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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BBbwn8Km69Mwvz997K7H47B</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001700002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001700002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo cardiol&#243;gico longitudinal em crian&#231;as expostas ao v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana tipo 1 por via perinatal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Suely Bezerra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Succi</surname>
            <given-names>Regina C&#233;lia de Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Daisy M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mois&#233;s</surname>
            <given-names>Valdir Ambr&#243;sio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novo</surname>
            <given-names>Neil Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>233</fpage>
      <lpage>240</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Determina&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o nas crian&#231;as expostas ao HIV-1 por via perinatal. M&#201;TODOS: Realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o seq&#252;encial cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler em 84 crian&#231;as expostas ao HIV-1. RESULTADOS: Grupo I (sororrevers&#227;o) 43 crian&#231;as (51,2%). Aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. ECG: dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito 5 casos. ECO: CIA (1 caso) e CIV (1 caso). Grupo II 41 infectados (48,8%) com 51,2% de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas. Crian&#231;as assintom&#225;ticas ou com sintomas leves, sem imunossupress&#227;o: altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ausentes; ECG: dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito (2 casos). Crian&#231;as com comprometimento cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gico moderado e severo: Altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas: 1) Cl&#237;nicas (31,7%): taquicardia isolada (1 caso), ICC (12 casos). 2) Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (43,9%): taquicardia sinusal associada a outras altera&#231;&#245;es (10 casos), dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito (5 casos), BDAS (1 caso), HBAD (1 caso), altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (11 casos), SVD (2 casos), SVE (1 caso), desvio do AQRS para direita (1 caso), arritmias (3 casos). 3) Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (26,8%): miocardiopatia dilatada (5 casos), derrame peric&#225;rdico com tamponamento (2 casos), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (2 casos) e prolapso da valva mitral (1 caso). CONCLUS&#195;O: O envolvimento card&#237;aco foi uma caracter&#237;stica do grupo infectado. Houve maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es nas crian&#231;as pertencentes &#224; categoria cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gica mais avan&#231;ada. Os achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mais freq&#252;entes foram, respectivamente, ICC, altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e miocardiopatia dilatada. Esta foi revers&#237;vel em um caso. As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram significantemente mais freq&#252;entes que as cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>cardiopatia</kwd>
        <kwd>transmiss&#227;o vertical</kwd>
        <kwd>eletrocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>ecocardiograma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold> ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p> Estudo cardiol&#243;gico longitudinal em crian&#231;as expostas ao v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana tipo 1 por via perinatal</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Suely Bezerra Di&#243;genes; Regina C&#233;lia de Menezes Succi; Daisy M. Machado; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s; Neil Ferreira Novo; Antonio Carlos Carvalho </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end"> Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o da freq&#252;&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o nas crian&#231;as expostas ao HIV-1 por via perinatal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold>Realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o seq&#252;encial cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gica, eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica Doppler em 84 crian&#231;as expostas ao HIV-1. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Grupo I (sororrevers&#227;o) 43 crian&#231;as (51,2%). Aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. ECG: dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito 5 casos. ECO: CIA (1 caso) e CIV (1 caso). Grupo II 41 infectados (48,8%) com 51,2% de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas. Crian&#231;as assintom&#225;ticas ou com sintomas leves, sem imunossupress&#227;o: altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ausentes; ECG: dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito (2 casos). Crian&#231;as com comprometimento cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gico moderado e severo: Altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas: 1) Cl&#237;nicas (31,7%): taquicardia isolada (1 caso), ICC (12 casos). 2) Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (43,9%): taquicardia sinusal associada a outras altera&#231;&#245;es (10 casos), dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito (5 casos), BDAS (1 caso), HBAD (1 caso), altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (11 casos), SVD (2 casos), SVE (1 caso), desvio do AQRS para direita (1 caso), arritmias (3 casos). 3) Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (26,8%): miocardiopatia dilatada (5 casos), derrame peric&#225;rdico com tamponamento (2 casos), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (2 casos) e prolapso da valva mitral (1 caso). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O: </bold>O envolvimento card&#237;aco foi uma caracter&#237;stica do grupo infectado. Houve maior preval&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es nas crian&#231;as pertencentes &#224; categoria cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gica mais avan&#231;ada. Os achados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos mais freq&#252;entes foram, respectivamente, ICC, altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e miocardiopatia dilatada. Esta foi revers&#237;vel em um caso. As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foram significantemente mais freq&#252;entes que as cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>HIV, cardiopatia, transmiss&#227;o vertical, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma </p>
    <p> Vinte anos ap&#243;s o isolamento do v&#237;rus da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana tipo 1(HIV-1), a cura da s&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida (SIDA) ainda n&#227;o &#233; uma realidade. Entretanto, conseguiu-se prolongar e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos portadores do HIV-1. A SIDA &#233; um s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, acumulando mais de 42 milh&#245;es de pessoas infectadas no mundo desde o in&#237;cio da pandemia, com dezesseis mil novos casos por dia. No Brasil, o n&#250;mero de notifica&#231;&#245;es ultrapassa 500 mil, e a metade dos pacientes j&#225; faleceu. O &#237;ndice de mulheres infectadas aumentou demasiadamente nos &#250;ltimos vinte anos em raz&#227;o do predom&#237;nio atual da transmiss&#227;o heterossexual, elevando-se, conseq&#252;entemente, a preval&#234;ncia em mulheres gr&#225;vidas - 1% a 5% -, com aumento na freq&#252;&#234;ncia de crian&#231;as infectadas pela via perinatal, atualmente 3,5% do total de notifica&#231;&#245;es<sup>1</sup>.  </p>
