificam a DE como um marcador de dist&#250;rbios perfusionais e funcionais do mioc&#225;rdio relacionados &#224; DAC. A comprova&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita pelo diagn&#243;stico final de coronariopatia (DAC+) que prevaleceu significativamente no grupo com DE, independentemente do fator idade. </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, a hipertens&#227;o arterial e o diabetes apesar de prevalentes na popula&#231;&#227;o com DE, n&#227;o se associaram, por si s&#243;, ao aumento da probabilidade de ocorrer dist&#250;rbios da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, fato que distingue um fator de risco de um verdadeiro marcador para DAC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os autores concluem que a DE est&#225; altamente relacionada &#224; DAC e sua detec&#231;&#227;o indica maior risco de anormalidades perfusionais e funcionais do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, pr&#243;prias da DAC. </p>
    <p>A DE deve ser considerada n&#227;o s&#243; um marcador de DAC como tamb&#233;m uma condi&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos maiores como IM e a necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do mioc&#225;rdio. Baseados neste estudo, os autores recomendam a inclus&#227;o de question&#225;rios sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria m&#233;dica. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Juarez Ortiz </p>
        <p> OMNI - CCNI </p>
        <p> Rua Cubat&#227;o, 726 </p>
        <p> 04013 - 002 - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jortiz@omniccni.com.br">jortiz@omniccni.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 22/07/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 8/09/05 </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Erectile dysfunction: a marker for myocardial perfusion impairment?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation between erectile dysfunction (ED) and myocardial perfusion impairment in men with suspected or diagnosed coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: In this prospective study a self-administered IIEF-5 questionnaire was answered by 287 patients that underwent myocardial perfusion imaging under both resting and stress condition with technetium-99m sestamibi, through gated SPECT nuclear scintigraphy technique, before and after physical or pharmacological stress. RESULTS: Some degree of erectile dysfunction (group ED+) was found in 137 (47.8%) patients and in these, age was significantly higher (60.60&#177;9.84 vs 50.67&#177;9.94 - p&lt;0.001)) than in those without erectile dysfunction (group ED-). In the ED+ group, it was observed a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI) and percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCTA). Regardless of the age factor, ED+ patients also presented higher occurrence of myocardial perfusion impairment (necrosis and/or ischemia) and left ventricular systolic wall motion and thickening abnormalities. CONCLUSION: Patients with ED have higher estimated probability of presenting segmental myocardial perfusion and functional contraction impairment and, therefore, CAD, independent of the aging factor. The authors conclude that ED may be considered not only a marker for CAD but also a condition related to the occurrence of major coronary events such as MI and PCTA.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>erectile dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>nuclear medicine</kwd>
        <kwd>myocardial perfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Erectile dysfunction: a marker for myocardial perfusion impairment? </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Juarez Ortiz; Sergio Tranchesi Ortiz; Claudia Gianini Monaco; Cristina Harumi Yamashita; Miriam C&#225;ssia Mendes Moreira; Carlos Alberto F. Monaco </bold>
      </p>
      <p>OMNI-CCNI Medicina Diagn&#243;stica - S&#227;o Paulo - SP </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To study the correlation between erectile dysfunction (ED) and myocardial perfusion impairment in men with suspected or diagnosed coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>In this prospective study a self-administered IIEF-5 questionnaire was answered by 287 patients that underwent myocardial perfusion imaging under both resting and stress condition with technetium-99m sestamibi, through gated SPECT nuclear scintigraphy technique, before and after physical or pharmacological stress.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Some degree of erectile dysfunction (group ED+) was found in 137 (47.8%) patients and in these, age was significantly higher (60.60&#177;9.84 vs 50.67&#177;9.94 - p&lt;0.001)) than in those without erectile dysfunction (group ED-). In the ED+ group, it was observed a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction (MI) and percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PCTA). Regardless of the age factor, ED+ patients also presented higher occurrence of myocardial perfusion impairment (necrosis and/or ischemia) and left ventricular systolic wall motion and thickening abnormalities.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Patients with ED have higher estimated probability of presenting segmental myocardial perfusion and functional contraction impairment and, therefore, CAD, independent of the aging factor. The authors conclude that ED may be considered not only a marker for CAD but also a condition related to the occurrence of major coronary events such as MI and PCTA. </p>
      <p><bold>Key words: </bold>erectile dysfunction, coronary artery disease, nuclear medicine, myocardial perfusion, risk factors, atherosclerosis</p>
      <p>Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cardiovascular event related to coronary artery disease (CAD). Modern cardiology is still challenged by its high mortality rate, morbid consequences and social / economical repercussions. Since significant coronary atherosclerosis may occur without expressive clinical manifestation and MI may be its first morbid manifestation, a worldwide medical effort has been made in order to identify as precociously as possible, the presence of coronary arterys atherosclerosis. </p>
