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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dFrrSzYY58rMbxrbcKWN4qQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2005001600007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(05)08500307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0066-782X2005001600007</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Volume ventricular esquerdo cr&#237;tico na estenose a&#243;rtica no primeiro ano de vida: sua import&#226;ncia na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes candidatos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular p&#243;s-valvotomia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ourinda Mesquita da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>85</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>186</fpage>
      <lpage>190</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2005</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2004</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>OBJETIVO: An&#225;lise do volume diast&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo cr&#237;tico, definido como o menor volume aceit&#225;vel para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica p&#243;s-valvotomia, candidatos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo retrospectivo em 21 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica, durante o primeiro ano de vida, e 232 compilados da literatura. Arbitraram-se como normais os valores do volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF) de 20 a 60 ml/m2. Foi comparado o VDF dos grupos que foram ao &#243;bito com aqueles que sobreviveram. Procurou-se, tamb&#233;m, estabelecer uma correla&#231;&#227;o da idade e volume ventricular, na &#233;poca da valvotomia, entre os grupos. Por fim, determinou-se o VDF esquerdo cr&#237;tico, obtido atrav&#233;s de uma rela&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica entre o VDF esquerdo e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para diferentes fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o e determinados &#237;ndices card&#237;acos (IC): 2.000 e 2.500 ml/min/m2. RESULTADOS: Para valores do VDF &lt;20ml/m2 e &gt;60 ml/m2, houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os mortos e os sobreviventes (p&lt;0,0001). Entretanto, na faixa entre 20 e 60 ml/m2, esta signific&#226;ncia foi menor (p=0,0309). Tamb&#233;m ocorreu uma maior incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bito naqueles, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o na primeira semana de vida. Para um IC de 2.500 ml/min/m2 e uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 140 bpm, o VDF cr&#237;tico ser&#225; de 26 ml/m2 se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo for de 0,70 e de 44,5 ml/m2, se a FE for de 0,40. CONCLUS&#195;O: A an&#225;lise do volume ventricular esquerdo cr&#237;tico pode adicionar mais um par&#226;metro na indica&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica p&#243;s-valvotomia, durante o primeiro ano de vida.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>estenose a&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>volume ventricular esquerdo</kwd>
        <kwd>progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2005</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Volume ventricular esquerdo cr&#237;tico na estenose a&#243;rtica no primeiro ano de vida. Sua import&#226;ncia na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes candidatos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular p&#243;s-valvotomia</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo; Maria Ourinda Mesquita da Cunha</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras e Instituto Nacional do C&#226;ncer - Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10">Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> An&#225;lise do volume diast&#243;lico final ventricular esquerdo cr&#237;tico, definido como o menor volume aceit&#225;vel para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica p&#243;s-valvotomia, candidatos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo retrospectivo em 21 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica, durante o primeiro ano de vida, e 232 compilados da literatura. Arbitraram-se como normais os valores do volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF) de 20 a 60 ml/m2. Foi comparado o VDF dos grupos que foram ao &#243;bito com aqueles que sobreviveram. Procurou-se, tamb&#233;m, estabelecer uma correla&#231;&#227;o da idade e volume ventricular, na &#233;poca da valvotomia, entre os grupos. Por fim, determinou-se o VDF esquerdo cr&#237;tico, obtido atrav&#233;s de uma rela&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica entre o VDF esquerdo e freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para diferentes fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o e determinados &#237;ndices card&#237;acos (IC): 2.000 e 2.500 ml/min/m2. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Para valores do VDF &lt;20ml/m2 e &gt;60 ml/m2, houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os mortos e os sobreviventes (p&lt;0,0001). Entretanto, na faixa entre 20 e 60 ml/m2, esta signific&#226;ncia foi menor (p=0,0309). Tamb&#233;m ocorreu uma maior incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bito naqueles, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o na primeira semana de vida. Para um IC de 2.500 ml/min/m2 e uma freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 140 bpm, o VDF cr&#237;tico ser&#225; de 26 ml/m2 se a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo for de 0,70 e de 44,5 ml/m2, se a FE for de 0,40. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A an&#225;lise do volume ventricular esquerdo cr&#237;tico pode adicionar mais um par&#226;metro na indica&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica p&#243;s-valvotomia, durante o primeiro ano de vida.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> estenose a&#243;rtica; volume ventricular esquerdo, progn&#243;stico; corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular</p>
