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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VFRXrg3hpTqNJkXjNvwXzRq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001600012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001600012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Quantos dias, quais hor&#225;rios e quantas medidas por dia devem ser recomendadas na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Di&#243;genes de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mion J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;cio</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>210</fpage>
      <lpage>211</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quantos dias, quais hor&#225;rios e quantas medidas por dia devem ser recomendadas na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Audes Di&#243;genes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa; Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota Gomes; D&#233;cio Mion J&#250;nior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Departamento de Hipertens&#227;o - MAPA e MRPA do RealCor &#150; Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco, Clinicor &#150; Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia de Macei&#243;, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Pernambuco, PE - Macei&#243;, AL - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>Em 2001, foram publicadas as primeiras diretrizes brasileiras para o uso da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA). Essas diretrizes relatavam que apesar dos v&#225;rios protocolos de MRPA utilizados na &#233;poca, n&#227;o havia uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o. Ent&#227;o foram recomendadas ao menos duas medidas pela manh&#227;, antes das medica&#231;&#245;es e do desjejum, duas &#224; noite, antes do jantar ou tr&#234;s horas depois, para evitar a redu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial da press&#227;o arterial (PA). Isso por, no m&#237;nimo, tr&#234;s dias consecutivos de atividades habituais, e desprezando-se as medidas do primeiro dia<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A International Consensus Conference 2000 enfatiza a import&#226;ncia da MRPA, mas refere apenas que deve ser realizada ap&#243;s cinco minutos de repouso<sup>2</sup>. Pickering, em seu livro, exalta o valor da MRPA, mas n&#227;o especifica quantas, quando e como realizar as medidas de MRPA<sup>3</sup>. Outras diretrizes e publica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo o VI JNC<sup>4</sup>, o VII JNC<sup>5</sup>, o WHO-ISH<sup>6</sup>, o ESH-ESC<sup>7</sup> e o First International Consensus Conference on Self-Blood Pressure Measurement<sup>8</sup> n&#227;o especificam as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do procedimento. No entanto, todas as diretrizes recomendam medidas pela manh&#227; e &#224; noite na MRPA. Na American Society of Hypertension Ad Hoc Panel, Pickering recomenda a medida da PA pela MRPA em todos os dias (de trabalho ou n&#227;o), mas n&#227;o determina como deve ser feita<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Quantos dias o exame deve ser realizado?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o a quantos dias devem ser realizados os exames para obten&#231;&#227;o da melhor m&#233;dia para a MRPA, observamos uma grande discrep&#226;ncia dos estudos na literatura. Alguns estudos obt&#234;m os dados em um &#250;nico dia<sup>10,11</sup>; outros obtiveram medidas em tr&#234;s ou quatro dias<sup>12,13,14</sup>; alguns com pelo menos uma semana<sup>15,16,17,18,19</sup> e at&#233; mais de um m&#234;s<sup>20</sup>. H&#225; tamb&#233;m grande diverg&#234;ncia nos estudos analisados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de medidas em cada dia: uma &#250;nica medida pela manh&#227;<sup>20</sup>, uma medida<sup>10,11</sup>, duas<sup>14,18,19</sup>, ou tr&#234;s pela manh&#227; e &#224; noite<sup>12,13,15,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Quantas medidas devem ser realizadas por dia?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A reprodutibilidade da MRPA &#233; diretamente proporcional ao n&#250;mero de medidas realizadas<sup>16,21</sup>. Foi demonstrado no estudo de Chatellier e cols. que a redu&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima no desvio-padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias entre duas MRPA foi obtida com trinta medidas (dez dias consecutivos com tr&#234;s medidas por dia), e 80% da redu&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima foram conseguidos com cinco dias (quinze medidas)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O primeiro estudo especificamente desenhado para determinar o n&#250;mero de medidas que deveriam ser realizadas na MRPA foi o de Stergiou e cols., realizado em 1998, com 189 hipertensos. Esse estudo demonstrou que as medidas do primeiro dia deveriam ser exclu&#237;das, e que os dois &#250;ltimos dias s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para uma melhor reprodutibilidade, e superior &#224; medida do consult&#243;rio<sup>19</sup>. O mesmo autor confirmou posteriormente esses dados sugerindo ser