      <p>Vascular disease of the penile arteries, including atherosclerosis, is the most common cause of erectile dysfunction (ED), accounting for up to 80% of the cases<sup>1-4</sup>. A significant relationship between ED and important non-transmissible chronic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension and CAD has been clearly established<sup>1,2,5-12</sup>. In fact, ED and ischemic heart disease share the same principal risk factors including diabetes and hypertension considered to induce vascular endothelial damage, resulting in arterial obstruction, plaque rupture and thrombosis. Thus, ED may be considered a symptom of damage of the vascular endothelium and be concomitant or, in certain conditions, even foregoing the existence of ischemic cardiovascular disease. In such conditions, ED would appear as a real marker of coronary atherosclerosis, and therefore, ischemic heart disease. </p>
      <p>The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between ED and myocardial perfusion status in a population with suspected or established CAD diagnosis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From August to October 2004, all consecutive male patients referred to myocardial perfusion evaluation in our Institution by their private physicians who agreed to participate in this study were enrolled. Studies were applied for CAD diagnosis or evaluation purposes. Among 300 patients prospectively enrolled in the study, thirteen (4.3%) were excluded due to the presence of iatrogenic ED related to radical prostatectomy in the past. Thus, the study sample consisted of 287 male patients that after a detailed clinical/cardiological interview were invited to answer the confidential self-administered International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5)<sup>13</sup> questionnaire in order to determine the presence or absence of ED. </p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion imaging was performed under both: a) resting and b) stress condition, either after treadmill exercise or dipyridamole myocardial induced hyperemia, using technetium-99m (Tc-99 sestamibi) through gated SPET nuclear scintigraphy technique. </p>
      <p>In the resting condition, a required dose of TC-99 sestamibi was injected into a peripheral vein in order to evaluate the radionuclide distribution in proportion to myocardial regional blood flow. Hypoperfused segments indicating necrosis of the myocardium were, therefore, noticed. </p>
      <p>In the stress condition the patient was referred to the treadmill test under conventional protocols (physical stress) or pharmacological assay using dipyridamole protocol aiming to induce myocardial ischemia (pharmacological protocol). Around 45 minutes after the end of the treadmill test or dipyridamole injection, stress condition images were obtained. </p>
      <p>Two properly trained physicians performed radionuclide cardiac imaging analysis. A positive tomogram for necrosis was defined by a segmental perfusion defect in the resting condition and ischemia as a new segmental perfusion abnormality, identified only in the stress condition. The two independent observers compared the resting and stress images without the knowledge of the clinical/cardiological interview and IIF-5 questionnaire results. In case of divergence between the two observers, the definitive result was given by consensus. No situation required a third observer opinion. </p>
      <p>Studied variables are found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table I</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p> Previous exams such as blood cholesterol level and coronary angiography as well as patient medication were not considered in the analysis. </p>
      <p>Based in the past occurrence of major cardiological events (MI and/or myocardial surgical or percutaneous revascularization) and also the results of the myocardial perfusion studies the patients were grouped into three final diagnostic possibilities concerning the presence or absence of CAD: a) CAD + ; b) CAD -; c) CAD undefined. </p>
      <p>Categorical data was analyzed using Fisher's exact or Chi-square, when applicable. Comparison between groups regarding continuous variables was performed using Student's t-test or Bonferroni test. Logistic regression analysis was used in order to predict the probability of CAD according to the erectile function condition. Odds ratio and age-adjusted Odds ratio were calculated for all myocardial perfusion and performance variables proved to be different in the comparison of patients with and without ED. All tests were two-sided and conducted at a 0.05 significance level. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Erectile Dysfunction and age - 150 patients (52.3%) presented normal erectile function (ED- group) while in 137 (47.8%), some degree of erectile dysfunction was found (ED+ group). In the entire sample age ranged from 24 and 83 y/o with a mean value of 55.41 &#177; 11.05 years and was significantly higher in the ED+ group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Clinical variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab03-body2">Tables III</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab04-body2">IV</xref>) - In the entire sample, arterial hypertension was found in 135 patients (47%) and diabetes in 49 (17.1%), both, with higher occurrence in the ED+ group. However, we found no significant correlation between these diseases and myocardial perfusion impairment, either in the resting or stress conditions. Personal history of MI occurred in 65 (22.6%) patients and PCTA in 57 (19.9%). Also, these major events were prevalent in the ED+ group but only MI had significant correlation with myocardial perfusion abnormalities. No statistical difference between ED- and ED+ groups was found concerning the remaining studied variables. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab04-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>Nuclear medicine variables and final CAD diagnosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab05-body2">Tables V</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab06-body2">VI</xref>) - Myocardial perfusion impairment was detected in 65 (22.6%) patients in resting condition and in 72 (25%) in the stress condition and both had higher prevalence in the DE+ group in relation to the ED- one, independent of the aging factor, according to the logistic regression analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf01-body2">Graphic I</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab06-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <fig id="grf01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>In 75 patients (26.1%) nuclear medicine detected impairment of systolic thickening in at least one segment of the left ventricular wall and in 73 (25.4%) an abnormal systolic movement of the myocardial segment was found. Ocurrence of both abnormalities was prevalent in the ED+ group, independent of the aging factor (p&lt;0.036 and p&lt;0.43 respectively). </p>