    <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica no primeiro ano de vida tem uma alta mortalidade p&#243;s-valvotomia, seja atrav&#233;s de cateter bal&#227;o ou cir&#250;rgica<sup>1,2</sup>. Em parte, esta alta mortalidade pode ser justificada pelas reduzidas dimens&#245;es de volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo desses pacientes, que s&#227;o insuficientes para manter um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco adequado p&#243;s-valvotomia. Tanto os estudos emp&#237;ricos quanto a cria&#231;&#227;o de modelos fisiol&#243;gicos sugerem que, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es associadas, a sobrevida torna-se pouco prov&#225;vel para aqueles pacientes com volumes ventriculares abaixo de 20 ml/m2,<sup>3-10</sup>. Sendo assim, esses pacientes deveriam ser candidatos a uma corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular do tipo Norwood e, posteriormente, a um procedimento tipo Fontan.</p>
    <p>Um dos fatores determinantes nesta decis&#227;o ser&#225; a dimens&#227;o do pequeno ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>11-14</sup>. Embora este pequeno ventr&#237;culo esquerdo possa vir a se desenvolver, pela sua capacidade de crescimento, ele dever&#225; ter, necessariamente, um volume m&#237;nimo aceit&#225;vel para manter um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco adequado, imediatamente ap&#243;s uma valvotomia. O grande questionamento ent&#227;o ser&#225;: "Qual o menor volume aceit&#225;vel que o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dever&#225; ter e ainda ter condi&#231;&#245;es de manter um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco adequado ap&#243;s valvotomia?".</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#201;TODOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizada an&#225;lise retrospectiva do volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF) ventricular esquerdo em 21 pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica, no per&#237;odo neonatal, e comparados a 232 compilados da literatura. Foram, arbitrariamente, considerados normais os valores de VDF compreendidos numa faixa de 20 a 60 ml/m2. Foi comparado o VDF ventricular esquerdo dos que faleceram e dos que sobrevieram. Estabeleceu-se, tamb&#233;m, uma rela&#231;&#227;o do VDF com a idade na &#233;poca da valvotomia entre grupos. Por fim, representou-se, graficamente, uma rela&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica entre o VDF e a freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) para diferentes fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e determinados &#237;ndices card&#237;acos, a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) = VDF x fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) x FC, ou seja, VDF = DC / FEVE x FC. A partir dessa rela&#231;&#227;o, foi poss&#237;vel se obter o VDF cr&#237;tico, isto &#233;, o menor VDF aceit&#225;vel para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESULTADOS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabela I</xref> apresenta o VDF do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 18 pacientes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica neonatal. Dez sobreviveram a valvuloplastia por cateter bal&#227;o e oito pacientes faleceram. Estes grupos de pacientes apresentavam VDF de 51,5&#177;25,1 e 38,4&#177;2,5 ml/m2 (p=0,28).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0186-00007-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tabela II</xref> demonstra valores do VDF de 177 pacientes (incluindo 18 da nossa s&#233;rie), que foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos, de acordo com o valor do VDF (&lt;20; 20-60 e &gt;60ml/m2). Para valores do VDF &lt;20 ml/m2 e &gt;60 ml/m2, houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os mortos e os sobreviventes (p&lt;0,0001). Entretanto, na faixa entre 20-60 ml/m2, esta signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi pequena (p=0,0309).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab2">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0186-00007-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>Quando se incluiu a idade, na &#233;poca da valvulotomia a&#243;rtica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>), e correlacionou-se com o valor do VDF, observou-se que, de 0-10 dias, 15 dos 27 sobreviveram e 12 faleceram, sendo que 18 tinham VDF na faixa de 20-60 ml/m2. A partir dos 10 dias de vida, a possibilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia aumentou, sendo que a quase totalidade estava na faixa de valores de VDF compreendida entre 20-60 ml/m2.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0186-00007-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> representa, graficamente, uma fam&#237;lia de curvas te&#243;ricas, obtidas pelas rela&#231;&#245;es entre o VDF e a FC para diferentes fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o e &#237;ndices card&#237;acos. A seta horizontal aponta para o VDF cr&#237;tico. Sendo assim, um neonato com VDF cr&#237;tico de 26 ml/m2 poder&#225; sobreviver, temporariamente, se apresentar FC de 140 bpm, FEVE de 0,70, obtendo um &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 2.500 ml/m2. Para este mesmo &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e FC, bastar&#225; uma FEVE de 0,40, desde que o VDF cr&#237;tico aumente para 44,5 ml/m2.