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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JfVGBtW8hN6xH5PFF8nQdRt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001600009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a e exeq&#252;ibilidade do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina em pacientes octogen&#225;rios</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria Bonfim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paes J&#250;nior</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nogueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Prontoc&#225;rdio de Fortaleza</institution>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>198</fpage>
      <lpage>204</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: Verificar a exeq&#252;ibilidade e seguran&#231;a do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina (EED) em octogen&#225;rios. M&#201;TODOS: Avaliaram-se 5.467 EED, distribu&#237;dos entre grupo dos octogen&#225;rios (GI=203) e grupo controle (GII=5.264). A idade m&#233;dia no GI=83&#177;3 (80-95) e no GII=59&#177;11 (17-79) anos. Os par&#226;metros resultantes do EED, coletados prospectivamente, foram comparados e analisados. RESULTADOS: O percentual de pacientes que atingiram freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima foi em GI=63,5% e GII=41% (GI vs. GII; p&lt;0,001), e o GI necessitou de menos atropina (GI=47% vs. GII=78%; p&lt;0,001). A ocorr&#234;ncia de dor n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente (GI=13% vs. GII=15,6%; p=0,429), nem o percentual de EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (GI=20,7% vs. GII=16,9%; p=0,296), mas a concomit&#226;ncia entre EED positivo e aus&#234;ncia de dor (GI=17% vs. GII=11%; p=0,029) foi maior no grupo I. A ocorr&#234;ncia de extra-sistolia (GI=47,8% vs GII=27,6%; p&lt;0,001) e taquiarritmia supraventricular (GI=5,9% vs. GII=1,9%; p=0,001) foi maior no grupo I. Das 11 taquiarritmias supraventriculares do grupo I, 9 reverteram espontaneamente. N&#227;o houve &#243;bito, infarto ou preval&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular. S&#243; ocorreu fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (2 casos; 0,03%) no GII. CONCLUS&#195;O: Apesar do menor uso de atropina para concluir o EED, os octogen&#225;rios atingiram mais a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. Houve uma maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e a aus&#234;ncia de dor. Apresentaram mais dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, todavia a resolu&#231;&#227;o, em geral, foi espont&#226;nea. Em nosso estudo, o EED mostrou ser um m&#233;todo exeq&#252;&#237;vel e seguro para os octogen&#225;rios.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>dobutamina</kwd>
        <kwd>octogen&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Seguran&#231;a e exeq&#252;ibilidade do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina em pacientes octogen&#225;rios</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu; Tereza Cristina Pinheiro Di&#243;genes; Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte Farias; Jos&#233; Maria Bonfim de Morais; Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes J&#250;nior</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Prontoc&#225;rdio de Fortaleza, CE</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Verificar a exeq&#252;ibilidade e seguran&#231;a do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina (EED) em octogen&#225;rios. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Avaliaram-se 5.467 EED, distribu&#237;dos entre grupo dos octogen&#225;rios (GI=203) e grupo controle (GII=5.264). A idade m&#233;dia no GI=83&#177;3 (80-95) e no GII=59&#177;11 (17-79) anos. Os par&#226;metros resultantes do EED, coletados prospectivamente, foram comparados e analisados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O percentual de pacientes que atingiram freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima foi em GI=63,5% e GII=41% (GI vs. GII; p&lt;0,001), e o GI necessitou de menos atropina (GI=47% vs. GII=78%; p&lt;0,001). A ocorr&#234;ncia de dor n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente (GI=13% vs. GII=15,6%; p=0,429), nem o percentual de EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (GI=20,7% vs. GII=16,9%; p=0,296), mas a concomit&#226;ncia entre EED positivo e aus&#234;ncia de dor (GI=17% vs. GII=11%; p=0,029) foi maior no grupo I. A ocorr&#234;ncia de extra-sistolia (GI=47,8% vs GII=27,6%; p&lt;0,001) e taquiarritmia supraventricular (GI=5,9% vs. GII=1,9%; p=0,001) foi maior no grupo I. Das 11 taquiarritmias supraventriculares do grupo I, 9 reverteram espontaneamente. N&#227;o houve &#243;bito, infarto ou preval&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular. S&#243; ocorreu fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (2 casos; 0,03%) no GII. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Apesar do menor uso de atropina para concluir o EED, os octogen&#225;rios atingiram mais a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. Houve uma maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e a aus&#234;ncia de dor. Apresentaram mais dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, todavia a resolu&#231;&#227;o, em geral, foi espont&#226;nea. Em nosso estudo, o EED mostrou ser um m&#233;todo exeq&#252;&#237;vel e seguro para os octogen&#225;rios.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> ecocardiografia, dobutamina, octogen&#225;rios</p>