    <p>A SIDA &#233; uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, infectocontagiosa, caracterizada por imunossupress&#227;o, predispondo os indiv&#237;duos infectados a infec&#231;&#245;es oportunistas e neoplasias. &#201; de natureza progressiva, podendo comprometer o aparelho cardiovascular de m&#250;ltiplas formas. A preval&#234;ncia das anormalidades card&#237;acas parece estar subestimada tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta como na infantil. A maioria dos estudos realizados at&#233; o presente aponta para valores entre 40% e 70%, se incluirmos, al&#233;m da cl&#237;nica, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) e o ecocardiograma Doppler (ECO). As aut&#243;psias revelam preval&#234;ncia elevada das altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Aproximadamente 50% dos indiv&#237;duos infectados pelo HIV-1 e assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular apresentam miocardite linfoc&#237;tica intersticial nos exames anatomopatol&#243;gicos. Esse n&#250;mero eleva-se para 83% nos indiv&#237;duos que evoluem com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC)<sup>2-11</sup>. O mecanismo pelo qual o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; lesado na SIDA ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem elucidado. A mortalidade na inf&#226;ncia por complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas varia de 1% a 9%<sup>2,4,8,10,12-23</sup>. </p>
    <p>O crescente n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as nascidas de m&#227;es HIV-positivas em nosso meio, a complexidade etiopatog&#234;nica do envolvimento card&#237;aco e a necessidade de maior compreens&#227;o do processo evolutivo cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gico na inf&#226;ncia nos levaram a estudar crian&#231;as expostas ao HIV-1 pela via perinatal. Apresentamos um estudo com acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico de oito anos. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudadas prospectivamente 84 crian&#231;as expostas ao HIV-1 por via perinatal, sendo 39 do sexo feminino (46,4%) e 45 do sexo masculino (53,6%), com idade variando de treze dias a treze anos, no per&#237;odo de julho de 1996 a julho de 2004, ap&#243;s devida aprova&#231;&#227;o pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica M&#233;dica e Pesquisa - protocolo n&#186; 089/96. </p>
    <p>Todas as crian&#231;as eram brasileiras, procedentes de S&#227;o Paulo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: crian&#231;as nascidas de m&#227;es HIV-positivas, expostas pela via perinatal - transplacent&#225;ria, parto ou amamenta&#231;&#227;o; idade abaixo de treze anos na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica; acompanhamento regular no ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica com pelo menos duas avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, e uma ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Foram inclu&#237;das apenas as crian&#231;as cujos respons&#225;veis legais estavam de acordo com sua participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo assinando um "Termo de Consentimento". </p>
    <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gica das crian&#231;as infectadas seguiu as normas da "Classifica&#231;&#227;o revisada da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV em crian&#231;as abaixo de 13 anos de idade" do <italic>Centers for Disease Control</italic><sup>24</sup>, conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="qdr">quadro I</xref>.</p>
    <fig id="qdr">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>O diagn&#243;stico foi feito utilizando-se os testes sorol&#243;gicos Elisa e aglutina&#231;&#227;o, confirmado pela quantifica&#231;&#227;o da carga viral pelo &#225;cido nucl&#233;ico viral plasm&#225;tico, avaliada em n&#250;mero de c&#243;pias pelo m&#233;todo NASBA (<italic>Nucleic Acid Sensitive Based Assay</italic>) (Organon Teknika). O limite de sensibilidade do m&#233;todo foi de 80 c&#243;pias/ml. A contagem de linf&#243;citos T-CD4 foi feita pela citometria de fluxo. O acompanhamento laboratorial foi feito pelo teste sorol&#243;gico Elisa, carga viral plasm&#225;tica e contagem de linf&#243;citos T-CD4. </p>
    <p>Foi realizada avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica completa. Para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos habituais para crian&#231;as<sup>25,26</sup>. </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma foi realizado sem seda&#231;&#227;o. Utilizaram-se eletrocardi&#243;grafos das marcas <italic>Hewlett-Packard</italic>, modelo <italic>Pagewriter</italic> 100, USA; ECAFIX 023236, N&#186; 6, Brasil e Cardiop&#225;gina Dixtal, modelo DX-2500, Brasil. A t&#233;cnica seguiu a padroniza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Committee of the American Heart Association on Electrocardiography</italic><sup>27</sup>. Os registros foram realizados nas doze deriva&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas. Foram analisadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), ritmo, onda P (em D2), intervalo PR (em D2), complexo QRS, segmento ST, onda T, intervalo QT corrigido para FC (em D2). Todos os eletrocardiogramas foram analisados por dois observadores. A an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica foi feita tendo-se como refer&#234;ncia os crit&#233;rios de normalidade para inf&#226;ncia estabelecidos por Davignon e cols.<sup>28</sup>. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma Doppler foi realizado utilizando-se diferentes ecocardi&#243;grafos comercialmente dispon&#237;veis com transdutores de 3,5 e 5 MHz capazes de produzir imagens uni - e bidimensionais. A an&#225;lise da velocidade de fluxo foi feita pelas t&#233;cnicas de Doppler espectral e por mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Evitou-se o uso de sedativo. Os planos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos adotados seguiram a padroniza&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>29</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda foi avaliada pela fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;todo do cubo) e porcentagem de encurtamento ( (Dd - Ds/Dd) x 100). Adotaram-se os crit&#233;rios de normalidade para inf&#226;ncia estabelecidos por Snider e cols.<sup>30</sup> e os valores de refer&#234;ncia da Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, resultantes de uma experi&#234;ncia de quinze anos do Setor de Ecocardiografia (dados n&#227;o-publicados). Definiu-se miocardiopatia dilatada como disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo caracterizada por diminui&#231;&#227;o difusa de sua contratilidade, com fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento abaixo do limite da normalidade (&lt; 28%), acompanhada de dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico acima dos valores considerados normais para uma determinada faixa de peso<sup>10, 31,32</sup>. </p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos resultados foram utilizados testes n&#227;o-param&#233;tricos, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a natureza das vari&#225;veis estudadas. Foram aplicados os seguintes testes: 1) teste Kappa de concord&#226;ncia<sup>33,</sup> com objetivo de estudar a concord&#226;ncia da classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gica da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV observadas no 1&#186; e no 2&#186; exames; 2) teste de Mc Nemar<sup>34,</sup> com a finalidade de estudar as discord&#226;ncias observadas acima e abaixo da diagonal de concord&#226;ncia do teste Kappa; 3) teste G de Cochran<sup>35</sup>, com a finalidade de comparar a ocorr&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea de altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas; 4) teste do qui-quadrado<sup>36 </sup>para tabelas 2 x N, com objetivo de comparar os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas. Em todos os testes fixou-se em 0,05 ou 5% o n&#237;vel para rejei&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de nulidade.  </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As 84 crian&#231;as expostas ao HIV-1 foram classificadas em dois grupos: grupo I: 43 crian&#231;as (51,2%) que sororreverteram (SR), ou seja, foram expostas ao HIV-1, mas n&#227;o se infectaram. A idade m&#233;dia na primeira e &#250;ltima consulta foi de 6,8 meses e 34,1 meses, respectivamente. Grupo II: 41 crian&#231;as infectadas (48,8%). A idade m&#233;dia na primeira e &#250;ltima consulta foi de 40,8 meses e 76,4 meses, respectivamente. </p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as infectadas de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial e final est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela I</xref>. </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Na evolu&#231;&#227;o intergrupal das crian&#231;as com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV-1, 14 crian&#231;as (34,1%) mudaram de grupo cl&#237;nico e 6 crian&#231;as (17,6%) mudaram de grupo imunol&#243;gico entre o in&#237;cio e o final do estudo, evidenciando piora cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gica significante. </p>
    <p>Grupo I (SR) Aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em todos os casos. ECG: dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito em 5 crian&#231;as (11,6%). ECO: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) pequena, tipo <italic>ostium secundum </italic> (1 caso) e comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV) pequena, perimembranosa (1 caso). Essas foram as &#250;nicas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas encontradas no estudo (2/84 ou 2,4%). </p>
    <p>Grupo II - Das 41 crian&#231;as infectadas, 51,2% evolu&#237;ram com algum tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica. Quatorze crian&#231;as pioraram clinicamente do ponto de vista da infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV-1. Dentre essas, 10 (71,4%) apresentaram anormalidades cardiol&#243;gicas, sendo as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas significantemente mais freq&#252;entes (9 casos) que as altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (4 casos) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (3 casos). </p>
    <p>Das 41 crian&#231;as infectadas, 13 (31,7%) evolu&#237;ram com altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas cardiol&#243;gicas, das quais apenas uma apresentou taquicardia como sintoma isolado. Os demais 12 pacientes evolu&#237;ram com ICC e tiveram como etiologia: miocardiopatia dilatada (5/41 - 12,2%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>), derrame peric&#225;rdico com tamponamento card&#237;aco em raz&#227;o de pericardite bacteriana (2/41 - 4,9%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">figs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>); hipertens&#227;o pulmonar secund&#225;ria &#224; pneumopatia cr&#244;nica (2/41 - 4,9%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">fig. 4</xref>), e infec&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, sepse e anemia: 3/41 (7,3%). N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es no Grupo II-A; ocorreram 2 casos no Grupo II-B e 11 casos (84,6%) no II-C. </p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p> No grupo II-A houve apenas 2 casos de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito. No II-B ocorreram cinco altera&#231;&#245;es: 1 caso cada de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito, bloqueio da divis&#227;o &#226;ntero-superior esquerda (BDAS), desvio do eixo el&#233;trico do QRS para direita, sobrecarga ventricular direita (SVD) e ritmo juncional. No Grupo II-C concentrou-se a maioria das altera&#231;&#245;es (13 casos - 65%) assim distribu&#237;das: 4 casos de taquicardia sinusal com altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular; 3 casos de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito; 1 caso cada de taquicardia sinusal isolada, altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular isolada, bradicardia sinusal alternada com bradicardia juncional associada &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com QTc aumentado, SVD e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (SVE). Uma crian&#231;a evoluiu com arritmia ventricular do tipo extra-s&#237;stoles freq&#252;entes, bigeminadas, com per&#237;odos de taquicardia ventricular. </p>
    <p>Das 41 crian&#231;as infectadas, 11 (26,8%) evolu&#237;ram com altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas: nenhuma no Grupo II-A; 3 no II-B e 8 no II-C. As altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas no II-B foi 1 caso cada de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar com disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve isolada e derrame peric&#225;rdico com tamponamento. As altera&#231;&#245;es no II-C foram: disfun&#231;&#227;o com dilata&#231;&#227;o de VE em 5 casos, e em 3 pacientes havia insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral secund&#225;ria de grau leve/moderado; 1 caso cada de derrame peric&#225;rdico infeccioso com tamponamento, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar moderada com insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide leve e prolapso de valva mitral com insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve. </p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as com miocardiopatia dilatada eram clinicamente muito comprometidas. Tinham desnutri&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;ico-cal&#243;rica (DPC) de grau importante, infec&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias de repeti&#231;&#227;o e anemia cr&#244;nica. Tr&#234;s evolu&#237;ram com sepse e &#243;bito. Das crian&#231;as que evolu&#237;ram com miocardiopatia dilatada, 2 permanecem vivas. Uma delas manifestou precocemente a doen&#231;a, evoluiu de forma grave com comprometimento de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os pela SIDA, mas sobrevive at&#233; os dias de hoje aos nove anos de idade e est&#225; clinicamente est&#225;vel, recebendo tratamento com anti-retrovirais, sem sinais ou sintomas de ICC, com ECG e ECO normais. A outra, atualmente com treze anos, n&#227;o reverteu o quadro de miocardiopatia, mas encontra-se est&#225;vel com tratamento para ICC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Esta foi submetida a cateterismo card&#237;aco com bi&#243;psia, que foi negativa para miocardite. </p>