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0186-00007-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mortalidade precoce p&#243;s-valvotomia em neonatos e lactentes com estenose a&#243;rtica &#233; elevada, numa faixa de zero a 100%, com mediana de 31%, um quartile inferior de zero e um quartile superior de 50%. Contrariamente, a valvotomia a&#243;rtica, ap&#243;s o primeiro ano de vida, tem uma taxa de mortalidade precoce na faixa de zero a 18%, com mediana de 3% e quartile superior de 7%<sup>15</sup>. &#201; poss&#237;vel que essa mortalidade seja ainda maior se todos os pacientes fossem submetidos a este procedimento. Por outro lado, &#233; poss&#237;vel que com o desenvolvimento de t&#233;cnicas menos invasivas que as cir&#250;rgicas, o diagn&#243;stico mais precoce e o melhor conhecimento e manuseio de cuidados intensivos, esses resultados possam ser mais promissores.</p>
    <p>Existe uma s&#233;rie de fatores que justificam o porqu&#234; da n&#227;o sobreviv&#234;ncia desses pacientes p&#243;s-valvotomia. Defeitos associados graves, como a coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, hipoplasia do arco a&#243;rtico, malforma&#231;&#245;es da valva mitral, estenoses subvalvular ou supravalvular, ou grandes shunts ao n&#237;vel atrial, ventricular ou ductus arteriosus, adicionam, substancialmente, a possibilidade de uma mortalidade precoce p&#243;s-valvotomia<sup>13,14</sup>. A literatura tamb&#233;m chama a aten&#231;&#227;o para o fato de que muitos pacientes morrem imediatamente ap&#243;s o procedimento, em fun&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao procedimento, manuten&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, decorrente da fibroelastose ou isquemia subendoc&#225;rdica<sup>6,9,15</sup>, ou, at&#233; mesmo, em conseq&#252;&#234;ncia da repeti&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica, que se apresentam no per&#237;odo neonatal, t&#234;m uma mortalidade mais elevada em fun&#231;&#227;o de uma menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE)<sup>9</sup>, como tamb&#233;m de uma redu&#231;&#227;o do VDF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">tab. II</xref>). Sendo assim, tudo que &#233; necess&#225;rio para a melhora do quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; t&#227;o somente um aumento no VDF ou da FEVE.</p>
    <p>Existem in&#250;meras possibilidades de se inferir, indiretamente, as dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Uma delas seria a aferi&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros do anel mitral ou a&#243;rtico, obtidos ao estudo angiogr&#225;fico ou ecocardiogr&#225;fico. A literatura vem apresentando trabalhos que demonstram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as dimens&#245;es do anel a&#243;rtico e a possibilidade de sobrevida: inferior a 4 mm<sup>7</sup>, 5 mm<sup>4</sup>, 6 mm<sup>11</sup> ou 6,5 mm<sup>12</sup>. No estudo realizado por Rhodes e cols.<sup>7</sup>, n&#227;o foram encontrados sobreviventes em pacientes com an&#233;is de di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico inferior a 7,5 mm. Por sua vez, Latson e cols.<sup>5</sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o observaram pacientes com di&#226;metro de valva mitral de dimens&#245;es cr&#237;ticas que apresentassem, de forma independente, dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aumentadas. Para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais correta, o ideal seria a determina&#231;&#227;o direta do volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o que, muitas vezes, n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa f&#225;cil, em fun&#231;&#227;o de sua metodologia. Schiller e cols.<sup>16</sup> utilizaram uma metodologia complexa, por&#233;m, encontraram resultados similares &#224;queles obtidos por um m&#233;todo mais simples, descrito por Wyatt e cols.<sup>17</sup> (ambos os investigadores utilizaram a medida da massa, por&#233;m, a aferi&#231;&#227;o do volume foi obtida pela diferen&#231;a entre os volumes internos e externos dos ventr&#237;culos).</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume ventricular esquerdo pode ser obtida pela seguinte f&#243;rmula<sup>23</sup>: volume=4,12b<sup>2</sup> (b=medida do di&#226;metro do eixo menor).</p>
    <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do volume diast&#243;lico final, todas as medidas devem ser realizadas em di&#225;stole.</p>