    <p>Desde que a ecocardiografia sob estresse com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico foi iniciada por Wann&#185;, e a dobutamina foi utilizada como estressor card&#237;aco por Mason<sup>2</sup>, significativos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos com a digitaliza&#231;&#227;o das imagens e distintos protocolos de estudo foram desenvolvidos<sup>3,4</sup>, permitindo que, tanto ao n&#237;vel hospitalar quanto ambulatorial<sup>5-7</sup>, a ecocardiografia se tornasse um m&#233;todo efetivo e seguro para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica como a medicina nuclear<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A incapacidade de um indiv&#237;duo exercitar-se adequadamente e os registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos insatisfat&#243;rios podem reduzir a acur&#225;cia de um m&#233;todo complementar na pesquisa de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, principalmente nos mais idosos, o que, em princ&#237;pio, poderia favorecer o uso de um estressor farmacol&#243;gico<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os octogen&#225;rios constituem uma popula&#231;&#227;o com maior probabilidade de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), por&#233;m, a falta da cl&#225;ssica sintomatologia anginosa pode estar relacionada ao decl&#237;nio da atividade f&#237;sica a um ponto em que os sintomas isqu&#234;micos n&#227;o est&#227;o presentes, sendo relevante o fato de que muitos idosos n&#227;o atingem a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) subm&#225;xima<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos pacientes octogen&#225;rios, ocorre, em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso, uma maior incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial<sup>14</sup> e arritmia ventricular<sup>15</sup> que nos pacientes mais jovens. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes idosos, quando submetidos ao ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e atropina (EED), apresentam mais arritmia ventricular, mais hipotens&#227;o e menos manifesta&#231;&#227;o de angina que em popula&#231;&#227;o de menor faixa et&#225;ria<sup>16</sup>, o que pode torn&#225;-los mais suscept&#237;veis a complica&#231;&#245;es ou determinar a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exame. Outro aspecto significativo &#233; que, nos octogen&#225;rios, registra-se uma maior incid&#234;ncia de sintomas prost&#225;ticos, os quais podem associar-se &#224; reten&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria aguda<sup>17</sup> e, nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, o prostatismo poderia inviabilizar o uso de atropina durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina e comprometer a efici&#234;ncia do m&#233;todo.</p>
    <p>Tendo em vista as poss&#237;veis vantagens, limita&#231;&#245;es e riscos do uso de um estressor farmacol&#243;gico em idosos, objetivou-se verificar a seguran&#231;a e exeq&#252;ibilidade do EED em pacientes octogen&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Analisamos retrospectivamente um banco de dados (coletado prospectivamente) cujos pacientes, com DAC prov&#225;vel ou conhecida, haviam sido submetidos ao EED. No per&#237;odo de julho de 1996 a dezembro de 2003, foram realizados 5.467 EED em 4.997 pacientes, os quais foram encaminhados, a crit&#233;rio dos cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos, para o nosso servi&#231;o de ecocardiografia, instalado num hospital de pronto atendimento cardiol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>Orientamos todos pacientes para que se submetessem a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o oftalmol&#243;gica, tendo em vista o poss&#237;vel uso de atropina, e suspendessem &#223;-bloqueadores e antagonistas do c&#225;lcio (verapamil ou diltiazem) no per&#237;odo das 24 &#224;s 48 horas anteriores ao exame, exceto naqueles casos em que o m&#233;dico assistente solicitou a manuten&#231;&#227;o da terapia.</p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s de exames cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais ou informes verbais, investigou-se a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia (DLP), hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC, tabagismo, DAC conhecida, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por cirurgia (RMC) ou por angioplastia transluminal (ATL).</p>
    <p>Considerou-se HAS quando a press&#227;o arterial (PA), em repouso, era maior ou igual a 140 x 90 mmHg; DM, quando a glicemia em jejum era maior que 140 mg/dl; DLP, quando o colesterol total foi maior que 200 mg/dl. Os diagn&#243;sticos de HAS, DM e DLP tamb&#233;m foram considerados se o paciente estava em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o redutora de PA, de glicemia ou de colesterol, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Esclarecemos sobre os riscos e objetivos do exame, efeitos colaterais mais freq&#252;entes da dobutamina e atropina e, somente ap&#243;s a concord&#226;ncia verbal do paciente, o EED era iniciado.</p>
    <p>Considerou-se grupo I (GI) o dos octogen&#225;rios com idade m&#233;dia de 83&#177;3 (80 a 95) anos, perfazendo um total de 192 pacientes, com 203 exames; grupo II (GII) o grupo controle com idade m&#233;dia de 59&#177;11 (17 a 79) anos, num total de 4.805 pacientes, com 5.264 exames.</p>
    <p>A dobutamina foi utilizada nas doses de 5, 10, 20, 30 e 40 &#181;g. Kg-1. min-1 em intervalos de 3 minutos, com a finalidade de atingir pelo menos 85% da freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#225;xima (220 menos a idade em anos) e/ou determinar anormalidade contr&#225;til compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A atropina era iniciada no terceiro ou quarto est&#225;gio, se a FC estivesse menor que 100 bpm; ou se a FC-alvo n&#227;o fosse atingida no quarto est&#225;gio da dobutamina, desde que n&#227;o tivesse ocorrido piora da contratilidade ou nova anormalidade contr&#225;til<sup>18-20</sup>. A dose de atropina variou de 0,25 mg a 2 mg. Nos pacientes que apresentaram isquemia, foram administrados 5 a 10 mg de metoprolol endovenoso.</p>
    <p>A PA foi medida no in&#237;cio de cada est&#225;gio e ao final do exame. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica foi cont&#237;nua e o eletrocardiograma com doze deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado antes do in&#237;cio e ao concluir o EED. A conclus&#227;o do EED foi considerada nos casos em que houve anormalidade contr&#225;til compat&#237;vel com isquemia e/ou atingiram-se 85% da FC m&#225;xima, exceto na avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Os equipamentos utilizados (Apogee CX 200 e Vingmed System Five) permitiam o uso de tela qu&#225;drupla, de modo que todos os quatro est&#225;gios pudessem ser expostos lado a lado para an&#225;lise, visibilizando-se o cora&#231;&#227;o a n&#237;vel paraesternal (eixo longo e curto) e apical (quatro e duas c&#226;maras). Todos os exames foram registrados em videoteipe e, parte deles (os positivos para isquemia), tamb&#233;m em disco &#243;ptico.</p>
