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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">85PSvPMRjqs9Q6fLMjTZJVR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001600011</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qual o melhor determinante do progn&#243;stico pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial: aus&#234;ncia de descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono ou eleva&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da press&#227;o pela manh&#227;?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortega</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Coelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mion J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>208</fpage>
      <lpage>209</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Qual o melhor determinante do progn&#243;stico pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial: aus&#234;ncia de descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono ou eleva&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da press&#227;o pela manh&#227;?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Katia Coelho Ortega; D&#233;cio Mion J&#250;nior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>O descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono foi caracterizado por Staessen e cols.<sup>1</sup> em grande n&#250;mero de hipertensos (n = 2.555) e normotensos (n = 4.765) de v&#225;rias partes do mundo, por meio da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA), subtraindo-se a press&#227;o arterial durante a vig&#237;lia da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono, de tal modo que quanto mais negativa fosse a diferen&#231;a, maior seria o descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o descenso foi calculado pela rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sono/vig&#237;lia (m&#233;dia da press&#227;o sono dividida pela m&#233;dia da press&#227;o vig&#237;lia multiplicada por 100), configurando a press&#227;o arterial do sono como porcentagem do n&#237;vel durante a vig&#237;lia. A raz&#227;o de 100% ou maior significou aus&#234;ncia do descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono. Tanto para a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica quanto para a diast&#243;lica, as distribui&#231;&#245;es do descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono e da rela&#231;&#227;o press&#227;o arterial sono/vig&#237;lia apresentaram sobreposi&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel entre os normotensos e hipertensos, de maneira que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono.</p>
    <p>Ohkubo e cols.<sup>2</sup>, por sua vez, caracterizaram os indiv&#237;duos com presen&#231;a de descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono, aqueles que apresentavam diferen&#231;as entre press&#245;es durante os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono (m&#233;dia da press&#227;o de vig&#237;lia &#150; m&#233;dia da press&#227;o do sono dividida pela m&#233;dia da press&#227;o de vig&#237;lia multiplicada por 100) iguais ou acima de 10%. Os indiv&#237;duos com descenso atenuado s&#227;o aqueles com diferen&#231;as entre a vig&#237;lia e o sono menores do que 10%, enquanto aqueles com eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o durante o sono s&#227;o classificados como descenso ausente. V&#225;rios autores demonstraram que a aus&#234;ncia ou atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono em hipertensos essenciais estava correlacionada a les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo<sup>3,4,5</sup>. Apesar de existirem poucos estudos em normotensos, foi demonstrado que aqueles com aus&#234;ncia ou atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono apresentavam &#237;ndice de massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo maior<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os componentes do sistema cardiovascular que regulam a press&#227;o arterial, contudo, exibem um ritmo circadiano. Assim, as varia&#231;&#245;es na excre&#231;&#227;o de eletr&#243;litos, atividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e os n&#237;veis de cortisol plasm&#225;tico da noite para o in&#237;cio da manh&#227; contribuem para a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante as primeiras horas da manh&#227;<sup>7</sup>. As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que ocorrem durante o per&#237;odo entre 6h00 e 12h00 incluem morte s&#250;bita, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, angina, isquemia silenciosa e acidente vascular cerebral<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor progn&#243;stico do descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No estudo PIUMA<sup>9</sup>, a morbidade cardiovascular, expressa como o n&#250;mero de eventos cardiovasculares combinados fatais e n&#227;o-fatais por cem pacientes-anos, foi 1,79 em hipertensos com presen&#231;a de descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono, e 4,99 em hipertensos com descenso ausente ou atenuado. Desse modo, os pacientes com m&#233;dias elevadas de press&#227;o arterial tanto na MAPA quanto no consult&#243;rio, com aus&#234;ncia ou atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono, assim como aqueles com press&#227;o de pulso &gt; 53 mmHg, s&#227;o classificados como tendo risco elevado para evento cardiovascular<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por sua vez, subestudo do Syst-Eur<sup>11</sup>, realizado em pacientes idosos com hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada, confirmou a hip&#243;tese da exist&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o risco cardiovascular e o descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para a press&#227;o de 24 horas e outros fatores de risco, o risco cardiovascular no grupo-placebo aumentou 41% para cada 10% de eleva&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o sono/vig&#237;lia. Al&#233;m do mais, no grupo-placebo, a press&#227;o arterial durante o sono apresentou melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com eventos cardiovasculares maiores, seguida