    <p>Se o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tem uma configura&#231;&#227;o normal, tudo que se necessita para a aferi&#231;&#227;o do seu volume &#233; utilizar, diretamente, a f&#243;rmula acima descrita com a medida do di&#226;metro do eixo menor. Entretanto, quando a sua configura&#231;&#227;o &#233; anormal, tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis podem ocorrer. Primeira, a medida ter&#225; que ser correta e tamb&#233;m no local certo, j&#225; que uma &#250;nica medida em local inapropriado produziria um erro de avalia&#231;&#227;o e que estaria elevada ao quadrado; segunda, na estenose a&#243;rtica neonatal, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo tende a ser mais globular que em situa&#231;&#245;es normais. Assim, a medida da &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversal dever&#225; ser feita utilizando-se o eixo maior, por exemplo, pab, onde a &#233; o raio do eixo longo. Desse modo, &#224; aferi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o incorporadas duas medidas, e n&#227;o o quadrado de uma (eixo menor), minimizando o erro estimado. Terceira, n&#227;o &#233; rara a presen&#231;a de sinusoides mioc&#225;rdicos em rec&#233;m-nascidos e lactentes com estenose a&#243;rtica. B&#252;hlmeyr e cols.<sup>18</sup>, em um estudo cineangiocardiogr&#225;fico, determinaram o volume ventricular em 18 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica valvular cr&#237;tica. Em 7 desses pacientes, os sinusoides mioc&#225;rdicos estiveram presentes. Quando os sinusoides mioc&#225;rdicos foram inclu&#237;dos nesta determina&#231;&#227;o, o VDF do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foi maior que 120% do normal em 7 pacientes, normal, em 6, e 80% inferior ao normal em 5 pacientes. J&#225; quando os sinusoides mioc&#225;rdicos foram exclu&#237;dos, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia no volume ventricular de 6% nos 7 pacientes. Para o total do grupo, o VDF do VE permaneceu ainda aumentado acima de 120% em 6, por&#233;m, reduzido abaixo de 80% em 8 pacientes.</p>
    <p>J&#225; h&#225; algum tempo, a literatura vem apresentando publica&#231;&#245;es que tentam correlacionar o volume ventricular esquerdo diast&#243;lico final com a sobrevida p&#243;s-valvotomia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">tabs. I</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2">II</xref>).</p>
    <p>Os valores normais do volume ventricular esquerdo at&#233; os dois anos de vida, obtidos atrav&#233;s do estudo angiogr&#225;fico determinados por Graham e cols.<sup>3</sup>, foram de 42 ml/m2&#177;10 ml/m2.</p>
    <p>Uma outra observa&#231;&#227;o demonstrada pela literatura &#233; que os ventr&#237;culos de menor volume s&#227;o encontrados em pacientes com menor idade e, conseq&#252;entemente, aqueles que se apresentam criticamente enfermos, logo ap&#243;s o nascimento, e que t&#234;m uma elevada mortalidade p&#243;s-valvotomia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3">tab. III</xref>). Na nossa casu&#237;stica, essa mortalidade alcan&#231;ou as cifras de 100% dos nove pacientes que foram submetidos a valvuloplastia com cateter bal&#227;o, na primeira semana de vida<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em fun&#231;&#227;o das distor&#231;&#245;es na configura&#231;&#227;o ventricular e nos poss&#237;veis erros na determina&#231;&#227;o do volume diast&#243;lico ventricular esquerdo, duas indaga&#231;&#245;es devem ser feitas: 1) como se poderia valorizar a real determina&#231;&#227;o e import&#226;ncia do volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo? 2) O que determina quando um volume &#233; muito pequeno?</p>
    <p>Para tentar responder a estas quest&#245;es, consideremos a fisiologia b&#225;sica do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco = VDF x FEVE x FC.</p>
    <p>Esta formula&#231;&#227;o nos permite relacionar o VDF ao d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e FC para qualquer FEVE. Se decidirmos por um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco m&#237;nimo que um rec&#233;m-nascido ou lactente necessita para sobreviver nas primeiras semanas p&#243;s-valvotomia, per&#237;odo em que o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo encontra-se em adapta&#231;&#227;o, e determinamos qual a FC m&#225;xima &#233; aceit&#225;vel, ent&#227;o, poderemos construir uma fam&#237;lia de curvas que definir&#225; essas rela&#231;&#245;es. Estas est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref>. Nesta figura, as setas apontam para o VDF cr&#237;tico que ser&#225; o menor volume aceit&#225;vel para manter um determinado &#237;ndice card&#237;aco para qualquer FEVE e FC de 140 e 160 bpm. Muito embora os &#237;ndices card&#237;acos selecionados sejam baixos, estes pacientes podem sobreviver por algum tempo se uma terapia de suporte adequada for utilizada. Por esses gr&#225;ficos podemos ver que um VDF de 20 ml/m2 poder&#225; manter a vida do beb&#234; somente se a FEVE for de 0,60 ou superior. Um &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 2.500 ml/min/m2 (limite inferior do normal) e uma FC de 140 bpm, aceit&#225;vel para o primeiro m&#234;s de vida, necessitar&#225; um VDF de 26 ml/m2 se a FEVE for 0,70; 36 ml/m2 para uma FEVE de 0,50 e de 44,5 ml/m2 para uma FEVE de 0,40.</p>
    <p>No exemplo de um neonato com VDF de 20 ml/m2 e FEVE de 0,40 e FC de 160 bpm, o &#237;ndice card&#237;aco ser&#225; de 1.280 ml/min/m2, o que &#233; muito baixo para manuten&#231;&#227;o da vida. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, parece-nos mais fisiol&#243;gico que o procedimento mais adequado p&#243;s-valvotomia seja a indica&#231;&#227;o para uma corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular. Entretanto, se, em fun&#231;&#227;o da desobstru&#231;&#227;o valvar e melhora das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas com medidas inotr&#243;picas, a FEVE se elevar para 0,60, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco aumentar&#225; para 1.920 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>, o que permitiria a sobrevida, desde que houvesse um aumento progressivo do volume ventricular. Se, entretanto, tal aumento n&#227;o ocorrer, parece-nos ser a corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular o procedimento de elei&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Um grande n&#250;mero de neonatos