    <p>Todos EED foram realizados por dois ecocardiografistas (simultaneamente) e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o (por consenso) foi efetuada imediatamente ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do exame. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi dividido em dezesseis segmentos, com a contra&#231;&#227;o da parede podendo ser classificada como normal, hipocin&#233;tica, acin&#233;tica, discin&#233;tica ou aneurism&#225;tica, de acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>21</sup>. A dor tor&#225;cica, quando presente, foi considerada t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se pico hipertensivo quando a PA tornou-se maior ou igual a 230 x 120 mmHg, e considerou-se hipotens&#227;o quando a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) diminuiu em 20 mmHg ou quando a PAS ficou menor que 100 mmHg. Verificou-se, ainda, a poss&#237;vel ocorr&#234;ncia de extra-sistolia com menos que tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos (ES), taquiarritmia supraventricular (TASV), na qual se inclu&#237;am a taquicardia atrial, taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular, fibrila&#231;&#227;o e flutter atrial; taquicardia ventricular sustentada com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt;30 segundos (TVS), taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS), fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e &#243;bito. Mesmo que n&#227;o estivesse conclu&#237;do, o EED deveria ser interrompido quando houvesse pico hipertensivo, hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica, TASV, TVS, TVNS, FV, ou por solicita&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise descritiva quando, para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foram calculadas as m&#233;dias mais ou menos um desvio padr&#227;o. Para a an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram utilizados teste chi-square de Pearson, teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a e teste exato de Fisher. Existindo associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, para medir o grau de associa&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizada a estimativa do odds ratio e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. No estudo das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, o teste de normality das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi feito pelo teste de Kolgomorov-Smirnov. Existindo normalidade dos dados, o teste de compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias foi feito atrav&#233;s do teste t-Student para popula&#231;&#245;es independentes. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, cuja distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi normal, usou-se o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o de duas m&#233;dias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Do total de 5.467 exames, obtiveram-se 5.189 exames diagn&#243;sticos, sendo 934 (18%) desses exames testes diagn&#243;sticos positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica; 4.153 (80%) negativos e 102 (2%) efetuados para verificar viabilidade mioc&#225;rdica. Dentre todos os exames, 278 (5%) foram inconclusivos.</p>
    <p>Como se evidencia na an&#225;lise comparativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tab. I</xref>), entre o grupo dos octogen&#225;rios(GI) e o grupo controle (GII), h&#225; um predom&#237;nio do sexo feminino no GI (58%) e no GII (56%), mas sem signific&#226;ncia (p=0,565). Os octogen&#225;rios apresentaram mais ocorr&#234;ncia de FC m&#225;xima que o grupo controle (63,5% versus 41,2%, p&lt;0,001) e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre testes positivos (20,7% versus 16,9%), negativos (73,9% versus 76%), para viabilidade (1,5% versus 1,9%) e inconclusivos (3,9% versus 5,1%) dos grupos I e II, respectivamente. A preval&#234;ncia de dor t&#237;pica (6,4% versus 9,6%), at&#237;pica (6,9% versus 6%) ou qualquer dor (13,3% versus 15,6%) n&#227;o permitiu uma distin&#231;&#227;o (p=NS) entre os dois grupos. O GI usou menos atropina (47,3% versus 78,1%, p&lt;0,001) e apresentou mais ES (47,8% versus 27,6%, p&lt;0,001) e TASV (5,9% versus 1,9%, p&lt;0,001) que o GII. A ocorr&#234;ncia de TVNS (0,5% versus 0,2%) n&#227;o foi diferente (p=NS) entre os dois grupos, e os dois casos de FV registrados ocorreram no grupo controle. N&#227;o houve IAM, TVS ou &#243;bito na popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando avaliamos o subgrupo de octogen&#225;rios que haviam apresentado testes positivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>), n&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o (p=NS) com a FC m&#225;xima nem com a FC subm&#225;xima. J&#225; com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dor, observamos correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o teste positivo e a ocorr&#234;ncia de dor t&#237;pica (53,8% versus 18,4%, p=0,007) ou qualquer dor (44,4% versus 17%, p=0,003).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O subgrupo com testes positivos no grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>) apresentou comportamento semelhante ao subgrupo dos octogen&#225;rios, n&#227;o havendo correla&#231;&#227;o (p=NS) entre teste positivo e FC (m&#225;xima ou subm&#225;xima), mas houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com dor t&#237;pica (65,7% versus 11,8%, p&lt;0,001) ou qualquer dor (47,3% versus 11,3%, p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Ao compararmos estes dois subgrupos com testes positivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4">tab. IV</xref>), os resultados n&#227;o foram diferentes quando se considerou FC m&#225;xima, FC subm&#225;xima, presen&#231;a de qualquer dor, dor t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica; mas ao considerar-se, entretanto, a aus&#234;ncia de dor t&#237;pica (18,4% versus 11,8%, p=0,009) ou aus&#234;ncia de qualquer dor (17% versus 11,3%, p=0,029), a correla&#231;&#227;o com o subgrupo dos octogen&#225;rios com testes positivos foi significa tivamente maior.