da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de 24 horas e da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da vig&#237;lia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor progn&#243;stico da ascens&#227;o matinal da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em hipertensos japoneses idosos foi demonstrado, prospectivamente<sup>12</sup>, que a ascens&#227;o matinal da press&#227;o arterial <italic>morning surge</italic>, acima de 55 mmHg, calculada pela diferen&#231;a entre a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica matinal (m&#233;dia das press&#245;es nas primeiras duas horas ap&#243;s o despertar) e a menor press&#227;o sist&#243;lica durante o sono (m&#233;dia da press&#227;o mais baixa e das press&#245;es imediatamente antes e ap&#243;s a mais baixa), esteve vinculada a maior risco de acidente vascular cerebral independentemente da press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial, descenso da press&#227;o durante o sono e presen&#231;a de infarto silencioso. Assim, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o da ascens&#227;o matinal da press&#227;o arterial pode ser um alvo terap&#234;utico para preven&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo e subseq&#252;entes eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, as evid&#234;ncias sugerem que o melhor determinante progn&#243;stico pela MAPA &#233; a aus&#234;ncia ou atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono. H&#225; necessidade de estudos prospectivos para melhor determina&#231;&#227;o do valor progn&#243;stico da ascens&#227;o matinal da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>REFER&#202;NCIAS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>1. Staessen JA, Bieniaszewski L, O&#180;Brien E. on behalf of the "Ad Hoc" Working Group. Nocturnal fall pressure on ambulatory monitoring in a large international database. Hypertens 1997; 29:30-9.</p>
    <p>2. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Nagai K et al. Prediction of stroke by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus screening blood pressure measurements in a general population? the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2000; 7:847-54.</p>
    <p>3. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. Gender, Day-night blood pressure changes, and left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Dippers and peakers. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8:193-6.</p>
    <p>4. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Baldari G, Sgherri G, Campese VM. Diurnal variations of blood pressure and microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7:23-9.</p>
    <p>5. Shimada K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K et al. Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10:875-8.</p>
    <p>6. Hoshide S, Kario K, Hoshide Y et al. Associations between nondipping of nocturnal blood pressure decrease and cardiovascular target organ damage in strictly selected community-dwelling normotensives. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:434-38.</p>
    <p>7. White WB. Relevance of blood pressure variation in the circadian onset of cardiovascular events. J Hypertens 2003; 21(suppl 6):S9-S15.</p>
    <p>8. Elliott WJ. Cyclic and circadian variations in cardiovascular events. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:291S-295S.</p>
    <p>9. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G et al. Ambulatory blood pressure An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertens 1994;24:793-801.</p>
    <p>10. Verdecchia P. Prognostic Value of ambulatory blood pressure. Current evidence and clinical implications. Hypertens 2000; 35:844-51.</p>
    <p>11. Staessen JA, Thijs L. Fagard R et al. for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. JAMA 1999;282:539-46.</p>
    <p>12. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives. A prospective study. Circulation 2003; 107:1401-06.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> D&#233;cio Mion J&#250;nior </p>
        <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 255 </p>
        <p> 05403-000 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="demionjr@cardiol.br">demionjr@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 01/05/05 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 24/06/05</p>
  </body>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">What is the best prognostic determinant for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: nondipping or morning surge in blood pressure?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>POINT OF VIEW</bold>
      </p>
      <p>What is the best prognostic determinant for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: nondipping or morning surge in blood pressure?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Katia Coelho Ortega; D&#233;cio Mion J&#250;nior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>Nocturnal blood pressure fall was characterized by Staessen et al<sup>1</sup> in a large international database of hypertensives (n = 2,555) and normotensives (n = 4,765) at geographical locations worldwide by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), by subtracting awake blood pressure from sleep blood pressure so that the more negative the difference, the higher the nocturnal pressure fall.</p>
      <p>Additionally, nocturnal fall was calculated through the correlation between awake/sleep blood pressure (nocturnal mean BP divided by awake mean BP multiplied by 100), to configure sleep blood pressure as a percentage of awake level. Lack of nocturnal pressure fall was represented by 100% ratio or higher. Both for systolic and diastolic BP, nocturnal pressure fall recordings and sleep/awake BP ratio showed considerable overlapping among normotensives and hypertensives; therefore, most individuals were reported as dippers.</p>