e lactentes j&#225; apresenta VDF e FEVE adequados, mesmo antes da valvotomia, podendo, entretanto, haver melhora desses par&#226;metros com o sucesso do procedimento. Lamentavelmente, &#233; muito dif&#237;cil predizer quanto de aumento da FEVE e do VDF ocorrer&#225; nos primeiros dias p&#243;s-valvotomia. O fator limitante desse processo &#233; dado pelo grau de fibroelastose endoc&#225;rdica e fibrose mioc&#225;rdica que j&#225; existiu na vida intra-uterina<sup>9,15,18</sup>. Como estes processos s&#227;o progressivos, justificam-se os procedimentos de parto prematuro<sup>19-21</sup> ou, at&#233; mesmo, a desobstru&#231;&#227;o valvular no feto<sup>22-25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o nosso trabalho n&#227;o tem por objetivo determinar o volume ventricular cr&#237;tico como uma grandeza exata, como normalmente &#233; feito utilizando-se f&#243;rmulas matem&#225;ticas, como as de Simpson, Dodge e outras. Portanto, o volume ventricular cr&#237;tico n&#227;o representa um par&#226;metro anat&#244;mico, expresso em ml/m<sup>2</sup> de superf&#237;cie corporal, mas sim fisiol&#243;gico, dependente de vari&#225;veis, como freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco etc., sendo, portanto, vari&#225;vel num mesmo paciente.</p>
    <p>&#201; evidente que muitos fatores devem ser considerados na decis&#227;o de qual tipo de procedimento deve ser o ideal, para neonatos e lactentes portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica cr&#237;tica p&#243;s-valvotomia. Muitas vezes, a pr&#243;pria presen&#231;a de defeitos associados podem contribuir na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. Entretanto, quando a quest&#227;o for &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o univentricular versus corre&#231;&#227;o biventricular, o par&#226;metro VDF cr&#237;tico adiciona a possibilidade de uma decis&#227;o mais coerente para este grupo de pacientes criticamente enfermos.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="back10" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Endere&#231;o para correspond&#234;ncia</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos </p>
        <p> Rua Bulh&#245;es de Carvalho, 245/301 </p>
        <p> 22081-000 </p>
        <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="masantos@cardiol.br">masantos@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Recebido em 28/12/04 </p>
    <p> Aceito em 4/03/05</p>
    <p>O arquivo dispon&#237;vel sofreu corre&#231;&#245;es conforme ERRATA publicada no Volume 85 N&#250;mero 4 da revista.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Critical left ventricular volume in aortic stenosis in first year of life: its importance in patients selection candidates to univentricular surgical correction pos-valvotomy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>OBJECTIVE: Analysis of critical end diastolic left ventricular volume (EDLVV), defined as the lowest acceptable volume to keep cardiac output, in the selection of patients with post-valvotomy aortic stenosis, candidates to univentricular correction. METHODS: A retrospective study in 21 patients with aortic stenosis, during the first year of life, and 232 patients compiled from literature. Values of end diastolic volume (EDLVV), from 20 to 60 ml/m2 were determined as normal. The EDLVV of deceased patients was compared to that from survival patients. A correlation between the age and EDLVV was carried out at the time of valvotomy, between the groups. Finally, the critical EDLVV through the theoretical relationship between the EDLVV and heart rate for different ejection fractions and designated cardiac indexes (CI): 2,000 and 2,500 20-60 ml/min/m2 was determined. RESULTS: For EDLVV values &lt;20ml/m2 and &gt;60 ml/m2, there was statistical significance between deceased and survival patients (p&lt; 0.0001). However, in the range between 20 and 60 ml/m2, that significance was lower (p=0.0309). A greater incidence of death took place among those who showed it in the first week of life. For a CI of 2,500 ml/min/m2 and a heart rate (HR) of 140 bpm, critical EDLVV will be 26 ml/m2 if left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is 0.70, and 44.5 ml/m2, if LVFE is 0.40. CONCLUSION: The analysis of critical end diastolic left ventricular volume (EDLVV) can add another parameter in the indication of univentricular correction in patients with post-valvotomy aortic stenosis, during the first year of life.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>aortic stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>left ventricular volume</kwd>
        <kwd>prognostic</kwd>
        <kwd>univentricular correction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Critical left ventricular volume in aortic stenosis in first year of life - its importance in patients selection candidates to univentricular surgical correction pos-valvotomy</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos; Vitor Manuel Pereira Azevedo; Maria Ourinda Mesquita da Cunha</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Laranjeiras e Instituto Nacional do C&#226;ncer - Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="back10-body2">Correspondence</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Analysis of critical end diastolic left ventricular volume (EDLVV), defined as the lowest acceptable volume to keep cardiac output, in the selection of patients with post-valvotomy aortic stenosis, candidates to univentricular correction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A retrospective study in 21 patients with aortic stenosis, during the first year of life, and 232 patients compiled from literature. Values of end diastolic volume (EDLVV), from 20 to 60 ml/m2 were determined as normal. The EDLVV of deceased patients was compared to that from survival patients. A correlation between the age and EDLVV was carried out at the time of valvotomy, between the groups. Finally, the critical EDLVV through the theoretical relationship between the EDLVV and heart rate for different ejection fractions and designated cardiac indexes (CI): 2,000 and 2,500 20-60 ml/min/m2 was determined.