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>J&#225; registramos que, no c&#244;mputo geral, os octogen&#225;rios necessitaram de menos atropina. Al&#233;m disso, o percentual de pacientes que atingiam a FC m&#225;xima (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5">tabs. V</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab6">VI</xref>) foi maior no grupo I quando houve o uso da atropina (79,2% versus 45,9%, p&lt;0,001) e tamb&#233;m quando n&#227;o houve (49,5% versus 24,8%, p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab5">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab6"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise espec&#237;fica dos octogen&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7">tabs. VII</xref> e <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab8">VIII</xref>), observou-se um predom&#237;nio (n&#227;o significativo) do sexo feminino, das hipertensas, das dislipid&#234;micas e das mulheres submetidas a angioplastia coronariana, mas apenas a hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC e o n&#250;mero de diab&#233;ticos foram significativos (p&lt;0,05) nas mulheres. J&#225; a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica foi mais freq&#252;ente entre os homens (p&lt;0,05). Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes dos dois sexos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os resultados dos EED quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica ou at&#237;pica. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica n&#227;o foi diferente entre os sexos e a FC das mulheres foi maior no repouso e no pico do EED (p&lt;0,05). Dentre os 22 (11%) octogen&#225;rios que apresentaram hipotens&#227;o, 14 (64%) eram do sexo feminino, ocorrendo apenas um caso sintom&#225;tico. Apenas um paciente teve pico hipertensivo, contudo o exame foi conclu&#237;do. Quanto aos dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, os valores n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes, todavia houve maior percentual de ES nos homens (61%) que nas mulheres. Ocorreram quatro TASV nos homens e sete nas mulheres.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab7">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <undefined id="tab8"/>
    </p>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-e02.jpg"/></p>
    <p>A dose utilizada e o percentual de mulheres octogen&#225;rias que necessitaram de atropina (<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab6">tab. VI</xref>) foram menores que os dos homens (p&lt;0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Desde que o uso da dobutamina foi utilizado por Mason<sup>2</sup> como estressor card&#237;aco, em 1984, distintos trabalhos mostraram a seguran&#231;a do EED em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>6-8,22</sup>. De nosso conhecimento, no entanto, apenas um artigo cita o EED em octogen&#225;rios, analisando, numa pequena amostra, o seu valor progn&#243;stico<sup>23</sup>. Em virtude de sua maior propens&#227;o para DAC, dist&#250;rbios do ritmo e hipotens&#227;o, torna-se interessante verificar a seguran&#231;a e exeq&#252;ibilidade do EED nessa elevada faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Secnus e Marwick<sup>24</sup> j&#225; haviam verificado que as mulheres apresentavam a FC mais elevada que os homens, tanto em repouso como no final do EED, e que um menor n&#250;mero de mulheres necessitava de atropina. Al&#233;m disso, Hiro e cols.<sup>16</sup> observaram que as mulheres necessitaram de menor quantidade de atropina. Essas duas peculiaridades<sup>16,24</sup> ocorreram com os octogen&#225;rios. Apesar de atingir mais FC m&#225;xima que o grupo controle, os octogen&#225;rios (principalmente as mulheres) necessitaram de menos atropina, o que pode decorrer de uma menor atividade vagal e/ou uma maior sensibilidade &#224; dobutamina, j&#225; que os octogen&#225;rios atingiram mais FC m&#225;xima que o grupo controle quando os dois grupos usaram atropina e quando n&#227;o usaram. Assim como verificado por Hiro e cols.<sup>16</sup> na avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua popula&#231;&#227;o com elevada faixa et&#225;ria (&gt;75 anos), tamb&#233;m observamos uma maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre a aus&#234;ncia de dor e os EED positivos para isquemia nos octogen&#225;rios, fato que sugere uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade dolorosa nesta faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Nos estudos publicados de Mertes e cols.<sup>22</sup>, Elhendy e cols.<sup>25</sup> e Poldermans e cols.<sup>26</sup> n&#227;o se observou correla&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de atropina e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias, mas foi registrada a correla&#231;&#227;o entre taquiarritmias e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de repouso. Os octogen&#225;rios do nosso estudo tiveram mais arritmia, embora tenham usado menos atropina que o outro grupo. Apenas um octogen&#225;rio com TASV tinha anormalidade contr&#225;til (discreta) de repouso. Usou-se atropina com freq&#252;&#234;ncia maior que a citada nos artigos referenciados, acreditando-se ser poss&#237;vel aumentar o n&#250;mero de exames diagn&#243;sticos, diminuir a desacelera&#231;&#227;o sinusal e evitar o bloqueio atrioventricular transit&#243;rio<sup>18-20,27-29</sup>, visto que a possibilidade de intoxica&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito reduzida quando a dose n&#227;o ultrapassa 2 mg<sup>30</sup>. O fato de n&#227;o ter havido reten&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria aguda entre os octogen&#225;rios foi atribu&#237;do &#224; necessidade de usar menos atropina e a que parte deles s&#227;o prostatectomizados.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve, entre os dois grupos, uma preval&#234;ncia significativa de sexo, de testes conclu&#237;dos e n&#227;o conclu&#237;dos, nem da ocorr&#234;ncia de qualquer tipo de dor, mesmo quando relacionadas a testes positivos.</p>