    <p>Os dois casos de pericardite bacteriana com derrame e tamponamento card&#237;aco foram tratados com pericardiocentese e antibioticoterapia. As insufici&#234;ncias valvares foram freq&#252;entes e geralmente secund&#225;rias &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e/ou direita, com predom&#237;nio da insufici&#234;ncia mitral. </p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as infectadas que evolu&#237;ram com altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas pertenciam aos grupos com imunossupress&#227;o moderada e, principalmente, severa. Oito crian&#231;as, 19,5% do total de infectados, faleceram durante o acompanhamento cardiol&#243;gico, todas pertencentes ao grupo II-C, categoria C3. Estavam gravemente doentes e infectadas por germes oportunistas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>DISCUSS&#195;O</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, miocardiopatia dilatada, derrame peric&#225;rdico com ou sem tamponamento, arritmias, endocardite mar&#226;ntica e infecciosa e, mais raramente, sendo ainda tema controvertido, as cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas s&#227;o altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas que podem resultar da s&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia adquirida<sup>4,10,15,20-22,37-40</sup>. Os estudos cardiol&#243;gicos realizados em crian&#231;as com infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV-1 facilitaram a compreens&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o e manuseio cl&#237;nico do cora&#231;&#227;o doente. Entretanto, n&#227;o encontramos na literatura consultada nenhum estudo longitudinal fazendo correla&#231;&#227;o entre os aspectos evolutivos cardiol&#243;gicos e a progress&#227;o do estado infeccioso do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>Ao analisar-se a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das 41 crian&#231;as infectadas, observou-se que o aparecimento das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas ocorreu nos grupos de SIDA com sinais e sintomas moderados do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico e imunol&#243;gico. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas cardiol&#243;gicas foram significativamente mais freq&#252;entes nos grupos em fase avan&#231;ada da doen&#231;a. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi o achado cl&#237;nico mais freq&#252;ente, e a miocardiopatia dilatada a causa mais comum de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo um achado exclusivo da categoria C, particularmente C3. Esses resultados assemelham-se aos da literatura. A freq&#252;&#234;ncia das altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas aumenta &#224; medida que a doen&#231;a progride e geralmente a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce dessas altera&#231;&#245;es depende de exames complementares, como eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma<sup>4-42</sup>. Diferentemente dos resultados deste estudo, na experi&#234;ncia de Luginbuhl e cols.<sup>20</sup>, Lipshultz e cols.<sup>23 </sup>e Della Negra e cols.<sup>43</sup>, a taquicardia foi o sinal cl&#237;nico mais freq&#252;ente e precoce das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Em nossa experi&#234;ncia, exceto em 1 caso, a taquicardia se manifestou apenas por ocasi&#227;o da descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p>A etiopatogenia da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica na SIDA, todavia, n&#227;o est&#225; bem esclarecida. Apesar de o HIV j&#225; ter sido isolado de c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas provenientes tanto de bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas como de aut&#243;psias, em que miocardite linfoc&#237;tica inespec&#237;fica &#233; um achado comum, a a&#231;&#227;o citol&#237;tica direta do HIV &#233; discut&#237;vel. Realizou-se bi&#243;psia em apenas 1 caso e ela foi negativa. Acredita-se ser o comprometimento card&#237;aco de natureza multifatorial, ou seja, v&#225;rios elementos agindo desfavoravelmente no cora&#231;&#227;o de forma simult&#226;nea, desencadeando altera&#231;&#245;es anatomofuncionais, com forte componente auto-imune. Al&#233;m dos aspectos imunol&#243;gicos, entre os fatores implicados na g&#234;nese da disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca est&#227;o as co-infec&#231;&#245;es por v&#237;rus cardiotr&#243;picos, como citomegalov&#237;rus, Epstein-Bar e cocksackie B, anemia, DPC, disfun&#231;&#227;o aut&#244;noma, defici&#234;ncia de oligoelementos como sel&#234;nio e L-carnitina, defici&#234;ncia de vitamina A, rea&#231;&#227;o t&#243;xica por agentes anti - retrovirais, pentamidina e sulfametoxazol com trimetoprim; estresse oxidativo e suscetibilidade gen&#233;tica<sup>8,10,18,37,41,44-55</sup>. </p>
    <p>Pioperic&#225;rdio e tamponamento card&#237;aco no presente estudo ocorreram em 2 casos (4,9%), mas constituem complica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca grave e emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica que poderia ter resultado em &#243;bito. A preval&#234;ncia de pericardite com derrame na literatura &#233; de aproximadamente 22%, por&#233;m nos achados de aut&#243;psias &#233; mais elevada<sup>56</sup>. Cerca de 30% dos indiv&#237;duos adultos infectados pelo HIV, mas cardiologicamente assintom&#225;ticos, t&#234;m comprometimento peric&#225;rdico. Esse n&#250;mero eleva-se para 48% nos sintom&#225;ticos. Casos de tamponamento card&#237;aco em crian&#231;as com derrame de etiologia infecciosa s&#227;o pouco freq&#252;entes na literatura<sup>22,37,57</sup>. </p>
    <p>&#192; semelhan&#231;a do ocorrido com a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes infectados pelo HIV, as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram mais freq&#252;entes nas categorias de envolvimento cl&#237;nico e imunol&#243;gico mais avan&#231;ado. Neste estudo, a altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular destacou-se como a mais expressiva das anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Seu aparecimento foi progressivo e marcou os grupos cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gicos mais graves. Segundo a literatura, altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o achados freq&#252;entes nos ECG das crian&#231;as com SIDA em est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gico avan&#231;ado<sup>4,10,20,22</sup>. </p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmia neste estudo foi de 7,3%, preval&#234;ncia baixa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; literatura porque se utilizou apenas o eletrocardiograma<sup>58-61</sup>. Dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito foi manifesta&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica freq&#252;ente nas crian&#231;as infectadas (7 casos - 17%). Esse dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o foi a mais precoce das altera&#231;&#245;es, pois foi a &#250;nica apresentada pelo grupo de crian&#231;as assintom&#225;ticas. Entretanto, o tamanho reduzido da amostra n&#227;o nos permitiu comprovar que esse achado tenha import&#226;ncia cardiol&#243;gica nas crian&#231;as infectadas, uma vez que crian&#231;as normais podem apresentar esse tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o. Os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o de ramo direito tamb&#233;m foram achados freq&#252;entes em outros estudos<sup>4,43</sup>. </p>