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> For EDLVV values &lt;20ml/m2 and &gt;60 ml/m2, there was statistical significance between deceased and survival patients (p&lt; 0.0001). However, in the range between 20 and 60 ml/m2, that significance was lower (p=0.0309). A greater incidence of death took place among those who showed it in the first week of life. For a CI of 2,500 ml/min/m2 and a heart rate (HR) of 140 bpm, critical EDLVV will be 26 ml/m2 if left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is 0.70, and 44.5 ml/m2, if LVFE is 0.40.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The analysis of critical end diastolic left ventricular volume (EDLVV) can add another parameter in the indication of univentricular correction in patients with post-valvotomy aortic stenosis, during the first year of life.</p>
      <p><bold>Key words:</bold> aortic stenosis; left ventricular volume; prognostic, univentricular correction</p>
      <p>Aortic stenosis in the first year of life has high post-valvotomy mortality, either through balloon catheter or surgery<sup>1,2</sup>. That high mortality can be partly justified by reduced left ventricular volume of those patients, which are insufficient to keep a proper post-valvotomy cardiac output. Both empiric studies and creation of physiological models suggest that, even in the absence of associate lesions, survival is little probable for those patients with ventricular volumes lower than 20 ml/m<sup>2,3-10</sup>. So, those patients should be candidates to a Norwood-type univentricular correction and, then, to a Fontan-type procedure.</p>
      <p>One of determining factors in that decision will be the size of small left ventricle<sup>11-14</sup>. Although that small ventricle may develop, due to its growth capacity, it should necessarily have an acceptable minimum volume in order to keep a proper cardiac output, immediately after a valvotomy. Then, the big questioning will be, "Which is the lowest acceptable volume the left ventricle should have and still have conditions to keep a proper post-valvotomy cardiac output?".</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A retrospective analysis of end diastolic left ventricular volume (EDLVV) was carried out in 21 patients with neonatal aortic stenosis, and compared to 232 cases compiled from literature. Values of EDLVV within a range from 20 to 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup> were arbitrarily regarded as normal. EDLVV from deceased patients was compared with those from survivor patients. A relationship of EDLVV with the age at the time of valvotomy was established between groups. Finally, a theoretical relationship between EDLVV and the heart rate (HR) for different left ventricular ejection fractions and determined cardiac indexes was graphically represented, from the following equation: cardiac output (CO) = EDLVV x left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) x HR, which means, EDLVV = CO/LVEF x HR. From that relation, it was possible to obtain critical EDLVV, that is, the lowest acceptable EDLVV for cardiac output maintenance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">Table I</xref> shows EDLVV 18 patients with neonatal aortic stenosis. Ten of them survived balloon valvuloplasty and eight patients died. Those groups of patients showed EDLVV of 51.5&#177;25.1 and 38.4 &#177;2.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup> (p=0.28).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab1-body2">
        <label>Table II</label>
        <p content-type="label"><xref/><sup>2</sup>). For EDLVV values &lt;20 ml/m<sup>2</sup> and &gt;60 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, there was statistic significance between deceased and survivor patients (p&lt;0.0001). However, within the range between 20 and 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, that statistic significance was low (p=0.0309).</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0186-00007-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="tab2-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0186-00007-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>When age was included at the time of aortic valvulotomy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>), and it was correlated with EDLVV value, it was observed that, from 0 to 10 days, 15 from 27 patients survived and 12 died, and 18 had EDLVV in the range of 20-60 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. From 10 days of life, survival possibility increased, and almost the totality of them were within the range of A EDLVV values between 20 and 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab3-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0186-00007-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_26002f1-body2">Figure 1</xref> graphically represents a family of theoretical curves, which were obtained through the relations between EDLVV and HR for different ejection fractions and cardiac indexes. The horizontal arrow points at the critical EDLVV. So, a neonate individual with critical EDLVV of 26 ml/m<sup>2</sup> can survive, temporarily, if he/she shows a HR of 140 bpm, LVEF of 0.70, obtaining a cardiac index of 2,500 ml/m<sup>2</sup>. For those same cardiac index and HR, a LVFE of 0.40 is sufficient, since the critical EDLVV increases to 44.