    <p>A hipotens&#227;o durante o EED tem m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos<sup>31-37</sup>, por&#233;m, usualmente &#233; assintom&#225;tica, o que tamb&#233;m foi observado em 22 (11%) EED relacionados com a hipotens&#227;o dos octogen&#225;rios, dos quais o &#250;nico caso sintom&#225;tico foi o de uma paciente com EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Apenas um octogen&#225;rio apresentou resposta hipertensiva<sup>38</sup>, contudo, o exame foi conclu&#237;do. Complica&#231;&#245;es do EED, tais como a assistolia<sup>39</sup>, FV ou IAM<sup>6,8,40,41</sup> e a ruptura card&#237;aca<sup>42,43</sup> s&#227;o cita&#231;&#245;es raras da literatura, sendo t&#227;o infreq&#252;entes quanto as complica&#231;&#245;es que ocorrem durante o teste de esfor&#231;o<sup>44</sup> . N&#227;o houve TVS, FV, IAM ou &#243;bito no grupo dos octogen&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A extra-sistolia e a TASV do grupo I foram mais freq&#252;entes, mas n&#227;o determinantes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de testes n&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos. Das doze arritmias complexas dos octogen&#225;rios (11 TASV e 1 TVNS), dez reverteram-se espontaneamente; as outras duas reverteram-se com amiodarona endovenosa (uma na sala de exame e outra ap&#243;s internamento). Os dois casos de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ocorreram no grupo controle e ambos foram desfibrilados na sala de exame, evoluindo sem seq&#252;elas e, posteriormente, foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, pois apresentavam les&#245;es graves de m&#250;ltiplas coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>A casu&#237;stica de octogen&#225;rios, ora apresentada, &#233; modesta e comp&#245;e um estudo retrospectivo. Como a maioria dos pacientes foi referenciada por diversos m&#233;dicos e institui&#231;&#245;es, as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas s&#227;o limitadas quanto a estudos e procedimentos hemodin&#226;micos que possam ter sido realizados posteriormente, o que impediu uma adequada avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia do EED em pacientes octogen&#225;rios, muito embora esta avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o constitu&#237;sse objetivo desse trabalho.</p>
    <p>Apesar do menor uso de atropina para concluir o EED, os octogen&#225;rios atingiram mais a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima. Houve uma maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre EED positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e a aus&#234;ncia de dor. Apresentaram mais dist&#250;rbios do ritmo, todavia a resolu&#231;&#227;o em geral foi espont&#226;nea. Em nosso estudo, o EED mostrou ser um m&#233;todo exeq&#252;&#237;vel e seguro para os octogen&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu </p>
        <p> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Louren&#231;o, 500/700 </p>
        <p> 60115-280 </p>
        <p> Fortaleza, CE </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jsabreu@cardiol.br">jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 17/10/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 4/03/05</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in octogenarian patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and safety of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) in octogenarians. METHODS: We evaluated 5,467 DASE which were distributed in two groups: group I (GI) with 203 DASE performed in octogenarians, and group II (GII), the control group, with 5,264 DASE. The mean age of GI and GII was 83&#177;3 (80-95) and 59&#177;11 (17-79) years, respectively. DASE parameters that were prospectively collected, were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: The percentage of patients that achieved maximum heart rate was 63.5% in GI and 41% in GII (p&lt;0.001), and GI patients required less atropine compared to GII (GI=47%, GII=78%, p&lt;0.001).The presence of chest pain (GI=13%, GII=15.6%, p=0.429) and DASE positive for myocardial ischemia (GI=20.7%, GII=16.9%, p=0.296) were not statistically different between the two groups. However, concomitant positive DASE and absence of chest pain (GI=17%, GII=11%, p=0.029) was higher in GI. The incidence of premature beats in GI was higher than in GII (GI=47.8%, GII=27.6%, p&lt;0.001), and there were more supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (ST) in GI than in GII (GI=5.9%, GII=1.9%, p=0.001). Out of 11 ST that happened in GI, 9 reverted spontaneously. There weren't either deaths or acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular fibrillation only happened in GII (2 cases, 0.03%). CONCLUSION: In the present study, octogenarians achieved maximum heart rate more frequently despite the lesser amount of atropine that they required for DASE completion. Moreover, in this elderly population, there was a higher correlation between positive DASE and absence of chest pain. Although octogenarians did present more heart rhythm disturbs, they usually resolved spontaneously. In our study, DASE proved to be feasible and safe in octogenarians.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>dobutamine</kwd>
        <kwd>octogenarian</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in octogenarian patients</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu; Tereza Cristina Pinheiro Di&#243;genes; Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte Farias; Jos&#233; Maria Bonfim de Morais; Jos&#233; Nogueira Paes J&#250;nior</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Prontoc&#225;rdio de Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the feasibility and safety of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) in octogenarians.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We evaluated 5,467 DASE which were distributed in two groups: group I (GI) with 203 DASE performed in octogenarians, and group II (GII), the control group, with 5,264 DASE. The mean age of GI and GII was 83&#177;3 (80-95) and 59&#177;11 (17-79) years, respectively. DASE parameters that were prospectively collected, were compared and analyzed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The percentage of patients that achieved maximum heart rate was 63.5% in GI and 41% in GII (p&lt;0.001), and GI patients required less atropine compared to GII (GI=47%, GII=78%, p&lt;0.001).The presence of chest pain (GI=13%, GII=15.6%, p=0.429) and DASE positive for myocardial ischemia (GI=20.7%, GII=16.9%, p=0.296) were not statistically different between the two groups. However, concomitant positive DASE and absence of chest pain (GI=17%, GII=11%, p=0.029) was higher in GI. The incidence of premature beats in GI was higher than in GII (GI=47.8%, GII=27.6%, p&lt;0.001), and there were more supraventricular tachyarrhythmias (ST) in GI than in GII (GI=5.9%, GII=1.9%, p=0.001). Out of 11 ST that happened in GI, 9 reverted spontaneously. There weren't either deaths or acute myocardial infarction. Ventricular fibrillation only happened in GII (2 cases, 0.03%).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In the present study, octogenarians achieved maximum heart rate more frequently despite the lesser amount of atropine that they required for DASE completion. Moreover, in this elderly population, there was a higher correlation between positive DASE and absence of chest pain. Although octogenarians did present more heart rhythm disturbs, they usually resolved spontaneously. In our study, DASE proved to be feasible and safe in octogenarians.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> echocardiography, dobutamine, octogenarian</p>