    <p>Estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em crian&#231;as e adultos infectados pelo HIV mostram preval&#234;ncia elevada de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas e sinais cl&#237;nicos<sup>3,8,10,16,20,21-22</sup>. Entretanto, na casu&#237;stica do presente estudo, a ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em crian&#231;as clinicamente assintom&#225;ticas ou pouco sintom&#225;ticas, e sem imunossupress&#227;o, foi nula, assemelhando-se, portanto, &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as que sororreverteram. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tornaram-se evidentes a partir das crian&#231;as com sintomas e sinais moderados e imunossupress&#227;o moderada, e foram mais freq&#252;entes nos grupos cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gicos muito comprometidos. A miocardiopatia dilatada foi o achado mais freq&#252;ente e revers&#237;vel em um paciente, caso que surpreendeu pela gravidade e precocidade de manifesta&#231;&#227;o, sendo o primeiro caso grave de reversibilidade com seguimento cardiol&#243;gico prolongado publicado, na inf&#226;ncia<sup>62</sup>. Os resultados do estudo multic&#234;ntrico P<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>, envolvendo 196 crian&#231;as infectadas pelo HIV<sup>23</sup>, mostraram ser a disfun&#231;&#227;o e a dilata&#231;&#227;o de VE altera&#231;&#245;es comuns, podendo inclusive ser de natureza subcl&#237;nica. Os autores encontraram altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em todas as crian&#231;as sintom&#225;ticas (88%). </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em crian&#231;as com SIDA, apesar da alta incid&#234;ncia do comprometimento respirat&#243;rio, a literatura &#233; escassa<sup>63,64</sup>. Neste estudo, 2 pacientes evolu&#237;ram com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave e <italic>cor pulmonale </italic>secund&#225;ria &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p>Resumidamente, neste estudo longitudinal houve n&#237;tida correla&#231;&#227;o entre SIDA e o comprometimento cardiol&#243;gico, sendo esse de car&#225;ter progressivo com a piora da doen&#231;a, com mortalidade de 19,5% na fase avan&#231;ada. Ficou evidenciado tamb&#233;m, no seguimento de oito anos, completa aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas nas crian&#231;as que foram expostas ao HIV, mas n&#227;o infectadas por ele, resultado semelhante a esse n&#227;o encontrado nos estudos publicados na literatura. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-cardiol&#243;gicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas das crian&#231;as expostas ao HIV-1 foram um apan&#225;gio do grupo infectado (SIDA), manifestaram-se de forma progressiva, tornando-se proeminentes nas fases cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gicas avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a. Foram mais freq&#252;entes nas crian&#231;as que mudaram de grupo cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gico. </p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, a ICC foi a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais comum, assim como altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi o achado mais freq&#252;ente no eletrocardiograma. A miocardiopatia dilatada foi a altera&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica mais freq&#252;ente, sendo caracter&#237;stica dos est&#225;gios cl&#237;nico-imunol&#243;gicos graves. Houve revers&#227;o cl&#237;nica, eletro e ecocardiogr&#225;fica em 1 caso. O pioperic&#225;rdio com tamponamento foi emerg&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>As crian&#231;as apenas expostas ao v&#237;rus HIV-1 n&#227;o desenvolveram nenhuma forma de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, o que &#233; informa&#231;&#227;o importante e extremamente tranquilizadora para a fam&#237;lia dos envolvidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>AGRADECIMENTOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nossos sinceros agradecimentos aos Drs. Ivan R. Rivera, Samira M. Leal, Solange Tatani, Enilda Meire Santos, Dra. Denise Ara&#250;jo, Patr&#237;cia Kuga, Ednelson Cunha Navarro, Seila Auxiliadora de O. Silva, Ana Milena Sales e Yara Machado; &#224;s t&#233;cnicas em eletrocardiografia, Sras. Neide Bueno, Neilda Pereira e Neusa Bregalante; assim como a todos aqueles que contribu&#237;ram indiretamente para realiza&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia</p>
        <p> Maria Suely Bezerra Di&#243;genes </p>
        <p> Rua Pascal, 605/82 </p>
        <p> 04616-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mdiogenes@cardiol.br">mdiogenes@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 19/10/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 29/04/05 </p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac longitudinal study of children perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type 1</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of cardiac abnormalities and its natural history in children perinatally exposed to HIV-1. METHODS: Eighty-four children exposed to HIV-1 were evaluated by serial clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG), and Doppler-echocardiographic (ECHO) examinations. RESULTS: Group I - (seroreversion) - 43 children (51.2%). Absence of clinical abnormalities. ECG: incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) 5 cases. ECHO: atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) - 1 case each. Group II - 41 HIV-infected children (48.8%), of whom 51.2% were found to have cardiac abnormalities. Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children without immunosuppression: no clinical and echocardiographic abnormalities; ECG: incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) - (2 cases). Children with moderate and severe symptoms and immunological impairment: the following abnormalities were found: 1) clinical (31.7%)-isolated tachycardia (1 case), congestive heart failure (12 cases). 2) electrocardiographic (43.9%)- sinus tachycardia associated with other abnormalities (10 cases), incomplete right bundle branch block (5 cases), left anterior hemiblock (1 case), right anterior hemiblock (1 case), changes in ventricular repolarization (11 cases), right ventricular overload (2 cases), left ventricular overload (1 case), right QRS axis deviation (1 case), and arrhythmias (3 cases). 3) echocardiographic (26.8%)- dilated cardiomyopathy (5 cases), pericardial effusion with tamponade (2 cases), pulmonary hypertension (2 cases), and mitral valve prolapse (1 case). CONCLUSION: Cardiac involvement was a characteristic of the HIV-infected group. Higher prevalence of abnormalities was found among children belonging to the most advanced clinical and immunological category. The most commonly observed clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings were congestive heart failure (CHF), changes in ventricular repolarization, and dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. The latter was reversible in one case. Electrocardiogram changes were significantly more frequent than clinical and echocardiographic changes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>HIV</kwd>
        <kwd>heart disease</kwd>
        <kwd>vertical transmission</kwd>
        <kwd>electrocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>echocardiogram</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold> ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p> Cardiac longitudinal study of children perinatally exposed to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maria Suely Bezerra Di&#243;genes; Regina C&#233;lia de Menezes Succi; Daisy M. Machado; Valdir Ambr&#243;sio Mois&#233;s; Neil Ferreira Novo; Antonio Carlos Carvalho </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To determine the frequency of cardiac abnormalities and its natural history in children perinatally exposed to HIV-1.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Eighty-four children exposed to HIV-1 were evaluated by serial clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG), and Doppler-echocardiographic (ECHO) examinations.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Group I - (seroreversion) - 43 children (51.2%). Absence of clinical abnormalities. ECG: incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) 5 cases. ECHO: atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) - 1 case each. Group II - 41 HIV-infected children (48.8%), of whom 51.2% were found to have cardiac abnormalities. Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children without immunosuppression: no clinical and echocardiographic abnormalities; ECG: incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) - (2 cases). Children with moderate and severe symptoms and immunological impairment: the following abnormalities were found: 1) clinical (31.7%)-isolated tachycardia (1 case), congestive heart failure (12 cases). 2) electrocardiographic (43.9%)- sinus tachycardia associated with other abnormalities (10 cases), incomplete right bundle branch block (5 cases), left anterior hemiblock (1 case), right anterior hemiblock (1 case), changes in ventricular repolarization (11 cases), right ventricular overload (2 cases), left ventricular overload (1 case), right QRS axis deviation (1 case), and arrhythmias (3 cases). 3) echocardiographic (26.8%)- dilated cardiomyopathy (5 cases), pericardial effusion with tamponade (2 cases), pulmonary hypertension (2 cases), and mitral valve prolapse (1 case).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Cardiac involvement was a characteristic of the HIV-infected group. Higher prevalence of abnormalities was found among children belonging to the most advanced clinical and immunological category. The most commonly observed clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings were congestive heart failure (CHF), changes in ventricular repolarization, and dilated cardiomyopathy, respectively. The latter was reversible in one case. Electrocardiogram changes were significantly more frequent than clinical and echocardiographic changes. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>HIV, heart disease, vertical transmission, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram</p>
      <p> It has been twenty years since human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) was isolated, yet the cure for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still not a reality. Despite the improvement in survival and quality of life of HIV-1-infected patients, AIDS remains a serious public health problem. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, more than 42 million people have been infected worldwide, with sixteen thousand new cases daily. In Brazil, over 500,000 cases were reported, and half of the patients have already died. The incidence of infected women has greatly increased during the last twenty years due to the current predominance of heterosexual transmission, thus raising the prevalence of the disease in pregnant women from 1% to 5%. Accordingly, the number of perinatally infected children now accounts for 3.5% of all reports.<sup>1</sup></p>
      <p>AIDS is a systemic, infectious disease characterized by immunosuppression, which predisposes infected individuals to both opportunistic infections and neoplasias. It is progressive in nature and may impair the cardiovascular apparatus in multiple ways. The prevalence of cardiac abnormalities seems to be underestimated both in the adult and pediatric population. Most studies conducted to date suggest values between 40% and 70%, if electrocardiogram (ECG) and Doppler echocardiogram (ECHO) findings are included in addition to clinical findings. Autopsy studies show a high prevalence of cardiac abnormalities. In pathological studies, about 50% of HIV-1-infected individuals without cardiovascular symptoms are found to have interstitial lymphocytic myocarditis. This figure rises to 83% in individuals who develop congestive heart failure (CHF).<sup>2-11</sup> The mechanism by which the heart is injured in patients with AIDS remains unclear. Childhood mortality due to cardiac complications ranges from 1% to 9%.<sup>2,4,8,10,12-23</sup></p>
      <p>The ever-increasing number of children born to HIV-positive mothers, coupled with the complex etiopathogenesis of heart involvement and the need for further understanding of the natural history of clinical cardiac manifestations during childhood, led us to study children exposed perinatally to HIV-1. This is an eight-year clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic follow-up study. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>METHODS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From July 1996 to July 2004, following approval by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee (filed under n&#186; 089/96), eighty-four children perinatally exposed to HIV-1 were prospectively studied. Thirty-nine were girls (46.4%) and 45 were boys (53.6%), ages ranging for both from thirteen days to thirteen years old. </p>
      <p>All children were Brazilian and resident in S&#227;o Paulo. Inclusion criteria were the following: children born to HIV-positive mothers and, thus, perinatally exposed to HIV-1 (via transplacental, labor or breastfeeding routes); less than 13 years old at the time of the baseline cardiac evaluation; regular follow-up at the pediatric cardiology outpatient clinic with a minimum of two clinical and electrocardiographic evaluations and one echocardiographic study. Only children whose legal guardians agreed with their participation and provided a written "Informed Consent" were enrolled in the study. </p>
      <p>Clinical and immunological status of the infected children was defined according to the Centers for Disease Control<sup>24 </sup>"Revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age", as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">table I</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Diagnosis was made using Elisa and agglutination serological assays and confirmed by quantification of plasma RNA viral load, evaluated in number of copies by the NASBA method (Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification) (Organon Teknika). The lower detection limit of the assay was 80 copies/mL. CD4 T-lymphocyte counts were determined using flow cytometry Laboratory follow-up and included Elisa assay, plasma viral load, and CD4 T-lymphocyte count. </p>
      <p>A complete cardiac evaluation was performed. Heart failure was diagnosed on the basis of standard clinical criteria for children.<sup>25,26</sup></p>
      <p>No sedation was used during ECG recordings. Electrocardiograms were performed using Hewlett Packard PageWriter 100, USA; ECAFIX ECG-6 023236, Brazil, and Dixtal DX-2500, Brazil, equipment. The guidelines set by the Committee on Electrocardiography of the American Heart Association were followed.<sup>27 </sup>Standard 12-lead ECGs were used. The following variables were evaluated: heart rate (HR), rhythm, P wave (in lead II), PR interval (in lead II), QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, QT interval corrected for heart rate (in lead II). All ECGs were analyzed by two different observers. Electrocardiographic analysis was performed taking as reference the normal ECG standards for infants and children set by Davignon et al<italic>.</italic><sup>28</sup></p>
      <p>Doppler echocardiogram was performed using different echocardiographs currently available equipped with 3,5 and 5 MHz transducers capable of producing B-mode and M-mode images. Spectral Doppler and color flow imaging were used for measurement of blood flow velocity. The use of sedatives was avoided. The guidelines set by the American Society of Echocardiography were followed.<sup>29</sup> Left ventricular function was estimated by ejection fraction (cube method) and fractional shortening [Dd Ds/Dd) x 100]. Snider et al.'s<sup>30</sup> criteria for normality in children were employed, as well as reference values issued by Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, resulting from the fifteen-year cumulative experience of its Echocardiographic Department (unpublished data). Dilated cardiomyopathy was defined as left ventricular dysfunction characterized by a diffuse decrease in myocardial contractility, with fractional shortening below normal limits (&lt; 28%), followed by left ventricular enlargement, with diastolic diameter above normal values for the weight range.<sup>10, 31,32 </sup></p>