necess&#225;rio pelo menos tr&#234;s dias de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o (sempre excluindo o primeiro dia)<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em recentes diretrizes publicadas pela European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring, sugere-se que os valores obtidos no primeiro dia de MRPA devem ser exclu&#237;dos para o c&#225;lculo das m&#233;dias<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Celis e cols., estudando 74 pacientes idosos em dez dias de MRPA, conclu&#237;ram que era necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s dias de MRPA para se obter uma PA est&#225;vel<sup>17</sup>. Brook reviu doze trabalhos com MRPA e, estudando a variabilidade das medidas da PA, o n&#250;mero total de medidas, o n&#250;mero total por s&#233;rie, o n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries por dia e o n&#250;mero de dias de MRPA, concluiu que se pode obter um pequeno n&#250;mero de medidas e utilizar um protocolo simplificado de duas medidas em um dia<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>No estudo de Ohkubo e cols., realizado em popula&#231;&#227;o japonesa de Ohasama, com 1.491 pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> quarenta anos, acompanhados por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 10,6 anos, o valor preditivo foi maior quanto maior foi o n&#250;mero de medidas, chegando a elevar o risco de AVC em 35% com a eleva&#231;&#227;o de 10 mmHg na MRPA. Um dos dados mais interessantes &#233; de que uma medida fora do consult&#243;rio mostrou aumento significativo do risco de AVC quando comparado ao valor da PA convencional (m&#233;dia de duas medidas no consult&#243;rio), com aumento de 19/8% do risco de AVC por eleva&#231;&#227;o inicial de 10 mmHg na MRPA/consult&#243;rio da PA sist&#243;lica, respectivamente. Analisando esses dados, recomenda-se que preferencialmente se utilizem mais de 14 medidas. &#201; importante enfatizar que a MRPA tem um maior valor preditivo para o risco de AVC que a medida convencional da PA, mesmo em n&#250;mero reduzido de medidas<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Chatellier e cols. sugerem quinze medidas na MRPA como o n&#250;mero recomendado, com a possibilidade de realizar mais medidas<sup>16</sup>. J&#225; Stergiou e cols. prop&#245;em um n&#250;mero de doze medidas<sup>19</sup>. As diretrizes da European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring recomendam duas medidas pela manh&#227; e &#224; noite, durante sete dias, excluindo-se o primeiro dia, com m&#233;dias de 24 medidas (seis dias)<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para se determinar o n&#250;mero &#243;timo de medidas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MRPA s&#227;o necess&#225;rias informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais, principalmente considerando as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A nosso ver, a MRPA deve seguir o seguinte protocolo: (a) realizado em dias &#250;teis e representativos; (b) reservar um dia para entrega do equipamento e orienta&#231;&#245;es ao paciente e/ou acompanhante; (c) quatro dias de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o; (d) duas s&#233;ries por dia &#150; manh&#227; e noite (preferencialmente antes do desjejum e do jantar, ou ap&#243;s duas horas das refei&#231;&#245;es e antes das medica&#231;&#245;es); (e) tr&#234;s medidas por s&#233;rie (ap&#243;s tr&#234;s minutos de repouso e um minuto de intervalo entre elas); (f) excluir as medidas realizadas no primeiro dia de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, por causa da rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme; (g) total de dezoito medidas v&#225;lidas para c&#225;lculo das m&#233;dias; e (h) &#233; aceit&#225;vel n&#250;mero menor de medidas v&#225;lidas, desde que n&#227;o inferior a doze medidas e que todos os dias estejam representados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>REFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. III Diretrizes para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o arterial. I Diretrizes para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial. Rev Bras Hipertens 2001; 8: 143-55.</p>
    <p>2. Asmar R, Zanchetti A. Guidelines for the use of self-blood pressure monitoring: a summary report of the first international consensus conference. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 493-508.</p>
    <p>3. Pickering TG. Clinicians' Manual on Self-Monitoring of Blood Pressure. London: Science Press, 1997.</p>
    <p>4 . National High Blood Pressure Education Program: The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2413-6.</p>
    <p>5. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al.: The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee: the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-72.</p>
    <p>6. Guidelines Subcommittee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151-83.</p>
    <p>7 . Guideline Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension&#151;European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011-53.</p>