      <p>Since stress echocardiography with physical exercise was started by Wann&#185;, and dobutamine was used as cardiac stress stimulator by Mason<sup>2</sup>, important technological advancements with image digitalization and distinctive study protocols have been developed<sup>3,4</sup>. That allowed for, both on hospital and ambulatory<sup>5-7</sup> level, echocardiography became as effective and safe method for myocardial ischemia diagnosis, as nuclear medicine<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The inability of an individual exercise properly and unsatisfactory electrocardiographic records can reduce the precision of a supplementary method in myocardial ischemia research, especially among elderly patients, which could favor the use of a pharmacological stress stimulator<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Octogenarians constitute a population with higher probability of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the lack of classic anginous symptomatology may be related to physical activity decrease at the extent in which ischemic symptoms are not present, and the fact that many elderly individuals do not achieve sub-maximum heart rate (HR)<sup>13</sup> is relevant.</p>
      <p>A greater incidence of atrial fibrillation<sup>14</sup> and ventricular arrhythmia<sup>15</sup> takes place among octogenarian patients than among young ones. Besides, elderly patients, when submitted to dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiogram (DASE), show more ventricular arrhythmia, more hypotension and lesser angina manifestation than in younger population<sup>16</sup>, which can make them more susceptible to complications or determine exam interruption. Another significant aspect is that, among octogenarians, a greater incidence of prostatic symptoms is seen, which can be associated to acute urinary retention<sup>17</sup> and under that condition, prostatism may make the use of atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiogram not feasible and compromise the efficiency of the method.</p>
      <p>By having in view possible advantages, limitations and risks of a pharmacological stress stimulator in elderly individuals, we aimed at verifying the safety and feasibility of DASE in octogenarian patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective collected database of probable or known DAC patients, who had been submitted to DASE, was retrospectively assessed. In the period from July 1996 to December 2003, 5,467 DASE were carried out in 4,997 patients, who were sent, at clinical cardiologist discretion, to our echocardiography service, set up in a cardiological emergency care hospital.</p>
      <p>We guided all patients to be submitted to an ophthalmologic assessment, aiming the possible use of atropine, and suspended b-blockers and calcium antagonists (verapamil or diltiazem) in the period from 24 to 48 hours prior to exam, except in those cases in which the assistant physician requested treatment maintenance.</p>
      <p>Through clinical and laboratorial exams or verbal information, the presence of systemic blood pressure (SBP), diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia (DLP), family history for DAC, smoking, known DAC, myocardial revascularization through surgery (SMR) or through transluminal angioplasty (TLA) was investigated.</p>
      <p>SH was considered when blood pressure (BP) at rest has higher than or equal to 140 x 90 mmHg; DM, when fasting glycemia was higher than 140 mg/dl; DLP, when total cholesterol was greater than 200 mg/dl. SH, DM and DLP diagnoses were also taken into consideration if the patient was under use of BP, glycemia or cholesterol reducing medication, respectively.</p>
      <p>We clarified on the risks and objectives of exam, more frequent dobutamine and atropine side effects and, only after verbal agreement from the patient, DASE was started.</p>
      <p>Octogenarians group I (GI), with average age of 83&#177;3 (80 to 95) years old, amounting 192 patients, with 203 exams; and group II (GII), the control group, with average age of 59&#177;11 (17 to 79) years old, in a total of 4,805 patients, with 5,264 exams, were considered.</p>
      <p>Dobutamine was used in doses of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 &#181;g. Kg-1. min-1 in 3-minute intervals, with the aim of achieving at least 85% of maximum heart rate (HR) (220 minus the age in years old) and/or determining contractile abnormality compatible with myocardial ischemia. Atropine was started in the third or fourth stage, if HR was lower than 100 bpm; or if target HR was not achieved in the fourth stage of dobutamine, since contractility worsening or new contractile abnormality had not taken place<sup>18-20</sup>. Atropine dose varied from 0.25 mg to 2 mg. In patients who showed ischemia, 5 to 10 mg of endovenous de metoprolol were administrated.</p>
      <p>BP was measured at the beginning of each stage and at the end of the exam. Electrocardiographic monitoring was continuous and twelve-derivation electrocardiogram was carried out before the beginning of and at DASE completion. DASE conclusion was considered in cases with ischemia-compatible contractile abnormality and/or 85% of maximum heart rate was achieved, except in myocardial viability assessment.</p>
      <p>Equipment used (Apogee CX 200 and Vingmed System Five) allowed for the use of quad screen, in such way that all four stages could be side-by-side displayed for analysis, by viewing the heart on paraesternal (long and short axis) and apical (four and two cameras) levels. All exams were recorded in videotape and, part of them (positive for), also in optic disk.</p>