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_26002f1-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-85-03-0186-00007-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Early post-valvotomy mortality among neonates and infants with aortic stenosis is high, within a range from zero to 100%, with a median of 31%, a lower quartile of zero and an upper quartile of 50%. Oppositely, aortic valvotomy, after the first year of life, has an early mortality rate in the range from zero to 18%, with a median of 3% and upper quartile of 7%<sup>15</sup>. It is possible that such mortality would be even higher if all patients were submitted to that procedure. On the other hand, it is possible that with the development of techniques less invasive than surgeries, earlier diagnosis and better understanding and handling of intensive care, those results can be more promising.</p>
      <p>There is a series of factors that justify the reason for the non-survival of those post-valvotomy patients. Severe associated defects, as coarctation of the aorta, aortic arch hypoplasia, mitral valve malformation, subvalvar or supravalvar stenosis, or large shunts on atrial, ventricular or ductus arteriosus level, substantially add the possibility of early post-valvotomy mortality<sup>13,14</sup>. Literature also directs the attention to the fact that many patients die immediately after the procedure, in terms of complications inherent to the procedure, maintenance of left ventricular dysfunction due to fibroelastosis or subendocardial ischemia<sup>6,9,15</sup>, or even in consequence of repetition of the procedure.</p>
      <p>Aortic stenosis patients, who showed up in neonatal period, have higher mortality in terms of a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)<sup>9</sup>, as well as a reduction of EDLVV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">tab. II</xref>). So, just an increase of EDLVV or LVEF is necessary to improve clinical features.</p>
      <p>There are many possibilities of infer, indirectly, left ventricle dimensions. One of them would be gauging mitral or aortic ring diameters, obtained at angiographic or echocardiographic study. Literature has been showing works demonstrating a significant correlation between aortic ring dimensions and survival possibility: smaller than 4 mm<sup>7</sup>, 5 mm<sup>4</sup>, 6 mm<sup>11</sup> or 6.5 mm<sup>12</sup>. In the study carried out by Rhodes et al<sup>7</sup>, survivors among patients with aortic ring diameters smaller than 7.5 mm were not found. In their turn, Latson et al<sup>5</sup> did not also observed patients with critical dimension mitral valve diameter that showed, independently, increased left ventricular dimensions. For a more accurate assessment, the ideal would be the direct determination of left ventricular volume, which is often a difficult task, due to its method. Schiller et al<sup>16</sup> used a complex method. However, they found similar results to those obtained through a simpler method, described by Wyatt et al<sup>17</sup> (both investigators used mass measurement, but volume gauging was obtained through the difference between internal and external ventricular volumes).</p>
      <p>Left ventricular volume assessment can be obtained through the following formula<sup>23</sup>: volume=4.12b<sup>2</sup> (b=measurement of smaller axle diameter).</p>
      <p>For the calculation of end diastolic volume, all measurements must be carried out in diastole.</p>
      <p>If the left ventricle has normal configuration, all we need to gauge its volume is using, directly, the above described formula, with the smaller axle diameter measurement. However, when its configuration is abnormal, three variables can take place. First, the measurement must be correct and also in the correct place, as a single measurement in and improper place would produce an assessment mistake and that would be raised to the power of 2; second, in neonatal aortic stenosis, the left ventricle tends to be more globular than under normal situations. So, the measurement of cross-section area must be done by using the longer axel, for instance, pab, in which a is the long axle radius. So, two measurements are incorporated to the gauging, and not the squared number of one (small axle), which minimizes the estimated mistake. Third, the presence of myocardial sinusoids in newborns and infants with aortic stenosis is not rare. B&#252;hlmeyr et al<sup>18</sup>, in a cardiac angiographic study, determined ventricular volume in 18 patients with critical valve aortic stenosis. In 7 from those patients, myocardial sinusoids were present. When myocardial sinusoids were included in that determination, EDLVV was 120% greater than the normal in 7 patients, normal, in 6, and 80% lower than the normal in 5 patients. When myocardial sinusoids were excluded, there was an average reaction of 6% in ventricular volume in those 7 patients. For the total of the group, EDLVV was still increased over 120% in 6 patients, but reduced under 80% in 8 patients.</p>
      <p>For some time, literature has presenting publications trying to correlate end diastolic left ventricular volume with post-valvotomy survival (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1-body2">tables I</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab2-body2">II</xref>).</p>