    <p>8 . Mengden T, Chamontin B, Phong Chau N et al. User procedure for self-measurement of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 111-29.</p>
    <p>9 . Pickering T. Recommendation for the use of home (self) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Am J Hypertens 1995; 9: 1-11.</p>
    <p>10. Mancia G, Zanchetti A, Agabiti-Rosei E et al. for the SAMPLE Study Group. Ambulatory blood pressure is superior to clinic blood pressure in predicting treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1997; 95: 1464-70.</p>
    <p>11 . Mancia G, Sega R, Bravi C et al. Ambulatory blood pressure normality: results from the PAMELA study. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 1377-90.</p>
    <p>12. Bodrie G, Genes N, Vaur L et al. Is "isolated home" hypertension as opposed to "isolated office" hypertension a sign of greater cardiovascular risk? Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2205-11.</p>
    <p>13. Chatellier G, Dutrey-Dupagne C, Vaur L et al. Home self blood pressure measurement in general practice: the SMART study. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 644-52.</p>
    <p>14. Stergiou GS, Thomopoulou GC, Skeva II, Mountokalakis TD. Home blood pressure normalcy: the Didima study. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 678-85.</p>
    <p>15. Den Hond E, Celis H, Fagard R et al. on behalf of the THOP investigators. Self-measured versus ambulatory blood pressure in the diagnosis of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 717-22.</p>
    <p>16. Chatellier G, Day M, Bodrie G, Menard J. Feasibility study of N-of-1 trials with blood pressure self-monitoring in hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 25: 294-301.</p>
    <p>17. Celis H, De Cort P, Fagard R, Thijs L, Staessen JA. For how many days should blood pressure be measured at home in older patients before steady levels are obtained? J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11: 673-7.</p>
    <p>18 . Stergiou GS, Baibas NM, Gantzarou AP et al. Reproducibility of clinic, ambulatory and home blood pressure: implications on the design of trials for the assessment of the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. Am J Hypertens 2001; 15: 101-4.</p>
    <p>19. Stergiou GS, Skeva II, Zourbaki AS, Mountokalakis TD. Self monitoring of blood pressure at home: how many measurements are needed? J Hypertens 1998; 16: 725-31.</p>
    <p>20 . Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M et al. How many times should blood pressure be measured at home for better prediction of stroke risk? 10-year follow-up results from the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2004; 22:1099-104.</p>
    <p>21. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A et al. Usefulness of home blood pressure measurements in assessing the effect of treatment in a single-blind placebo-controlled open trial. J Hypertens 2001; 19:179-85.</p>
    <p>22 . O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L et al. on behalf of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 821-48.</p>
    <p>23 . Brook RD. Home blood pressure: accuracy is independent of monitoring schedules. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 625-31.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Audes Di&#243;genes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa </p>
        <p> Rua Real da Torre, 705/101 </p>
        <p> 50610-000 </p>
        <p> Recife, PE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="audes@realcor.com.br">audes@realcor.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 01/05/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 08/06/05</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">How many days, which period of the day and how many measurements per day are recommended in home blood pressure monitoring?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>How many days, which period of the day and how many measurements per day are recommended in home blood pressure monitoring?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Audes Di&#243;genes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa; Marco Ant&#244;nio Mota Gomes; D&#233;cio Mion J&#250;nior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Departamento de Hipertens&#227;o - MAPA e MRPA do RealCor &#150; Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco, Clinicor Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia de Macei&#243;, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>In 2001 the first Brazilian guidelines for the use of home monitoring of blood pressure (HMBP) were published. Those guidelines stated that although a number of HMBP protocols were in use at the time, there was no standard pattern. Recommendation was then for at least two measures in the morning - before medications and before breakfast -, and two in the evening - before dinner or three hours after dinner, in order to avoid post-prandial reduction of blood pressure (BP). The procedures should be carried out at least for three consecutive days of routine activities. First day measures should be disconsidered.<sup>1</sup></p>