      <p>All DASEs were carried out by two echocardiographers (simultaneously) and the interpretation (through consensus) was done immediately after exam completion. Left ventricle was divided in sixteen segments, with wall contraction classified as normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, dyskinetic or aneurysmatic, according to American Society of Echocardiography<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thoracic pain, when present, was considered as typical or atypical.</p>
      <p>Hypertensive peak was defined when BP was greater than or equal to 230 x 120 mmHg, and hypotension was considered when systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased in 20 mmHg or when SBP was lower than 100 mmHg. It was also verified the possible occurrence of extra-systole with less than three consecutive heartbeats (ES), supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (SVTA), in which atrial tachycardia, supraventricular paroxystic tachycardia, fibrillation and atrial flutter; sustained ventricular tachycardia with duration &gt;30 seconds (SVT), non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and death were included. Even with no completion, DASE should be interrupted in the presence of hypertensive peak, symptomatic hypotension, SVTA, SVT, NSVT, VF, or by request from the patient.</p>
      <p>Descriptive analysis was carried out when, for continuous variables, means plus or minus a standard deviation were calculated. For association analysis between categorical variables, chi-square test of Pearson, verisimilitude rate test and exact test of Fisher were applied. When there was association between categorical variables, to measure association level, odds ratio estimate and confidence intervals of 95% were used. In continuous variable assessment, continuous variable normality test was carried out through Kolgomorov-Smirnov test. For data normality, mean comparison test was carried out through t-test of Student for independent populations. For continuous variables, whose distribution was not normal, Mann-Whitney non-parametric test was employed for comparison of two means.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From the total of 5,467 exams, 5,189 diagnostic exams were obtained, being 934 (18%) from those exams, positive diagnostic tests for myocardial ischemia; 4,153 (80%) negative and 102 (2%) carried out to examine myocardial viability. Among all exams, 278 (5%) of them were non-conclusive.</p>
      <p>As evidenced in comparative analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tab. I</xref>), between octogenarian patient group (GI) and control group (GII), there is a prevalence of female sex individuals in GI (58%) and GII (56%), but without significance (p=0.565). Octogenarians showed more occurrence of maximum HR than control group individuals (63.5% vs. 41.2%, p&lt;0.001) and there was no significant there was no significant difference between positive (20.7% vs. 16.9%), negative (73.9% vs. 76%) tests, for viability (1.5% vs. 1.9%) and non-conclusive (3.9% vs. 5.1%) tests of groups I and II, respectively. Prevalence of typical chest pain (6.4% vs. 9.6%), atypical pain (6.9% vs. 6%) or any other one (13.3% vs. 15.6%) did not allow for a distinction (p=NS) between the two groups. GI used less atropine (47.3% vs. 78.1%, p&lt;0.001) and showed more ES (47.8% vs. 27.6%, p&lt;0.001) and SVTA (5.9% vs. 1.9%, p&lt;0.001) than GII. NSVT occurrence (0.5% vs. 0.2%) was not different (p=NS) between both groups, and the two VF cases recorded occurred in group control. There was no AMI, SVT or death in the population of this study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When we assessed the subgroup of octogenarians who had showed positive tests (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>), we did not observe correlation (p=NS) with maximum HR and sub-maximum HR. Concerning chest pain, we observed a significant correlation between positive test and occurrence of typical chest pain (53.8% vs. 18.4%, p=0.007) or any other pain (44.4% vs. 17%, p=0.003).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>Control group positive test subgroup (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>) showed similar behavior to octogenarian subgroup, without correlation (p=NS) between positive test and HR (maximum or sub-maximum). However, there was significant correlation with typical chest pain (65.7% vs. 11.8%, p&lt;0.001) or any other pain (47.3% vs. 11.3%, p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing those two subgroups with positive tests (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab4-body2">tab. IV</xref>), results were not different when maximum HR, sub-maximum HR, presence of any pain, typical or atypical chest pain were considered. However, when considering the absence of typical chest pain (18.4% vs. 11.8%, p=0.009) or the absence of any pain (17% vs. 11.3%, p=0.029), the correlation with octogenarian individual subgroup with positive tests was significantly greater.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab4-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>We already reported that, in general estimate, octogenarians needed less atropine. Besides, the percentage of patients that achieved maximum HR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab5-body2">tables V</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab6-body2">VI</xref>) was higher in group I when atropine was administrated (79.2% vs. 45.9%, p&lt;0.001) and also when it was not (49.5% vs. 24.8%, p&lt;0.001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab5-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab6-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>In specific octogenarian analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab7-body2">tables VII</xref> and <xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab8-body2">VIII</xref>), a (non-significant) predominance of female sex, hypertensive, dyslipidemic women, and those submitted to coronary angioplasty was observed, but only CAD family history and number of diabetic patients were significant (p&lt;0.05) among women. Surgical myocardial revascularization was more frequent among men (p&lt;0.05). In the comparison between patients of both sexes, there was no significant difference between results from DASE concerning the presence of typical or atypical thoracic pain. Systolic blood pressure was no different between sexes and HR among women was higher in DASE at rest and in its peak (p&lt;0.05). Among the 22 (11%) octogenarians who showed hypotension, 14 (64%) were of female sex, with only one symptomatic case taking place. Only one patient had hypertensive peak, however, the exam was completed. Concerning rhythm disturbances, values were not significantly different. However, there was a higher percentage of ES among men (61%) than in women. Four SVTA occurred in men and seven in women.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab7-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <undefined id="tab8-body2"/>