      <p>Normal left ventricular volume values up to two years of life, obtained through angiographic study determined by Graham et al<sup>3</sup>, were 42 ml/m<sup>2</sup>&#177;10 ml/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another observation demonstrated by literature is that lower volume ventricles are found in younger patients and, consequently, those who are critically ill, soon after birth, and that have high post-valvotomy mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab3-body2">tab. III</xref>). In our series, that mortality rate reached 100% of the nine patients who were submitted to balloon valvuloplasty, in the first week of life<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In terms of ventricular configuration distortions and possible mistakes in determining diastolic left ventricular volume, two questions must be asked: 1) how could the true determination and importance of end diastolic left ventricular volume be valuated? 2) What determines when a volume is very little?</p>
      <p>In order to try to answer those questions, we considered the basic physiology of cardiac output: cardiac output = EDLVV x LVEF x HR.</p>
      <p>That formula allows us for relating EDLVV to cardiac output and HR for any LVEF. If we decide for a minimum cardiac output that a newborn or infant needs to survive in the first post-valvotomy weeks, which is the period that the left ventricle is under adjustment, and we determine which maximum HR is acceptable. So, we are able to build a family of curves that will define those relationships. Those are demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_26002f1-body2">figure 1</xref>. In that figure, arrows point at the critical EDLVV, which will be the lowest acceptable volume to maintain a certain cardiac index for any LVEF and HR of 140 and 160 bpm. Although selected cardiac indexes are low, those patients can survive for some time if a proper support therapy is used. Through those charts we can see that a 20 ml/m<sup>2</sup> EDLVV can keep the life of the infant only if LVEF is 0.60 or higher. A cardiac index of 2,500 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup> (a lower limit than the normal one) and a HR of 140 bpm, acceptable for the first month of life, will need an EDLVV of 26 ml/m<sup>2</sup> if LVEF is 0.70; 36 ml/m<sup>2</sup> for a 0.50 LVEF and 44.5 ml/m<sup>2</sup> for a LVEF of 0.40.</p>
      <p>In the example of a neonate with EDLVV of 20 ml/m<sup>2</sup> and LVEF of 0.40 and HR of 160 bpm, the cardiac index will be 1,280 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>, which is very low for life maintenance. In that situation, it seems to us more physiological that the most suitable post-valvotomy procedure be the assignment for a univentricular correction. However, if, due to valve clearance and improvement of clinical conditions with inotropic measures, LVEF raises to 0.60, cardiac output will increase to 1,920 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>, which would allow for survival, since there was a progressive ventricular volume increase. Moreover, if such increase does not happen, univentricular correction seems to us the best choice of procedure.</p>
      <p>A high number of neonates and infants already show proper EDLVV and LVEF, even before valvotomy. However, with the success of that procedure there may be an improvement of such parameters. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to predict how much of LVEF and EDLVV increase will take place on the first post-valvotomy days. The limiting factor of such process is given by the level of endocardial fibroelastosis and myocardial fibrosis that already existed in intrauterine life<sup>9,15,18</sup>. As those processes are progressive, the procedures of early delivery<sup>19-21</sup> are justified, or even valvular clearance in the fetus<sup>22-25</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, our works does not aim at determining critical ventricular volume as an exact magnitude, as it is usually done by using mathematical formulas, as those by Simpson, Dodge and other formulas. Therefore, critical ventricular volume does not represents an anatomical parameter, expressed in ml/m<sup>2</sup> of body surface, but a physiological one, dependent on variables, such as heart rate, ejection fraction, cardiac index, etc, therefore varying in the same patient.</p>
      <p>It is evident that many factors must be taken into consideration in the decision on which type of procedure must be the ideal one, for neonate and infant patients of post-valvotomy critical aortic stenosis. Very often, the presence itself of associated defects may contribute for the selection of patients. However, when the matter is univentricular correction versus biventricular correction, critical EDLVV parameter adds the possibility of a more coherent decision for that group of critically ill patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>REFERENCES</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="back10-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Correspondence to</bold>
          </label>
          <p>Marco Aur&#233;lio Santos</p>
          <p> Rua Bulh&#245;es de Carvalho, 245/301</p>
          <p> 22081-000</p>
          <p> Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="masantos@cardiol.br">masantos@cardiol.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Received on 12/28/04</p>
      <p> Accepted on 03/04/05</p>
      <p>This article has received corrections in agreement with the ERRATUM published in Volume 85 Number 4.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