      <p>The International Consensus Conference 2000 pointed out HMBP relevance, but added that it must be carried out after five minutes at rest.<sup>2</sup> In his book, Pickering claims the relevance of HMBP, but does not specify how many times, at what points in time and how to carry out HMBP.<sup>3</sup> Other guidelines and publications - VI JNC<sup>4</sup>, VII JNC<sup>5</sup>, WHO-ISH<sup>6</sup>, and ESH-ESC<sup>7</sup> included &#150; as well as the First International Consensus Conference on Self-Blood Pressure Measurement<sup>8</sup> do not specify procedure recommendations. However, all guidelines recommend HMBP morning and evening measures. At the American Society of Hypertension Ad Hoc Panel, Pickering recommended HMBP measuring everyday (whether on working days or not), but did not specify how it should be carried out<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>For how many days should HMBP be measured?</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In regard to the question of for how many days the exams must be carried out for the best HMBP mean values, high discrepancy is reported by studies in the literature. Some studies collect data on one single day<sup>1,2</sup>; others, in three or four days<sup>3,4,5</sup>; others, for at least one week<sup>6,7,8,9,10</sup> or even over one month.<sup>11</sup> Studies under analysis also show high divergence as to how many measures should be taken a day: a single morning measure, one<sup>10,11</sup>, two<sup>14,18,19</sup>, or three in the morning and in the evening<sup>12,13,15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>How many measures per day?</bold>
      </p>
      <p>HMBP reproductibility is directly correlated to the number of measures taken.<sup>,1</sup> Chatellier et al have demonstrated that maximal reduction on SD of two HMBP means was obtained with thirty measures (ten consecutive days with three measures per day), and 80% of maximal reduction was obtained in five days (fifteen measures).</p>
      <p>The first study specifically designed to specify the number of measures to be carried out for HMBP was that by Stergiou et al., carried out in 1998, with 189 hypertensives. The study reported that first day measures should be disconsidered, and that the last two days are necessary for better reproductibility, and more effective than measures at the doctor's office. The same authors later confirmed those data, suggesting it would be necessary to have at least three days of monitoring (first day always discarded).</p>
      <p>Recent guidelines published by the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring have suggested that values obtained on first HMBP measures must be excluded for the purpose of means calculation.<sup>2</sup></p>
      <p>While studying 74 elderly patients in a 10-day HMBP, Celis et al concluded that three days were necessary for stable BP meausres to be obtained through HMBP. Brook reviewed 12 studies on HMBP. While analyzing the variability of BP measures, the total number of measures, the total number per series, the number of series, and the number of days for HMBP, the author concluded that a small number of measures could be obtained, and a simplified protocol of 2 measures a day could be used.<sup>3</sup></p>
      <p>In a study by Ohkubo et al &#150; carried out with a Japanese population at Ohasama, involving 1,491 &#179; 40 year-old patients under a mean follow-up period of 10.6 years &#150; predictive value was higher with highest number of measures taken, reaching up 35% risk increase for CVA with HMBP increase of 10 mmHg. One most interesting finding was that out-of-the-doctor's office measure reported significant increase of CVA risk when compared to conventional BP measure (average from two measures at the office), with a 19% risk increase for CVA due to initial 10 mmHg increase in HMBP, and 8% increase for office measure of systolic BP, respectively<bold>.</bold> The analysis of such findings leads to the recommendation of preferably using over 14 measures. It is important to emphasize that HMBP holds higher predictive value for the risk of CVA if compared to conventional BP measuring, even with reduced number of measures.</p>
      <p>Chatellier et al suggest fifteen HMBP measures as recommended, with the possibility of a higher number. Stergiou et al, in their turn, suggest 12 measures. Guidelines issued by the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring recommend 2 measures in the morning and in the evening, for 7 days, with first day disconsidered, and mean values based on 24 measures (six days).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In order to determine the optimal number of measures for HMBP, additional information is made necessary, especially in regard to cardiovascular diseases. In the authors' opinion, HMBP should comply with the following protocol: (a) to be carried out on representative, working days; (b) to schedule one day for delivery of equipment and orientation to patient and/or person accompanying patient; (c) to be kept for four monitoring days; (d) to include two series per day &#150; morning and evening &#150; (preferably before breakfast and before dinner, or two hours following meals and before medications); (e) to take three measures per series (after three minutes at rest, with one minute interval between measures); (f) to disconsider first day monitoring measures due to alarm reaction; (g) to perform a total of 18 valid measures to calculate mean values; and (h) to accept a lower number of valid measures provided not under 12 measures, with all days having been represented.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. III Diretrizes para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o arterial. I Diretrizes para uso da Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial. Rev Bras Hipertens 2001; 8: 143-55.</p>