      </p>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0198-00009-e02-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>The dose used and the percentage of octogenarian women who needed atropine (<xref ref-type="undefined" rid="tab6-body2">tab. VI</xref>) were lower than those of men (p&lt;0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Since the use of dobutamine was utilized by Mason<sup>2</sup> as a stress stimulator, in 1984, different works have shown DASE safety in large population<sup>6-8,22</sup>. However, as we have knowledge on, only one article mentions DASE in octogenarians, by analyzing, in a small sample, its prognostic value<sup>23</sup>. Due to their greater tendency for DAC, rhythm disturbances and hypotension, it has become interesting verify DASE feasibility in such high age range.</p>
      <p>Secnus and Marwick<sup>24</sup> had already examined that women showed higher HR than men, both at rest and at the end of DASE, and that a lower number of women needed atropine. Besides, Hiro et al.<sup>16</sup> observed that women needed a lower amount atropine. Those two peculiarities<sup>16,24</sup> occurred with octogenarians. Despite achieving more maximum HR than control group, octogenarian individuals (especially women) needed less atropine, which may be due to a lower vagal activity and/or a greater sensitivity to dobutamine, as octogenarians achieved more maximum HR than control group when the two groups used atropine and when they did. As well as verified by Hiro et al.<sup>16</sup> in the assessment of their high age range population (&gt;75 years old), we also observed a greater correlation between absence of chest pain and positive DASE for ischemia among octogenarians, a fact that suggests a decrease of painful sensitivity in that age range.</p>
      <p>In studies published by Mertes et al.<sup>22</sup>, Elhendy et al.<sup>25</sup> and Poldermans et al.<sup>26</sup> correlation between atropine use and arrhythmia occurrence was not observed, but correlation between tachyarrhythmias and ventricular dysfunction at rest was recorded. Octogenarians from our study had more arrhythmia, although they had used lesser atropine than the other group. Only one octogenarian individual with SVTA had (discreet) contractile abnormality com TASV at rest. Atropine was more often used than the one mentioned in referenced articles, by believing that was possible to increase the number of diagnostic exams, decrease sinus deceleration and prevent from transitory atrioventricular block<sup>18-20,27-29</sup>, since that the intoxication possibility is very reduced when the dose does not exceed 2 mg<sup>30</sup>. The fact of not having had acute urinary retention among octogenarians was attributed to the need for using less atropine and that some of them are prostatectomized patients.</p>
      <p>Between the two groups there was no significant prevalence of sex, of completed and non-completed tests, nor the occurrence of any kind of pain, even when they were related to positive tests.</p>
      <p>Hypotension during DASE has many mechanisms<sup>31-37</sup>, however, it is usually asymptomatic, which was also observed in 22 (11%) octogenarian individual hypotension-related DASE, from which the only symptomatic case was the one of a patient with positive DASE for myocardial ischemia. Only one octogenarian showed hypertensive response<sup>38</sup>, but the exam was completed. DASE complications, such as asystolia<sup>39</sup>, VF or AMI<sup>6,8,40,41</sup> and cardiac rupture<sup>42,43</sup> are rare excerpts from literature, being as infrequent as complications that occur during exercise stress test<sup>44</sup>. There was no SVT, VF, AMI or death in octogenarian group.</p>
      <p>Group I extra-systole and SVTA were more frequent, but not determinant for the non-diagnostic tests. From the twelve complex arrhythmias among octogenarians (11 SVTA and 1 NSVT), ten spontaneously reverted; the other two reverted with endovenous amiodarone (one at exam room and the other post-admission). The two cases of ventricular fibrillation took place in control group and both were defibrillated in exam room, evolving without sequelas and, afterwards, they were submitted to myocardial revascularization, as they showed multiple coronary severe lesions.</p>
      <p>The series of octogenarians presented is modest and composes a retrospective study. As most patients were referenced by several physicians and institutions, information obtained is limited concerning hemo-dynamic studies and procedures that may have been subsequently performed, which prevented from a proper accuracy assessment of DASE in octogenarian patients, although such assessment was not the objective of this work.</p>
      <p>Despite the lower use of atropine to complete DASE, octogenarian individuals achieved more maximum heart rate. There was a greater correlation between positive DASE for myocardial ischemia and absence of chest pain. Patients showed more rhythm disturbances, but general resolution was spontaneous. In our study, DASE showed to be a safe and feasible method for octogenarians.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o de Abreu</p>
          <p> Rua Dr. Jos&#233; Louren&#231;o, 500/700</p>
          <p> 60115-280</p>
          <p> Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="jsabreu@cardiol.br">jsabreu@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 10/17/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/04/05</p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