      <p>Ohkubo et al<sup>2</sup>, in their turn, have characterized individuals those presenting differences between the periods of awake and sleep pressure levels (mean of awake pressure &#150; mean of sleep pressure divided by mean of awake pressure multiplied by 100) at or above 10% as dippers. Nondippers are those with differences between awake and sleep levels lower than 10%, whereas those with pressure increase during sleep are characteri-zed as risers. Different authors have demonstrated that nondipping in essential hyperten- sives was correla-ted to lesions in target organs.<sup>3,4,5</sup> Although few studies are available on normotensives, it has been demonstrated that nondippers have reported larger mass index of left ventricle.<sup>6</sup></p>
      <p>However, the cardiovascular system components that regulate blood pressure exhibit circadian rhythm. Therefore, variations in electrolites excretion, sympathetic system activity, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and serum cortisol levels from night time to early morning contribute for blood pressure and heart rate increase in the early morning hours.<sup>7</sup> Cardiovascular complications that occur in the time period between 6:00 a.m. and noon include sudden death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), angina, silent ischemia, and CVA.<sup>8</sup></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prognostic value of nondipping</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the PIUMA<sup>9</sup> study, cardiovascular morbidity &#150; expressed as the number of combined fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events per 100 patients/year &#150; was 1.79 for hypertensives reported as dippers, and 4.99 for hypertensives reported as nondippers. Therefore, nondippers with increased blood pressure mean values both for ABPM and at the doctor's office, as for those with pulse pressure &gt; 53 mmHg, are classified as under high risk for cardiovascular events.<sup>10</sup></p>
      <p>The Syst-Eur<sup>11</sup> sub-study, in its turn, carried out with elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension, confirmed the assumption of the inverse association between cardiovascular risk and nocturnal pressure fall. After the adjustment for the 24-hour BP and other risk factors, cardiovascular risk in the placebo group increased 41% for every 10% increase in the sleep/awake pressure ratio. Additionally, in the placebo group, blood pressure during sleep reported better correlation with major cardiovascular events, followed by 24-hour systolic pressure and awake systolic pressure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Prognostic value of morning surge of blood pressure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>It has been prospectively demonstrated<sup>12</sup> that in elderly hypertensive Japanese patients morning surge in blood pressure over 55 mmHg &#150; calculated by the difference between morning systolic pressure (average of measurements in the first 2 hours after waking up) and the lowest systolic pressure during sleep (mean of lowest pressure measurements and the measure- ments immediately before and after the lowest) &#150; is associated to higher risk of cerebrovascular accidents irrespective of ambulatory blood pressure measurement, nocturnal pressure fall, and silent infarction. Therefore, despite the limitations imposed by the present study, blood pressure morning surge reduction may be a therapeutic target to prevent lesions of target organs and subsequent cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Up to this point in time, the body of evidence suggests the best prognostic determinant for ABPM is nondipping during sleep. Prospective studies are made necessary to better determine the prognostic value of blood pressure morning surge.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>1. Staessen JA, Bieniaszewski L, O&#180;Brien E. on behalf of the "Ad Hoc" Working Group. Nocturnal fall pressure on ambulatory monitoring in a large international database. Hypertens 1997; 29:30-9.</p>
      <p>2. Ohkubo T, Hozawa A, Nagai K et al. Prediction of stroke by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus screening blood pressure measurements in a general population? the Ohasama study. J Hypertens 2000; 7:847-54.</p>
      <p>3. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al. Gender, Day-night blood pressure changes, and left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Dippers and peakers. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8:193-6.</p>
      <p>4. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Baldari G, Sgherri G, Campese VM. Diurnal variations of blood pressure and microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7:23-9.</p>
      <p>5. Shimada K, Kawamoto A, Matsubayashi K et al. Diurnal blood pressure variations and silent cerebrovascular damage in elderly patients with hypertension. J Hypertens 1992; 10:875-8.</p>
      <p>6. Hoshide S, Kario K, Hoshide Y et al. Associations between nondipping of nocturnal blood pressure decrease and cardiovascular target organ damage in strictly selected community-dwelling normotensives. Am J Hypertens 2003; 16:434-38.</p>
      <p>7. White WB. Relevance of blood pressure variation in the circadian onset of cardiovascular events. J Hypertens 2003; 21(suppl 6):S9-S15.</p>
      <p>8. Elliott WJ. Cyclic and circadian variations in cardiovascular events. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:291S-295S.</p>
      <p>9. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G et al. Ambulatory blood pressure An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertens 1994;24:793-801.</p>
      <p>10. Verdecchia P. Prognostic Value of ambulatory blood pressure. Current evidence and clinical implications. Hypertens 2000; 35:844-51.</p>
      <p>11. Staessen JA, Thijs L. Fagard R et al. for the Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. JAMA 1999;282:539-46.</p>
      <p>12. Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives. A prospective study. Circulation 2003; 107:1401-06.</p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>D&#233;cio Mion J&#250;nior</p>
          <p> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 255</p>
          <p> 05403-000</p>
          <p> S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="demionjr@cardiol.br">demionjr@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 05/01/2005</p>
      <p> Accepted on 06/24/2005</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