      <p>2. Asmar R, Zanchetti A. Guidelines for the use of self-blood pressure monitoring: a summary report of the first international consensus conference. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 493-508.</p>
      <p>3. Pickering TG. Clinicians' Manual on Self-Monitoring of Blood Pressure. London: Science Press, 1997.</p>
      <p>4 . National High Blood Pressure Education Program: The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2413-6.</p>
      <p>5. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al.: The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee: the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-72.</p>
      <p>6. Guidelines Subcommittee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151-83.</p>
      <p>7 . Guideline Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension&#151;European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011-53.</p>
      <p>8 . Mengden T, Chamontin B, Phong Chau N et al. User procedure for self-measurement of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 111-29.</p>
      <p>9 . Pickering T. Recommendation for the use of home (self) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Am J Hypertens 1995; 9: 1-11.</p>
      <p>10. Mancia G, Zanchetti A, Agabiti-Rosei E et al. for the SAMPLE Study Group. Ambulatory blood pressure is superior to clinic blood pressure in predicting treatment-induced regression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1997; 95: 1464-70.</p>
      <p>11 . Mancia G, Sega R, Bravi C et al. Ambulatory blood pressure normality: results from the PAMELA study. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 1377-90.</p>
      <p>12. Bodrie G, Genes N, Vaur L et al. Is "isolated home" hypertension as opposed to "isolated office" hypertension a sign of greater cardiovascular risk? Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 2205-11.</p>
      <p>13. Chatellier G, Dutrey-Dupagne C, Vaur L et al. Home self blood pressure measurement in general practice: the SMART study. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: 644-52.</p>
      <p>14. Stergiou GS, Thomopoulou GC, Skeva II, Mountokalakis TD. Home blood pressure normalcy: the Didima study. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 678-85.</p>
      <p>15. Den Hond E, Celis H, Fagard R et al. on behalf of the THOP investigators. Self-measured versus ambulatory blood pressure in the diagnosis of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 717-22.</p>
      <p>16. Chatellier G, Day M, Bodrie G, Menard J. Feasibility study of N-of-1 trials with blood pressure self-monitoring in hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 25: 294-301.</p>
      <p>17. Celis H, De Cort P, Fagard R, Thijs L, Staessen JA. For how many days should blood pressure be measured at home in older patients before steady levels are obtained? J Hum Hypertens 1997; 11: 673-7.</p>
      <p>18 . Stergiou GS, Baibas NM, Gantzarou AP et al. Reproducibility of clinic, ambulatory and home blood pressure: implications on the design of trials for the assessment of the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs. Am J Hypertens 2001; 15: 101-4.</p>
      <p>19. Stergiou GS, Skeva II, Zourbaki AS, Mountokalakis TD. Self monitoring of blood pressure at home: how many measurements are needed? J Hypertens 1998; 16: 725-31.</p>
      <p>20 . Ohkubo T, Asayama K, Kikuya M et al. How many times should blood pressure be measured at home for better prediction of stroke risk? 10-year follow-up results from the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2004; 22:1099-104.</p>
      <p>21. Imai Y, Ohkubo T, Hozawa A et al. Usefulness of home blood pressure measurements in assessing the effect of treatment in a single-blind placebo-controlled open trial. J Hypertens 2001; 19:179-85.</p>
      <p>22 . O'Brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L et al. on behalf of the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 821-48.</p>
      <p>23 . Brook RD. Home blood pressure: accuracy is independent of monitoring schedules. Am J Hypertens 2000; 13: 625-31.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Audes Di&#243;genes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</p>
          <p> Rua Real da Torre, 705/101</p>
          <p> 50610-000</p>
          <p> Recife, PE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="audes@realcor.com.br">audes@realcor.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 05/01/2005</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/08/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