      <p>The results were assessed by means of non-parametric tests, the nature of the studied variables considered. The following tests were performed: 1) Kappa test,33 to evaluate the agreement of clinical and immunological classification of HIV-infection noted in the first and second examination; 2) McNemar test, 34 to study the disagreement observed above and below the diagonal in Kappa test; 3) Cochran G-test,35 to compare simultaneous clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic changes; 4) chi-square test, 36 for 2 x N tables, to compare groups refarding the presence of cardiac abnormalities. Significance level for rejection of the null hypothesis was set at 0,05 or 5% in all tests.  </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RESULTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The 84 children exposed to HIV-1 were divided in two groups: Group I: 43 children (51.2%) who seroreverted (SR), i.e., they were exposed to HIV-1 but did not get infected. Mean age at the first and last visit was 6.8 months and 34.1 months, respectively. Group II: 41 infected children (48.8%). Mean age at the first and last visit was 40.8 months and 76.4 months, respectively. </p>
      <p>Distribution of infected children according to initial and final clinical classification is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab02-body2">Table II</xref>. </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Among the groups of children infected with HIV-1, 14 children (34.1%) changed clinical group and 6 children (17.6%) changed immunological group between the beginning and end of study, showing significant clinical and immunological worsening. </p>
      <p>Group I (SR) - Absence of clinical abnormalities in all cases. ECG: incomplete right bundle branch block in 5 children (11.6%). ECHO: small <italic>ostium secundum </italic>atrial septal defect (1 case), and small perimembranous ventricular septal defect (1 case). These were the only congenital heart diseases found in the study (2/84 or 2.4%). </p>
      <p>Group II Of the 41 infected children, 51.2% developed some kind of cardiac abnormality. Fourteen children experienced cl&#237;nical worsening in terms of the HIV-1 infection. Among these, 10 (71.4%) had cardiac abnormalities; electrocardiographic changes were significantly more frequent (9 cases) than either clinical (4 cases) or echocardiographic changes (3 cases). </p>
      <p>Of the 41 infected children, 13 (31.7%) developed clinical cardiac changes, one of whom had tachycardia as an isolated symptom. The other 12 patients developed CHF associated with the following etiologies: dilated cardiomyopathy (5/41 - 12.2%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>); pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade caused by bacterial pericarditis (2/41 - 4.9%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02-body2">figs. 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">3</xref>); pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic lung disease (2/41 4.9%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">fig. 4</xref>); respiratory infection; sepsis; and anemia: 3/41 (7.3%). No changes in Group II-A were found; 2 cases occurred in Group II-B and 11 cases (84.6%) in Group II-C. </p>
      <fig id="fig01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig02-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-04-0233-00002-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Of the 41 infected children, 20 (48.8%) developed electrocardiographic changes.</p>
      <p> In group II-A only 2 cases of incomplete right bundle branch block occurred. In group II-B, the following five changes were observed: incomplete right bundle branch block, left anterior hemiblock (1 case), right QRS axis deviation, right ventricular overload, and junctional rhythm (one case each). Most changes (13 cases - 65%) occurred in group II-C, distributed as follows: 4 cases of sinus tachycardia with change in ventricular repolarization; 3 cases of incomplete right bundle branch block; 1 case each of isolated sinus tachycardia, isolated change in ventricular repolarization, alternating sinus and junctional bradycardia associated with change in ventricular repolarization, change in ventricular repolarization with prolonged QTc, right ventricular overload, and left ventricular overload. One child developed ventricular arrhythmia with frequent bigeminal extrasystoles and periods of ventricular tachycardia. </p>
      <p>Of the 41 infected children, 11 (26.8%) developed echocardiographic changes: no changes in Group II-A; 3 changes in Group II-B and 8 changes in Group II-C. The following changes were found in Group II-B: pulmonary hypertension with RV dysfunction and tricuspid insufficiency; mild isolated mitral insufficiency; and pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade, one case of each. Changes in Group II-C were: five cases of LV dysfunction and dilation, three cases of mild/moderate secondary mitral insufficiency; one case each of infectious pericardial effusion with tamponade, moderate pulmonary hypertension with mild tricuspid insufficiency and mitral valve prolapse with mild mitral insufficiency. </p>
      <p>Children with dilated cardiomyopathy were clinically highly compromised. They suffered from severe protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM), recurrent respiratory infection, and chronic anemia. Three of them progressed to sepsis and death. Of the children who developed dilated cardiomyopathy, two are still alive. One manifested the disease early on, with increased severity and multiple organ damage associated with AIDS. Now, at 9 years old, however, this child is clinically stable and receiving antiretroviral therapy, with no CHF signs or symptoms and normal ECG and ECHO. The other is thirteen years old, and although cardiomyopathy have not been reverted, is stable and under treatment for CHF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01-body2">fig. 1</xref>). This child underwent cardiac catheterization with myocardial biopsy, which was negative for myocarditis. </p>
      <p>Both cases of bacterial pericarditis with effusion and cardiac tamponade were managed using pericardiocentesis and antibiotic therapy. Valvular insufficiencies were common and usually secondary to left and/or right ventricular dilation, with mitral insufficiency predominating. </p>
      <p>Infected children who developed cardiac abnormalities belonged to moderate and, especially, severe immunosuppressed groups. Eight children, 19.5% of those infected, died during the cardiac follow-up, and all of them belonged to group II-C, category C3. They were severely ill and infected with opportunistic microorganisms. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>DISCUSSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion with or without tamponade, arrhythmias, marantic and infective endocarditis and, more rarely and still controversial, congenital heart diseases, are cardiac abnormalities that can result from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.<sup>4,10,15,20-22,37-40</sup> Cardiac studies performed on HIV-1 infected children provided greater understanding of the evolution and clinical management of the diseased heart. However, in the reviewed literature, we found no longitudinal study correlating cardiac changes and progression of the infection, either clinically or immunologically. </p>