      <p>Decrease a left ventricular ejection fraction was observed in 74 patients (25.78%) and its occurrence was higher in the ED+ in comparison to the ED- one. </p>
      <p>Final diagnosis of coronary disease (CAD+) was established in 120 patients (41.8%). DE+ group had a significantly higher prevalence of CAD+ in comparison to the ED- one. Regression analyses confirmed that such prevalence occurred independently of the aging factor (<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab06-body2">Table VI</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="grf02-body2">Graphic II</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="grf02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0241-00003-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Despite the fact that the present sample had a very high prevalence of CAD, occurrence of ED closely reached 50%, a comparable prevalence found in the major epidemiologic studies <sup>14-15</sup>.</p>
      <p> Besides hypertension and diabetes, known CAD and ED risk factors, patients with abnormal erectile function also presented higher prevalence of major coronary events in the past, such as MI and PCTA. This observation suggests that ED should be detected as precociously as possible since it may represent not only a CAD marker but also been probably related to coronary disease severity. Others risk factors such as smoking and alcohol. We hypothesized a possible relationship between ED and impairment of myocardial perfusion and our main approach was to evaluate oxygen demand heart muscle induced disorders guided by the existence, and degrees, of erectile function abnormalities. </p>
      <p>As expected, ED prevalence in the present sample was around 50%, comparable to most of the epidemiological studies, despite the fact that we had worked with a high CAD prevalent population. Such peculiarity may be the explanation for the unusually high occurrence of severe ED. </p>
      <p>Besides hypertension and diabetes, known CAD and ED risk factors, patients with abnormal erectile function have had significant higher prevalence of major coronary events in their past medical history, such as MI, CS and PCTA. The present data point out the importance of detecting ED, as precociously as possible, since not only a marker for CAD will be recognized but also a condition related with its severity as well. </p>
      <p>Additional risk factors such as smoking and alcohol abuse were no different regarding the presence or absence of ED. A possible explanation for this was the very the low percentage of smokers and alcohol addicts in the sample. Family history of stroke or MI it is recognized as related to CAD but, in the present sample, we found no correlation between ED and such family parameters. Further investigation based on more specific epidemiological study design for better understanding of such relationship is required. </p>
      <p>Considering the high influence of age in the prevalence of ED as much as in the occurrence of CAD and, additionally, the fact that, in the present sample, age has been proved to be significantly higher in the ED + group compared with the ED - one, the authors have tested, through the age-adjusted Odds ratio, the real relationship between clinical and myocardial perfusion parameters and ED. </p>
      <p>Myocardial perfusion, left ventricular systolic wall motion and thickening abnormalities were highly prevalent in patients with ED, regardless of age. Furthermore, these ischemic induced functional alterations prevalence rise increasingly with the severity of ED. Thus, patients with ED have higher estimated probability of presenting segmental myocardial perfusion and functional contraction impairment and, therefore, CAD, independent of the aging factor. </p>
      <p>Studies have shown a high prevalence of ED in patients with cardiovascular disease including hypertension and CAD. The present study, however, demonstrated a significant age-adjusted correlation between the presence of ED and functional repercussions of ischemic heart disease, not only compromising myocardial perfusion but also left ventricular performance as well. </p>
      <p>In the present sample, patients with ED had 2.35 times higher risk of presenting abnormal resting myocardial perfusion impairment and 2.29 times during stress than those with normal erectile function. These numbers, strongly suggest that ED is a real marker of perfusional and functional myocardial abnormalities induced by ischemic heart disease. Proved CAD was significantly higher prevalent in the ED + group regardless of the aging factor. </p>
      <p>In this study, despite the fact that hypertension and diabetes being prevalent in patients with ED, we found no significant correlation of any of these conditions, themselves, with an increased probability of occurrence of myocardial perfusion impairment. This may distinguish a risk factor from a real CAD marker. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The authors conclude that ED is highly related to CAD and its detection may suggest an increased risk for the existence of perfusional and functional abnormalities of the heart muscle, typical of the CAD. </p>
      <p>ED may be considered not only a marker for CAD but also a condition related to the occurrence of coronary major events such as MI, and PCTA. Based in these findings the authors suggest the inclusion of erectile function questionnaires in daily clinical practice. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address</p>
          <p> Juarez Ortiz</p>
          <p> OMNI-CCNI</p>
          <p> Rua Cubat&#227;o, 726</p>
          <p> 04013-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jortiz@omniccni.com.br">jortiz@omniccni.com.br </email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 07/22/05</p>
      <p> Accepted on 09/12/05 </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