      <p>Analysis of the clinical evolution of the 41 infected children showed that cardiac changes occurred in the AIDS groups with moderate clinical and immunological signs and symptoms. Cardiac manifestations of HIV infection were significantly more frequent in the groups whose patients were in advanced stages of the disease. Heart failure was the most frequent clinical finding, most often caused by dilated cardiomyopathy, and a finding unique to category C, particularly C3. These results are similar to those found in the literature. Cardiac changes frequency increases as the disease progresses, and early detection of these changes usually depends on complementary examinations, such as electrocardiograms and echocardiograms.<sup>4-42</sup> Unlike the results obtained in this study, in the experience of Luginbuhl <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup>20</sup> Lipshultz <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup>23 </sup>and Della Negra <italic>et al</italic>.,<sup>43</sup> tachycardia was the most frequent and early sign of clinical manifestations. According to our experience, in all but one case tachycardia occurred only at the time of cardiac decompensation. </p>
      <p>The etiopathogenesis of myocardial dysfunction in AIDS, however, remains unclear. Even though HIV has already been isolated from myocardial cells derived from endomyocardial biopsies and autopsy specimens, in which non-specific lymphocytic myocarditis is a common finding, the direct cytolytic effect of HIV is debatable. Biopsy was performed only in one case, and was found to be negative. Cardiac damage is believed to be multifactorial, meaning that several elements work together to affect the heart adversely, leading to functional and anatomical changes with a strong autoimmune component. In addition to the immunological aspects, among the factors involved in the genesis of cardiac dysfunction are the co-infections with cardiotropic viruses, such as citomegalovirus, Epstein-Bar, and cocksackie B, anemia, PCM, autonomic dysfunction, and trace element deficiency, such as selenium and L-carnitine, vitamin A deficiency, toxic response to antiretroviral agents, pentamidine and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim, oxidative stress, and genetic susceptibility.<sup>8,10,18,37,41,44-55</sup></p>
      <p>Pyopericardium and cardiac tamponade occurred in 2 cases (4.9%) in this study, but these are serious cardiac complications and clinical emergencies that could have resulted in death. Prevalence of pericarditis with effusion in the literature is about 22%; however autopsy findings put this as higher.<sup>56 </sup>Approximately 30% of adults infected with HIV but without cardiac symptoms have pericardial damage. This figure rises to 48% in symptomatic patients. Few cases of cardiac tamponade in children with infectious effusion have been reported in the literature.<sup>22,37,57</sup></p>
      <p>Similar to the clinical course of HIV-infected patients, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes were more common in categories with more advanced clinical and immunological involvement. In this study, ventricular repolarization change was the most significant electrocardiographic abnormality. Its onset was progressive and observed in the most severe clinical and immunological groups. According to the literature, changes in ventricular repolarization are common findings in ECGs of children with AIDS in advanced clinical and immunological stage.<sup>4,10,20,22</sup></p>
      <p>The incidence of arrhythmia in this study was 7.3%, a low incidence compared to that reported in the literature, as only electrocardiogram was used.<sup>58-61</sup> Incomplete right bundle branch block was the most frequent manifestation in infected children (7 cases - 17%). This conduction disturbance was the earliest of all changes, since it was the only one observed in the group of asymptomatic children. However, the small size of the sample did not allow us to prove that this finding is clinically relevant in infected children, because normal children may also have this kind of change. Incomplete right bundle branch block was a common finding in other studies as well.<sup>4,43</sup></p>
      <p>Echocardiographic studies in HIV-infected children and adults show a high prevalence of cardiac changes even in the absence of clinical signs and symptoms. <sup>3,8,10,16,20,21-22</sup> Nevertheless, in this series, no echocardiographic changes were found in clinically asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children, and thus similar to the course of the seroreverted children. Echocardiographic manifestations were detected in children with moderate signs and symptoms and moderate immunosuppression, and predominated in the highly compromised clinical and immunological groups. Dilated cardiomyopathy was the most common finding of the study, being reversible in one patient, a striking case due to its severe and premature nature.<sup>62</sup> This was the first reported case of reversibility of a severe case during childhood with long-term cardiac follow-up. The results of the multicentric study P<sup>2</sup>C<sup>2</sup>, involving 196 HIV-infected children<sup>23</sup>, showed that LV dysfunction and dilation are common abnormalities that can be also subclinical. The authors found echocardiographic changes in all symptomatic children (88%). </p>
      <p>As for pulmonary hypertension in children with AIDS, despite the high incidence of respiratory compromise, the literature is scant<sup>63,64</sup>. In this study, 2 patients developed severe pulmonary hypertension and <italic>cor pulmonale </italic>secondary to chronic pulmonary infection. </p>
      <p>In summary, this longitudinal study showed a clear correlation between AIDS and progressive cardiac compromise, with mortality of 19.5% at the advanced stage. Also, in the eight-year follow-up, no cardiac changes were found in children exposed to but not infected with HIV. Similar result has not been reported in the literature. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>CONCLUSIONS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic changes in children exposed to HIV-1 were a characteristic of the infected group (AIDS), manifested in a progressive form and become prominent in the clinical and immunological advanced stages of the disease. They were more frequent in children who switched clinical and immunological grouping. </p>
      <p>From a clinical perspective, CHF was the most common manifestation, as well as change in ventricular repolarization was the most frequent ECG finding. Dilated cardiomyopathy was the most frequent echocardiographic change, and was found to be characteristic of the severe clinical and immunological stages of the disease. One case of reversion occurred, clinically, electrocardiographically and echocardiographically. Pericardium with tamponade was a clinical emergency. </p>
      <p>Children exposed to but not infected with HIV-1 did not develop any form of cardiovascular disease, a valuable and highly reassuring finding for the families of those involved.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Our most sincere thanks to Drs. Ivan R. Rivera, Samira M. Leal, Solange Tatani, Enilda Meire Santos, Denise Ara&#250;jo, Patr&#237;cia Kuga, Ednelson Cunha Navarro, Seila Auxiliadora de O. Silva, Ana Milena Sales, and Yara Machado. We are also grateful to the electrocardiograph technicians, Mrs. Neide Bueno, Neilda Pereira, and Neusa Bregalante; as well as all those who indirectly contributed to making this work possible. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Mailing address</p>
          <p> Maria Suely Bezerra Di&#243;genes</p>
          <p> Rua Pascal, 605/82</p>
          <p> 04616-002 - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="mdiogenes@cardiol.br">mdiogenes@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 10/19/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 04/29/05 </p>
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